Libethenite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Libethenite
Formula:
Cu2(PO4)(OH)
Colour:
Light to dark green, blackish green, olive-green; bluish green to light green in transmitted light.
Lustre:
Sub-Vitreous, Resinous, Waxy, Greasy
Hardness:
4
Specific Gravity:
3.97
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1823 by August Breithaupt after the type locality - Ľubietová (Libethen in German, Libetbánya in Hungarian), Slovak Republic. Prior to 1919, the locality was in the territory of Hungary.
Type Locality:
Olivenite Group. Libethenite-Olivenite Series.
Compare zincolibethenite.
Libethenite is a secondary copper phosphate mineral found in the oxidized zone of copper ore deposits. The phosphate is often derived from the weathering of apatite and other rock-forming phosphates such as monazite and xenotime.
A rare case of probable primary libethenite from a greisen deposit is reported by Sejkora et al. (2006).
Compare zincolibethenite.
Libethenite is a secondary copper phosphate mineral found in the oxidized zone of copper ore deposits. The phosphate is often derived from the weathering of apatite and other rock-forming phosphates such as monazite and xenotime.
A rare case of probable primary libethenite from a greisen deposit is reported by Sejkora et al. (2006).
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
2394
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:2394:4
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
53c4e1ad-b2dd-4214-9adf-c86eebd3a4f9
IMA Classification of Libethenite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
Classification of Libethenite
8.BB.30
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
B : Phosphates, etc., with additional anions, without H2O
B : With only medium-sized cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 about 1:1
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
B : Phosphates, etc., with additional anions, without H2O
B : With only medium-sized cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 about 1:1
Dana 7th ed.:
41.6.6.2
41.6.6.2
41 : ANHYDROUS PHOSPHATES, ETC.CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
6 : A2(XO4)Zq
41 : ANHYDROUS PHOSPHATES, ETC.CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
6 : A2(XO4)Zq
19.2.1
19 : Phosphates
2 : Phosphates of Cu
19 : Phosphates
2 : Phosphates of Cu
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Lib | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Lib | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Libethenite
Sub-Vitreous, Resinous, Waxy, Greasy
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Comment:
Somewhat greasy on fracture surfaces.
Colour:
Light to dark green, blackish green, olive-green; bluish green to light green in transmitted light.
Streak:
Light green
Hardness:
4 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Poor/Indistinct
Very indistinct on {100} and {010}.
Very indistinct on {100} and {010}.
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Conchoidal
Density:
3.97 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.972 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Libethenite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.701 - 1.704 nβ = 1.743 - 1.747 nγ = 1.787 - 1.790
2V:
Measured: 80° to 90°, Calculated: 88°
Birefringence:
0.080
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.086
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
High
Dispersion:
strong r > v
Optical Extinction:
XYZ = bca
Pleochroism:
Weak
Comments:
X= Pale yellowish blue
Z= Pale greenish blue
Z= Pale greenish blue
Chemistry of Libethenite
Mindat Formula:
Cu2(PO4)(OH)
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
As
Crystallography of Libethenite
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) - Dipyramidal
Space Group:
Pnnm
Cell Parameters:
a = 8.062(5) Å, b = 8.384(4) Å, c = 5.881(2) Å
β = 90°
β = 90°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.962 : 1 : 0.701
Unit Cell V:
404.27 ų
Z:
4
Morphology:
Crystals short prismatic or slightly elongated [100] with wedge-shaped terminations; also equant. {110} vertically grooved or striated, and {011} striated parallel to the edge with {111}.
Twinning:
None observed.
