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Åkermanite

A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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02795850014947268496889.jpg
Åkermanite

Graulay quarry, Hillesheim, Gerolstein, Vulkaneifel, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany
02111410014949942239381.jpg
Åkermanite

Vispi Quarry, San Venanzo, Terni Province, Umbria, Italy
03317180014949942232311.jpg
Åkermanite, etc.

Caspar quarry, Ettringen, Vordereifel, Mayen-Koblenz, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany
04467850014946645914590.jpg
Åkermanite

Graulay quarry, Hillesheim, Gerolstein, Vulkaneifel, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany
02111410014949942239381.jpg
Åkermanite

Vispi Quarry, San Venanzo, Terni Province, Umbria, Italy
07291650014947085566302.jpg
Åkermanite, etc.

Caspar quarry, Ettringen, Vordereifel, Mayen-Koblenz, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany
02795850014947268496889.jpg
Åkermanite

Graulay quarry, Hillesheim, Gerolstein, Vulkaneifel, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany
02111410014949942239381.jpg
Åkermanite

Vispi Quarry, San Venanzo, Terni Province, Umbria, Italy
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About ÅkermaniteHide

00463150014947514142387.jpg
Anders Richard Åkerman (1837-1922)
Formula:
Ca2Mg[Si2O7]
Colour:
Colorless, yellowish gray, green, brown
Lustre:
Vitreous, Resinous
Hardness:
5 - 6
Specific Gravity:
2.944
Crystal System:
Tetragonal
Member of:
Melilite Group
Name:
First described from samples of slags from furnace iron production found at 3 furnace localities: Hofors, Löfsjöen and Mölnbo, Sweden (Vogt 1884). Named by the Norwegian geologist, professor Johan Herman Lie Vogt (1858-1932) in honor of Anders Richard Åkerman (1837-1922), Swedish metallurgist. During his comprehensive study of the mineralogy of slag products, Vogt discovered a new Ca-Mg-silicate, and named the mineral Åkermanit. Åkerman had kindly given J.H.L.Vogt access to Stockholms Bergskolas large collection of slags. It was in samples from this collection Vogt discovered the mineral.
Gehlenite-Åkermanite Series.


Unique IdentifiersHide

Mindat ID:
70
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:70:9
GUID
(UUID V4):
eb6225fb-775a-447c-83a1-fbf9d98d30a3

Classification of ÅkermaniteHide

IMA status:
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
Strunz-mindat (2023):
9.BB.10

9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
B : Sorosilicates
B : Si2O7 groups, without non-tetrahedral anions; cations in tetrahedral [4] and greater coordination
Dana 8th ed.:
55.4.1.1

55 : SOROSILICATES Si2O7 Groups,Generally with no Additional Anions
4 : Si2O7 Groups, Generally with No Additional Anions with cations in [8] and lower coordination
Hey's CIM Ref.:
14.6.9

14 : Silicates not Containing Aluminum
6 : Silicates of Ca with alkali or Mg or both

Mineral SymbolsHide

As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.

Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.

SymbolSourceReference
ÅkIMA–CNMNCWarr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43
AkKretz (1983)Kretz, R. (1983) Symbols of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68, 277–279.
AkSiivolam & Schmid (2007)Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download
AkWhitney & Evans (2010)Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371
AkThe Canadian Mineralogist (2019)The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download

Physical Properties of ÅkermaniteHide

Lustre:
Vitreous, Resinous
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
Colorless, yellowish gray, green, brown
Comment:
In thin section, colorless to yellow.
Streak:
White
Hardness:
5 - 6 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
Distinct on {001} , poor on {110}
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Conchoidal
Density:
2.944 g/cm3 (Measured)    2.922 g/cm3 (Calculated)

Optical Data of ÅkermaniteHide

Type:
Uniaxial (+)
RI values:
nω = 1.632 nε = 1.640
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.008
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Moderate

Chemical Properties of ÅkermaniteHide

Formula:
Ca2Mg[Si2O7]
IMA Formula:
Ca2MgSi2O7
Elements listed:
Ca, Mg, O, Si - search for minerals with similar chemistry

