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Thorianite

A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered

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Photos of Thorianite (127)

Thorianite Gallery Search Photos of Thorianite

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Thorianite

Amboasary Sud District, Anosy, Madagascar

Thorianite

Yates Mine, Otter Lake, Pontiac RCM, Outaouais, Québec, Canada

Thorianite, etc.

San Vito Quarry, San Vito, Ercolano, Mount Somma, Somma-Vesuvius Complex, Naples, Campania, Italy

Thorianite

Amboasary Sud District, Anosy, Madagascar

Thorianite

Yates Mine, Otter Lake, Pontiac RCM, Outaouais, Québec, Canada

Thorianite, etc.

San Vito Quarry, San Vito, Ercolano, Mount Somma, Somma-Vesuvius Complex, Naples, Campania, Italy

Thorianite

Amboasary Sud District, Anosy, Madagascar

Thorianite

Yates Mine, Otter Lake, Pontiac RCM, Outaouais, Québec, Canada

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About ThorianiteHide

Formula:

ThO₂

Colour:

Black, brownish black, dark gray, dark reddish brown

Lustre:

Resinous, Sub-Metallic

Hardness:

6½ - 7

Specific Gravity:

9.7 - 9.8

Crystal System:

Isometric

Member of:

Uraninite Group

Name:

The name reflects its thorium content.

Type Locality:

ⓘ Balangoda, Ratnapura District, Sabaragamuwa Province, Sri Lanka

Uraninite Group. Thorianite-Uraninite Series.

Unique IdentifiersHide

Mindat ID:

3944

Long-form identifier:

mindat:1:1:3944:0

GUID
(UUID V4):

b26e758a-a55e-44ab-ae6f-2116c06d7bf9

IMA Classification of ThorianiteHide

IMA status:

Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)

Type description reference:

Dunstan W (1904) The occurrence of thorium in Ceylon. Nature 69, 510-511

Classification of ThorianiteHide

Strunz-mindat (2024):

4.DL.05

4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
D : Metal: Oxygen = 1:2 and similar
L : With large (+- medium-sized) cations; fluorite-type structures

Dana 8th ed.:

5.1.1.2

5 : OXIDES CONTAINING URANIUM OR THORIUM
1 : AXO₂·xH₂O

Hey's CIM Ref.:

7.10.10

7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
10 : Oxides of Zr and Th

Mineral SymbolsHide

As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.

Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.

Symbol	Source	Reference
Tho	IMA–CNMNC	Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43
Tho	The Canadian Mineralogist (2019)	The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download

Physical Properties of ThorianiteHide

Lustre:

Resinous, Sub-Metallic

Transparency:

Opaque

Colour:

Black, brownish black, dark gray, dark reddish brown

Comment:

may have a bronzy tarnish

Streak:

Grey, grey-green to black

Hardness:

6½ - 7 on Mohs scale

Hardness:

VHN₁₀₀=1132 - 1278 kg/mm² - Vickers

Tenacity:

Brittle

Cleavage:

Poor/Indistinct
{001} poor.

Fracture:

Irregular/Uneven, Sub-Conchoidal

Density:

9.7 - 9.8 g/cm³ (Measured) 9.991 g/cm³ (Calculated)

Optical Data of ThorianiteHide

Anisotropism:

may show weak anomalous anisotropism

Colour in reflected light:

gray

Internal Reflections:

red-brown

Chemistry of ThorianiteHide

Mindat Formula:

ThO₂

Elements listed:

O, Th - search for minerals with similar chemistry

CAS Registry number:

1314-20-1

CAS Registry numbers are published by the American Chemical Society

Common Impurities:

U,Ce,La,Pb,TR

Crystallography of ThorianiteHide

Crystal System:

Isometric

Class (H-M):

m3m (4/m 3 2/m) - Hexoctahedral

Space Group:

Fm3m

Setting:

Fm3m

Cell Parameters:

a = 5.595 Å

Unit Cell V:

175.15 Å³ (Calculated from Unit Cell)

Morphology:

Cubic crystals, usually rounded to some degree (water worn).

Twinning:

Penetration twins on {111} very common.

Crystal StructureHide

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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure

ID	Species	Reference	Link	Year	Locality	Pressure (GPa)	Temp (K)
0011725	Thorianite	Wyckoff R W G (1963) Second edition. Interscience Publishers, New York, New York Fluorite structure Crystal Structures 1 239-444		1963		0	293

CIF Raw Data - click here to close

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_chemical_name_mineral 'Thorianite'
loop_
_publ_author_name
'Wyckoff R W G'
_journal_name_full 'Crystal Structures'
_journal_volume 1 
_journal_year 1963
_journal_page_first 239
_journal_page_last 444
_publ_section_title
;
 Second edition. Interscience Publishers, New York, New York
 Fluorite structure
;
_database_code_amcsd 0011725
_chemical_formula_sum 'Th O2'
_cell_length_a 5.5997
_cell_length_b 5.5997
_cell_length_c 5.5997
_cell_angle_alpha 90
_cell_angle_beta 90
_cell_angle_gamma 90
_cell_volume 175.588
_exptl_crystal_density_diffrn      9.988
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loop_
_atom_site_label
_atom_site_fract_x
_atom_site_fract_y
_atom_site_fract_z
Th   0.00000   0.00000   0.00000
O   0.25000   0.25000   0.25000

X-Ray Powder DiffractionHide

Powder Diffraction Data:

d-spacing	Intensity
3.234 Å	(100)
1.689 Å	(64)
1.980 Å	(58)
2.800 Å	(35)
1.284 Å	(26)
1.1432 Å	(20)
1.0779 Å	(19)

