Log InRegister
Quick Links : The Mindat ManualThe Rock H. Currier Digital LibraryMindat Newsletter [Free Download]
Home PageAbout MindatThe Mindat ManualHistory of MindatCopyright StatusWho We AreContact UsAdvertise on Mindat
Donate to MindatCorporate SponsorshipSponsor a PageSponsored PagesMindat AdvertisersAdvertise on Mindat
Learning CenterWhat is a mineral?The most common minerals on earthInformation for EducatorsMindat ArticlesThe ElementsThe Rock H. Currier Digital LibraryGeologic Time
Minerals by PropertiesMinerals by ChemistryAdvanced Locality SearchRandom MineralRandom LocalitySearch by minIDLocalities Near MeSearch ArticlesSearch GlossaryMore Search Options
Search For:
Mineral Name:
Locality Name:
Keyword(s):
 
The Mindat ManualAdd a New PhotoRate PhotosLocality Edit ReportCoordinate Completion ReportAdd Glossary Item
Mining CompaniesStatisticsUsersMineral MuseumsClubs & OrganizationsMineral Shows & EventsThe Mindat DirectoryDevice SettingsThe Mineral Quiz
Photo SearchPhoto GalleriesSearch by ColorNew Photos TodayNew Photos YesterdayMembers' Photo GalleriesPast Photo of the Day GalleryPhotography

Bradaczekite

A valid IMA mineral species
This page is currently not sponsored. Click here to sponsor this page.
Hide all sections | Show all sections

About BradaczekiteHide

07354540014947345666853.jpg
Hans Bradaczek
Formula:
NaCu4(AsO4)3
Colour:
Dark blue
Lustre:
Adamantine
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Name:
Named by Stanislov K. Filatov, L.P. Vergasova, M.G. Gorskaya, S.V. Krivovichev, P.C. Burns, and V.V Ananiev in 2001 in honor of Hans Bradaczek (12 January 1930, Berlin, Germany - 5 July 2015, Germany), crystallographer, entrepreneur, and professor at the Free University of Berlin. He was an expert in X-ray analysis.
Alluaudite Group. The Cu (or rather Cu4) analogue of zincobradaczekite.


Unique IdentifiersHide

Mindat ID:
10382
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:10382:6
GUID
(UUID V4):
bf2d80a2-a8a1-448f-bffa-6dc430b3c04d

IMA Classification of BradaczekiteHide

Approved
IMA Formula:
NaCuCuCu2(AsO4)3
Approval year:
2000
First published:
2001

Classification of BradaczekiteHide

8.AC.10

8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
A : Phosphates, etc. without additional anions, without H2O
C : With medium-sized and large cations
38.2.4.4

38 : ANHYDROUS NORMAL PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, AND VANADATES
2 : (AB)5(XO4)3

Mineral SymbolsHide

As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.

SymbolSourceReference
BdcIMA–CNMNCWarr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43

Physical Properties of BradaczekiteHide

Adamantine
Transparency:
Transparent
Colour:
Dark blue
Streak:
Light blue to white
Cleavage:
None Observed

Optical Data of BradaczekiteHide

Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.760 nβ = 1.920 nγ = 1.960
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.200
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Very High
Dispersion:
r > v
Optical Extinction:
Z = b; X ∧ c = 23° in the obtuse β angle.
Pleochroism:
Strong
Comments:
X = violet-red; Y = green; Z = greenish blue.

Chemistry of BradaczekiteHide

Mindat Formula:
NaCu4(AsO4)3

Crystallography of BradaczekiteHide

Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
B2/b
Cell Parameters:
a = 12.051 Å, b = 12.434 Å, c = 7.2662 Å
β = 117.942°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.969 : 1 : 0.584
Unit Cell V:
961.8 ų
Z:
4
Morphology:
Plates elongate along [102]. The well-developed forms are {010}, {311}, {111} and {112}. The forms {301}, {001}, {321}, {101}, {100}, {021}, {110}, {131}, {111} and {341} are common.

