Mindat Logo
Home Page Log In Message Board The Mindat Directory
Register Search Pages Chat Now! (4 online) Mindat Auctions

Brookite

Big Photo

Kharan, Balochistan (Baluchistan), Pakistan
© 2006 M. Kampf

Show Brookite Photos (288)
Formula:
TiO
 
2
System:OrthorhombicColour:Brown, yellowish brown, ...
Lustre:Adamantine, Sub-MetallicHardness:5½ - 6
Name:For Henry James Brooke (1771-1857), English crystallographer and mineralogist.
Polymorph of:Anatase, IMA2007-058, Rutile, TiO2 II


Brookite is one of the five forms of Titanium Dioxide found in nature.

Classification of Brookite

IMA status:Valid - first described prior to 1959 (pre-IMA) - "Grandfathered"
Strunz 8th edition ID:4/D.15-10
Nickel-Strunz 10th (pending) edition ID:4.DD.10

4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
D : Metal: Oxygen = 1:2 and similar
D : With medium-sized cations; frameworks of edge-sharing octahedra
Dana 8th edition ID:4.4.5.1

4 : SIMPLE OXIDES
4 : AX2
Hey's CIM Ref.:7.9.4

7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
9 : Oxides of Ti
mindat.org URL:http://www.mindat.org/min-787.html
Please feel free to link to this page.

Type Occurrence of Brookite

Type Locality:Twll Maen Grisial, Fron Olau, Prenteg, Gwynedd (Caernarvonshire), Wales, UK
Year of Discovery:1825

Occurrences of Brookite

Geological Setting:An accessory mineral in alpine veins in gneiss and schist; in contact metamorphic zones and hydrothermal veinlets; a common detrital mineral.

Physical Properties of Brookite

Lustre:Adamantine, Sub-Metallic
Diaphaneity (Transparency):Translucent, Opaque
Colour:Brown, yellowish brown, reddish brown; dar brown to iron-black; yellowish brown to dark brown in transmitted light
Streak:White to greyish white or yellowish white
Hardness (Mohs):5½ - 6
Tenacity:Brittle
Cleavage:Poor/Indistinct
on {120}, in traces on {001}
Fracture:Irregular/Uneven, Sub-Conchoidal
Density (measured):4.08 - 4.18 g/cm3
Density (calculated):4.133 g/cm3

Crystallography of Brookite

Crystal System:Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) - Dipyramidal
Cell Parameters:a = 5.4558Å, b = 9.1819Å, c = 5.1429Å
Ratio:a:b:c = 0.594 : 1 : 0.56
Unit Cell Volume:V 257.63 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:8
Morphology:Crystals typically tabular on {010}, striated parallel to [001] and elongated; pyramidal {111} or pseudohexagonal with {120} and {111} equally developed; also prismatic on [001] with {120} prominent; rarely tabular on {001}.
Twinning:On {120}, uncertain
Crystal Atlas:
Image Loading
Click on an icon to view
Brookite no.1 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Brookite no.45 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Brookite no.78 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Brookite no.86 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)

About Crystal Atlas

You may need to scroll this box using your mouse to view the full instructions.

The mindat.org Crystal Atlas allows you to view a selection of crystal drawings of real and idealised crystal forms for this mineral and, in certain cases, 3d rotating crystal objects. You need Java to see these. You can download Java for free - click here to download Java

The 3d models and java code are kindly provided by www.smorf.nl. You can control the movement of the models by holding down the left mouse-button over the 3d model and moving your mouse. Keyboard controls are:

: default positions
t/T: decrease/increase transparency x/X: next/previous texture
b/B: next/previous background w: toggle wireframe
s: toggle sticks m: toggle miller indices
k: toggle crystallographic axes =/-: zoom in/out
r: stop/start rotation 1/2/3


Note: You will not be able to switch between different crystal models using the Opera 8.5x web browser due to a bug in Opera - you need to use either Firefox or Internet Explorer 6/7 or Opera 9.