Crystallographic forms of Libethenite
Crystal Atlas:
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Libethenite no.1 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Libethenite no.10 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Libethenite no.15 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0005154 | Libethenite | Cordsen A (1978) A crystal-structure refinement of libethenite The Canadian Mineralogist 16 153-157 |  | 1978 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0017896 | Libethenite | Heritsch H (1940) Die Struktur des Libethenites Cu2 (O H) (P O4) _cod_database_code 1010980 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 102 1-12 | 1940 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0020445 | Libethenite | Belik A A, Naumov P, Kim J, Tsuda S (2011) Low-temperature structural phase transition in synthetic libethenite Cu2PO4OH Journal of Solid State Chemistry 184 3128-3133 | 2011 | Synthetic | 0 | 180 | |
| 0020446 | Libethenite | Belik A A, Naumov P, Kim J, Tsuda S (2011) Low-temperature structural phase transition in synthetic libethenite Cu2PO4OH Journal of Solid State Chemistry 184 3128-3133 | 2011 | Synthetic | 0 | 120 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
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Radiation - Copper Kα
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 5.807 Å | (80) |
| 4.820 Å | (100) |
| 4.756 Å | (70) |
| 3.720 Å | (50) |
| 2.644 Å | (40) |
| 2.627 Å | (60) |
| 2.412 Å | (30) |
Comments:
ICDD 36-404
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47c : [Carbonates, phosphates, borates, nitrates] |
Geological Setting:
Oxidized zones of copper deposits.
Type Occurrence of Libethenite
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Polymetallic hydrothermal or deposit
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Synonyms of Libethenite
Other Language Names for Libethenite
Dutch:Libetheniet
French:Libéthénite
Aphérèse (of Beudant)
Cuivre Phosphaté (of Haüy)
Aphérèse (in part)
Aphérèse (of Beudant)
Cuivre Phosphaté (of Haüy)
Aphérèse (in part)
German:Libethenit
Blättricher Olivenmalachit
Blättricher Olivenmalachite
Blättriger Olivenmalachit
Diprismatischer Oliven-Malachit
Diprismatischer Olivenmalachit
Libethkupfererz
Octaedrisches Phosphorkupfer
Oktaedrisches Phosphorkupfer
Rhombisches Phosphorkupfer
Olivenerz (in part)
Phosphor-kupfererz (in part)
Blättricher Olivenmalachit
Blättricher Olivenmalachite
Blättriger Olivenmalachit
Diprismatischer Oliven-Malachit
Diprismatischer Olivenmalachit
Libethkupfererz
Octaedrisches Phosphorkupfer
Oktaedrisches Phosphorkupfer
Rhombisches Phosphorkupfer
Olivenerz (in part)
Phosphor-kupfererz (in part)
Italian:Aferesa
Portuguese:Libetenite
Russian:Либетенит
Simplified Chinese:羟磷铜矿
Slovak:Libethenit
Spanish:Libethenita
Traditional Chinese:羥磷銅石
Varieties of Libethenite
Relationship of Libethenite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
| Adamite | Zn2(AsO4)(OH) | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnnm |
| Auriacusite | Fe3+Cu2+(AsO4)O | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnnm |
| Eveite | Mn2+2(AsO4)(OH) | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnnm |
| Olivenite | Cu2(AsO4)(OH) | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
| Unnamed (Sb-analogue of Auriacusite) | Fe3+Cu2+[(Sb,As)O4]O | |
| Zincolibethenite | CuZn(PO4)(OH) | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnnm |
| Zincolivenite | CuZn(AsO4)(OH) | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnnm |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 263 photos of Libethenite associated with Pseudomalachite | Cu5(PO4)2(OH)4 |
| 228 photos of Libethenite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 96 photos of Libethenite associated with Chrysocolla | Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1 |
| 85 photos of Libethenite associated with Atacamite | Cu2(OH)3Cl |