Crystal StructureHide

Load
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
Show
Big Balls | Small Balls | Just Balls | Spacefill
Polyhedra Off | Si Polyhedra | All Polyhedra
Remove metal-metal sticks
Display Options
Black Background | White Background
Perspective On | Perspective Off
2D | Stereo | Red-Blue | Red-Cyan
View
CIF File    Best | x | y | z | a | b | c
Rotation
Stop | Start
Labels
Console Off | On | Grey | Yellow
IDSpeciesReferenceLinkYearLocalityPressure (GPa)Temp (K)
0015718BradaczekiteKrivovichev S V, Filatov S K, Burns P C (2001) The Jahn-Teller distortion of copper coordination polyhedra in the alluaudite structural type: Crystal structure of bradaczekite, NaCu4(AsO4)3 Zapiski Vserossijskogo Mineralogicheskogo Obshchestva 2001 1-820010293
CIF Raw Data - click here to close

X-Ray Powder DiffractionHide

Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacingIntensity
6.22 Å(13)
3.60 Å(21)
3.43 Å(100)
3.21 Å(35)
2.791 Å(24)
2.696 Å(18)
2.683 Å(30)
2.665 Å(17)
Comments:
Tolbachik volcano, Russia. Data from the type description.

Geological EnvironmentHide

Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic ModeEarliest Age (Ga)
Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event<2.4
45a : [Sulfates, arsenates, selenates, antimonates]

Type Occurrence of BradaczekiteHide

General Appearance of Type Material:
Aggregates of elongate plates and intergrowths with urusovite and johillerite. Individual grains are about 0.2 mm in length and about 0.1-0.2 mm across.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Mining Museum of the Mining Institute, Saint Petersburg, Russia.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
In a fumarole
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:

Synonyms of BradaczekiteHide

Other Language Names for BradaczekiteHide

Simplified Chinese:砷钠铜石
Spanish:Bradaczekita
Traditional Chinese:砷鈉銅石

Relationship of Bradaczekite to other SpeciesHide

Other Members of this group:
Alluaudite(Na,Ca)Mn2+(Fe3+,Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)2(PO4)3Mon. 2/m : B2/b
Alluaudite-Ca□4Ca4Mn2+4Fe3+8(PO4)12Mon. 2/m : B2/b
Alluaudite-Na□4Na4Mn2+4Fe3+8(PO4)12Mon. 2/m : B2/b
ArseniopleiteNaCaMnMn2(AsO4)3Mon. 2/m
BadaloviteNa2Mg2Fe(AsO4)3Mon. 2/m : B2/b
CalciohatertiteNaNaCa(CaFe3+)(AsO4)3Mon. 2/m : B2/b
CalciojohilleriteNaCaMg3(AsO4)3Mon. 2/m : B2/b
CamanchacaiteNaCaMg2[AsO4][AsO3(OH)]2Mon. 2/m : B2/b
CanutiteNaMn3[AsO4][AsO3(OH)]2Mon. 2/m : B2/b
Caryinite(Na,Pb)(Ca,Na)CaMn2+2(AsO4)3Mon. 2/m
ErikapohliteCu3(Zn,Cu,Mg)4Ca2(AsO4)6 · 2H2O Mon. 2/m : B2/m
Ferroalluaudite(Na,Ca)Fe2+(Fe3+,Mn2+,Fe2+)2(PO4)3Mon. 2/m : B2/b
Ferroalluaudite-NaNaNa4Na4Fe2+4Fe3+8(PO4)12Mon. 2/m : B2/m
FerrohagendorfiteNaCaFe2+Fe2+2(PO4)3Mon.
GroatiteNaCaMn2(PO4)[PO3(OH)]2Mon. 2/m : B2/b
HagendorfiteNaCaMn2+Fe2+2(PO4)3Mon. 2/m : B2/b
Hagendorfite-NaNaNaNaFe2+(Mn2+,Mn3+)(PO4)3 (?)Mon. 2/m : B2/b
HatertiteNa2(Ca,Na)(Fe3+,Cu)2(AsO4)3Mon. 2/m : B2/b
JohilleriteNa(Mg,Zn)3Cu(AsO4)3Mon. 2/m : B2/b
KeyiteCu2+3Zn4Cd2(AsO4)6 · 2H2OMon. 2/m
KhrenoviteNa3Fe3+2(AsO4)3Mon. 2/m : B2/b
Maghagendorfite(Na,◻)MgMn2+(Fe2+,Fe3+)2(PO4)3Mon. 2/m
MagnesiocanutiteNaMnMg2[AsO4]2[AsO2(OH)2]Mon. 2/m : B2/b
Magnesiohatertite(Na,Ca)2Ca(Mg,Fe3+)2(AsO4)3Mon. 2/m : B2/b
NickenichiteNa0.8Ca0.4Cu0.4(Mg,Fe)3(AsO4)3Mon. 2/m : B2/b
O'DanieliteNa(Zn,Mg)3(AsO4)(AsO3OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/b
ParaberzeliiteNaCa2Mg2(AsO4)3Mon. 2/m : B2/b
Unnamed (Na-Mg Arsenate Hydroxyarsenate)NaMg3(AsO4)(AsO3OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/b
Unnamed (Na-Zn-H Arsenate Hydrxyarsenate)Na(Na0.6Zn0.4)Zn2(H0.6AsO4)(AsO3OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/b
VaruliteNaCaMn2+Mn2+2(PO4)3Mon. 2/m : B2/b
YazganiteNaFe3+2(Mg,Mn2+)(AsO4)3 · H2OMon. 2/m : B2/b
ZhanghuifeniteNa3Mn4Mg2Al(PO4)6Mon. 2/m
ZincobradaczekiteNaZn2Cu2(AsO4)3Mon. 2/m : B2/b

