Leadhillite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Leadhillite
Formula:
Pb4(CO3)2(SO4)(OH)2
Colour:
Colourless to white, grey, yellowish, pale green to blue; colourless in transmitted light.
Lustre:
Adamantine, Resinous, Pearly
Hardness:
2½ - 3
Specific Gravity:
6.55
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Name:
Named in 1832 after the Type Locality, Susanna mine, Leadhills, Lanarkshire, Scotland.
Type Locality:
Polymorph of:
A rare monoclinic lead sulphate carbonate hydroxide, polymorphous with susannite (Trigonal) and macphersonite (Orthorhombic). Typically these minerals are all found as small to microscopic clear to white tabular pseudohexagonal crystals (trillings for leadhillite).
Heating leadhillite causes it to reversibly transform into susannite in the temperature range from 50 to 82Β°C (Bindi & Menchetti 2005).
Heating leadhillite causes it to reversibly transform into susannite in the temperature range from 50 to 82Β°C (Bindi & Menchetti 2005).
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
2361
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:2361:6
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
6f846a0a-b31e-43be-b173-11693f1521f2
IMA Classification of Leadhillite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Pb4(SO4)(CO3)2(OH)2
Classification of Leadhillite
5.BF.40
5 : CARBONATES (NITRATES)
B : Carbonates with additional anions, without H2O
F : With (Cl), SO4, PO4, TeO3
5 : CARBONATES (NITRATES)
B : Carbonates with additional anions, without H2O
F : With (Cl), SO4, PO4, TeO3
Dana 7th ed.:
17.1.2.1
17.1.2.1
17 : COMPOUND CARBONATES
1 : Miscellaneous
17 : COMPOUND CARBONATES
1 : Miscellaneous
12.2.11
12 : Carbonates with other anions
2 : Carbonates with sulphate
12 : Carbonates with other anions
2 : Carbonates with sulphate
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMAβCNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Lhi | IMAβCNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMAβCNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Leadhillite
Adamantine, Resinous, Pearly
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
Colourless to white, grey, yellowish, pale green to blue; colourless in transmitted light.
Streak:
White
Hardness:
2½ - 3 on Mohs scale
Hardness Data:
Measured
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
Perfect on {001} and easy.
Perfect on {001} and easy.
Parting:
Translation gliding on {001}, as well as twin gliding with K1(340), Ο2[140]; K2(34Β―0), Ο1[140].
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven
Density:
6.55 g/cm3 (Measured) 6.57 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Leadhillite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.870 nβ = 2.009 nγ = 2.010
2V:
Measured: 10° , Calculated: 10°
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.140
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Very High
Dispersion:
relatively strong
Chemistry of Leadhillite
Mindat Formula:
Pb4(CO3)2(SO4)(OH)2
Crystallography of Leadhillite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
P21/b
Setting:
P21/a
Cell Parameters:
a = 9.11 Å, b = 20.82 Å, c = 11.59 Å
β = 90.46°
β = 90.46°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.438 : 1 : 0.557
Unit Cell V:
2198.21 Γ
Β³
Z:
8
Morphology:
Usually as thin to thick tabular pseudohexagonal crystals, {001} with hexagonal outline; several rhombohedral and pyramidal forms common; also prismatic parallel to [001], or equant or granular. When [101] is developed the faces may show striations, or be curved.
Twinning:
Commonly twinned on {140}; as lamellar twins with the composition plane parallel to {142} or {340}; as aragonite-type contact twins; as penetration twins; with other twin laws producing pseudohexagonal groupings.
Comment:
Pseudohexagonal.