| 72 photos of Libethenite associated with Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| 72 photos of Libethenite associated with Halloysite | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| 38 photos of Libethenite associated with Turquoise | CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8 · 4H2O |
| 21 photos of Libethenite associated with Cornetite | Cu3(PO4)(OH)3 |
| 13 photos of Libethenite associated with Allophane | (Al2O3)(SiO2)1.3-2 · 2.5-3H2O |
| 12 photos of Libethenite associated with Azurite | Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 8.BB. | Tilasite | CaMg(AsO4)F |
| 8.BB.X | Arsenowagnerite | Mg2(AsO4)F |
| 8.BB. | Moabite | NiFe3+(PO4)O |
| 8.BB. | Karlditmarite | Cu9O4(PO4)2(SO4)2 |
| 8.BB. | Milkovoite | Cu4O(PO4)(AsO4) |
| 8.BB. | Paulgrothite | Cu9Fe3+O4(PO4)4Cl3 |
| 8.BB.05 | Amblygonite | LiAl(PO4)F |
| 8.BB.05 | Montebrasite | LiAl(PO4)(OH) |
| 8.BB.05 | Tavorite | LiFe3+(PO4)(OH) |
| 8.BB.10 | Triplite | Mn2+2(PO4)F |
| 8.BB.10 | Zwieselite | Fe2+2(PO4)F |
| 8.BB.15 | Sarkinite | Mn2+2(AsO4)(OH) |
| 8.BB.15 | Triploidite | Mn2+2(PO4)(OH) |
| 8.BB.15 | Wagnerite | (Mg,Fe2+)2(PO4)F |
| 8.BB.15 | Wolfeite | Fe2+2(PO4)(OH) |
| 8.BB.15 | Stanĕkite | (Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)Fe3+(PO4)O |
| 8.BB.15 | Joosteite | Mn2+(Mn3+,Fe3+)(PO4)O |
| 8.BB.15 | Hydroxylwagnerite | Mg2(PO4)(OH) |
| 8.BB.15 | Unnamed (Sb-analogue of Auriacusite) | Fe3+Cu2+[(Sb,As)O4]O |
| 8.BB.20 | Holtedahlite | Mg2(PO4)(OH) |
| 8.BB.20 | Satterlyite | (Fe2+,Mg,Fe)12(PO4)5(PO3OH)(OH,O)6 |
| 8.BB.25 | Althausite | Mg4(PO4)2(OH,O)(F,◻) |
| 8.BB.30 | Adamite | Zn2(AsO4)(OH) |
| 8.BB.30 | Eveite | Mn2+2(AsO4)(OH) |
| 8.BB.30 | Olivenite | Cu2(AsO4)(OH) |
| 8.BB.30 | Zincolibethenite | CuZn(PO4)(OH) |
| 8.BB.30 | Zincolivenite | CuZn(AsO4)(OH) |
| 8.BB.30 | Auriacusite | Fe3+Cu2+(AsO4)O |
| 8.BB.35 | Paradamite | Zn2(AsO4)(OH) |
| 8.BB.35 | Tarbuttite | Zn2(PO4)(OH) |
| 8.BB.40 | Barbosalite | Fe2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
| 8.BB.40 | Hentschelite | CuFe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
| 8.BB.40 | Lazulite | MgAl2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
| 8.BB.40 | Scorzalite | Fe2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
| 8.BB.40 | Wilhelmkleinite | ZnFe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 |
| 8.BB.45 | Trolleite | Al4(PO4)3(OH)3 |
| 8.BB.45 | Yaroshevskite | Cu9O2(VO4)4Cl2 |
| 8.BB.45 | Dokuchaevite | Cu8O2(VO4)3Cl3 |
| 8.BB.50 | Namibite | Cu(BiO)2(VO4)(OH) |
| 8.BB.50 | Aleutite | [Cu5O2](AsO4)(VO4) · (Cu,K,Pb,Rb,Cs,)Cl |
| 8.BB.52a | Ericlaxmanite | Cu4O(AsO4)2 |
| 8.BB.52b | Kozyrevskite | Cu4O(AsO4)2 |
| 8.BB.55 | Phosphoellenbergerite | (Mg,◻)2Mg12(PO4,PO3OH)6(PO3OH,CO3)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BB.55 | Popovite | Cu5O2(AsO4)2 |
| 8.BB.60 | Urusovite | CuAl(AsO4)O |
| 8.BB.65 | Theoparacelsite | Cu3(As2O7)(OH)2 |
| 8.BB.70 | Turanite | Cu5(VO4)2(OH)4 |
| 8.BB.75 | Stoiberite | Cu5(VO4)2O2 |
| 8.BB.80 | Fingerite | Cu11(VO4)6O2 |
| 8.BB.85 | Averievite | Cu6(VO4)2O2Cl2 |
| 8.BB.90 | Lipscombite | Fe2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
| 8.BB.90 | Richellite | CaFe3+2(PO4)2(OH,F)2 |
| 8.BB.90 | Zinclipscombite | ZnFe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
Fluorescence of Libethenite
Not fluorescent in UV
Other Information
Notes:
Readily soluble in acids and ammonia.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Libethenite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-2394.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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References for Libethenite
Reference List:
Rammelsberg, Carl Friedrich (1860) Handbuch der Mineralchemie (1st ed.) Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig. p.344 - as Pseudo-libethenite