Crystallography of ÅkermaniteHide

Crystal System:
Tetragonal
Class (H-M):
4 2m - Scalenohedral
Space Group:
P4 21m
Cell Parameters:
a = 7.8288(8) Å, c = 5.0052(2) Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 0.639
Unit Cell V:
306.77 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
2
Morphology:
Crystals short prismatic to thin tabular, which may resemble squashed, octahedrally-modified cubes; granular, massive.
Twinning:
On {100} and 001 , cruciform.
Comment:
Synthetic material

X-Ray Powder DiffractionHide

Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacingIntensity
2.87 Å(100)
3.09 Å(30)
1.764 Å(30)
2.039 Å(20)
2.488 Å(18)
3.73 Å(14)
5.55 Å(12)
Comments:
Synthetic.

Geological EnvironmentHide

Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic ModeEarliest Age (Ga)
Stage 1: Primary nebular phases4.567-4.561
3 : Solar nebular condensates (CAIs, AOAs, URIs)>4.565
Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation and alteration4.566-4.550
6 : Secondary asteroid phases4.566-4.560
Stage 3a: Earth’s earliest Hadean crust>4.50
8 : Mafic igneous rocks
High-? alteration and/or metamorphism
31 : Thermally altered carbonate, phosphate, and iron formations
Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks>3.0
35 : Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks
36 : Carbonatites, kimberlites, and related igneous rocks
Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics<3.5-2.5
40 : Regional metamorphism (greenschist, amphibolite, granulite facies)
Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere<0.6
51 : Pyrometamorphic minerals (see also #54 and #56)<0.36
Geological Setting:
A product of contact metamorphism of siliceous limestones and dolostones, and in rocks of the sanidinite facies. Also forms from alkalic magmas rich in calcium.

Synonyms of ÅkermaniteHide

Other Language Names for ÅkermaniteHide

Varieties of ÅkermaniteHide

Justite (of Hofmann-Degen)An artificial (anthropogenic) mineral found as crystals in lead furnaces in Clausthal, Harz, Germany. A ferroan zincian Åkermanite.

Relationship of Åkermanite to other SpeciesHide

Member of:
Melilite Group
Other Members of this group:
Alumoåkermanite(CaNa)Al[Si2O7]Tet. 4 2m : P4 21m
BennesheriteBa2Fe2+[Si2O7]Tet. 4 2m : P4 21m
Ferri-gehleniteCa2Fe3+[AlSiO7]
GehleniteCa2Al[AlSiO7]Tet. 4 2m : P4 21m
GugiaiteCa2Be[Si2O7]Tet. 4 2m : P4 2m
HardystoniteCa2Zn[Si2O7]Tet. 4 2m : P4 21m
Hydroxylgugiaite(Ca,◻)2(Si,Be)[(Be,Si)2O5.5(OH)1.5]Tet. 4 2m : P4 21m
OkayamaliteCa2B[BSiO7]Tet. 4 2m : P4 21m
Forms a series with:
GehleniteÅkermanite-Gehlenite Series

Common AssociatesHide

Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
9 photos of Åkermanite associated with KalsiliteKAlSiO4
1 photo of Åkermanite associated with HardystoniteCa2Zn[Si2O7]
1 photo of Åkermanite associated with Ettringite Group
1 photo of Åkermanite associated with KottenheimiteCa 3Si(SO4)2(OH)6 · 12H2O
1 photo of Åkermanite associated with FluorapatiteCa5(PO4)3F
1 photo of Åkermanite associated with NephelineNa3K(Al4Si4O16)
1 photo of Åkermanite associated with EttringiteCa6Al2(SO4)3(OH)12 · 26H2O
1 photo of Åkermanite associated with CupriteCu2O
1 photo of Åkermanite associated with LinaritePbCu(SO4)(OH)2
1 photo of Åkermanite associated with AndraditeCa3Fe3+2(SiO4)3

Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat GroupingHide

9.BB.10CebolliteCa5Al2(SiO4)3(OH)4Orth.
9.BB.10GehleniteCa2Al[AlSiO7]Tet. 4 2m : P4 21m
9.BB.10GugiaiteCa2Be[Si2O7]Tet. 4 2m : P4 2m
9.BB.10HardystoniteCa2Zn[Si2O7]Tet. 4 2m : P4 21m
9.BB.10Jeffreyite(Ca,Na)2(Be,Al)(Si2O7,HSi2O7)Orth. 2 2 2 : C2 2 21
9.BB.10OkayamaliteCa2B[BSiO7]Tet. 4 2m : P4 21m
9.BB.10Ferri-gehleniteCa2Fe3+[AlSiO7]
9.BB.10Alumoåkermanite(CaNa)Al[Si2O7]Tet. 4 2m : P4 21m
9.BB.10Hydroxylgugiaite(Ca,◻)2(Si,Be)[(Be,Si)2O5.5(OH)1.5]Tet. 4 2m : P4 21m
9.BB.15BaryliteBe2Ba(Si2O7)Orth.
9.BB.15Barylite-1OBe2Ba(Si2O7)Mon. m : Pm
9.BB.20AndrémeyeriteBaFe2+2(Si2O7)Mon. 2/m : P21/b
9.BB.20BennesheriteBa2Fe2+[Si2O7]Tet. 4 2m : P4 21m

Other InformationHide

Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

Åkermanite in petrologyHide

An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.

Internet Links for ÅkermaniteHide

References for ÅkermaniteHide

Reference List:
Vogt, I.H.L. (1884) Studier over slagger. I. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar: 9: 3-302.
Vogt, I.H.L. (1890) Die Mineralien der Melilithgruppe - nämlich Gehlenit, Melilith und ein neues tetragonales, nicht Al2O3-führendes (Ca,Mg)O-Silikat (Åkermanit), nebst Zwischengliedern. Archiv for Mathematik og Naturvidenskab: 13: 310-402.
Schairer, J.F. and Bowen, N.L. (1942) The binary system CaSiO3-diopside, and the relations between CaSiO3 and akermanite. American Journal of Science, 240: 10: 725-742.
Christie, O.H.J. (1961) On sub-solidus relations of silicates; IV. The system åkermanite-sodium-gehlenite and gehlenite-sodium-gehlenite. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift: 42: 31-44.
Valley, J.W., Essene, E.J. (1979) Vesuvianite, akermanite, monticellite and wollastonite equlibria and high X H2O/CO2 at Cascade slide, Mt Marcy Quad, Adirondack Mts. EOS: 60: 423.
Kimata, M., Ii, N. (1981) The crystal structure of synthetic akermanite, Ca2MgSi2O7. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Monatshefte: 1981: 1-10.
Hemingway, B.S., Evans, H.T., Nord, G.L., Haselton, H.T., Robie, R.A., McGee, J.J. (1986) Åkermanite: phase transitions in heat capacity and thermal expansion, and revised thermodynamic data. The Canadian Mineralogist: 24: 425-434.
Kusaka, K., Ohmasa, M., Hagiya, K., Iishi, K., Haga, N. (1998) On variety of the Ca coordination in the incommensurate structure of synthetic iron-bearing åkermanite, Ca2(Mg0.55Fe0.45)Si2O7. Mineralogical Journal: 20: 47-58.
Courtial, P., Téqui, C., Richet, P. (2000) Thermodynamics of diopside, anorthite, pseudowollastonite, CaMgGeO4 olivine, and åkermanite up to near the melting point. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals: 27: 242-250.
Gemmi, M., Merlini, M., Cruciani, G., Artioli, G. (2007) Non-ideality and defectivity of the åkermanite-gehlenite solid solution: An X-ray diffraction and TEM study. American Mineralogist: 92: 1685-1694.
Merlini, M., Gemmi, M., Cruciani, G., Artioli, G. (2008) High-temperature behaviour of melilite: in situ X-ray diffraction study of gehlenite-åkermanite-Na melilite solid solution. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals: 35: 147-155.
Merlini, M., Gemmi, M., Hanfland, M., Crichton, W. (2009) High-pressure behavior of akermanite and gehlenite and phase stability of the normal structures in melelites. American Mineralogist: 94: 704-709.

Localities for ÅkermaniteHide

This map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.

Locality ListHide

- This locality has map coordinates listed. - This locality has estimated coordinates. ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence. ? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. - Good crystals or important locality for species. - World class for species or very significant. (TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species. (FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties). Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality. Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).