Crystallographic forms of Leadhillite
Crystal Atlas:
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Leadhillite no.6 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Leadhillite no.36 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
3d models and HTML5 code kindly provided by
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0003938 | Leadhillite | Bindi L, Menchetti S (2005) Structural changes accompanying the phase transformation between leadhillite and susannite: a structural study by means of in situ high-temperature single- crystal X-ray diffraction American Mineralogist 90 1641-1647 |  | 2005 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0014843 | Leadhillite | Giuseppetti G, Mazzi F, Tadini C (1990) The crystal structure of leadhillite: Pb4(SO4)(CO3)2(OH)2 Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Monatshefte 1990 255-268 | 1990 | Iglesiente area, Sardinia, Italy | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
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Radiation - Copper Kα
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 11.6 Γ | (60) |
| 6.78 Γ | (30) |
| 3.57 Γ | (100) |
| 2.94 Γ | (70) |
| 2.89 Γ | (60) |
| 2.62 Γ | (60) |
| 2.11 Γ | (60) |
| 2.06 Γ | (60) |
| 1.554 Γ | (60) |
Comments:
The 6.78 (30) line distinguishes leadhillite from susannite.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47b : [Sulfates and sulfites] | |
| 47c : [Carbonates, phosphates, borates, nitrates] |
Geological Setting:
Leadhillite is a secondary mineral found in the oxidized zones of lead mineral deposits.
Type Occurrence of Leadhillite
Synonyms of Leadhillite
Other Language Names for Leadhillite
Russian:ΠΠ΅Π΄Π³ΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΡ
Simplified Chinese:η‘«η’³ι
Έι
ηΏ
η‘«η’³ι ηΏ
η‘«η’³ι ηΏ
Spanish:Leadhillita
Leadillita
Maxita
Leadillita
Maxita
Traditional Chinese:η‘«η’³ι
Έι瀦
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 160 photos of Leadhillite associated with Caledonite | Pb5Cu2(SO4)3(CO3)(OH)6 |
| 141 photos of Leadhillite associated with Cerussite | PbCO3 |
| 73 photos of Leadhillite associated with Anglesite | PbSO4 |
| 62 photos of Leadhillite associated with Linarite | PbCu(SO4)(OH)2 |
| 48 photos of Leadhillite associated with Diaboleite | Pb2CuCl2(OH)4 |
| 39 photos of Leadhillite associated with Lanarkite | Pb2(SO4)O |
| 37 photos of Leadhillite associated with Boleite | KPb26Ag9Cu24(OH)48Cl62 |
| 34 photos of Leadhillite associated with Galena | PbS |
| 28 photos of Leadhillite associated with Pyromorphite | Pb5(PO4)3Cl |
| 18 photos of Leadhillite associated with Wherryite | Pb7Cu2(SO4)4(SiO4)2(OH)2 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 5.BF.05 | Ferrotychite | Na6(Fe,Mn,Mg)2(CO3)4(SO4) |
| 5.BF.05 | Manganotychite | Na6Mn2(CO3)4(SO4) |
| 5.BF.05 | Northupite | Na3Mg(CO3)2Cl |
| 5.BF.05 | Tychite | Na6Mg2(CO3)4(SO4) |
| 5.BF.10 | Bonshtedtite | Na3Fe2+(CO3)(PO4) |
| 5.BF.10 | Bradleyite | Na3Mg(CO3)(PO4) |
| 5.BF.10 | Crawfordite | Na3Sr(CO3)(PO4) |
| 5.BF.10 | Sidorenkite | Na3Mn2+(CO3)(PO4) |
| 5.BF.15 | Daqingshanite-(Ce) | (Sr,Ca,Ba)3(Ce,La)(CO3)3-x(PO4)(OH,F)2x |
| 5.BF.20 | Reederite-(Y) | (Na,Mn)15Y2(CO3)9(FSO3)Cl |
| 5.BF.25 | Mineevite-(Y) | Na25Ba(Y,Gd,Dy)2(CO3)11(HCO3)4(SO4)2F2Cl |
| 5.BF.30 | Brianyoungite | Zn3(CO3,SO4)(OH)4 |
| 5.BF.35 | Philolithite | Pb12Mn2+(Mg,Mn2+)2(Mn2+,Mg)4(CO3)4(SO4)O6(OH)12Cl4 |
| 5.BF.40 | Macphersonite | Pb4(CO3)2(SO4)(OH)2 |
| 5.BF.40 | Susannite | Pb4(CO3)2(SO4)(OH)2 |
| 5.BF.45 | Peatite-(Y) | Li4Na12Y12(PO4)12(CO3)4(F,OH)8 |
| 5.BF.50 | Ramikite-(Y) | Li4(Na,Ca)12Y6Zr6(PO4)12(CO3)4O4[(OH),F]4 |
Fluorescence of Leadhillite
Pale yellowish under (SW UV).