Larsen, Esper S. (1921) The microscopic determination of the nonopaque minerals. Bulletin Vol. 679. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/b679 p.100
Richmond, Wallace E. (1940) Crystal chemistry of the phosphates, arsenates and vanadates of the type A2XO4(Z) American Mineralogist, 25 (7) 441-479 p.452
Guillemin, Claude (1956) Contribution à la minéralogie des arséniates, phosphates et vanadates de cuivre. II. — Phosphates et vanadates de cuivre. Bulletin de Minéralogie, 79 (4) 219-275 doi:10.3406/bulmi.1956.5073
Cordsen, A. (1978) A crystal-structure refinement of libethenite. The Canadian Mineralogist, 16 (2) 153-157
Frost, Ray L., Williams, Peter A., Martens, Wayde, Kloprogge, J. Theo, Leverett, Peter (2002) Raman spectroscopy of the basic copper phosphate minerals cornetite, libethenite, pseudomalachite, reichenbachite and ludjibaite. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 33 (4). 260-263 doi:10.1002/jrs.850
Martens, Wayde, Frost, Ray L. (2003) An infrared spectroscopic study of the basic copper phosphate minerals: Cornetite, libethenite, and pseudomalachite. American Mineralogist, 88 (1) 37-46 doi:10.2138/am-2003-0105
Majzlan, Juraj, Zittlau, Arne H., Grevel, Klaus-Dieter, Schliesser, Jacob, Woodfield, Brian F., Dachs, Edgar, Števko, Martin, Chovan, Martin, Plášil, Jakub, Sejkora, Jiří, Milovská, Stanislava (2015) Thermodynamic Properties and Phase Equilibria of the Secondary Copper Minerals Libethenite, Olivenite, Pseudomalachite, Kröhnkite, Cyanochroite, and Devilline. The Canadian Mineralogist, 53 (5) 937-960 doi:10.3749/canmin.1400066
Localities for Libethenite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| Dina (1993) |
| Mr. Nelson Valenzuela. | |
Australia | |
| Australian Jour. Mineralogy 10:2 p 79 |
| Chapman et al. (2005) |
| Narromine 1:250 000 Mine Data Sheets +1 other reference |
| Australian Jour. Mineralogy 10:2 pp ... |
| A.L. McLean et al. (2004) +1 other reference | |
| Australian Journal of Mineralogy 10:2 ... | |
| Birch et al. (1997) |
| Vera Munro-Smith (2006) |
| www.portergeo.com.au and ... |
| |
| Henry et al (1999) | |
| Henry et al. (1999) | |
| Day et al. (1996) |
| Sorrell (n.d.) |
| Crane et al. (2001) +2 other references | |
| Day (1998) | |
| Sorrell (n.d.) | |
| Crane et al. (2001) | |
| Crane et al. (2001) |
| Uwe Kolitsch collection |
| Crane et al. (2001) |
| Karl Volkman collection | |
| Sorrell (n.d.) |
| Sorrell (n.d.) |
| Zahn Gotch collection | |
| Museum Victoria Mineralogy Collection +1 other reference |
| Judy Rowe collection | |
| Mineralogical Record: 32: 214. |
| Noble (1980) +3 other references |
| Sorrell (n.d.) |
| Birch et al. (1993) +3 other references |
| Nickel et al. (1993) |
| Mineralogical Record 24 | |
| Nickel et al. (1993) | |
| Clarke et al. (1986) |
| Clarke et al. (1986) | |
Belgium | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Michel Blondieau. +1 other reference |
| Van Der Meersche (1993) +1 other reference |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1988) +1 other reference | |
| Blondieau (2005) | |
| Blondieau (2005) | |
| Blondieau (2005) | |
Bolivia | |
| Joy Desor analyses by EDS and Raman |
Brazil | |
| Sergio Varvello collection |
| Santos et al. (2023) |
| Cornejo et al. (2009) |
Chile | |
| Bárbara Romero et al. (2011) |
| Mineralogical Record: 9: 330. +2 other references |
| Maurizio Dini database 2007 |
| Maurizio Dini collection - analysed ... |
| Samples analysed by Dr. Jochen Schlüter (Hamburg University) |
| Terry Szenics |
| Leon Hupperichs collection | |
| collected and analysed by french ... |
| Lieber et al. (1993) |
| Josef Vajdak (2002) |
| Mineralogical Record: 23: 433. +1 other reference |
| Samples analysed by Dr. Jochen Schluter et al. (Salzburg Department of Mineralogy) |
| Sulphides analysed by geology dep. of ... +1 other reference |
China | |
| Hercule Shen |
| Jingqu Yao (1981) |
Czech Republic | |
| Gröbner et al. (2004) |
| J.Gröbner 2004 | |