All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Atlantic Ocean
 
  • Mid-Atlantic Ridge complex
Gablina, I. F., Dobretzova, I. G., Laiba, A. A., Narkevsky, E. V., Maksimov, F. E., & Kuznetsov, V. Y. (2018). Specific Features of Sulfide Ores in the Pobeda Hydrothermal Cluster, Mid-Atlantic Rise 17° 07′–17° 08′ N. Lithology and Mineral Resources, 53(6), 431-454.
Gablina, I. F., Dobretzova, I. G., Laiba, A. A., Narkevsky, E. V., Maksimov, F. E., & Kuznetsov, V. Y. (2018). Specific Features of Sulfide Ores in the Pobeda Hydrothermal Cluster, Mid-Atlantic Rise 17° 07′–17° 08′ N. Lithology and Mineral Resources, 53(6), 431-454.
Austria
 
  • Tyrol
    • Kufstein District
      • Brixlegg
Kolitsch, U. (2013): 1799) Anglesit, Brochantit, Calcit, Callaghanit, Connellit, Cuprit, Diopsid, Elyit, Forsterit, Kupfer, Lithargit, Magnesiochromit, Malachit, Monohydrocalcit, Phoenicochroit, Rouait und Willemit in Schlacken der Montanwerke Brixlegg, Tirol. Pp. 111-114 in Niedermayr, G. et al. (2013): Neue Mineralfunde aus Österreich LXII. Carinthia II, 203./123., 91-146.
Canada
 
  • Newfoundland and Labrador
    • Labrador
OWENS, B.E. & KREMSER, P.T. (2010) Åkermanite breakdown to cuspidine-bearing sympectite in a calc-silicate xenolith, Kiglapait intrusion, Labrador, Canada. Canadian Mineralogist 48, 809-819.
Am Min 85:1595–1605, (2000)
  • Québec
    • Laurentides
      • Deux-Montagnes RCM
        • Oka
Sabina (1968)
Handbook of Mineralogy
        • Saint-Joseph-du-Lac
Sabina (1968)
China
 
  • Shaanxi
    • Hanzhong
      • Ningqiang County
Xiyue Wang, Huimin Zhang, Sichao Wang, and Yuezhen Wu (1987): Acta Petrologica et Mineralogica 6(4), 296-306
Czech Republic
 
  • Central Bohemian Region
    • Kutná Hora District
      • Kutná Hora
        • Vrchlice river valley
Pauliš P. Mineralogické lokality okolí Kutné Hory. Kuttna, Kutná Hora 1999. ISBN 80-902719-0-1.
  • Ústí nad Labem Region
    • Teplice District
      • Zabrušany
Žáček V., Skála R., Chlupáčová M., Dvořák Z. 2005: Ca-Fe3+-rich, Si-undersaturated buchite from Želénky, North-Bohemian Brown Coal Basin, Czech Republic. Eur. J. Mineral., 17, 623-633
DR Congo
 
  • North Kivu
    • Nyiragongo Territory
Andersen, T., Elburg, M. A., & Erambert, M. (2014). Extreme peralkalinity in delhayelite-and andremeyerite-bearing nephelinite from Nyiragongo volcano, East African Rift. Lithos, 206, 164-178.
France
 
  • Occitanie
    • Aveyron
      • Rodez
        • Sévérac-d'Aveyron
publication date: November 2018).
Kruszewski, Ł., Gatel, P., Thiéry, V., Moszumańska, I., and Kusy, D. (2018) Crystallochemical Behavior of Slag Minerals and the Occurrence of Potentially New Mineral Species from Lapanouse-de-Sévérac, France. In: Stracher, G.B. (Ed.) Coal and Peat Fires: A Global Perspective, Vol. 5: Case Studies - Advances in Field and Laboratory Research, xx-xx (in press
Germany
 
