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Willemite

Big Photo

Trotter Mine (Lehigh Mine), Franklin, Franklin Mining District, Sussex Co., New Jersey, USA
© 2001 John H. Betts

Show Willemite Photos (203)
Formula:
Zn
 
2
[SiO
 
4
]
System:TrigonalColour:Colorless, white, pastel ...
Hardness:5½
Name:Named in honour of William I (Willem), King (1813-1840) of the Netherlands, wherein the type locality was located at the time.


Phenakite Group

Crystals prismatic, both stout and slender, terminated by rhombohedra and {0001}, to 20 cm. Commonly tiny simple hexagonal prisms or radial tufts of acicular needles outside of the New Jersey occurrences. Coarse to fine granular, disseminated; in fibrous aggregates, botryoidal, and massive.

A relatively common secondary zinc silicate in many Pb-Zn or Zn deposits which contain or contained sphalerite, from which it is commonly formed upon oxidation in a siliceous environment.

Classification of Willemite

IMA status:Valid - first described prior to 1959 (pre-IMA) - "Grandfathered"
Strunz 8th edition ID:8/A.01-20
Nickel-Strunz 10th (pending) edition ID:9.AA.05

9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
A : Nesosilicates
A : Nesosilicates without additional anions; cations in tetrahedral [4] coordination
Dana 7th edition ID:51.1.1.2
Dana 8th edition ID:51.1.1.2

51 : NESOSILICATES Insular SiO4 Groups Only
1 : Insular SiO4 Groups Only with cations in [4] coordination
Hey's CIM Ref.:14.7.11

14 : Silicates not Containing Aluminum
7 : Silicates of Ba, Sr and Zn
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Type Occurrence of Willemite

Type Locality:Vieille Montagne (Altenberg; Kelmisberg), Moresnet, Kelmis, Plombières-Vieille Montagne District, Verviers, Liège Province, Belgium
Year of Discovery:1830
Associated Minerals at type locality:
Hemimorphite

Occurrences of Willemite

Geological Setting:Occurs generally as a secondary zinc mineral derived from the supergene weathering of sphalerite (gossan & other oxidized deposits) or by the alteration of primary sphalerite in hydrothermal veins. The Franklin-Sterling Hill orebodies are unique in the context of massive willemite as a primary ore mineral, derived from an unknown proto-ore during Cambrian, or older, times.

Physical Properties of Willemite

Lustre:Vitreous, Resinous
Diaphaneity (Transparency):Transparent, Translucent
Colour:Colorless, white, pastel green, apple-green, light blue, azure-blue, yellow, burgundy-red, brown, mahogany-brown, gray, black, pink
Streak:White
Hardness (Mohs):5½
Hardness Data:Measured
Tenacity:Brittle
Cleavage:Distinct/Good
Good to poor {11_20}, poor {0001}
Fracture:Irregular/Uneven, Sub-Conchoidal
Density (measured):3.89 - 4.19 g/cm3
Density (calculated):4.224 g/cm3

Crystallography of Willemite

Crystal System:Trigonal
Class (H-M):3 - Rhombohedral
Space Group:R3
Cell Parameters:a = 13.93Å, c = 9.31Å
Ratio:a:c = 1 : 0.668
Unit Cell Volume:V 1,564.53 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:18
Morphology:Blocky, hexagonal, barrel-shaped crystals, often with rounded terminations (Franklin area); commonly acicular in clusters to radial-fibrous aggregates; long-prismatic, hexagonal, doubly-terminated crystals; layered, botryoidal masses (Putta).
Crystal Atlas:
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Willemite no.11 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)

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X-Ray Powder Diffraction:
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Radiation - Copper Kα
Data Set:
Horizontal Axis: ° to ° Vertical Axis: % Source Data: Filtered Data: Peaks:
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
X-Ray Powder Diffraction:
d-spacingIntensity
4.10(20)
4.02(30)
3.49(70)
2.84(100)
2.63(90)
2.32(50)
1.860(40)

Optical Data of Willemite

Type:Uniaxial (+)
RI values: nω = 1.691 - 1.694 nε = 1.719 - 1.725
Maximum Birefringence:δ = 0.028

Chart shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness) and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:High