Geological EnvironmentHide

Paragenetic Mode(s):

Paragenetic Mode	Earliest Age (Ga)
Near-surface Processes
26 : Hadean detrital minerals
Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks	>3.0
34 : Complex granite pegmatites
36 : Carbonatites, kimberlites, and related igneous rocks

Type Occurrence of ThorianiteHide

Type Locality:

ⓘ Balangoda, Ratnapura District, Sabaragamuwa Province, Sri Lanka

Geological Setting of Type Material:

accessory mineral in granite pegmatites

Reference:

Dunstan W (1904) The occurrence of thorium in Ceylon. Nature 69, 510-511

Synonyms of ThorianiteHide

α-Thorianite

β-Thorianite

γ-Thorianite

Uraninite (of Coomaraswamy)

Other Language Names for ThorianiteHide

German:Thorianit

Russian:Торианит

Simplified Chinese:方钍石

Spanish:Torianita

Varieties of ThorianiteHide

Aldanite	A Pb-bearing variety of Thorianite with up to 12 wt.% PbO. Originally reported from Aldan Shield, Saha Republic (Sakha Republic; Yakutia), Eastern-Siberian Region, Russia.
Cerian Thorianite	A thorianite containing cerium.
Uranothorianite	A name for a mineral intermediate between uraninite and thorianite, i.e. a member of the Thorianite-Uraninite Series.

Relationship of Thorianite to other SpeciesHide

Member of:

Uraninite Group

Other Members of this group:

Cerianite-(Ce)	(Ce⁴⁺,Th)O₂	Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fm3m
Uraninite	UO₂	Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fm3m

Forms a series with:

Uraninite

Thorianite-Uraninite Series

Common AssociatesHide

Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:

14 photos of Thorianite associated with Calcite	CaCO₃
5 photos of Thorianite associated with Fluorapatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃F
5 photos of Thorianite associated with Phlogopite	KMg₃(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
5 photos of Thorianite associated with Guarinite	(Na, Ca, Zr, Si, F, O)
5 photos of Thorianite associated with Diopside	CaMgSi₂O₆
3 photos of Thorianite associated with Tremolite	◻Ca₂Mg₅(Si₈O₂₂)(OH)₂
2 photos of Thorianite associated with Fluorite	CaF₂
2 photos of Thorianite associated with Pyroxene Group	ADSi₂O₆
2 photos of Thorianite associated with Baddeleyite	ZrO₂
2 photos of Thorianite associated with Hiortdahlite	Na₂Ca₄(Ca_0.5Zr_0.5)Zr(Si₂O₇)2OF₃

Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping Hide

4.DL.05	Cerianite-(Ce)	(Ce⁴⁺,Th)O₂	Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fm3m
4.DL.05	Uraninite	UO₂	Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fm3m
4.DL.05	Zirkelite	(Ti,Ca,Zr)O_2-x	Iso.
4.DL.05	Aeschynite Group	AD₂O₆
4.DL.10	Calzirtite	Ca₂Zr₅Ti₂O₁₆	Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I4₁/acd
4.DL.10	Tazheranite	(Zr,Ti,Ca)(O,◻)₂	Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m)
4.DL.10	Hiärneite	Ca₂Zr₄Mn³⁺SbTiO₁₆	Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I4₁/acd
4.DL.15	Vorlanite	Ca(U⁶⁺)O₄	Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fm3m

Other InformationHide

Magnetism:

Diamagnetic

Notes:

radioactive

Health Risks:

Contains thorium - always wash hands after handling. Avoid inhaling dust when handling or breaking. Never lick or ingest. Avoid prolonged exposure in proximity of the body. Store away from inhabited areas.

External Links

Search for toxicity information at the United States National Library of Medicine

Internet Links for ThorianiteHide

mindat.org URL:

https://www.mindat.org/min-3944.html
Please feel free to link to this page.

Search Engines:

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External Links:

Look for Thorianite on Webmineral

Look for Thorianite on Wikipedia

Look for Thorianite on Mineralien Atlas

Raman and XRD data at RRUFF project

References and PDF downloads at RRUFF project

American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database

Handbook of Mineralogy page PDF

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References for ThorianiteHide

Reference List:

Coomaraswamy (1904) Spolia Ceylon.

Dunstan (1904) The occurrence of thorium in Ceylon. Nature: 69: 510-511, 533, 559.

Dunstan W (1904) The occurrence of thorium in Ceylon. Nature 69, 510-511

Dunstan W.R., Blake G.S. (1905) Thorianite, a New Mineral from Ceylon. Proc. Roy. Soc. ser. A, LXXVI: 253-265.

Dunstan W.R., Blake G.S. (1905) Chem. News: 13-15,26-28.

Coomaraswamy (1906) Jahrbuch für Mineralogie: I: 165.

Dunstan and Jones (1906), Royal Society of London, Proceedings: 77: 385.

Ogawa (1912) Tohku Im. Univ., Sc. Rep.: 1: 201.

Ogawa (1913) Jahrbuch für Mineralogie: II: 12.

Goldschmidt, Thomassen (1923) Vidensk. Selskr., Oslo, Math.-Nat. Kl., No. 2.

