Hetaerolite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Hetaerolite
Formula:
ZnMn2O4
Colour:
Black, reddish-black
Lustre:
Sub-Metallic
Hardness:
6
Specific Gravity:
5.18
Crystal System:
Tetragonal
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1877 by Gideon Emmet Moore from the Greek έταίρος, "companion", in allusion to the original association with chalcophanite at the type locality.
Type Locality:
Isostructural with:
Forms a series with hausmannite.
See also the poorly characterised hydrohetaerolite.
Often associated with chalcophanite.
See also the poorly characterised hydrohetaerolite.
Often associated with chalcophanite.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1883
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1883:4
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
db1eda61-a84e-4373-9930-2cbd171eee58
IMA Classification of Hetaerolite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
ZnMn3+2O4
Classification of Hetaerolite
4.BB.10
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
B : Metal: Oxygen = 3:4 and similar
B : With only medium-sized cations
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
B : Metal: Oxygen = 3:4 and similar
B : With only medium-sized cations
7.2.7.2
7 : MULTIPLE OXIDES
2 : AB2X4
7 : MULTIPLE OXIDES
2 : AB2X4
7.5.6
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
5 : Oxides of Zn, Cd and Hg
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
5 : Oxides of Zn, Cd and Hg
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Hta | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Hetaerolite
Sub-Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Black, reddish-black
Streak:
Dark brown
Hardness:
6 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Poor/Indistinct
{001}
{001}
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven
Density:
5.18 g/cm3 (Measured) 5.23 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Hetaerolite
Type:
Uniaxial (-)
RI values:
nω = 2.340 nε = 2.140
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.200
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Very High
Chemistry of Hetaerolite
Mindat Formula:
ZnMn2O4
Elements listed:
Crystallography of Hetaerolite
Crystal System:
Tetragonal
Class (H-M):
4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) - Ditetragonal Dipyramidal
Space Group:
I41/amd
Cell Parameters:
a = 5.72 Å, c = 9.24 Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 1.615
Unit Cell V:
302.32 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Morphology:
Usually pseudo-octahedral, but may be rod-like and elongated.
Crystal Structure
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2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0012015 | Hetaerolite | Nogues M, Poix P (1972) Effet Jahn-Teller cooperatif dans le systeme ZnMn2O4-Zn2SnO4 Annales de Chimie 1972 301-314 | 1972 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 4.87 Å | (10) |
| 3.047 Å | (45) |
| 2.862 Å | (19) |
| 2.715 Å | (65) |
| 2.466 Å | (100) |
| 2.432 Å | (12) |
| 2.311 Å | (10) |
| 2.022 Å | (16) |
| 1.798 Å | (7) |
| 1.760 Å | (15) |
| 1.684 Å | (12) |
| 1.621 Å | (9) |
| 1.564 Å | (25) |
| 1.522 Å | (40) |
| 1.439 Å | (4) |
| 1.4299 Å | (17) |
| 1.4105 Å | (2) |
| 1.3721 Å | (1) |
| 1.3565 Å | (2) |
| 1.3273 Å | (4) |
| 1.2944 Å | (2) |
| 1.2790 Å | (2) |
| 1.2652 Å | (9) |
| 1.2328 Å | (4) |
| 1.2161 Å | (3) |
| 1.2043 Å | (1) |
| 1.1733 Å | (5) |
| 1.1553 Å | (3) |
| 1.1351 Å | (2) |
| 1.1192 Å | (2) |
| 1.1100 Å | (5) |
| 1.0901 Å | (3) |
| 1.0725 Å | (6) |
| 1.0553 Å | (2) |
| 1.0150 Å | (5) |
| 1.0113 Å | (6) |
| 1.0043 Å | (3) |
| 1.0031 Å | (2) |
| 0.9842 Å | (2) |
| 0.9730 Å | (5) |
Comments:
ICDD 24-1133 (synthetic)
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| High-𝑇 alteration and/or metamorphism | |
| 32 : Ba/Mn/Pb/Zn deposits, including metamorphic deposits |
Type Occurrence of Hetaerolite
Synonyms of Hetaerolite
Other Language Names for Hetaerolite
Russian:Гетеролит
Spanish:Hetaerolita
Varieties of Hetaerolite
| Hydrohetaerolite | An (OH)-bearing hetaerolite (Bosi et al., 2019). |
Relationship of Hetaerolite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
| Chromite | Fe2+Cr3+2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
| Cochromite | CoCr2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
| Coulsonite | Fe2+V3+2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
| Cuprospinel | Cu2+Fe3+2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) |
| Dellagiustaite | V2+Al2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
| Deltalumite | (Al0.67◻0.33)Al2O4 | Tet. 4 2m : P4m2 |
| Franklinite | Zn2+Fe3+2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
| Gahnite | ZnAl2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
| Galaxite | Mn2+Al2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
| Guite | Co2+Co3+2O4 | Iso. |
| Hausmannite | Mn2+Mn3+2O4 | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I41/amd |
| Hercynite | Fe2+Al2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