Chemical Properties of Willemite

Formula:
Zn
 
2
[SiO
 
4
]
Essential elements:O, Si, Zn
All elements listed in formula:O, Si, Zn
Analyical Data:From Franklin, NJ
Gelatinizes with acids
SiO2 (26.55), (26.56)
Al2O3 (1.00), 0
Fe2O3 0, (0.23)
Fe0 (0.08), (0.81)
MnO (0.12), (8.96)
ZnO (72.11), (61.38)
PbO (0, (0.005)
MgO (0.13), (1.05)
CaO 0, (0.75)
Common Impurities:Al,Fe,Mn,Pb,Mg,Ca

Relationship of Willemite to other Species

Common Associates:
HemimorphiteFluoriteCalciteQuartzHopeite
LimoniteWulfenite
Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping):
9.AA.05Eucryptite
LiAl[SiO
 
4
]
9.AA.05Phenakite
Be
 
2
[SiO
 
4
]
9.AA.10Liberite
Li
 
2
Be[SiO
 
4
]
Related Minerals - Hey's Index Grouping:
14.7.1Sanbornite
Ba
 
2
[Si
 
4
O
 
10
]
14.7.2Krauskopfite
BaSi
 
2
O
 
5
·3H
 
2
O
14.7.3Walstromite
BaCa
 
2
[Si
 
3
O
 
9
]
14.7.4Macdonaldite
BaCa
 
4
Si
 
16
O
 
36
(OH)
 
2
·10H
 
2
O
14.7.5Ericssonite
BaMn
2+
2
Fe
3+
 
[O|OH|Si
 
2
O
 
7
]
14.7.6Orthoericssonite
BaMn
2+
2
Fe
3+
 
[O|OH|Si
 
2
O
 
7
]
14.7.7Gillespite
BaFe
2+
 
[Si
 
4
O
 
10
]
14.7.8Andrémeyerite
BaFe
2+
2
[Si
 
2
O
 
7
]
14.7.9Pellyite
Ba
 
2
Ca(Fe,Mg)
 
2
Si
 
6
O
 
17
14.7.10Taikanite
Sr
 
3
BaMn
2+
2
[O|Si
 
2
O
 
6
]
 
2
14.7.12Hemimorphite
Zn
 
4
[(OH)
 
2
|Si
 
2
O
 
7
] · H
 
2
O
14.7.13Zincsilite
Zn
 
3
Si
 
4
O
 
10
(OH)
 
2
·4H
 
2
O
14.7.14Hardystonite
Ca
 
2
Zn[Si
 
2
O
 
7
]
14.7.15Petedunnite
Ca(Zn,Mn
2+
 
,Mg,Fe
2+
 
)[Si
 
2
O
 
6
]
14.7.16Clinohedrite
CaZn[SiO
 
4
] · H
 
2
O
14.7.17Junitoite
CaZn
 
2
[Si
 
2
O
 
7
] · H
 
2
O
14.7.18Larsenite
PbZn[SiO
 
4
]
14.7.19Esperite
PbCa
 
3
Zn
 
4
[SiO
 
4
]
 
4
14.7.20Hodgkinsonite
Mn
2+
 
Zn
 
2
[(OH)
 
2
|SiO
 
4
]
14.7.21Gerstmannite
(Mg,Mn
2+
 
)Zn[(OH)
 
2
|SiO
 
4
]
14.7.22Gageite
Mn
 
21
O
 
3
(Si
 
4
O
 
12
)
 
2
(OH)
 
20
14.7.23Franklinfurnaceite
Ca
 
2
FeMn
 
3
MnZn
 
2
Si
 
2
O
 
10
(OH)
 
8
Related Minerals - Dana Grouping):
51.1.1.1Phenakite
Be
 
2
[SiO
 
4
]
51.1.1.3Eucryptite
LiAl[SiO
 
4
]

Other Names for Willemite

Synonyms:
BelgiteHebertineVillemite
German names:
BelgitVillemitWillemit
Russian names:
Виллемит
Spanish names:
BelgitaVillemitaWillemita
Varieties:
Beta-WillemiteGrape WillemiteRadial WillemiteSea Foam WillemiteTroostite
Xingshaoite

Other Information

Fluorescence in UV light:Bright green (SW UV & X-ray), often with very strong green phosphorescence; green (LW SW); Creamy-white to pastle yellow (SW & LW UV)(common).
Thermal Behaviour:Fusibility 3-4
Health Warning:No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Industrial Uses:Ore of zinc / zinc oxide

References for Willemite

Reference List:Brown, J.S. (1936) Supergene sphalerite, galena, and willemite at Balmat, NY. Economic Geology: 31: 331-354.

Mineralogical Magazine (1977): 41: 71-75.