Other Information
Thermal Behaviour:
Heating results in a reversible transformation into susannite. 2E is approximately 20Β° (2V ~ 10Β°) at ambient temperature (for Na) and decreases with increasing temperature. It becomes uniaxial negative at about 125Β° and remains so at higher temperatures.
Notes:
Soluble in nitric acid with effervescence, rendering a residue of lead sulphate. Exfoliates in hot water.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Industrial Uses:
None.
Internet Links for Leadhillite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-2361.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
References for Leadhillite
Reference List:
Brooke (1820) Edinburgh Philosophical Journal, Edinburgh: 3: 117 (as Sulphato-tricarbonate of Lead).
Larsen, Esper S. (1921) The microscopic determination of the nonopaque minerals. Bulletin Vol. 679. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/b679 p.99
Russell, J. D., Milodowski, A. E., Fraser, A. R., Clark, D. R. (1983) New IR and XRD data for leadhillite of ideal composition. Mineralogical Magazine, 47 (344) 371-375 doi:10.1180/minmag.1983.047.344.13
Frost, Ray L., Kloprogge, J. Theo, Williams, Peter A. (2003) Raman spectroscopy of lead sulphate-carbonate minerals β implications for hydrogen bonding. Neues Jahrbuch fΓΌr Mineralogie - Monatshefte, 2003 (12) 529-542 doi:10.1127/0028-3649/2003/2003-0529
Localities for Leadhillite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
β - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Australia | |
| Gilligan et al. (1995) |
| Birch et al. (1997) |
| Con Constantinides collection |
| Sielecki (1988) |
| Sielecki (1988) | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| M. Latham Collection 2011 |
Austria | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2013) |
| Uwe Kolitsch (SXRD-analysis of drilling) +1 other reference |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Auer (2023) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| G. Blass (2000) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Kolitsch (2015) |
| Jakely (2008) |
Bailiwick of Guernsey | |
| Henwood (1871) |
Belgium | |
| |
| BlaΓ et al. (1995b) |
| JosΓ© Dehove collection |
Canada | |
| Cobalt - Belleterre - Timmins +1 other reference |
Chile | |
| gerhard mohn EDS and SEM |
| samples analysed by Gerhard Moehn |
| sample analysed by Tony Kampf |
China | |
| Boling Pan et al. (1989) |
Czech Republic | |
| RΓSENBERG et al. (1996) |
| PauliΕ‘ et al. (2023) |
France | |
| Boisson et al. (2000) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Chollet et al. (2013) |
| Vernay (1997) +1 other reference | |
| Chollet Pascal Collection |
| Y. Vessely collection |
| Chollet Pascal Collection |
| Chollet Pascal Collection |
| Valverde J. (1999) |
| Y.Vessely collection | |
| Sarp (1984) |
| ASSELBORN E. (1982) | |
| Inventaire minΓ©ralogique de la France ... +1 other reference |
| P Le Roch collection |
| Germain C. et al. (1990) |
| Wittern et al. (Cologne) |
| Thierry Brunsperger collection and Nicolas Meisser analysis (Lausanne Geological Museum) |
| Wittern et al. (Cologne) |
| Legrand et al. (2008) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Lheur (2023) |
| Leconte J. et al. (2016) |
| |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
Germany | |
| Collection Elmar Lackner |
| Schlomann et al. (1988) |
| Schlomann et al. (1988) | |
| Steen et al. (1993) |
| Walenta (1992) +1 other reference | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) +1 other reference |
| Walenta (1992) +1 other reference |
| ObermΓΌller (2003) |
| Collection of Steffen Michalski |
| WeiΓ (1990) |
| WeiΓ (1990) |
| |
| GrΓΆbner et al. (2009) |
| |
| ko.jansen +2 other references |
| |
| BlaΓ et al. (2021) |
| Schnorrer-KΓΆhler (1991) | |
| Schnorrer-KΓΆhler (1988) |
| WeiΓ (1990) | |
| Lapis (2) |
| Bender et al. (1994) |
| |