Common AssociatesHide

Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
8 photos of Bradaczekite associated with TenoriteCuO
6 photos of Bradaczekite associated with JohilleriteNa(Mg,Zn)3Cu(AsO4)3
3 photos of Bradaczekite associated with PopoviteCu5O2(AsO4)2
3 photos of Bradaczekite associated with LammeriteCu3(AsO4)2
2 photos of Bradaczekite associated with OrthoclaseK(AlSi3O8)
2 photos of Bradaczekite associated with HematiteFe2O3
1 photo of Bradaczekite associated with Scoria
1 photo of Bradaczekite associated with YurmariniteNa7(Fe3+,Mg,Cu)4(AsO4)6

Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat GroupingHide

8.AC.AngarfiteNaFe3+5(PO4)4(OH)4 · 4H2O Orth. 2 2 2 : C2 2 21
8.AC.WopmayiteCa6Na3◻Mn(PO4)3(PO3OH)4 Trig. 3m : R3c
8.AC.XDyrnaesite-(La)Na8Ce4+(La,REE)2(PO4)6Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnma
8.AC.EdtolliteK2NaCu5Fe3+O2(AsO4)4Tric. 1 : P1
8.AC.AlumoedtolliteK2NaCu5AlO2(AsO4)4Tric. 1 : P1
8.AC.CrocobeloniteCaFe3+2O(PO4)2Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnma
8.AC.ManganobadaloviteNaNaMn(MgFe3+)(AsO4)3Mon. 2/m : B2/b
8.AC.BeershevaiteCaFe3+3(PO4)3OMon. 2/m : P21/m
8.AC.CalciohatertiteNaNaCa(CaFe3+)(AsO4)3Mon. 2/m : B2/b
8.AC.KabaloviteFe2+3Fe3+4(PO4)6Tric. 1 : P1
8.AC.Nazarchukite Ca2NiFe3+2(PO4)4Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pbca
8.AC.Changesite–(Y)(Ca8Y)◻Fe2+(PO4)7Trig. 3m : R3c
8.AC.Crocobelonite-1MCaFe3+2O(PO4)2Mon. 2/m : P21/m
8.AC.Ebnerite(NH4)Zn(PO4)Hex. 6 : P63
8.AC.MagnesioqingheiiteNa2Mg(MgAl)(PO4)3Mon. 2/m
8.AC.Epiebnerite(NH4)Zn(PO4)Mon. 2 : P21
8.AC.02GrigorieviteCu3Fe3+2Al2(VO4)6Tric. 1 : P1
8.AC.02KoksharoviteCaMg2Fe3+4(VO4)6Tric. 1 : P1
8.AC.02ZiminaiteFe3+ 6 (VO4)6Tric. 1 : P1
8.AC.05CalciojohilleriteNaCaMg3(AsO4)3Mon. 2/m : B2/b
8.AC.05HowardevansiteNaCuFe2(VO4)3Tric. 1 : P1
8.AC.05O'DanieliteNa(Zn,Mg)3(AsO4)(AsO3OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/b
8.AC.05 vaAlluaudite-Na□4Na4Mn2+4Fe3+8(PO4)12Mon. 2/m : B2/b
8.AC.05 vaAlluaudite-Ca□4Ca4Mn2+4Fe3+8(PO4)12Mon. 2/m : B2/b
8.AC.05 vaFerroalluaudite-NaNaNa4Na4Fe2+4Fe3+8(PO4)12Mon. 2/m : B2/m
8.AC.05Hagendorfite-NaNaNaNaFe2+(Mn2+,Mn3+)(PO4)3 (?)Mon. 2/m : B2/b
8.AC.05ErikapohliteCu3(Zn,Cu,Mg)4Ca2(AsO4)6 · 2H2O Mon. 2/m : B2/m
8.AC.05HatertiteNa2(Ca,Na)(Fe3+,Cu)2(AsO4)3Mon. 2/m : B2/b
8.AC.05Unnamed (Na-Mg Arsenate Hydroxyarsenate)NaMg3(AsO4)(AsO3OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/b
8.AC.05Unnamed (Na-Zn-H Arsenate Hydrxyarsenate)Na(Na0.6Zn0.4)Zn2(H0.6AsO4)(AsO3OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/b
8.AC.05ZincobradaczekiteNaZn2Cu2(AsO4)3Mon. 2/m : B2/b
8.AC.05BadaloviteNa2Mg2Fe(AsO4)3Mon. 2/m : B2/b
8.AC.05MagnesiocanutiteNaMnMg2[AsO4]2[AsO2(OH)2]Mon. 2/m : B2/b
8.AC.05Magnesiohatertite(Na,Ca)2Ca(Mg,Fe3+)2(AsO4)3Mon. 2/m : B2/b
8.AC.05KhrenoviteNa3Fe3+2(AsO4)3Mon. 2/m : B2/b
8.AC.05ParaberzeliiteNaCa2Mg2(AsO4)3Mon. 2/m : B2/b
8.AC.05CamanchacaiteNaCaMg2[AsO4][AsO3(OH)]2Mon. 2/m : B2/b
8.AC.05ManganohatertiteNaNaCa(MnFe3+)(AsO4)3Mon. 2/m : B2/b
8.AC.07ZhanghuifeniteNa3Mn4Mg2Al(PO4)6Mon. 2/m
8.AC.07FerrobobfergusoniteNa2Fe2+5Fe3+Al(PO4)6Mon.
8.AC.10Alluaudite(Na,Ca)Mn2+(Fe3+,Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)2(PO4)3Mon. 2/m : B2/b
8.AC.10ArseniopleiteNaCaMnMn2(AsO4)3Mon. 2/m
8.AC.10Caryinite(Na,Pb)(Ca,Na)CaMn2+2(AsO4)3Mon. 2/m