Francis, C.A. (1985) New data on the forsterite-tephroite series. American Mineralogist: 70: 568-575. (willemite exsolution lamellae in tephroite)

Internet Links for Willemite

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  • Raman and XRD data at RRUFF project
  • American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database
  • Search for Willemite in the Natural History Museum (London) online catalogue
  • Willemite details from Handbook of Mineralogy (PDF)
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    Localities for Willemite

    Hide Locality List
    The map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.
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    (TL) indicates type locality. ? indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. All other localities listed without reference should be considered as uncertain and unproven until references can be found.
    Argentina
     
    • San Luis
      • Los Corrillos
        • San Martin
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 1073.
    Australia
     
    • South Australia
      • Flinders Ranges
        • North Flinders Ranges
          • Leigh Creek South
    		Econ. Geol. 67: 1146-1167(1972); Journ. Geol. Soc. Aust. 18, 165-171 (1971)
          • Mount Fitton homestead
    		No reference listed
          • Puttapa
    		Elliott, P. (1991): Minerals from the Beltana mine, Puttapa, South Australia. Mineral. Rec. 22, 449-456.
        • South Flinders Ranges
          • Bunkers Range
            • Wirrealpa area
    • Western Australia
      • Southern Cross Province
        • Mukinbudin
    		Lead, Zinc and Silver Deposits of Western Australia, 1999
    Austria
     
    • Carinthia
      • Karawanken Mts
        • Hochobir Mt.
    		G. Niedermayr, I. Praetzel: Mineralien Kärntens, 1995
    G. Niedermayr: Der Hochobir, Verlag des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereines für Kärnten (Klagenfurt), 1999
    Belgium
     
    • Liège Province
      • Verviers
        • Plombières-Vieille Montagne District
          • Kelmis
            • Moresnet
    		Braun, M., (1857): Über die Galmeilagerstätte des Altenberges im Zusammenhang mit den Erzlagerstätten des Altenberger Grubenfeldes un der Umgegend, Zeitschrift d. Dt. Geolog. Gesellschaft
          • Lontzen
            • Astenet
              • Fossey
    		Schulz, W., (1886): Führer des Berg- und Hütteningenieurs durch die Umgegend von Aachen, Georgi, Aachen
          • Plombières (Bleyberg)
    		No reference listed
    • Limburg Province
      • Dilsen-Stokkem
    Canada
     
    • Newfoundland and Labrador
      • Labrador
    		Miller (1996), Can.Min.: 34:349-371; Salvi & Williams-Jones (1995); Am.Min.: 80:1031-1040; Miller (1990), Newfoundland Dept. of Mines & Energy Geol. Sur. Report 90-1: 171-182.
    • Québec
      • Rouville Co.
        • Mont Saint-Hilaire
    		Horváth, L and Gault, R.A. (1990), The mineralogy of Mont Saint-Hilaire Quebec. Mineralogical Record: 21: 284-359.
    Chile
     
    • Antofagasta Region
      • Tocopilla Province
        • Sierra Gorda District
          • Caracoles
    		Brent Thorne collection
    • Tarapacá Region
      • Iquique Province
        • Challacollo
    		maurizio dini collection - analysed material
    China
     
    • Hunan Province
      • Shaoyang Prefecture
    		[var: Xingshaoite] No reference listed
    Czech Republic
     
    • Bohemia (Böhmen; Boehmen)
      • Central Bohemia Region
        • Příbram
          • Vrančice
    		Rocks & Min.:64:58-59.
    Democratic Republic of Congo (Zaïre)
     
    • Katanga (Shaba)
      • Katanga Copper Crescent
        • Southern area
          • Lubumbashi (Elizabethville)
            • Kipushi
    		No reference listed
    France
     
    • Midi-Pyrénées
      • Tarn
        • Réalmont
          • Peyrebrune
    		Bernadi G. (1992), Peyrebrune, Carrière du Rivet (Tarn), Le Cahier des Micromonteurs, n°1, pp: 3-10
    Germany
     
    • Hesse
      • North Hesse
        • Richelsdorf District
          • Süss
            • Richelsdorf Smelter
    		S. Weiß: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", Weise (Munich), 1990
    • Lower Saxony
      • Harz Mts
        • Goslar
          • Astfeld
    		No reference listed
    • North Rhine-Westphalia
      • Aachen
        • Stolberg
          • Büsbach
    		Weiss: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", Weise (Munich), 1990
          • Mausbach
    		Aufschluss 90(2), 111-130
    Aufschluss 90(2), 111-130
    Aufschluss 90(2), 111-130
      • Sauerland
        • Iserlohn
          • Letmathe
    • Saxony
      • Erzgebirge
    		Lapis 30(7/8):78-80 (2005)
    Greece
     
