Allophane
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Allophane
Formula:
(Al2O3)(SiO2)1.3-2 · 2.5-3H2O
Colour:
White, pale blue to sky-blue, green, brown
Lustre:
Waxy
Hardness:
3
Specific Gravity:
2.75
Crystal System:
Amorphous
Name:
From the Greek άλλος ("allos") for "other" or "different" and φαίνεσθαι ("phaenesthai"), "to appear", in allusion to the change it undergoes in a blowpipe flame.
Amorphous hydrous silicate of aluminium, composition not fixed. Principal member of the nominal "Allophane Group."
Copper-bearing varieties can be confused with chrysocolla.
Colourless varieties may be confused with hyalite.
The nano-sized particles (a few nm across) have a ball-shaped morphology. Essentially, the mineral consists of a single modified gibbsite sheet rolled into a porous nanoball.
Related to imogolite, another nanomineral.
Copper-bearing varieties can be confused with chrysocolla.
Colourless varieties may be confused with hyalite.
The nano-sized particles (a few nm across) have a ball-shaped morphology. Essentially, the mineral consists of a single modified gibbsite sheet rolled into a porous nanoball.
Related to imogolite, another nanomineral.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
139
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:139:7
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
70d7764a-c1d9-4f66-a9c2-3f7613a54989
IMA Classification of Allophane
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Al2O3(SiO2)1.3-2.0 · 2.5-3.0H2O
Classification of Allophane
9.ED.20
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
E : Phyllosilicates
D : Phyllosilicates with kaolinite layers composed of tetrahedral and octahedral nets
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
E : Phyllosilicates
D : Phyllosilicates with kaolinite layers composed of tetrahedral and octahedral nets
Dana 7th ed.:
71.1.5.1
71.1.5.1
71 : PHYLLOSILICATES Sheets of Six-Membered Rings
1 : Sheets of 6-membered rings with 1:1 layers
71 : PHYLLOSILICATES Sheets of Six-Membered Rings
1 : Sheets of 6-membered rings with 1:1 layers
15.11
15 : Silicates of Aluminum
15 : Silicates of Aluminum
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Alp | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Alp | Warr (2020) | Warr, L.N. (2020) Recommended abbreviations for the names of clay minerals and associated phases. Clay Minerals, 55, 261–264 doi:10.1180/clm.2020.30 |
Physical Properties of Allophane
Waxy
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
White, pale blue to sky-blue, green, brown
Streak:
White
Hardness:
3 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
None Observed
None
None
Fracture:
Conchoidal
Density:
2.75 g/cm3 (Measured)
Optical Data of Allophane
Type:
Isotropic
RI values:
n = 1.468 - 1.512
Birefringence:
Isotropic minerals have no birefringence
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Comments:
RI from air dried sample
Chemistry of Allophane
Mindat Formula:
(Al2O3)(SiO2)1.3-2 · 2.5-3H2O
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Ti,Fe,Mg,Ca,Na,K
Crystallography of Allophane
Crystal System:
Amorphous
Morphology:
Rarely observed as ring-shaped particles, with diameters of 50 ºA, which in three dimensions may represent sections through hollow spherules or polyhedra. As hyaline crusts and masses; stalactites and flowstones.
Comment:
Amorphous
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| - Å | () |
Comments:
No PXRD pattern has been determined according to the Handbook of Mineralogy.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 3b: Earth’s earliest hydrosphere | >4.45 |
| 16 : Low-𝑇 aqueous alteration of Hadean subaerial lithologies (see also #23) | |
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 23 : Subaerial aqueous alteration by non-redox-sensitive fluids (see also #47) | |
| Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
| 50 : Coal and/or oil shale minerals | <0.36 |
Geological Setting:
A weathering product of volcanic ash. In hydrothermally altered igneous rocks, from the breakdown of feldspars, and in hydrothermal veins, typically related to copper deposits. In sedimentary rocks, including chalk and coal beds.