8.AC.10Ferroalluaudite(Na,Ca)Fe2+(Fe3+,Mn2+,Fe2+)2(PO4)3Mon. 2/m : B2/b
8.AC.10HagendorfiteNaCaMn2+Fe2+2(PO4)3Mon. 2/m : B2/b
8.AC.10JohilleriteNa(Mg,Zn)3Cu(AsO4)3Mon. 2/m : B2/b
8.AC.10Maghagendorfite(Na,◻)MgMn2+(Fe2+,Fe3+)2(PO4)3Mon. 2/m
8.AC.10NickenichiteNa0.8Ca0.4Cu0.4(Mg,Fe)3(AsO4)3Mon. 2/m : B2/b
8.AC.10VaruliteNaCaMn2+Mn2+2(PO4)3Mon. 2/m : B2/b
8.AC.10FerrohagendorfiteNaCaFe2+Fe2+2(PO4)3Mon.
8.AC.10GroatiteNaCaMn2(PO4)[PO3(OH)]2Mon. 2/m : B2/b
8.AC.15BobfergusoniteNa2Mn5FeAl(PO4)6Mon. 2/m : P2/b
8.AC.15Ferrowyllieite(Na,Ca,Mn)(Fe,Mn)(Fe,Fe,Mg)Al(PO4)3Mon. 2/m : P21/b
8.AC.15QingheiiteNaNaMn2+(MgAl)(PO4)3Mon. 2/m : P21/b
8.AC.15Rosemaryite(Na,Ca,Mn)(Mn,Fe2+)(Fe3+,Mg)Al(PO4)3Mon. 2/m : P21/b
8.AC.15Wyllieite(Na,Ca,Mn)(Mn,Fe)(Fe,Mg)Al(PO4)3Mon. 2/m
8.AC.15Ferrorosemaryite◻NaFe2+Fe3+Al(PO4)3Mon. 2/m
8.AC.15FerroqingheiiteNaNaFe2+(MgAl)(PO4)3Mon. 2/m : P21/m
8.AC.17CzochralskiiteNa4Ca3Mg(PO4)4Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnma
8.AC.18ManitobaiteNa16Mn2+ 25Al8(PO4)30Mon. m : Pb
8.AC.20MarićiteNaFe2+(PO4)Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pmna
8.AC.25Berzeliite(NaCa2)Mg2(AsO4)3Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d
8.AC.25Manganberzeliite(NaCa2)Mn2+2(AsO4)3Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d
8.AC.25Palenzonaite(NaCa2)Mn2+2(VO4)3Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d
8.AC.25Schäferite(NaCa2)Mg2(VO4)3Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d
8.AC.25Hedegaardite(Ca,Na)9(Ca,Na)Mg(PO4)6(PO3OH)Trig. 3m : R3c
8.AC.25MatyhiteCa18(Ca,◻)2Fe2+2(PO4)14Trig. 3m : R3c
8.AC.30BrianiteNa2CaMg(PO4)2Mon. 2/m : P21/b
8.AC.35Vitusite-(Ce)Na3(Ce,La,Nd)(PO4)2Orth. mm2 : Pca21
8.AC.40Olgite(Sr,Ba)(Na,Sr,REE)2Na(PO4)2Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : P3m1
8.AC.40Bario-olgite(Ba,Sr)(Na,Sr,REE)2Na(PO4)2 · Trig. 3 : P3
8.AC.45StrontiowhitlockiteSr9Mg(PO4)6(PO3OH)Trig. 3m : R3c
8.AC.45WhitlockiteCa9Mg(PO4)6(PO3OH)Trig. 3m : R3c
8.AC.45MerrilliteCa9NaMg(PO4)7Trig. 3m : R3m
8.AC.45TuiteCa3(PO4)2Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m
8.AC.45FerromerrilliteCa9NaFe2+(PO4)7Trig. 3m : R3c
8.AC.47IwateiteNa2BaMn(PO4)2Trig. 3 : P3
8.AC.47YurmariniteNa7(Fe3+,Mg,Cu)4(AsO4)6Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3c
8.AC.47OzerovaiteNa2KAl3(AsO4)4Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Cmca
8.AC.47AnatolyiteNa6(Ca,Na)(Mg,Fe3+)3Al(AsO4)6Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3c
8.AC.47PansneriteK3Na3(Fe3+,Al)6(AsO4)8Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m)
8.AC.50ChladniiteNa3CaMg11(PO4)9Trig. 3 : R3
8.AC.50FillowiteNa3CaMn2+11(PO4)9Trig. 3 : R3
8.AC.50JohnsomervilleiteNa3CaFe11(PO4)9Trig. 3 : R3
8.AC.50GalileiiteNa3Fe2+Fe2+11(PO4)9Trig. 3 : R3
8.AC.50XenophylliteNa4Fe2+7(PO4)6Tric. 1 : P1
8.AC.50UdinaiteNaMg4(VO4)3Tet. 4 2m : I4 2d
8.AC.50ArsenudinaiteNaMg4(AsO4)3Tet. 4 2m : I4 2d
8.AC.52Lasnierite(Ca,Sr)(Mg,Fe2+)2Al(P[O,F]4)3Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pbcn
8.AC.55PharmazinciteKZnAsO4Hex. 6 : P63
8.AC.57ZubkovaiteCa3Cu3(AsO4)4Mon. 2 : B2
8.AC.60KosnariteKZr2(PO4)3Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3c
8.AC.65Panethite(Na,Ca)2(Mg,Fe2+)2(PO4)2Mon. 2/m : P21/b
8.AC.70StanfielditeCa4Mg5(PO4)6Mon.
8.AC.75RonneburgiteK2MnV4O12Mon. 2/m
8.AC.80TillmannsiteAg3Hg[(V,As)O4]Tet. 4 : I4
8.AC.85FilatoviteK(Al,Zn)2(As,Si)2O8Mon. 2/m