  • Baden-Württemberg
    • Freiburg Region
      • Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald
        • Vogtsburg im Kaiserstuhl
          • Oberbergen
Keller, J., Williams T. (1995): Niocalite and Wöhlerite from the alkaline and carbonatite rocks at Kaiserstuhl, Germany, Mineralogical Magazine, Vol.: 59, 561-566
  • Lower Saxony
    • Goslar District
      • Clausthal-Zellerfeld
Peter Neschen collection
      • Langelsheim
        • Astfeld
No reference listed
  • North Rhine-Westphalia
    • Arnsberg
      • Märkischer Kreis
        • Iserlohn
          • Letmathe
Bender, D. and Krimmelbein, W. (1994) Aktuelle Übersicht: Mineralien der Zinkhütte Genna/Sauerland. Stand Juni 1994. Mineralien-Welt, 4/94, 10.
Blaß, G. & Graf, H.W. (1995) Neufunde von bekannten Fundstellen (13). Mineralien-Welt 6 (3), 47-51.
    • Cologne
      • Aachen
        • Stolberg
Blaß, G. & Graf, H. W. (1995): Neufunde von Schlackenhalden in der nördlichen Eifel (II). Mineralien-Welt, 6 (3), 28-31.
Rolf Luetcke specimen
Blaß, G. & Graf, H. W. (1995): Neufunde von Schlackenhalden in der nördlichen Eifel (II). Mineralien-Welt, 6 (3), 28-31.
      • Euskirchen
        • Kall
Peter Neschen collection
  • Rhineland-Palatinate
    • Mayen-Koblenz
      • Mayen
Christof Schäfer
in the collection of Chjristof SchäferIdentified by Christof Schäfer: Visual Identification, XRD, SEM-EDS, Raman Spectroscopy
Skrzyńska, K.
Cametti, G.
Juroszek, R.
Schӓfer, Ch, Galuskina, I. (2023): New data on minerals with the GIS framework-type structure: gismondine-Sr from the Bellerberg volcano, Germany, and amicite and Ba-rich gismondine from the Hatrurim Complex, Israel. Mineralogical Magazine, April 2023
      • Vordereifel
        • Ettringen
Blaß, Günter, Graf, Hans W. (1999) Neue Mineralienfunde aus der Eifel und dem Siegerland. Mineralien Welt, 10 (3) Bode Verlag GmbH. 23-30
in the collection of Christof Schäfer
    • Vulkaneifel
      • Gerolstein
        • Gerolstein
          • Roth
Aksenov, S. M., Rastsvetaeva, R. K., & Chukanov, N. V. (2014). The crystal structure of emmerichite Ва 2Na 3Fe 3+ Ti 2 (Si 2O 7) 2O 2F 2, a new lamprophyllite-group mineral. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie–Crystalline Materials, 229(1), 1-7.
        • Hillesheim
in the collection of Christof Schäfer
Chukanov, N. V., Zubkova, N. V., Pekov, I. V., Belakovskiy, D. I., Schüller, W., Ternes, B., ... & Pushcharovsky, D. Y. (2013). Hillesheimite,(K, Ca,□) 2 (Mg, Fe, Ca,□) 2 [(Si, Al) 13O23 (OH) 6](OH)· 8H2O, a new phyllosilicate mineral of the Günterblassite group. Geology of Ore Deposits, 55(7), 549-557.
Iraq
 
  • Sulaymaniyah Governorate
    • Pshdar District
      • Qaladiza
        • Hero
Italy
 
  • Campania
    • Naples
      • Somma-Vesuvius Complex
[Lapis 1994:5 p.13-23,58]
  • Lazio
    • Metropolitan City of Rome Capital
      • Campagnano di Roma
      • Sacrofano
Vanrusselt, Vik (2023) Personal Communication.
  • Umbria
    • Perugia Province
      • Spoleto
Stoppa F., Sharygin V.V., 2009. Melilitolite intrusion and pelite digestion by high temperature kamafugitic magma at Colle Fabbri, Spoleto, Italy. Lithos, 112, 306-320.
    • Terni Province
      • San Venanzo
Joel Dyer collection
Japan
 
  • Shimane Prefecture
    • Hamada City
The Mineral Species of Japan (5th ed) Matsubara
Middle East
 
Gross, S. (1977): The Mineralogy of the Hatrurim Formation, Israel. Geological Survey of Israel, Bulletin no. 70, 80 pp.
Morocco
 