| Sejkora et al. (2021) |
| Lapis 2002 (7/8) | |
| Philipsburgite from Krásno near Horní Slavkov (Czech Republic) +3 other references |
| Petr Pauliš (2000) +1 other reference |
DR Congo | |
| Deliens (1996) |
| Deliens (1996) |
| Bull. Mineral. |
| Lapis 17 (3) |
| Paul De Bondt collection | |
| Piret et al. (1985) |
| Lapis 17 (3) |
| |
| M Kampf collection +1 other reference |
| |
| In the collection of Brent Thorne. ... +1 other reference |
| André Heyninck collection | |
| Deliens (1989) | |
| Paul De Bondt collection | |
Finland | |
| Mäkitie et al. (1.86-1.79 Ga) |
| Alviola | |
France | |
| Mario Mebus collection (SXRD-analysed by Uwe Kolitsch) |
| Yannick Vessely collection |
| Coueille (1988) |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
| Wittern |
| Patureau et al. (2011) |
| Favreau et al. (2010) |
| Queneau (n.d.) +2 other references |
| Robert PECORINI collection |
Germany | |
| [Wittern (1995) |
| 50. (in German) +1 other reference |
| Walenta (1992) |
| www.berthold-weber.de (2001) |
| Dill et al. (2010) | |
| Collection of Steffen Michalski |
| Lapis (10) |
| Blaß et al. (2010) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Blaß et al. (1995) |
| Graf et al. (1991) |
| Markl (1990) |
| Christof Schäfer |
| Gerhard Müller: Bergbau-PSL-Mineralogie et al. (Saarbrücken 1996) |
| R. Lang pers. finds | |
| Martin (1994) |
| www.dergraul.de (2001) | |
| Lapis 30 (7/8) | |
| Gröbner J. et al. (2006) |
| Confirmed by Steffen Michalski |
| Wittern (2001) |
| T. Witzke et al.: Lapis 2001 (12) |
Greece | |
| Green libethenite microcrystals forming ... +1 other reference |
Italy | |
| Larocca (2012) |
| Balestra et al. (2007) |
| Vergani et al. (2020) |
| Vergani et al. (2020) |
| Perchiazzi N. (1986) |
| Ruggieri et al. (1) |
| Ruggieri et al. (1) | |
| Bardi et al. (2017) +1 other reference |
Japan | |
| Takada & Matsubara (1989) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Evseev (1995) |
Laos | |
| Michael Stott |
Mexico | |
| |
| Thomas P. Moore (2008) | |
| |
| Espinosa Perea (1999) |
| In the collection of Georges Favreau. |
| Braith et al. (2001) +1 other reference | |
| Lapis 2001 (1) | |
| Mineralogical Magazine 1972 38 : ... |
Mongolia | |
| Davaasuren et al. (2016) |
Morocco | |
| Favreau (2012) |
| Georges Favreau collection |
Namibia | |
| EDS and Raman analyzed by Joy Desor. |
Poland | |
| Siuda et al. (2003) |
Portugal | |
| Pedro Alves collection and analytical ... |
| Pedro Alves collection and analytical ... | |
| Pedro Alves collection. |
| Alves et al. (2017) |
| |
| Martins da Pedra collection | |
| Pedro Alves and Rui Nunes visit 18 July ... |
| Bello mineral collection in the MNHN ... +1 other reference |
| Pedro Alves collection. |
| Betts (n.d.) |
| Pedro Alves collection and analytical ... |
| Pedro Alves collection and analytical ... |
| Alves (n.d.) | |
| Artur Neves collection | |
| Pedro Alves collection and analytical ... | |
| Pedro Alves collection and analytical ... |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1991) |
| Alves et al. (2013) | |
| Bello +1 other reference |
| Manuel Maia's mineral collection |
| Alves (n.d.) |
Republic of the Congo | |
| Demetrius Pohl +1 other reference |
Romania | |
| minerals-of-the-carpathians.eu (2008) |
Russia | |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) +2 other references |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
Slovakia (TL) | |
| Palache et al. (1951) +3 other references |
| Števko et al. (2017) | |
| Števko M. |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| SAMS (South African Micromount Society) |
| Windisch (2014) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Leon Hupperichs collection |
Spain | |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) |
| Minerales y Minas de España et al. (2015) |
| Calvo (2015) |
| Calvo (2015) |
| Calvo (2008) |
| Calvo (2015) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) |