Palache, Charles, Berman, Harry, Frondel, Clifford (1944) The System of Mineralogy (7th ed.) Vol. 1 - Elements, Sulfides, Sulfosalts, Oxides. John Wiley and Sons, New York.pp.620-622

US National Bureau of Standards, Circular (1953): 539(1): 57.

rruff.info (1973) https://rruff.info/rruff_1.0/reference_search.php?ref_search_id=ptwcpCyCYvvgtTrDyuZtnDDTC#:~:text=Keramidas%20V%20G%2C%20White%20W%20B%20(1973)%20Raman%20spectra%20of%20oxides%20with%20the%20fluorite%20structure.%20The%20Journal%20of%20Chemical%20Physics%2059%2C%201561%2D1562

Bulakh, A.G., Mazalou, A.A. (1974) Accessory thorianite from the massifs of alkaline rocks and carbonatites of the Turja Peninsula (Kola Peninsula). American Mineralogist: 59: 378.

Teterin Y A, Utkin I O, Melnikov I V, Lebedev A M, Teterin A Y, Ivanov K E, Nikitin A S, Vukchevich L (2000) X-ray photoelectron study of thorium silicate ThSiO4·nH2O and uranium silicate USiO4·nH2O. Journal of Structural Chemistry 41, 965-971

Giebel R J, Gauert C D K, Marks M A W, Costin G, Markl G (2017) Multi-stage formation of REE minerals in the Palabora Carbonatite Complex, South Africa. American Mineralogist 102, 1218-1233

Chidester B A, Pardo O S, Fischer R A, Thompson E C, Heinz D L, Prescher C, Prakapenka V B, Campbell A J (2018) High-pressure phase behavior and equations of state of ThO2 polymorphs. American Mineralogist 103, 749-756.

(2023) Thorianite. Handbook of Mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America

Localities for ThorianiteHide

This map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the

symbol to view information about a locality. The

symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.

Locality ListHide

- This locality has map coordinates listed.

- This locality has estimated coordinates. ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence. ? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.

- Good crystals or important locality for species.

- World class for species or very significant. (TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species. (FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties). ~~Struck out~~ - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality. Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).

All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.


Angola
Huíla Province Quilengues ⓘ Mount Bonga	Amores-Casals et al. (2019)

Argentina
Catamarca Province Sierra de Ancasti El Portezuelo ⓘ El Portezuelo Granite	Colombo et al. (2011)
La Rioja Province Sanagasta department ⓘ La Chinchilla granite	Bardelli et al. (2018)

Australia
Northern Territory Central Desert Region Harts Range (Harts Ranges; Hartz Range; Hartz Ranges) Ambalindum Station Harding Springs ⓘ Yambla Prospect	Drake-Brockman (1995)
Nolans Bore ⓘ Nolans Bore prospect	Louise Schoneveld (2014) +2 other references
Coomalie Shire Batchelor Rum Jungle ⓘ Brown's Prospect	Vera Munro-Smith (2006)
South Australia Roxby Downs ⓘ Olympic Dam Mine	Ehrig et al. (2012)
Tasmania Waratah-Wynyard municipality Waratah district Waratah ⓘ Mount Bischoff Mine	Bottrill +1 other reference
Victoria Towong Shire Mitta Mitta ⓘ Mitta Mitta River
Western Australia Halls Creek Shire ⓘ Cummins Range complex (Minneroo Pool)	Sun et al. (1986, September) +2 other references

Austria
Lower Austria Krems-Land District Gföhl Felling ⓘ Latzenhof	Kolitsch (2017)
Zwettl District Kottes-Purk Bernhards ⓘ Schmoll quarry	Kolitsch (2011) +1 other reference

Belgium
Wallonia Namur Havelange ⓘ Havelange borehole	Jedwab (1985) +2 other references

Bolivia
Oruro Poopó Province ⓘ Poopó	Torres et al. (2019)

Botswana
North-West District Ngamiland West District ⓘ Tsodilo Hills	Melgarejo et al. (2011)

Brazil
Goiás Santa Terezinha de Goiás district Santa Terezinha de Goiás ⓘ Cedrolina chromitite body	Portella +3 other references
Minas Gerais Poços de Caldas ⓘ Morro do Ferro	Baretto & Fujimori (1986)
Pará Canaã dos Carajás Sossego Mine ⓘ Curral orebody	Monteiro et al. (2008)
ⓘ Sequeirinho Pit	Monteiro et al. (2008)
Parauapebas Alemão Cu deposit ⓘ Igarapé Bahia mine	Grainger et al. (2008)

Canada
British Columbia Kamloops Mining Division ⓘ Fraser River (Lytton Bar) placer occurrence	R. M. Thompson (1954)
Omineca Mining Division Williston Lake ⓘ Aley Deposit (Aley Creek Carbonatite Complex)	Berger et al. (2009) +1 other reference
Nunavut Qikiqtaaluk Region Baffin Island Kimmirut (Lake Harbour) ⓘ Beluga sapphire property	www.gia.edu (2006)
Ontario ⓘ Bancroft area	162-165. +1 other reference
Cochrane District South of Ridge Lake Area ⓘ Martison carbonatite complex	SAGE (1981)
Haliburton County Highlands East Township Cardiff Township ⓘ Schickler fluorite occurrence	Mounce et al. (2020)
Monmouth Township ⓘ Canadian All Metals Mine	Geological survey of canada misc report ... +1 other reference
ⓘ Desmont Mine (Homer Yellowknife prospect)	GSC misc report 39 +1 other reference
ⓘ Millar's Mine	Ref.: Geological Survey of Canada ...
ⓘ Hastings County	Can Mineral December 1960 v. 6 no. 4 p. ...
Hastings Highlands Municipality Monteagle Township ⓘ Normingo deposit	Can Mineral December 1960 v. 6 no. 4 p. ...
Kawartha Lakes ⓘ Norland area (Shadow Lake area)	Ontario Mineral Deposits Inventory (MDI)
Somerville Township ⓘ Lundberg occurrence	Ontario Ministry of Northern ...
Parry Sound District Henvey Township ⓘ Britt Station occurrence	Rose (1960)
Québec Abitibi-Témiscamingue Témiscamingue RCM Les Lacs-du-Témiscamingue ⓘ Kipawa alkaline complex	GSC database
Outaouais Pontiac RCM Otter Lake ⓘ Huddersfield Uranium mine	A specimen in the Royal Ontario Museum ...
ⓘ Yates Mine	Hull to Waltham +2 other references
Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean Le Fjord-du-Saguenay RCM Saint-Honoré ⓘ Saint-Honoré carbonatite complex	Néron et al. (2018)