Berger, J., Ennih, N., Mercier, J. C., Liégeois, J. P., & Demaiffe, D. (2009). The role of fractional crystallization and late-stage peralkaline melt segregation in the mineralogical evolution of Cenozoic nephelinites/phonolites from Saghro (SE Morocco). Mineralogical magazine, 73(1), 59-82.
Namibia
 
  • Oshikoto Region
    • Tsumeb
Ettler, V., Johan, Z., Kříbek, B., Šebek, O. & Mihaljevič, M. (2009): Mineralogy and environmental stability of slags from the Tsumeb smelter, Namibia. Applied Geochemistry 24, 1-15.
Norway
 
  • Vestfold og Telemark
    • Skien
Jamtveit, Bjorn, Dahlgren, Sven, Austrheim, Haakon (1997) High-grade contact metamorphism of calcareous rocks from the Oslo Rift, Southern Norway. American Mineralogist, 82 (11). 1241-1254 doi:10.2138/am-1997-11-1219
Romania
 
  • Brașov County
Szakáll, S., Kristály, F., 2010. Mineralogy of Székelyland, Eastern Transylvania, Romania. Sfântu Gheorghe-Miercurea Ciuc-Târgu Mureş. 2010.
Szakáll, S. & Kristály, F., Eds. (2010): Mineralogy of Székelyland, Eastern Transylvania, Romania. Csík County Nature and Conservation Society, Miercurea-Ciuc, Romania, 321 pp.
Russia
 
  • Irkutsk Oblast
    • Lake Baikal area
Sklyarov, Eugene V., Andrey V. Lavrenchuk, Anna G. Doroshkevich, Anastasia E. Starikova, and Sergei V. Kanakin. (2021) "Pyroxenite as a Product of Mafic-Carbonate Melt Interaction (Tazheran Massif, West Baikal Area, Russia)" Minerals 11, no. 6: 654. https://doi.org/10.3390/min11060654
  • Krasnoyarsk Krai
    • Evenkiysky District
Sokol, E. V., Polyansky, O. P., Semenov, A. N., Reverdatto, V. V., Kokh, S. N., Devyatiyarova, A. S., ... & Babichev, A. V. (2019). High-grade contact metamorphism in the Kochumdek River valley (Podkamennaya Tunguska basin, East Siberia): Evidence for magma flow. Russian Geology and Geophysics, 60(4), 386-399.
Sokol, E. V., Polyansky, O. P., Semenov, A. N., Reverdatto, V. V., Kokh, S. N., Devyatiyarova, A. S., ... & Babichev, A. V. (2019). High-grade contact metamorphism in the Kochumdek River valley (Podkamennaya Tunguska basin, East Siberia): Evidence for magma flow. Russian Geology and Geophysics, 60(4), 386-399.
    • Maimecha and Kotui Rivers Basin
Pavel M. Kartashov data
  • Murmansk Oblast
www.koeln.netsurf.de/~w.steffens/khib.htm
Arzamastsev, A.A. [Арзамасцев, А.А.] (1990): Alkaline ultramafites in the Khibiny massif: new data and petrological implications [Щелочные ультрамафиты в Хибинском массиве: новые данные и петрологические следствия]. In: Alkaline magmatism of the north-eastern sector of the Baltic Shield [Щелочной магматизм северо-восточной части Балтийского щита]. Kola Scientific Centre, USSR Academy of Science Press [Издательство Кольского НЦ АН СССР], Apatity, pages 4-19 (in Russian)
Arzamastsev, A.A., Arzamastseva, L.V., Glaznev, V.N., Raevskiy, A.B. [Арзамасцев, А.А., Арзамасцева, Л.В., Глазнев, В.Н., Раевский, А.Б.] (1998): Deep structure and composition of the bottom horizons of the Khibiny and Lovozero complexes, Kola Peninsula: petrological-geophysical model [Глубинное строение и состав нижних горизонтов Хибинского и Ловозерского комплексов, Кольский полуостров: петролого-геофизическая модель]. Petrology [Петрология], 6, 5, 478-496 (in Russian)
Yakovenchuk, V.N., Ivanyuk, G.Yu., Pakhomovsky, Ya.A., Men'shikov, Yu.P. (2005): Khibiny. Laplandia Minerals Ltd. (in association with the Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland), Apatity, 468 pp.
Kalinkina, E. V., Kalinkin, A. M., Forsling, W., & Makarov, V. N. (2001). Sorption of atmospheric carbon dioxide and structural changes of Ca and Mg silicate minerals during grinding: II. Enstatite, åkermanite and wollastonite. International journal of mineral processing, 61(4), 289-299.
Slovakia
 