    • Attikí (Attica; Attika) Prefecture
      • Lavrion (Laurion; Laurium) District
        • Lavrion District Mines
          • Agios Konstantinos [St Constantine] (Kamareza; Kamariza)
    		No reference listed
    Greenland
     
    • Kitaa (West Greenland) Province
      • Narsaq
        • Ilimaussaq complex
    		C. Lemanski, Jr. (re-entry lost Mindat data).
    Iran
     
    • Esfahan Province (Isfahan Province; Aspadana Province)
      • Anarak District
        • Chah Milleh (Chah-Mileh; Tchah-Mille)
    		XRD analysis
    Italy
     
    • Liguria
      • Genova Province
        • Genova
          • Varenna Valley
    		Rivista Mineralogica Italiana, 22 (3), 39-41.
    • Sardinia
      • Sassari Province
        • Ozieri
    		Olmi F., Sabelli C., Santucci, A., Brizzi, G. (1995): I silicati e i vanadati di Ozieri (SS). Rivista Mineralogica Italiana, 2/1995, 145-160
    • Tuscany
      • Grosseto Province
        • Massa Marittima
    		Bazzoni, C., Betti, C., & Capperi, M. (2007). Valle dello Stregaio e Monte Gai, Massa Marittima, Grosseto. Rivista Mineralogica Italiana, 31 (2), 92-102.
    Japan
     
    • Honshu Island
      • Chubu Region
        • Niigata Prefecture
    		[var: Radial Willemite] [MinRec 33:168] ((error???))
        • Shizuoka Prefecture
          • Shimoda City
            • Rendaiji
    		(Several japanese language references; no good reference available in english yet, but will be published soon.)
    Mexico
     
    • Chihuahua
      • Mun. de Ahumada
        • Los Lamentos Mts (Sierra de Los Lamentos)
    		No reference listed
      • Mun. de Aquiles Serdán
        • Santa Eulalia District
          • East Camp
    		Panczner (1987): 77-395.
          • West Camp
    		Min News (1997) 13:8 pp 1,6,8
      • Mun. de Batopilas
        • Andres del Rio District
    		No reference listed
      • Mun. de Casas Grandes
        • San Pedro Corralitos
    		Min Rec 35:6 pp4-17
    Wendell W. (2004) - Famous Mineral Localities: San Pedro Corralitos. Mineralogical Record 35(6), 4-17,65.
    • Jalisco
      • Mun. de Bolaños
        • Bolaños
    		http://www.amsac.com.mx/mminero/septiembre/sep98a1.html
    Panczner(1987):393.
    Panczner (1987): 393.
    Panczner (1987):80-393; Dana 7:I:518.
    Mongolia
     
    • Hovd Aimag (Khovd Aimag)
      • Altai Mts
    		G.M. Tsareva data
    Namibia
     
    • Otjikoto (Oshikoto) Region
      • Tsumeb
    		[MinRec 12:45, 8:Tsumeb 34/50/67]
    • Otjozondjupa Region
      • Grootfontein District
    		Mineralogical Record: 28: 117.
        • Grootfontein
    		[MinRecord 28:124]
    [MinRecord 28:124]
    Norway
     
    • Buskerud
      • Drammen
    		Goldschmidt (1911, pp. 389, 390 and 392); Neumann (1985, p. 127).
    • Vestfold
      • Larvik
        • Lågendalen
    		Engvoldsen,T.,Andersen, F.,Berge, S.A. & Burvald, I. (1991): Pegmatittmineraler fra Larvik ringkompleks. STEIN 18(1),15-71
    Portugal
     
    • Beja District
      • Moura
        • Sobral da Adiça
    		Pimentel, R., Nunes, R. & De Ascenção, R.(2007): Les minéraux d'altération de plomb (Pb) et zinc (Zn) du massif de Preguiça, Moura, Portugal. Le Règne Minéral, 75, 19-26.
    Russia
     
    • Far-Eastern Region
      • Primorskiy Kray
        • Dal'negorsk (Dalnegorsk)
    • Northern Region
      • Murmanskaja Oblast'
        • Kola Peninsula
    		www.koeln.netsurf.de/~w.steffens/khib.htm
    Pavel M. Kartashov data
    Slovakia
     