China
Fujian Sanming Mingxi County ⓘ Yangfang complex	Qiang Wang et al. (2003)
Gansu Jinchang Jinchuan District Longshoushan Uranium ore zone ⓘ Jiling U deposit	Ruyi Zhao et al. (2013)
ⓘ Hebei	Zhang Peishan et al. (1996)
Inner Mongolia Baotou City (Baotou Prefecture) Bayan Obo mining district Bayan Obo ⓘ Bayan Obo deposit	Qingchang Meng (1981)
ⓘ East Mine	Miyawaki et al. (2011)
Jiangxi Fuzhou Chongren Co. Xiangshan Uranium ore field ⓘ Hengjian U deposit (U deposit No. 611; Fuzhou Mine)	Rengui Wu and Dagan Yu (2000)
ⓘ Julong'an U-Th deposit	Yanning Meng and Honghai Fan (2013)
Le'an Co. Xiangshan Uranium ore field Zoujiashan ore district ⓘ U deposit No. 6122	Rengui Wu and Dagan Yu (2000)
ⓘ Zoujiashan U deposit (U deposit No. 612)	Dahlkamp et al. (2009) +1 other reference
Liaoning Dandong Kuandian County Saima complex ⓘ Saima U-REE deposit	[var: Aldanite] Orris et al. (2002)
Shandong Jining Weishan County ⓘ Weishan Mine (Chisan Mine; Chishan alkaline complex; Xishan Mine; Deposit No. 101)	Ding et al. (2022)
Yunnan Honghe Jianshui County Puxiong ⓘ Protolithionite outcrops	Ziying Gao et al. (1991)

Czech Republic
South Bohemian Region Český Krumlov District Zlatá Koruna Plešovice ⓘ Plešovice quarry	Naemura +7 other references
Vysočina Region Třebíč District ⓘ Naloučany	Pauliš P. et al. (Kutna Hora, issue 1)
Pyšel ⓘ Vaneč	Pauliš P. et al. (Kutna Hora, issue 1)

DR Congo
North Kivu ⓘ Lubero Territory	Jedwab et al. (1992)

Egypt
Red Sea Governorate Abu Dabbab Massif ⓘ Abu Dabbab Ta-Sn deposit	Küster (2009)
ⓘ Gabal Qash Amir muscovite granite	Emad et al. (2022)
Northeastern Desert ⓘ Dara-Um Swassi	Shalaby et al. (2002)
ⓘ Sikait-Zabara region	Ibrahim (2014)
ⓘ Um Naggat	Gaafar
ⓘ Um Solimate	Ali et al. (2021)

Finland
Lapland Enontekiö ⓘ Miessijoki River	Kojonen et al. (2007) +1 other reference
ⓘ Rapeli-Kangas claim	Tuisku
Pirkanmaa Orivesi Eräjärvi area ⓘ Viitaniemi pegmatite	Sandström et al. (2009)
Southwest Finland Kimitoön (Kemiönsaari) ⓘ Lemn‪äs	Ilkka Mikkola collection
Uusimaa Lohja Palmottu Lake ⓘ Palmottu U deposit	Pérez del Villar et al. (386)

Germany
Bavaria Lower Bavaria Passau District Hauzenberg Kropfmühl ⓘ Kropfmühl Mine	Habel (1995)
Rhineland-Palatinate Mayen-Koblenz Mendig Mendig ⓘ In den Dellen quarries	Blass +1 other reference
ⓘ Thelenberg	Blass +1 other reference
Wingertsberg ⓘ Pumice quarries	Blass +1 other reference
Pellenz Kruft ⓘ Krufter Ofen	Blass +1 other reference
Vulkaneifel Daun Üdersdorf ⓘ Emmelberg	Schmitt et al. (2017)

Greece
Eastern Macedonia and Thrace Rhodope Maroneia-Sapes ⓘ Maroneia	Vasilatos et al. (2023)

Greenland
Kujalleq ⓘ Ilímaussaq complex	Bondam et al. (1958) +1 other reference

Hungary
Fejér County Székesfehérvár District Pátka ⓘ Kőrakás Hill	Szakáll & Gatter
Tolna County Mórágy ⓘ Granite Quarry	Szakáll-Gatter-Szendrei: Mineral ...