  • Banská Bystrica Region
    • Lučenec District
      • Čamovce
[[1]]Reato, Luca, Monika Huraiová, Patrik Konečný, František Marko, and Vratislav Hurai. 2022. "Formation of Esseneite and Kushiroite in Tschermakite-Bearing Calc-Silicate Xenoliths Ejected in Alkali Basalt" Minerals 12, no. 2: 156. https://doi.org/10.3390/min12020156
  • Prešov Region
    • Prešov District
      • Fintice
Martin Števko-unpublished, PXRD and EMPA-WDS confirmed
South Africa
 
  • Limpopo
    • Sekhukhune District Municipality
      • Fetakgomo Tubatse Local Municipality
        • Steelpoort
Cairncross, B., Dixon, R. (1995) Minerals of South Africa. Geological Society of South Africa, PO Box 44283, Linden 2104, South Africa pg 181
  • Northern Cape
    • Kalahari manganese field
      • Hotazel
Von Bezing, K. L. et al. (1991) The Kalahari manganese field: An Update, Mineralogical Record 22(4) 279-302
Sweden
 
  • Västernorrland County
    • Timrå
Sandström, F., Binett, T., Wiklund, C. & Vikström, J. (2010): Alnöområdets geologi och mineralogi. Litiofilen. 27 (2) :14-42
UK
 
  • England
    • Cornwall
      • Crantock
S. Rust collection
  • Northern Ireland
    • Co. Antrim
      • Glenoe
P. A. Sabine, M. T. Styles and B. R. Young (1985) The Nature and Paragenesis of Natural Bredigite and Associated Minerals from Carneal and Scawt Hill, Co. Antrim. Mineralogical Magazine 49:663-670.
      • Larne
Tilley, C.E., Harwood, H.F. (1931) The Dolerite-Chalk Contact of Scawt Hill, Co. Antrim. The Production of Basic Alkali-Rocks by the Assimilation of Limestone by Basaltic Magma. Mineralogical Magazine: 22(132): 439-468.
Tindle, Andy G. (2008) Minerals of Britain and Ireland. Terra Publishing, Harpenden. 616pp.
    • Highland
      • Fort William and Ardnamurchan
        • Ardnamurchan
Anthony, Bideaux, Bladh, & Nichols, Handbook of Mineralogy.
Agrell, S.O. (1965) Polythermal metamorphism of limestones at Kilchoan, Ardnamurchan. Mineralogical Magazine, vol. 34, n° 268, p. 1-15.
Embrey, Peter G. (1978) Fourth supplementary list of British minerals. Mineralogical Magazine, 42 (322) 169-177 doi:10.1180/minmag.1978.042.322.01
USA
 
  • California
    • Riverside County
Handbook of Mineralogy
  • Colorado
    • Gunnison County
      • White Earth Mining District (Powderhorn Mining District)
Eckel, Edwin Butt , Cobban, Robert R., Mosburg, Shirley K., Foord, Eugene E. (1997) Minerals of Colorado. Fulcrum Publishing.
  • New Mexico
    • Luna County
      • Tres Hermanas Mountains
Handbook of Mineralogy
  • New York
    • Essex County
Handbook of Mineralogy
      • Keene Township
        • Cascade Mountain
EOS: 60: 423.
Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 74, 143-152 (1980)
  • Texas
    • Culberson County
      • Apache Peak area
Rocks & Minerals: 66(3): 196-224.
Outer Space
 
Posch, Th., Baier, A., Mutschke, H., Henning, Th. (2007): Carbonates in Space: The Challenge of Low-Temperature Data. Astrophysical Journal: 668: 993-1000
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