    • Košice Region
      • Eastern Slovenské Rudohorie Mts
        • Dobšiná (Dobschau) Mining District
    		Koděra et all.,1990: Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, I-III, 1590p
      • Slovenský kras Mts
        • Ardovo
    		Koděra, M. et al., 1986 a 1990 : Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, diel 1- 3, Veda – Vydavateľstvo SAV, Bratislava, 1990, 1 – 1590
    Sweden
     
    • Dalarna
      • Hedemora
        • Garpenberg
    • Värmland
      • Filipstad
    		Rocks & Min.: 60:243; Nysten, P., Holtstam, D. and Jonsson, E. (1999) The Långban minerals. In Långban - The mines,their minerals, geology and explorers (D. Holtstam and J. Langhof, eds.), Swedish Museum of Natural History and Raster Förlag, Stockholm & Chr. Weise Verlag, Munich, pp. 89-183.
    • Västmanland
      • Hällefors
        • Grythyttan
    		Kjell Gatedal
    Tajikistan
     
    • Region of Republican Subordination
      • Tien Shan Mts
        • Alayskiy (Alai) Range
    		CanMin 42:107-119 (2004)
    Ukraine
     
    • Zhytomyr Oblast' (Zhitomir Oblast')
    		P.M. Kartashov data
    USA
     
    • Arizona
    		Rocks & Min.:64:58.
      • Cochise Co.
        • Chiricahua Mts
          • California District
            • Rustler Park
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 420; Galbraith, F.W. & D.J. Brennan (1959), Minerals of AZ: 95; Miller, D.K. and Wilson, W.E. (1983), Famous Mineral Localities: The Hilltop Mine, Min.Rec.: 14:121-126; Pough, F.N. (1941), Occurrence of willemite, Am.Min.: 26: 92-102; Rocks & Min.:64:58.
        • Dragoon Mts
          • Turquoise District (Courtland-Gleeson District)
            • Gleeson
              • Costello Mine group (Costello claims)
    		Rocks & Min.:63:329.
    Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 420.
        • Huachuca Mts
          • Hartford District (Huachuca Mountains District)
    		C. Lemanski Jr. - self collected.
            • Miller Peak
              • Miller Canyon
    		Mr. Roy Parsons, Huachuca City, AZ
            • Montezuma Canyon
    		Wilson, E.D., et al (1951), Arizona zinc and lead deposits, part II, AZ Bur. Mines Bull. 158: 39.
            • Ramsey Canyon
    		MRDS database Dep. ID file #10046172, MRDS ID #M241004.
        • Little Dragoon Mts
          • Cochise District
            • Gunnison Hills
              • Dragoon
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 420; Cooper, J.R. (1957), Metamorphism and volume losses in carbonate rocks near Johnson Camp, Cochise Co., AZ. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 68: 577-610; Rocks & Min.: 64: 58.
    Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, USA 420; Cooper, J.R. & L.T. Silver (1964), Geology and ore deposits of the Dragoon quadrangle, Cochise Co., AZ, USGS PP 416.
        • Mule Mts
          • Warren District
    		[MinRec 12:315]
    Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 420.
        • Tombstone District
          • Tombstone
    		The Rocksmiths (former mine owners).
    Brent Thorne
      • Gila Co.
        • Dripping Spring Mts
          • Banner District
            • Hayden area
              • Hayden
    		Keith, S.B. (1972), Mineralogy and paragenesis of the 79 mine lead-zinc-copper deposit, Min.Rec.: 3: 247-264.
        • Globe-Miami District
          • Globe
            • Big Johnnie Gulch
    		Peterson, N.P. (1962), Geology and ore deposits of the Globe-Miami District, Arizona, USGS PP 342: 118.
            • Irene Gulch
    		Peterson, N.P. (1962), Geology and ore deposits of the Globe-Miami district, AZ, USGS PP 342: 77, 121.
        • Radium
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 420; Peterson, N.P. (1962), Geology and ore deposits of the Globe-Miami district, AZ, USGS PP 342: 77, 128; Galbraith, F.W. & D.J. Brennan (1959), Minerals of AZ: 95; Wilson, E.D., et al (1950), Arizona zinc and lead deposits, part I, AZ Bur. Mines Bull. 156: 104-105.
      • Greenlee Co.
        • Shannon Mts
          • Clifton-Morenci District
            • Clifton
              • Modoc Mountain
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 420; Lindgren, W. (1905), The copper deposits of the Clifton-Morenci District, AZ, USGS PP 43; Univ. AZ Bull. 41 (1916-17), Mineralogy of Useful Minerals in AZ: 60; Galbraith, F.W. & D.J. Brennan (1959), Minerals of AZ: 96.
      • La Paz Co.
        • Granite Wash Mts
          • Ellsworth District