India
Rajasthan Jodhpur Division Barmer District Malani Igneous Province ⓘ Siwana granite	Bhushan et al. (2019)
ⓘ Gudanal	Bhushan et al. (2019)
ⓘ Meli	Bhushan et al. (2019)
ⓘ Phulan	Bhushan et al. (2019)

Iran
Yazd Province Ardakan County Saghand ⓘ Saghand Uranium Mine	Dahlkamp (2009)
Bafq County ⓘ Duzakh Darreh	Foerster et al. (1994)

Iraq
Sulaymaniyah Governorate Pshdar District Qaladiza Hero ⓘ Dupezeh Mountain	Al-Hermezi (1985)

Italy
Aosta Valley Courmayeur ⓘ Triolet Glacier	Piccoli et al. (2007)
Campania Naples ⓘ Somma-Vesuvius Complex	Knuever et al. (2023)
ⓘ Mount Somma	...
Ercolano ⓘ Montone Quarry	Russo et al. (2004)
San Vito ⓘ San Vito Quarry	Luigi Chiappino data
Pollena Trocchia ⓘ Lagno di Pollena	luigi mattei
Somma Vesuviana ⓘ Trapolino Quarry (Cava Nuova)	Russo et al. (2004)
Lazio Latina Province Ponza Ponza Island ⓘ Punta della Guardia	H.E. Belkin et al. (silicte/saline/sulfur-rich/CO2)
Viterbo Province Vetralla ⓘ Pian di San Martino	www.giovanigeologi.it (n.d.) +1 other reference
ⓘ Tre Croci	Luigi Matei +2 other references
Viterbo ⓘ Le Carcarelle	www.gminromano.it (2005)
Lombardy Sondrio Province Novate Mezzola ⓘ Codera Valley	Guastoni et al. (2016)
Piedmont Cuneo Province Canosio Vallone della Valletta ⓘ Valletta Mine	www.socgeol.it (n.d.) +1 other reference
Verbano-Cusio-Ossola Province ⓘ Finero Ultramafic Complex	Zaccarini et al. (2005)
Trentino-Alto Adige (Trentino-South Tyrol) South Tyrol Burggrafenamt (Burgraviato) Ulten (Ultimo) ⓘ Hochwart - Vedetta Alta	Am Min 90:1177-1185

Japan
Ehime Prefecture Inland Sea (Setonaikai) ⓘ Yuge Island	Yukikaza Ogoshi and Tetsuo Minakawa (2009)
Mie Prefecture Mie District Komono town Yunoyama-onsen ⓘ Unnamed pegmatite	Nishio–Hamane et al. (2022)

Kyrgyzstan
Issyk-Kul Region ⓘ Sandyk massif (Chechekty massif)
Naryn Region ⓘ Kyzyl-Ompul (Ortotokoiskii)	Topper et al. (2013)

Madagascar
Amoron'i Mania Manandriana District Andakatany ⓘ Andakatany Deposit	Rasoamalala et al. (2014)
Androy Ambovombe-Androy ⓘ Antanimora Sud Commune	Frank K. Mazdab collection
Bekily District Beraketa ⓘ Ampandrandava phlogopite mine	Behier (1963)
ⓘ Belamoty phlogopite mine	Behier (1963)
ⓘ Isoky phlogopite mine	Behier (1963)
ⓘ Sakoamasy	Knut Edvard Larsen collection # MM-1022
ⓘ Anosy	photo Id 315850
ⓘ Amboasary Sud District	Knut Edvard Larsen (2023)
ⓘ Amboamena	M Arliguie collection (old label)
Behara ⓘ Amboasarikely	Behier (1960)
ⓘ Ankilimitsivoky phlogopite deposit	Besaire (1966)
ⓘ Bevaho South phlogopite deposit	M. Arligue specimen and photo +1 other reference
ⓘ Esatra thorianite deposit	Besaire (1966)
ⓘ Esira	Royal Museum for Central Africa
Mahaly ⓘ Antanifotsy thorianite deposit	Behier (1960)
Maromby ⓘ Ambakitany thorianite deposit	Behier (1960)
ⓘ Ambandanira thorianite deposit	Besaire (1966)
ⓘ Ambonaivo Group	Behier (1963)
ⓘ Ambonaivo thorianite deposit	Behier (1960)
ⓘ Antanambao thorianite deposit	Behier (1960)
ⓘ Befiamy-Belamoto thorianite deposit	Behier (1960)
ⓘ Andranondambo phlogopite deposit	Behier (1963)
ⓘ Andriandambo thorianite deposit	Behier (1960)
ⓘ Anikilivalo thorianite deposit	Behier (1960)
ⓘ Ankazoabo thorianite deposit	Behier (1960)
Belafa area ⓘ Andoloabo 1 thorianite deposit	Behier (1960)
ⓘ Andoloabo 2 thorianite deposit	Besaire (1966)
ⓘ Andranomitrohy thorianite deposit	Besaire (1966)
ⓘ Belafa East thorianite deposit	Besaire (1966)
ⓘ Belafa thorianite mine	Besaire (1966)
ⓘ Belafa West thorianite deposit	Besaire (1966)
ⓘ Marosohy thorianite deposit	Besaire (1966)
ⓘ Sakoatelo thorianite deposit	Besaire (1966)
ⓘ Bemanteza thorianite deposit	Behier (1960)
ⓘ Betanimena thorianite deposit	Behier (1963)
Esiva ⓘ Esiva deposit	Besaire (1966)
ⓘ Esiva eluvials	Alexander Ringel specimen and photo +2 other references
ⓘ Papango thorianite deposit	Besaire (1966)
ⓘ Soafia thorianite deposit	Besaire (1966)
Tanandava Atsimo ⓘ Ikatefo thorianite deposit	Luc Vandenberghe collection +1 other reference
ⓘ Tranomaro-Maromby area	Manfred Kampf photo
Tranomaro Ambindandrakemba ⓘ Ambindandrakemba Mine	Behier (1960)
ⓘ Analalava North (Ambindandrakemba 4)	Behier (1960)
ⓘ Analalava South (Ambindandrakemba 3)	Behier (1960)
ⓘ Andakato thorianite deposit (Ambindandrakemba 2)	Delbos (1955)
ⓘ Androtsabo north (Ambindandrakemba 5)	Behier (1960)
ⓘ Amboanemba-South thorianite deposit	Besaire (1966)
ⓘ Amboanemba thorianite deposit	Behier (1960)
ⓘ Analana thorianite deposit	Besaire (1966)
ⓘ Anara thorianite deposit	Behier (1960)
ⓘ Andranokaolo thorianite deposit (Andrakaholo; Andrakakolo)	Behier (1960)
ⓘ Androtsabo (Androtsabo South; Marovoalava)	Behier (1963)
ⓘ Ankerotsy thorianite deposit	Besaire (1966)
ⓘ Ankolitrazo thorianite deposit (Ankolitrazo-Andavabe)	Behier (1960)
ⓘ Eroboka thorianite deposit	Besaire (1966)
ⓘ Ilapality thorianite deposit	Behier (1960)
ⓘ Kotovelo thorianite deposit	Behier (1960) +1 other reference
ⓘ Morafeno thorianite deposit	Besaire (1966)
ⓘ Betroka District	Besaire (1966)
Ambatomivary ⓘ Antanimary phlogopite mine	Behier (1963)
Diana Ambanja Antsirabe Befitina ⓘ Rare Earths Prospect	Hatzl (2010)
Ihorombe Ihosy District Soamatasy ⓘ Soalika phlogopite deposit	Besaire (1966)
Tuléar Province (Toliara) ⓘ Andranomaro	M Arliguie M collection (old label) +1 other reference