Type Occurrence of Allophane
General Appearance of Type Material:
hyaline crusts and masses; stalactites and flowstones.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Mining Academy, Freiberg, Germany, 26104.
Reference:
Hausmann, J.F.L. and Stromeyer, F. (1816) Über Silberkupferglanz und Allophan. Göttingische Gelehrte Anzeigen: 2: 1251-1253.
Synonyms of Allophane
Other Language Names for Allophane
Varieties of Allophane
| Allophane-evansite | Phosphate-enriched Allophane. |
| Cupro-Allophane | A variety of Allophane containing Cu. |
| Ferriallophane | A ferrian allophane. Originally described from Moscow Oblast' (Moscovskaya Oblast'), Central Region, Russia. |
| Phosphate-Allophane | A variety containing 7.97% P2O5. (Possibly a mixture?) |
| Plumballophane | A silica-alumina gel containing PbO. |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 109 photos of Allophane associated with Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| 85 photos of Allophane associated with Azurite | Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| 70 photos of Allophane associated with Chrysocolla | Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1 |
| 22 photos of Allophane associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 18 photos of Allophane associated with Baryte | BaSO4 |
| 17 photos of Allophane associated with Brochantite | Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 15 photos of Allophane associated with Goethite | α-Fe3+O(OH) |
| 14 photos of Allophane associated with Copper | Cu |
| 14 photos of Allophane associated with Dundasite | PbAl2(CO3)2(OH)4 · H2O |
| 13 photos of Allophane associated with Libethenite | Cu2(PO4)(OH) |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 9.ED. | Clinochrysotile | |
| 9.ED.05 | Dickite | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.05 | Kaolinite | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.05 | Nacrite | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.05 | Odinite | (Fe,Mg,Al,Fe,Ti,Mn)2.4((Si,Al)2O5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.10 | Halloysite | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.10 | Hisingerite | Fe3+2(Si2O5)(OH)4 · 2H2O |
| 9.ED.10 | Hydrohalloysite | Al2Si2O5(OH)4 · 2H2O |
| 9.ED.15 | Amesite | Mg2Al(AlSiO5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Antigorite | Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Berthierine | (Fe2+,Fe3+,Al)3(Si,Al)2O5(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Brindleyite | (Ni,Al)3(Si,Al)2O5(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Caryopilite | Mn2+3Si2O5(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Cronstedtite | Fe2+2Fe3+((Si,Fe3+)2O5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Fraipontite | (Zn,Al)3((Si,Al)2O5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Greenalite | (Fe2+,Fe3+)2-3Si2O5(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Kellyite | Mn2+2Al(AlSiO5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Lizardite | Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Manandonite | Li2Al4(Si2AlB)O10(OH)8 |
| 9.ED.15 | Népouite | Ni3Si2O5(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Pecoraite | Ni3(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Guidottiite | Mn2Fe3+(Fe3+SiO5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 va | Chromoamesite | Mg2(Al,Cr)(AlSiO5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.20 | Chrysocolla | Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1 |
| 9.ED.20 | Imogolite | Al2SiO3(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.20 | Neotocite | (Mn,Fe,Mg)SiO3 · H2O |
| 9.ED.25 | Bismutoferrite | Fe3+2Bi(SiO4)2(OH) |
| 9.ED.25 | Chapmanite | Fe3+2Sb3+(Si2O5)O3(OH) |
| 9.ED.30 | Pianlinite | Al2Si2O6(OH)2 |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Allophane
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-139.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Allophane
Reference List:
Localities for Allophane
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| Coira et al. (1995) |
| Milka K. de Brodtkorb (2002) | |
Australia | |
| Collection of RJ Martin inferred from ... |
| Wülser et al. (2011) |
| Bottrill & Taheri |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Birch et al. (1993) |