    		Keith, Stanton B. (1978) State of Arizona Bureau of Geology and Mineral Technology, Geol. Sur. Br. Bull. 192, Index of Mining Properties in Yuma Co., Arizona: 149 (Table 4); Dale (1959): 15-16; Arizona Bureau of Mines file data.
        • Plomosa Mts
          • Plomosa District
            • Black Mesa
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 123, 420.
        • Trigo Mts
          • Silver District
            • Black Rock Wash
    		Wilson, E.D., et al (1951), Arizona zinc and lead deposits, part II, AZ Bur. Mines Bull. 158: 94; Rocks & Min.:64:58.
    Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 223, 420; Bancroft, P. & G. Bricker (1990), Arizona's silver mining district, Min.Rec.: 21: 151-168; Rocks & Min.: 64:58.
    Visually identified on a specimen of Wulfenite from the Robert Ray collection of Northridge, CA. Identification based on sight identification and fluorescence.
    Self-collected: C. Lemanski; J. Ebner; E. Stuart; R. DuBlois; S. Misiur.
    Collected by C. Lemanski, Jr. and crew.
    Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 420; Wilson, E.D., et al (1951), Arizona zinc and lead deposits, part II, AZ Bur. Mines Bull. 158: 91; Edson, G.M. (1980), The Red Cloud mine, Yuma, AZ, Min.Rec.: 11: 141-152; Rocks & Min.: 61:55-56; MinRec 21:160.
        • Wenden
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 420; Galbraith, F.W. & Brennan (1959), Minerals of AZ: 96..
      • Maricopa Co.
        • Belmont Mts
          • Wickenburg area
    		C. Lemanski, Jr.
        • Big Horn Mts
          • Osborn District
            • Hummingbird Spring
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 103, 420; Williams, S.A. (1968), Wickenburgite, a new mineral from Arizona, Am.Min.: 53: 1433-1438.
            • Tonopah
              • Belmont Mountain
                • Tiger Wash
    Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 413, 420; Allen, G.B. & W. Hunt (1988), The Tonopah-Belmont Mine, Maricopa Co., AZ, Min.Rec.: 19(3): 139-144; Rocks & Min.: 63: 328; Rocks & Min.: 64: 58; Am.Min.: 81: 244-248.
    Granger, H.C. & R.B. Raup (1962), Reconnaissance study of uranium deposits in AZ, USGS Bull. 1147-A: A16.
        • Painted Rock Mts
          • Painted Rock District
            • Theba
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 420; Wilson, W.E. & D.K. Miller (1974), Minerals of the Rowley Mine, Min.Rec.: 5: 10-30.
        • Vulture Mts
          • Vulture District
    Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 103, 192, 247, 420; Williams, S.A. (1968), Wickenburgite, a new mineral from AZ, Am.Min.: 53: 1433-1438; Williams, S.A. & R.A. Bideaux (1975), Creaseyite, Cu2Pb2(Fe,Al)2Si5O17·6H2O, a new mineral from Arizona and Sonora, Min.Mag.: 40: 227-231; Rocks & Min.: 64:58.
      • Pima Co.
        • Cimarron Mts
          • Casa Grande
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 420-421; Wilson, E.D. & G.H. Roseveare (1949), Arizona nonmetallics: A summary of past production and present operations (2nd.ed.), AZ Bur. Mines Bull. 155: 48; Funnell, J.E. & E.J. Wolfe (1964), Compendium on nonmetallic minerals of AZ, Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio.
        • Silver Bell Mts
          • Silver Bell District
    		No reference listed
        • Tohono O'odom (Papago) Indian Reservation
          • Comobabi Mts
            • Cababi District (Comobabi District)
              • Mildren Mine group
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 420; Williams, S.A, (1963), Oxidation of sulfide ores in the Mildren and Steppe mining districts, Pima Co., AZ, Econ.Geol.: 58: 1119-1125.
    Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 420; Williams, S.A, (1963), Oxidation of sulfide ores in the Mildren and Steppe mining districts, Pima Co., AZ, Econ.Geol.: 58: 1119-1125.
        • Tucson Mts
          • Amole District
            • Jaynes
    		Rocks & Min.:63:327 & 64:58.
    Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 420; Jones, D. (1983), The Old Yuma mine, Min.Rec.: 14: 95-107, 326; Rocks & Min.:64:58.
    Galbraith, F.W. & Brennan (1959), Minerals of AZ: 96.
        • Waterman Mts
          • Waterman District
            • Silver Hill District
              • Silver Hill
    		Galbraith, F.W. & D.J. Brennan (1959), Minerals of AZ: 96; Min.Rec.: 19: 312.
      • Pinal Co.
        • Casa Grande