Mali
Kidal Region Kidal Cercle ⓘ Kidal-Tibeljeljeline Complex	Black et al. (1979) +2 other references

Mauritania
Trarza Region Bir Allah ⓘ Zellaga Ouest	Marsh et al. (2015)

Mexico
Oaxaca San Francisco Telixtlahuaca Municipality San Francisco Telixtlahuaca ⓘ Muerto Mine	Prol-Ledesma et al. (2012)

Mongolia
Dornogovi Province Khatanbulag District ⓘ Lugeengol REE deposit	Kynický et al. (2005)
Ömnögovi Province Shara Hulasa Hiid ⓘ Mushgai Khudag carbonatite complex	Berger et al. (2009)

Mozambique
Nampula Province Monapo District ⓘ Evate carbonatite	Gajdošová et al. (2017) +1 other reference
Zambezia Province ⓘ Alto Ligonha Pegmatite Field	Wilson et al. (2000)
Gilé District ⓘ Namivu Pegmatite (Namivo Pegmatite)	Wilson et al. (2000)
ⓘ Nampoça Pegmatite	Wilson et al. (2000)
ⓘ Tomeia Pegmatite	Wilson et al. (2000)

Myanmar
Mandalay Region Pyin-Oo-Lwin District Mogok Township Kyauk-Pyat-That Sakangyi (Sakhan-gyi) ⓘ Sakangyi pegmatites	Heo et al. (2020)

Namibia
Erongo Region Arandis Constituency ⓘ Rössing uranium mine	Irene M. Abraham (2009)

Nepal
P4 Gandaki Pradesh Kaski District Annapurna Municipality ⓘ Modi-Khola valley	Aaron J. Martin et al. (2009)

Niger
Tillabéri Antigoura ⓘ Sirba River gold alluvials	Machens (1964)

Norway
Agder Evje og Hornnes ⓘ Høgetveit Feldspar Quarries	Frigstad (1999)
Landsverk ⓘ ~~Landsverk 1 Feldspar Quarry (Jokeli)~~	Info. board at the mine
Telemark Kragerø Sannidal Levang ⓘ Levang Gneiss Dome	O'Nions et al. (1971)
Nome ⓘ Fen Complex	Åmli (1974)
Skien ⓘ Flekkeren	Jamtveit et al. (1997)
Viken Eidsvoll Minnesund ⓘ Byrud Emerald Mines	Raade et al. (1983) +1 other reference

Oman
Ash Sharqiyah South Governorate Sal Carbonatite Plugs ⓘ Sal-2	Nasir

Paraguay
Alto Paraguay Department ⓘ Cerro Boggiani	Comin-Chiaramonti et al. (2016)

Romania
Bihor County ⓘ Măgureaua Vaței intrusion	www.researchgate.net (n.d.)
ⓘ Bistriţa Mn belt	Hirtopanu (2006)
Harghita County ⓘ Ditrău Complex	Pál Molnár (2000)
Gheorgheni ⓘ Aurora Creek	Szakáll et al. (2010)
Joseni ⓘ Belcina Creek (Belcina)	Hirtopanu et al. (2013)