| Joan Rosell (2023) |
| Mineralogistes de Catalunya (1997) |
| www.foro-minerales.com (n.d.) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) |
| Viñals et al. (2011) |
| Calvo (2015) |
| Calvo (2014) |
UK | |
| |
| Phillips (1823) +3 other references |
| Braithwaite et al. (1994) +1 other reference | |
| Braithwaite et al. (1994) |
| 90 (in German) +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Min. 17 +4 other references |
| Golley et al. (1995) | |
| Lapis 11 (2) |
| Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society (1870) | |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Ex Richard W.Barstow who found this ... | |
| |
| |
| Peter Trebilcock Collection. |
| |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| S. Rust collection | |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Mineralogical Magazine 1996 60 : ... +2 other references |
| Kingsbury et al. (MS) +3 other references |
| Stanley et al. (1991) | |
| BMS Collection |
| |
| Hubbard et al. (2005) |
USA | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Van King and Rolf Luetcke specimens | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Galbraith (1959) |
| Peterson et al. (1946) +5 other references | |
| Reed et al. (1962) |
| U. S. Geol. Survey et al. (1905) +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Min.: 21:421 +3 other references | |
| Personal communication with Robert ... +1 other reference | |
| Merritt Stephen Enders (2000) | |
| R. D. Green |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Khin (1970) +1 other reference |
| Mineralogy of Arizona |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Jones et al. (1983) | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| D.Court collection |
| Grant et al. (2005) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 321. +1 other reference |
| Murdoch (1966) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 322. +2 other references |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| - (2005) |
| Ream (1995) | |
| The Mineralogy of The Butte District +1 other reference |
| Mineralogical Record 33:1 | |
| Castor et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| Photos in mindat galleries. Material ... |
| Jensen et al. (1995) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Mineralogical Record 26:467 |
| John W. Norby and Michael J.T. Orobona (2002) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Dr. William S. Wise presentation to ... +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Rocks & Minerals. Nov. 1999. |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| In the collection of Brent Thorne. ... | |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
| Rocks & Minerals. Nov. 1999. | |
| Pullman | |
| Walstrom (n.d.) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Collection of Kelly Starnes 1990 |
| Jensen (1993) +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| D.Court collection +1 other reference |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Am Min 38:191-196 +2 other references |
| 2008 New Mexico Mineral Symposium ... |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Ray DeMark collection |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| [Mineralogical Record 30:337] |
| Mineralogical Record: 26 (5) | |
| Rocks & Min.:58:183. |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Rocks & Minerals: 57: 160 &/or 60: 110 ... |
| Černý et al. (1985) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bideaux (1973) |
| Rocks & Min.: 60:166. |
Uzbekistan | |
| Eilu (2003) |
| Eilu (2003) | |
Zambia | |
| [var: Zinc-bearing Libethenite] Korowski et al. (1980) |
| Dan Weinrich specimen |
| Korowski et al. (1978) |
| Korowski et al. (1978) |
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Miguel Vacas Mine, Nossa Senhora da Conceição e São Bartolomeu, Vila Viçosa, Évora, Portugal