Epitaxial Relationships of Brookite

Epitaxial Minerals:
Rutile
Epitaxi Comments:Rutile {110} [001] parallel to brookite {120} [001].
Rutile {110} [001] parallel to brookite {111} [001].
X-Ray Powder Diffraction:
Image Loading

Radiation - Copper Kα
Data Set:
Horizontal Axis: ° to ° Vertical Axis: % Source Data: Filtered Data: Peaks:
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
X-Ray Powder Diffraction:
d-spacingIntensity
3.51 (100)
2.900 (90)
3.47 (80)
1.893 (30)
1.662 (30)
2.476 (25)
Comments:Recorded on material from Magnet Cove, Arkansas, USA

Optical Data of Brookite

Type:Biaxial (+)
RI values: nα = 2.583 nβ = 2.584 nγ = 2.700
2V:Calculated: 12° to 20°
Maximum Birefringence:δ = 0.117

Chart shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness) and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:Very High
Dispersion:r > v, very strong, with crossed axial dispersion
Pleochroism:Weak
Comments:Yellowish, reddish, orange to brown

Chemical Properties of Brookite

Formula:
TiO
 
2
Essential elements:O, Ti
All elements listed in formula:O, Ti
Analyical Data:Chemical analysis of material from near Mount Snowdon, Wales
TiO2   (98.59)
Fe2O3   (1.41)

sum    100.00 wt.-%
Empirical Formula:
(Ti
 
0.99
Fe
 
0.01
)
 
=1.00
O
 
2
Common Impurities:Fe,Ta,Nb

Relationship of Brookite to other Species

Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping):
4.DD.05Anatase
TiO
 
2
Related Minerals - Hey's Index Grouping:
7.9.1Hongquiite
TiO
7.9.2Rutile
TiO
 
2
7.9.3Anatase
TiO
 
2
7.9.5Geikielite
MgTiO
 
3
7.9.6Perovskite
CaTiO
 
3
7.9.7Kassite
CaTi
 
2
O
 
4
(OH)
 
2
7.9.8Tausonite
SrTiO
 
3
7.9.9Crichtonite
(Sr,La,Ce,Y)(Ti,Fe
3+
 
,Mn)
 
21
O
 
38
7.9.10Lucasite-(Ce)
CeTi
 
2
(O,OH)
 
6
7.9.11Hibonite
(Ca,Ce)(Al,Fe,Ti,Si,Mg)
 
12
O
 
19
7.9.12Yttrocrasite-(Y)
(Y,Th,Ca,U)(Ti,Fe)
 
2
(O,OH)
 
6
7.9.13Pyrophanite
Mn
2+
 
TiO
 
3
7.9.14Iwakiite
Mn(Fe,Mn)
 
2
O
 
4
7.9.15Ilmenite
Fe
2+
 
TiO
 
3
7.9.16Pseudobrookite
Fe
 
2
TiO
 
5
7.9.17Ulvöspinel
Fe
 
2
TiO
 
4
7.9.18Pseudorutile
Fe
 
2
Ti
 
3
O
 
9
7.9.19Freudenbergite
Na
 
2
(Ti,Fe)
 
8
O
 
16
7.9.20 Kennedyite
MgFeTi
 
3
O
 
10
7.9.21Armalcolite
(Mg,Fe
2+
 
)Ti
 
2
O
 
5
7.9.22Högbomite
(Mg,Fe)
 
2
(Al,Ti)
 
5
O
 
10
7.9.23Qandilite
(Mg,Fe)
 
2
(Ti,Fe,Al)O
 
4
7.9.24Cafetite
(Ca,Mg)(Fe,Al)
 
2
Ti
 
4
O
 
12
·4H
 
2
O
7.9.25Loveringite
(Ca,Ce)(Ti,Fe,Cr,Mg)
 
21
O
 
38
7.9.26Lindsleyite
(Ba,Sr)(Ti,Zr,Fe,Cr)
 
21
O
 
38
7.9.27Priderite
(K,Ba)(Ti,Fe)
 