Russia
Buryatia Baunt District Vitim Plateau ⓘ Mukhalski massif	Doroshkevich et al. (2012)
Eastern Sayan ⓘ Snezhnoe Be deposit	Gordienko et al. (2016)
Mama River Basin Maigunda River ⓘ Burpala alkaline massif	Bailey
Severo-Baykalsky District Dovyren Highlands Yoko-Dovyrensky Massif ⓘ Bol’shoy (Big) stream	Spiridonov et al. (2018)
Ulan-Ude ⓘ Arshan REE deposit	Doroshkevich et al. (2008)
Chelyabinsk Oblast Karabash ⓘ Karabash ophiolite massif	Murzin et al. (2018)
Soimon Valley ⓘ Zolotaya Gora Au deposit	Murzin et al. (2013) +1 other reference
Kyshtym ⓘ Mochalin Log	webmineral.ru (2020) +1 other reference
Miass ⓘ Pit No. 97	Mineralogical Record: 33: 167. +2 other references
Vishnevye Mountains ⓘ Karavai Mt	webmineral.ru (2016)
Irkutsk Oblast Lake Baikal area Slyudyanka ⓘ White Cutting	Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.)
ⓘ Tazheranskii Massif	Sklyarov +3 other references
Kabardino-Balkaria Baksan Valley Upper Chegem volcanic caldera (Verkhnechegemskaya caldera) Lakargi Mountain ⓘ Xenolith no. 7	Galuskina et al. (2013)
Krasnoyarsk Krai Boguchansky District Chadobets alkaline complex ⓘ Chuktukon carbonatite massif	Sharygin +9 other references
Enisei Range (Yenisei Ridge; Enisei Ridge) ⓘ Kiisk alkaline massif (Kiyskoe)	Seltmann et al. (2010)
Kuragin District ⓘ Snezhnoe Ta-Nb deposit	Gordienko et al. (2016)
Maimecha and Kotui Rivers Basin ⓘ Gulinskii massif (Guli)	Fersman Mineralogical Museum +2 other references
Severo-Yeniseysky District ⓘ Panimba area	Sokol et al. (2023)
Taymyrskiy Autonomous Okrug Taimyr Peninsula Putoran Plateau Noril'sk Talnakh Cu-Ni Deposit ⓘ Oktyabrsky Mine	Barkov et al. (2021) +2 other references
Murmansk Oblast ⓘ Afrikanda complex	Chakhmouradian et al. (1999)
Belye Tundry Massif ⓘ Zirkonovoe pegmatite body (Zirkonovoye)	Voloshin et al. (2005) +1 other reference
ⓘ Gremyakha-Vyrmes Massif	Sorokhtina et al. (2016)
Kovdorsky District ⓘ Kovdor Massif	Mikhailova et al. (2015) +1 other reference
ⓘ Kovdor Phlogopite mine	Krasnova (2001)
ⓘ Kovdor Zheleznyi Mine	[World of Stones 95:5-6 +1 other reference
ⓘ Sakha	[var: Aldanite] Clark (1993)
Aldan ⓘ Tayezhnoe Fe-B skarn (Tayozhnoye)	Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.)
Polar Yakutia ⓘ Tomtor Massif	Okrugin et al. (2023)
Tuva ⓘ Belaya Zima REE-Nb deposit	Doroshkevich et al. (2016)
Zabaykalsky Krai Gazimuro-Zavodsky District ⓘ Bystrinskoye Cu-Au deposit	Kovalenker et al. (2018)

Slovakia
Košice Region Rožňava District Betliar ⓘ Betliar granite body	Kubiš M. et al. (Gemeric unit, Western Carpathians,Slovakia)
Trebišov District ⓘ Byšta	Koděra

South Africa
Limpopo Mopani District Municipality Ba-Phalaborwa Local Municipality Phalaborwa ⓘ Palabora Mine	Lee
North West Bojanala Platinum District Municipality Moses Kotane Local Municipality ⓘ Pilanesberg Alkaline Ring Complex	VERWOERD (1986)
Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality Ramotshere Moiloa Local Municipality ⓘ Goudini carbonatite complex	VERWOERD (1993)
Northern Cape Namakwa District Municipality Karoo Hoogland Local Municipality Sutherland ⓘ Salpeterkop Mountain (Saltpetre Kop)	Journal of African Earth Sciences ...

Spain

Catalonia Tarragona Conca de Barberà Vimbodí i Poblet ⓘ Bosc de Poblet	C. Canet et al.

Sri Lanka

Sabaragamuwa Province Ratnapura District ⓘ Balangoda (TL)	[Circular of the USA National Bureau of Standards et al. (1953) +1 other reference
Southern Province Galle District Bentota ⓘ Bentota River Alluvium	Raúl Jorge Tauber Larry
ⓘ Hinidum Pattuwa	link.springer.com (n.d.)

Sweden
Jönköping County Jönköping Gränna ⓘ Norra Kärr	Thulin (1996)
Vetlanda Alseda Slättåkra ⓘ Dikesgård	J.Langhof: REE-mineralogy in Mo-granite ...
ⓘ Hulta	J.Langhof: REE-mineralogy in Mo-granite ...
ⓘ Slättåkra quartz quarry (Alseda)	Wilke (1997)

Tajikistan
Gorno-Badakhshan Murghob Rangkul ⓘ Snezhnoe deposit	Elena S. Sorokina et al. (2015)

Tanzania
Kigoma Region ⓘ Kapalagulu Intrusion	Wilhelmij et al. (2016)

Turkey
Çanakkale Province Ezine District ⓘ Geyikli prospect	Yigit (2012)
Eskişehir Province Beylikova District ⓘ Kizilcaören REE deposits (Kyzylkaoren)	Nikiforov et al. (2014)
Sivas Province Sivas ⓘ Karaçayır Syenite Intrusion	Schuiling (1961) +3 other references

UK
England Cornwall Camborne Beacon ⓘ Great Condurrow Mine	LeBoutillier et al. (2003)
ⓘ South Tolcarne Mine	LeBoutillier et al. (2003)
Scotland Highland ⓘ Sutherland	Gallagher (1971) +1 other reference

Ukraine
Donetsk Oblast Azov Sea Region ⓘ Oktyabr'skii Massif	Sharygin (2015)