| Der Aufschluss 2000 (2) |
| Henrich (2009) |
| Schnorrer-KΓΆhler (1987) |
| BlaΓ et al. (1995) |
| BlaΓ et al. (1995) |
| BlaΓ et al. (1995) | |
| International Association of Collectors of Slag Minerals (3) +1 other reference | |
| BlaΓ et al. (1995) |
| WeiΓ (1990) |
| WeiΓ (1990) |
| WeiΓ (1990) |
| WeiΓ (1990) | |
| WeiΓ (1990) |
| Lapis 1988 (1) +1 other reference |
| Lapis 1988 (1) | |
| Lapis 1988 (1) |
| Graf (1992) |
| SchΓΌller et al. (2013) |
| WeiΓ (1990) |
| Henrich (2007) | |
| Lapis (2) |
| Graf et al. (1991) |
| WeiΓ (1990) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Der Aufschluss Vol.55 |
| Wittern (2001) |
| WeiΓ (1990) |
| Buchert (2012) |
| Paar (1983) |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Lapis 30 (7/8) |
Greece | |
| |
| Lapis et al. (1999) +1 other reference |
| Schnorrer-KΓΆhler et al. (1982a) | |
| Gelaude et al. (1996) | |
| Gelaude et al. (1996) | |
| Gelaude et al. (1996) | |
| L. Rantos collection |
Hungary | |
| SzakΓ‘ll |
Iran | |
| JΓΆrg Reichert |
| Wilke (1977) |
Ireland | |
| Found by George Ryback in 1963. |
| Moreton et al. (2007) | |
Italy | |
| Carnia (Udine, Friuli-Venezia Giulia) +1 other reference |
| Marco Bonifazi collection |
| Rivista Mineralogica Italiana (Avril/Juin) |
| Maida (2002) |
| Parola et al. (2023) |
| Ciriotti et al. (2019) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Luigi Chiappino data |
| Pelloux A. β (1930) |
| Pelloux (1904) +3 other references |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Stara |
| Stara | |
| Pelloux A. β (1930) +1 other reference |
| Stara et al. (1996) | |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Preite et al. (2007) |
| De Michele (1974) |
| Stara | |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
| P.Stara | |
| Stara et al. (1996) | |
| Stara et al. (1993) |
| Pelloux (1930) +1 other reference |
| Boscardin M. and Bortolozzi G. (1985) |
| Rocchetti I. (2012) |
| Bortolozzi et al. (2013) |
| Campostrini et al. (2005) |
| Maiello (1998) |
| Paolo Gasparetto et al. (2014) | |
| Int. Assoc. of Collectors of Slag Minerals (2) |
| www.comune.pisa.it (2000) | |
| Franzini et al. (1992) +2 other references |
| Jansen et al. (1998) |
| Boscardin M. et alii. "I minerali nel Vicentino" et al. (Vicenza) |
| Zordan et al. (2012) |
Japan | |
| Ohnishi et al. (2011) |
| Yamada (2004) |
| Yosimura (1939) +2 other references |
| Kojiro (1999) |
Namibia | |
| Bowell et al. (2013) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| von Bezing (2007) |
| Dunn (1991) |
Norway | |
| Γ mli et al. (1972) +1 other reference |
Portugal | |
| Pedro Alves analytical data and ... |
Romania | |
| G.Koller |
Russia | |
| Yurii P. Men'shikov data |
| Voloshin A.V. et al. (1986) |
| Yakovenchuk et al. (2007) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Seroka (2001) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
South Africa | |
| Glass (2006) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Wight (2002) | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Meyer et al. (1986) | |
Spain | |
| Calvo Rebollar et al. (2022) |
| Abella i Creus (2018) |
| FMF Forum |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| XRD Analyses by N. Meisser +1 other reference |
| Ref.: Stalder et al. (1973) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Ansermet (2012) |
| Ansermet (2012) | |
Tunisia | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
UK | |
| |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Starkey (2012) |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Rob Bowell (Cardiff University analysis) |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Norman Wilson collection |
| Day (1999) |
| Norman Wilson collection |
| Norman Wilson collection | |
| Day (1999) |
| Hartley (1984) +1 other reference | |
| Hartley (1984) +2 other references | |
| Hartley (1984) +3 other references |