8
O
 
16
7.9.28Jeppeite
(K,Ba)
 
2
(Ti,Fe)
 
6
O
 
13
7.9.29Ankangite
Ba(Ti,V
3+
 
,Cr)
 
8
O
 
16
7.9.30Ecandrewsite
(Zn,Fe
2+
 
,Mn
2+
 
)TiO
 
3
7.9.31Landauite
NaMnZn
 
2
(Ti,Fe)
 
6
Ti
 
12
O
 
38

Other Names for Brookite

Synonyms:
EumaniteJurinitePyromelane
German names:
ArkansitBrookitJurinit
Russian names:
Брукит
Spanish names:
ArkansitaBrookitaJurinita
Varieties:
Arkansite

Other Information

Health Warning:No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

References for Brookite

Reference List:Haidinger (1825), Annalen der Physik 5, 162.

Des Cloizeaux (1858), Annales minéralogiques 14, 361.

Pauling and Sturdivant (1928), Zeitschrift für Kristallographie 68, 239-256.

Schröder (1928), Zeitschrift für Kristallographie 67, 485.

Arnold (1929), Zeitschrift für Kristallographie 71, 344.

Holzgang (1930), Schweizer mineralogische Mitteilungen 10, 374.

Berek and Strieder (1933), Zeitschrift für Kristallographie 86, 212.

Palache, C., Berman, H. and Frondel, C. (1944): The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume I: Elements, Sulfides, Sulfosalts, Oxides, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. (New York), 7th edition, revised and enlarged, 588-593.

Deer, W. A., Howie, R. A. and Zussman, J. (1962): Rock-forming minerals, Vol. 4, Non-Silicates, 44-47.

Meagher, E. P. and Lager, G. A. (1979): Polyhedral thermal expansion in the TiO2 polymorphs: refinement of the crystal structures of rutile and brookite at high temperature. Canadian Mineralogist 17, 77-85.

Anthony, J. W. et al. (1997): Handbook of Mineralogy, Vol. 3, 80.

Internet Links for Brookite

Search Engines:
  • Look for Brookite on Google
  • Look for Brookite images on Google
    • External Links:
  • Look for Brookite on Webmineral
  • Look for Brookite on Athena Mineralogy
  • Look for Brookite on Wikipedia
  • Look for Brookite on Mineralien Atlas
  • Raman and XRD data at RRUFF project
  • American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database
  • Search for Brookite in the Natural History Museum (London) online catalogue
  • Brookite details from Handbook of Mineralogy (PDF)
    • Mineral Dealers:
  • Wright's Rock Shop - excellent mineral specimens since 1970
  • The Arkenstone - Fine Minerals
  • Wilensky Fine Minerals
  • Rare and Unusual minerals at Mineralogical Research Company
  • Lapis Mineral Magazin
  • e-Rocks - Mineral Auctions and Sales
  • Fine Minerals from Dan Weinrich Minerals
  • Buy fine minerals and gemstones from Pala International
  • Buy from David K Joyce minerals
  • Top quality minerals from Kristalle of California
  • Find Brookite on www.crystalclassics.co.uk
  • Buy Minerals and Crystals from Crystalarium.com
    • Jobs:
  • Mining & Geology Jobs

    • Page Sponsor

    Sponsorship:This page is currently not sponsored. Click here to find out how you can sponsor this page.

    Localities for Brookite

    Show Locality List (418 Items)
    The map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.
    These maps work faster with Firefox!
    Mineral and/or Locality
    Google
     
    www.mindat.org Web
    Copyright © Jolyon & Ida Ralph 1993-2008. Site Map. Locality, mineral & photograph data are the copyright of the individuals who submitted them.Further information contact the Site hosted & developed by Jolyon Ralph. Mindat.org is an online information resource dedicated to providing free mineralogical information to all. Mindat relies on the contributions of hundreds of members and supporters. If you would like to add information to improve the quality of our database, then click here to register.