USA
Alaska Haines ⓘ Lucky Six; William Henry Prospect	- (2008)
Matanuska-Susitna Borough Yentna Mining District ⓘ Cache Creek Area Mine	- (2008)
ⓘ Kahiltna River; Sholan Bar; Round Bend Bar; Red Hill Bar; Boulder Bench Mine	- (2008)
ⓘ Kahiltna River Mine (ARDF - TY027)	- (2008)
ⓘ Kahiltna River Mine (ARDF - TY028)	- (2008)
ⓘ Kahiltna River Mine (ARDF - TY029)	- (2008)
Nome Census Area Koyuk Mining District ⓘ Anzac Creek Occurrence	- (2008)
ⓘ Boulder Creek Prospect	- (2008)
ⓘ Rock Creek Prospect	- (2008)
Northwest Arctic Borough Fairhaven Mining District ⓘ Connolly Creek Occurrence	- (2008)
ⓘ Cub Creek Mine	- (2008)
ⓘ Meinzer Creek Prospect	- (2008)
ⓘ Spruce Creek Prospect	- (2008)
ⓘ Syenite Gulch Occurrence	- (2008)
ⓘ Unnamed Occurrence (ARDF - CA036; Muck Creek)	- (2008)
ⓘ Unnamed Occurrence (ARDF - CA042; tributary to Duck Creek)	- (2008)
ⓘ Unnamed Occurrence (ARDF - CA044; south of Clem Mountain)	- (2008)
ⓘ Unnamed Occurrence (ARDF - CA045; south east of Clem Mountain)	- (2008)
ⓘ Unnamed Prospect (ARDF - CA013; upper Peace River)	- (2008)
Prince of Wales-Hyder Census Area Ketchikan Mining District Prince of Wales Island Bokan Mountain ⓘ I Prospect	- (2008)
Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area Chandalar Mining District ⓘ Squaw Creek; Big Squaw Creek Mine	- (2008)
Circle Mining District ⓘ Roy Creek; Little Champion Creek Prospect	- (2008)
ⓘ Eagle Creek Mine	- (2008)
ⓘ Encio Gulch Mine (formerly Riddle Gulch)	- (2008)
ⓘ Hidden Creek: Grable and Blackburn Mine Mine	- (2008)
Hughes Mining District ⓘ Hogatza; Hog River; Bear Creek Mine	- (2008)
ⓘ Unnamed Occurrence (ARDF - HU011; northeast ridge of Caribou Mountain)	- (2008)
ⓘ Unnamed Occurrence (ARDF - HU016; in Zane Hills; south of upper Caribou Creek)	- (2008)
Koyukuk Mining District ⓘ Gold Bench Mine	- (2008)
ⓘ Ruby Creek; Strand Mine	- (2008)
Shungnak Mining District ⓘ Unnamed Occurrence (ARDF - SH010; northeast of Solsmunket Lake)	- (2008)
Colorado Fremont County ⓘ Gem Park complex	USGS Prof Paper 649 +1 other reference
ⓘ Vermiculite Mine (MRDS - 10013422)	USGS Prof Paper 649 +1 other reference
Larimer County Crystal Mountain Pegmatite Mining District (Storm Mountain Mining District) Storm Mountain ⓘ Storm Mountain Mine	Eckel et al. (1997)
Maine Sagadahoc County Topsham ⓘ Havey #1 & #2 Quarries	Thompson et al. (1998)
Montana Beaverhead County Bloody Dick Mining District (Lehmi Pass Mining District; Bobbit Mining District; Beaverhead Mining District) ⓘ Lemhi Pass deposits	Gibson et al. (1997)
Granite County Rock Creek Mining District ⓘ Sand Basin placers	Gobla (2012)
Sapphire Mountains Area ⓘ Sand Basin Occurrence	- (2005)
Ravalli County Sapphire Mountains Area ⓘ Crystal Mountain Fluorspar Mine (Lumberjack Outcrops; Crystal Mountain Mine Retirement Group)	Gobla (2012)
Nevada ⓘ Goldstrike Mines	Castor et al. (2004)
New Hampshire Carroll County Conway Redstone ⓘ Redstone "Red Granite" quarry	Hoag et al. (1977)
New York St. Lawrence County Pitcairn Rose Road ⓘ Mulvaney property (Rose Road wollastonite deposit; McDonald Sugar Bush)	Emproto et al. (2017)
Pennsylvania Northampton County Easton ⓘ Chestnut Hill	Lapham & Geyer
C.K. Williams Quarry complex ⓘ Sherrer Quarry	Rocks & Min.: 11:90. Arthur Montgomery (1957)
Rhode Island Washington County Westerly ⓘ Redstone Granite Quarry (Cherenzia Quarry)	Overstreet
Texas Burnet County ⓘ Cactus Jack pegmatite	Self-Collected by Franklin Roberts
Culberson County Apache Peak area ⓘ Marble Canyon Mine (Texas Agricultural Aggregates Quarry)	Rocks & Minerals: 66 (3)
Sierra Diablo ⓘ Cave Peak deposit	Audétat (2010)
Hudspeth County ⓘ Sierra Blanca Peaks	Smith (1991)
Virginia Roanoke County ⓘ Old Sheperd Farm	Dietrich (1990)
Washington Okanogan County Golden Horn Batholith ⓘ Washington Pass	Micro Probe Volume VI Number 8
Pend Oreille County ⓘ High Noon Mine	Derkey et al. (1990, November) +1 other reference
Wyoming Crook County ⓘ Bear Lodge alkaline igneous complex	Van Rythoven et al. (2020)

Zambia
North-Western Province Solwezi District ⓘ Kansanshi Mine	MacIntyre (2019)

Thorianite

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