| - (2006) | |
| Green (1989) +3 other references | |
| Greg et al. (1858) +9 other references | |
| Goodchild (1885) +5 other references | |
| Cooper et al. (1990) | |
| Paul Nicholson |
| Stanley et al. (1991) | |
| Day (1999) |
| Cooper et al. (1990) |
| Briscoe et al. (2008) | |
| |
| [BMS] |
| vanadinite and descloizite +1 other reference |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Ford et al. (1993) | |
| Ford et al. (1993) |
| Steve Rust collection |
| Norman Wilson collection |
| S Rust collection |
| Russell (1936) |
| Green (1987) +2 other references |
| S. Rust collection | |
| Neall et al. (2008) | |
| S. Rust collection. | |
| |
| S Rust collection | |
| Day (1999) | |
| S Rust collection | |
| Davies (1877) +1 other reference |
| S Rust collection | |
| Day (1999) |
| |
| S. Rust collection | |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
| Temple (1955) +1 other reference |
| S.Rust Collection | |
| S.Rust Collection | |
| S.Rust Collection |
| Day (1999) |
| Rust et al. (1988) | |
| |
| Day (1999) |
| |
| Bevins (1994) +3 other references |
| Day (1999) |
| Day (1999) |
| Day (1999) |
| National Museum of Wales database +1 other reference |
USA | |
| Mineralogical Record: 24: 421. |
| Min.Rec.: 12:307. +1 other reference | |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference | |
| Ron Layton self collected | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Galbraith (1959) +1 other reference | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Raman analyzed at the University of ... |
| Mineralogical Record 22:381 +3 other references |
| PXRD by John Attard |
| Allen et al. (1988) +1 other reference |
| Raman analyzed at the University of ... +1 other reference |
| Wilson (1974) +1 other reference |
| Williams et al. (1963) +1 other reference |
| Williams et al. (1963) +1 other reference | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Dana 6: 922. |
| Palache et al. (1951) +4 other references |
| Palache (1941) +4 other references | |
| Univ. AZ Bull. 41 (1916-17) | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 234 +2 other references |
| www.mineralsocal.org |
| Calif. Div. of Mines & Geology Bull. #189 et al. (1966) +1 other reference |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 234 +5 other references |
| Walstrom (n.d.) | |
| USGS PP 368 "Geology & Ore Deposits of ... +3 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 234 +4 other references |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Joe Marty specimens |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... | |
| Crowley (1977) +5 other references |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... | |
| San Diego Natural History Museum | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference | |
| Ream (1995) |
| Mineral Record (1981) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Dunn et al. (1975) |
| George Vaux collection at Bryn Mawr ... +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Minerals 81:340-355 |
| Gobla (2012) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Dana 6:A3:45. | |
| Rocks & Minerals |
| Silver Coin Mine. Compact Disc. Paul ... |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| www.excaliburmineral.com/mink-n.htm |
| A. Kampf 2-2018 |
| A. V. Heyl (1992) +1 other reference |
| Dana (1892) +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Min.:60:112. |
| Rocks & Min. | |
| Dana 6:1092 & A3:45 +1 other reference |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| Thorne (n.d.) | |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... |
| Rocks & Minerals 83:1 pp 52-62 |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Cannon (1975) | |
| Irving |
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Altemann cliff, MΓΌllheim, Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald, Freiburg Region, Baden-WΓΌrttemberg, Germany