    		Galbraith, F.W. & D.J. Brennan (1959), Minerals of AZ: 96.
        • Galiuro Mts
          • Klondyke
            • Oak Grove Canyon (Virgus Canyon)
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 183, 421; Bideaux, R.A., et al (1960), Some new occurrences of minerals of Arizona, AZ Geol. Soc. Digest: 3: 53-56.
        • Mammoth District
          • Mammoth
    		R. O. Meyer collection.
          • Tiger
            • St. Anthony deposit
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 104, 421; Bideaux, R.A. (1980), Tiger, AZ, Min.Rec.: 11: 155-181; Fahey, J.J. (1955), Murdochite, a new copper lead oxide mineral, Am.Min.: 40: 905-906; Galbraith, F.W. & D.J. Brennan (1959), Minerals of AZ: 96.
    Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 421.
          • Mineral Mountain
    		Collected and identified by John Ebner (2007), visual ID confirmed by C. Lemanski, Jr.
          • Superior area
            • Reymert Canyon
    		M. Ascher Collection; John Ebner collection; Chester Lemanski collection; Steven Misiur collection; Ronald Deblois collection, Mike Skebo collection.
        • Silver Reef Mts
          • Casa Grande
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 421; Rocks & Min.: 63: 327; 64:58.
        • Slate Mts
          • North Komelik
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 421.
    MRDS database Dep. ID #10102392, MRDS ID #M000048.
        • Tortilla Mts
          • Florence
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona (1995), 3rd.ed.: 158, 247, 413, 421; Williams, S.A. & J.W. Anthony (1970), Hemihedrite, a new mineral from AZ, Am.Min.: 55: 1088-1102
      • Santa Cruz Co.
        • Santa Rita Mts
          • Tyndall District
            • Cottonwood Canyon
              • Amado
                • Devil's Cash Box
                  • Glove Mine group (Zombie & Zeco claims; Festiago-Franklin; Blacksmith adit)
    		Collection of Tom Trebisky, verified with Raman.
      • Yavapai Co.
        • Wickenburg area
          • Red Picacho District
    		Rocks & Min.:63:328 & 64:58.
    Mr. William Gardner, mine claim holder; C. Lemanski, Jr.
      • Yuma Co.
        • Castle Dome Mts
          • Castle Dome District
            • Castle Dome Mine group
              • Buckeye vein group
    		Rocks & Mins.:64:58.
        • Kofa Mts (S.H. Mts)
          • Kofa District
    		Rocks & Min.: 64: 58.
    • California
      • Imperial Co.
    		[Margerum, W (2003) The Paymaster Mine, The Bulletin of the Mineralogical Society of Southern California Vol. 73 No. 8
      • Inyo Co.
    		Calif. Div. of Mines & Geology Bull. #189, Murdoch, et al (1966): 50.
    Calif. Div. of Mines & Geology Bull. #189, Murdoch, et al (1966): 50.
        • Darwin District
    		No reference listed
      • San Bernardino Co.
        • Baker
          • Section 2; T13N; R7E (SB)
    		"The Blue Bell Claims San Bernardaino County, California", Maynard, M. et al, pg. 53.
        • Holcomb Valley
          • Fawnskin
    		Rocks & Min.:64:58.
    Rocks & Min.:61:33-34.
    • Colorado
      • Chaffee Co.
        • Sedalia District
    		("Minerals of Colorado, updated & revised", by Eckel, Edwin B., 1997)
      • Gilpin Co.
        • Central City District
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckels
      • Hinsdale Co.
    		Rocks & Minerals: Sept, 1998
      • Jefferson Co.
        • Evergreen District (Malachite District)
          • Bear Creek-Evergreen area
    		U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
      • La Plata Co.
        • La Plata District (California District)
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckels
      • Lake Co.
        • Leadville District
          • Upper Iowa Gulch
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckels
      • Park Co.
        • Montezuma District
          • Hall Valley
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckels
      • Pitkin Co.
        • Aspen District (Roaring Fork District)
          • Aspen
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckels
    • Idaho
      • Custer Co.
        • Bay Horse District
    		Ream, Lanny R. 2004. Idaho Minerals, 2nd edition, Revised and Updated
    • Montana
      • Broadwater Co.
        • Radersburg District (Cedar Plains District; Lone Mountain District)
    		http://www.mineraltown.com/reports/montana_mines/summit_mine.php?idioma=2
    • Nevada
      • Clark Co.
        • Alunite District
    		Richard W. Thomssen