Fluorescence of BradaczekiteHide

Not fluorescent.

Other InformationHide

Notes:
Stable at room temperature/pressure. Practically insoluble in water and alcohol.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

Internet Links for BradaczekiteHide

References for BradaczekiteHide

Localities for BradaczekiteHide

This map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.

Locality ListHide

- This locality has map coordinates listed. - This locality has estimated coordinates. ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence. ? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. - Good crystals or important locality for species. - World class for species or very significant. (TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species. (FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties). Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality. Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).

All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Russia
 
  • Kamchatka Krai
    • Milkovsky District
      • Tolbachik Volcanic field
[Canadian Mineralogist (2001) +1 other reference
          • Northern Breakthrough (North Breach)
Filatov et al. (2001)
Pekov et al. (2014)
Pekov et al. (2020)
 
Mineral and/or Locality  
Mindat Discussions Facebook Logo Instagram Logo Discord Logo
Mindat.org is an outreach project of the Hudson Institute of Mineralogy, a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organization.
Copyright © mindat.org and the Hudson Institute of Mineralogy 1993-2024, except where stated. Most political location boundaries are © OpenStreetMap contributors. Mindat.org relies on the contributions of thousands of members and supporters. Founded in 2000 by Jolyon Ralph.
Privacy Policy - Terms & Conditions - Contact Us / DMCA issues - Report a bug/vulnerability Current server date and time: April 27, 2024 06:00:10 Page updated: March 11, 2024 10:13:34
Go to top of page