| Jacobsite | Mn2+Fe3+2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
| Jacobsite-Q | Mn2+(Fe3+,Mn3+)2O4 | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I41/amd |
| Maghemite | (Fe3+0.67◻0.33)Fe3+2O4 | Iso. 4 3 2 : P41 3 2 |
| Magnesiochromite | MgCr2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
| Magnesiocoulsonite | MgV2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) |
| Magnesioferrite | MgFe3+2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
| Magnetite | Fe2+Fe3+2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
| Manganochromite | Mn2+Cr2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
| Nichromite | (Ni,Co,Fe)(Cr,Fe,Al)2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
| Spinel | MgAl2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
| Thermaerogenite | CuAl2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
| Titanomaghemite | (Ti4+0.5◻0.5)Fe3+2O4 | Iso. 4 3 2 : P43 3 2 |
| Trevorite | Ni2+Fe3+2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
| UM1994-06-O:AlCo | CoAl2O4 | |
| Vuorelainenite | Mn2+V3+2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
| Zincochromite | ZnCr2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 53 photos of Hetaerolite associated with Zincite | ZnO |
| 32 photos of Hetaerolite associated with Hodgkinsonite | Mn2+Zn2(SiO4)(OH)2 |
| 28 photos of Hetaerolite associated with Willemite | Zn2SiO4 |
| 25 photos of Hetaerolite associated with Chalcophanite | ZnMn4+3O7 · 3H2O |
| 24 photos of Hetaerolite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 20 photos of Hetaerolite associated with Chlorophoenicite | (Mn,Mg)3Zn2(AsO4)(OH,O)6 |
| 15 photos of Hetaerolite associated with Smithsonite | ZnCO3 |
| 14 photos of Hetaerolite associated with Fluorite | CaF2 |
| 9 photos of Hetaerolite associated with Franklinite | Zn2+Fe3+2O4 |
| 8 photos of Hetaerolite associated with Iowaite | Mg6Fe3+2(OH)16Cl2 · 4H2O |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 4.BB. | Elgoresyite | (Mg5Si2)O9 |
| 4.BB. | Chenmingite | FeCr2O4 |
| 4.BB. | Dellagiustaite | V2+Al2O4 |
| 4.BB. | Thermaerogenite | CuAl2O4 |
| 4.BB. | Chukochenite | LiAl5O8 |
| 4.BB. | Garpenbergite | Mn6◻AsSbO10(OH)2 |
| 4.BB. | Magnéliite | Ti3+2Ti4+2O7 |
| 4.BB. | Jianmuite | ZrTi4+Ti3+5Al3O16 |
| 4.BB.05 | Chromite | Fe2+Cr3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Cochromite | CoCr2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Coulsonite | Fe2+V3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Cuprospinel | Cu2+Fe3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Filipstadite | (Fe3+0.5Sb5+0.5)Mn2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Franklinite | Zn2+Fe3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Gahnite | ZnAl2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Galaxite | Mn2+Al2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Hercynite | Fe2+Al2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Jacobsite | Mn2+Fe3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Manganochromite | Mn2+Cr2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Magnesiocoulsonite | MgV2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Magnesiochromite | MgCr2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Magnesioferrite | MgFe3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Magnetite | Fe2+Fe3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Nichromite | (Ni,Co,Fe)(Cr,Fe,Al)2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Qandilite | (Mg,Fe3+)2(Ti,Fe3+,Al)O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Spinel | MgAl2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Trevorite | Ni2+Fe3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Ulvöspinel | TiFe2+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Vuorelainenite | Mn2+V3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Zincochromite | ZnCr2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Harmunite | CaFe2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Wernerkrauseite | Ca(Fe3+,Mn3+)2Mn4+O6 |
| 4.BB.05 | Deltalumite | (Al0.67◻0.33)Al2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Guite | Co2+Co3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.10 | Hausmannite | Mn2+Mn3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.10 | Manganostibite | (Mn,Fe)7SbAsO12 |
| 4.BB.15 | Maghemite | (Fe3+0.67◻0.33)Fe3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.15 | Titanomaghemite | (Ti4+0.5◻0.5)Fe3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.20 | Tegengrenite | (Mn3+0.5Sb5+0.5)Mg2O4 |
| 4.BB.25 | Xieite | Fe2+Cr2O4 |
| 4.BB.30 | Carmeltazite | ZrAl2Ti4O11 |
| 4.BB.35 | Feiite | Fe2+2(Fe2+Ti4+)O5 |
| 4.BB.40 | Maohokite | MgFe2O4 |
| 4.BB.45 | Tschaunerite | (Fe2+)(Fe2+Ti4+)O4 |
Fluorescence of Hetaerolite
Not fluorescent in ultraviolet
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Hetaerolite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1883.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
References for Hetaerolite
Reference List:
Palache, Charles (1935) The minerals of Franklin and Sterling Hill, Sussex County, New Jersey. Professional Paper 180. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/pp180
Frondel, Clifford, Heinrich, E. Wm. (1942) New data on hetaerolite, hydrohetaerolite, coronadite and hollandite. American Mineralogist, 27 (1) 48-56
Localities for Hetaerolite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Australia | |
| Sorrell (n.d.) |
| Australian Mineralogist (5) |
| Elliott (1991) |
| |
| Peter Elliot pers comm |
Austria | |
| Auer et al. (2017) |
Belgium | |
| Michel BLONDIEAU et al. (2018) |
| Fransolet et al. (1975) +3 other references |
Bulgaria | |
| Dobrev et al. (2004) |
| Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Annual ... |
Canada | |
| Cleaver et al. (2021) |
Chile | |
| samples analysed by Gerhard Mohn and ... |
| Samples analysed by Dr. Jochen Schlüter (Hamburg University) |
China | |
| Junping Dong (1992) |
France | |
| Georges FAVREAU collection and EDX ... |
Germany | |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Schnorrer (1995) +1 other reference | |
| Quabeck (1993) +1 other reference |
| Blass et al. (1994) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Der Aufschluss Vol. 60 |
Greece | |
| |
| LAPIS 24 (7/8) +1 other reference | |
| Fritz Schreiber collection (SXRD-analysed by Uwe Kolitsch) +2 other references |
| |
| Lapis et al. (1999) |
| Uwe Kolitsch (SXRD-analysed) |
| Kilias +6 other references |
India | |
| Singh et al. (1991) |
Iran | |
| Bariand |
| Reicher et al. (2003) |
Ireland | |
| |
| Moreton (1999) | |
Italy | |
| Fiori et al. (1995) |
| AA. VV. +1 other reference |
| Biagioni C. et al. (2016) |
| Biagioni et al. (2013) |
| Boscardin M. et al. (Vicenza) |
Japan | |
| Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated by the Geological Survey of Japan) |
| - (unpublished species lists maintained by local collectors) +1 other reference |
Kazakhstan | |
| Brusnitsyn et al. (2021) |
Mexico | |
| Megaw |
| Thomas P. Moore (2008) |
| Rocks & Min.: 56:247. | |
| Moore et al. (2003) | |
| Thomas P. Moore (2008) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Yta et al. (2005) |
Namibia | |
| von Bezing (2007) |
| Borg et al. (2003) +1 other reference |
North Macedonia | |
| Ermolaeva et al. (2017) +1 other reference |
| Chukanov et al. (2018) +1 other reference | |
Norway | |
| Folvik (2008) |
Pacific Ocean | |
| Volokhina et al. (2020) +2 other references |
Poland | |
| Kulig (1973) |
| Ł. Kruszewski PXRD & pXRF data (paper in preparation) |
| Kulig M. 1972: Hydrohetaerolite from the Orzeł Biały mine (Upper Silesia) |
Portugal | |
| |
Romania | |
| minerals-of-the-carpathians.eu (2008) |
Russia | |
| Belogub et al. (2007) |
Saudi Arabia | |
| [var: Hydrohetaerolite] Testard et al. (1979, June) |
Serbia | |
| Pačevski et al. (2018) |
South Africa | |
| Econ Geol (1990) +1 other reference |
South Korea | |
| Choi et al. (2005) |
Spain | |
| Frias +2 other references |
| Martínez Frías et al. (1992) |
| Calvo (2009) |
| Pedro Mingueza et al. (2022) |
| Calvo (1996) +1 other reference |
Sweden | |
| Hansen (2003) |
Switzerland | |
| MEISSER et al. (1993) |
| Meisser et al. (1993) +1 other reference | |
Tunisia | |
| Dill |
UK | |
| Bevins et al. (1987) |
USA | |
| Graeme (1981) |
| Galbraith (1959) +1 other reference |
| Galbraith (1959) +1 other reference | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Wilson (1987b) +1 other reference | |
| Galbraith (1959) | |
| Butler et al. (1938b) +3 other references | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Keith (1972) +1 other reference |
| Bruce Murphy Collection |
| Dean (1952) +1 other reference |
| Brian Beck Collected |
| Kampf et al. (2016) |
| Dr Robert Housley using SEM-EDS |
| Leavens & Patton: Axis 4 (1) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 168 +2 other references |
| The Oxidized Zinc Ores of Leadville ... |
| Rocks & Minerals 81:5 402-409 +1 other reference |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Shawn Carlson (2010) |
| Geology and Ore Deposits of the ... +1 other reference |
| Geology and Ore Deposits of the ... +1 other reference |
| Gobla (2012) |
| Geology and Ore Deposits of the ... +1 other reference | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Palache (1935) +1 other reference |
| Dunn (1995) |
| Frondel et al. (1942) +2 other references | |
| C. Lemanski | |
| Don & Cookie Saathoff |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Walstrom (n.d.) |
| Walstrom (n.d.) | |
| Walstrom (n.d.) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Min Rec 20:1 p63 | |
| M Massis collection |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Kokinos et al. (1993) |
| Patrick Haynes. Some ID'd by Tony Kampf | |
| Kokinos et al. (1993) | |
| U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL ... +1 other reference |
Yemen | |
| Santoro (2015) |
Zimbabwe | |
| Vetter et al. (1999) +1 other reference |
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Esperanza Mine, Kaminiza mines, Km 3, Lavrion Mining District, Lavreotiki, East Attica, Attica, Greece