        • Eldorado Mountains
    		NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada
        • Goodsprings District
    		NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada
    NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada
    NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada; Rocks & Minerals 83:1 pp 65-69
      • Elko Co.
    		NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada
      • Lincoln Co.
        • Pioche District
          • Arizona Peak
    		NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada
      • Nye Co.
        • Lodi District
          • Quartz Mountain camp
    		NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada
    NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada
      • White Pine Co.
    		NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada
        • Taylor District
    		NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada
    • New Jersey
      • Bergen Co.
    		The Minerals of New York City & Its Environs, New York Mineralogical Club Bull., Vol. 3, No. 1, Manchester, J.G. (1931): 76.
      • Sussex Co.
        • Andover Township
    		Cummings, W. L., 2007, Personal communication
    The Iron Mines of NJ (1910), Bayley: 133 & 221.
        • Franklin Mining District
          • Franklin
    		Palache(1935):86.
    Palache(1935):83-87; Dunn(1995):Pt3:384-399.
    Palache(1935).
    Palache(1935):86.
    Palache(1935):85-86.
          • Ogdensburg
            • Sterling Hill
    		[MinRec 1:86, 13:35, 19:275, 12:371, 5:36-37, 19:273; Palache(1935):83-87; Dunn(1995):Pt3:384-399.
    • New Mexico
      • Doña Ana Co.
    		Northrop, Minerals of New Mexico, 3rd. rev. ed. (1996)
    Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed.
      • Grant Co.
    		NMBMMR New Mexico Mineral symposium (2003) pp. 8-9
    Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed.
        • Georgetown District
          • Georgetown
    		Rocks & Minerals 83:1 pp 34-43
      • Hidalgo Co.
    		DeMark, R.S. (2004): News from the Apache mine, New Mexico. Mineral News, 20, 8.
    Min News 20:10 p 8
        • Red Hill District
    		Min News 20:6 p8
        • San Simon District
          • Granite Gap
    		R&M 77:5 p298-305
    R&M 77:5 p298-305
      • Luna Co.
    		NMBMMR Bull 72 Mineral Deposits of Luna County, New Mexico
        • Tres Hermanas District
    		Min Rec 20:1 p57
        • Victorio District
    		Walstrom 2006 New Mexico Mineral Symposium abstracts
      • Sierra Co.
    		Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed.
    Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed.
    Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed.
        • Hillsboro District
    		Min Rec 20:1 p59
    Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed.
    Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed.
    Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed.
    Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed.
      • Socorro Co.
    		[MinRec 20:24]
    Min Rec 20:1 pp13-24
        • North Magdalena District
    		Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed.
    Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed.
        • Socorro Peak District
    		R&M 66:1 p56-63
    R&M 66:1 p56-63
    R&M 66:1 p56-63
    Rocks & Min.: 64:57; Dana 6:461.
    R&M 66:1 p56-63
    • New York
      • St Lawrence Co.
        • Balmat-Edwards Zinc District
    		Brown, J.S. (1936) Supergene sphalerite, galena, and willemite at Balmat, NY. Economic Geology: 31: 331-354.
    • Oklahoma
      • Comanche Co.
        • Wichita Mts
    		[var: Radial Willemite] J.D. Price et al. , Eur. J. Mineral. , 1996, 8, pp. 435-451.
    • Utah
      • Iron Co.
        • Escalante District (Mt. Escalante)
    		UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah; U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
      • Juab Co.
        • Fish Springs Mts
          • Fish Springs District
    		U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
    U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
    U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
    U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
    Zambia
     
    • Central Province
      • Kabwe (Broken Hill)
    		[MinRec 11:347-348]
    • Lusaka Province
      • Lusaka
    Mineral and/or Locality
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