| Jorgensen et al. (2017) |
| Grguric (2003) |
Austria | |
| Schebesta (1983) +1 other reference |
| G. Blass (2003) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Auer et al. (2017) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2013) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| NIEDERMAYR | |
| Pichler (2009) |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| G. Blass: Carinthia II 189./109.:215 (1999) |
| J. Mörtl: Der Aufschluss 35 (10) |
| Niedermayr (1997) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2014) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2015) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| on public display of the ... |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| Poeverlein (2008) | |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Lewandowski et al. (2006) |
| J.Taucher (2001) |
| Postl (2013) |
| G.Gesselbauer (2020) |
| Josef Taucher +2 other references |
| Leikauf (2006) |
| C.Auer (2014) |
| Schnorrer et al. (2002) |
| Der Aufschluß (2006) |
| Schnorrer et al. (2008) | |
| Lapis 19 (7/8) | |
| Schnorrer et al. (2010) |
| Schnorrer et al. (2005) | |
| Schnorrer+Poeverlein (2005) | |
| 54 (in German) +1 other reference |
| Lapis 19 (7/8) |
| Schnorrer et al. (2007) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Kolitsch (2014) |
Belgium | |
| [var: Allophane-evansite] Van Tassel R. (1959) +5 other references |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Moressée (1910) +1 other reference |
| Dejonghe et al. (1993) +1 other reference |
| Hatert et al. (2002) | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| C.&H. Schäfer collection |
| Centenaire de l`Association des ... +2 other references | |
| Schulz (1886) | |
| Michel BLONDIEAU et al. (2018) | |
| Blondieau et al. (2016) |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Hatert et al. (2002) | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Dejonghe et al. (1993) | |
| Lespineux (1903) +2 other references | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) | |
| Anthony et al. (2000) +1 other reference | |
| perso.infonie.be (2004) |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Blondieau et al. (2012) | |
Bolivia | |
| doi:10.3390/min7050068 +2 other references |
| Mineralogical Record: 32: 474. +1 other reference |
Canada | |
| Brydon et al. (1972) |
| Sabina (1992) |
| Traill (1970) |
China | |
| Acta Petrologica et Mineralogica 11 (2) |
| National Geological Archives of China ... |
| National Geological Archives of China ... | |
| Peters (2002) |
| Yu Chen et al. (1984) |
| Qifeng Gao et al. (2007) |
| Telin Guan (1982) |
| Su Sun (1993) |
| Gu et al. (2003) |
| Xinghai Lang et al. (2011) |
| Nikischer (2019) |
| Dmitry Tonkacheev specimen | |
Colombia | |
| - (2002) |
| Pogue (1916) |
Czech Republic | |
| Šrein +3 other references |
| Handbook of Mineralogy. +1 other reference |
| Beran (Ag, Au, Co) +2 other references |
| Kruťa |
| Pauliš +2 other references |
| Kruťa |
| Jirásek J et al. (2019) |
| Toegel |
| Fojt et al. (1994) |
| Kuttna +1 other reference | |
| Pauliš | |
| J. Sejkora et al.: Canadian Mineralogist 43:1393-1400 (2005) +1 other reference |
| Novák |
| Pelíšek J.: Některé nové minerály ... |
| Bouška |
| |
DR Congo | |
| Paul De Bondt |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
Ecuador | |
| www.mineralmundi.com |
Faroe Islands | |
| Weisenberger et al. (2012) |
France | |
| Personnaly collected by Anthony Geneyton |
| Dana 6: 693. +2 other references |
| Hohl: "Minéraux et Mines du Massif Vosgien" (Mulhouse) |
| Pochon et al. (2018) |
| A. Wittern et al. (Cologne) |
| Wittern |
| perso.wanadoo.fr (2004) |
| Gol (2014) |
| Chollet Pascal collection - obtained ... |
| Favreau et al. (2003) |
| Chollet Pascal Collection |
| J.-P. Bourgarel collection. EDS by the ... +1 other reference |
| Lacroix (1910) |
| Berbain et al. (2005) |
| Remy et al. (2014) |
| my collection |
| Chollet Pascal Collection |
| Jean-Marie Claude collection +1 other reference |
Germany | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Walenta (1992) | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Wittern (1995) |
| Walenta (1992) +1 other reference |
| Walenta (1992) |
| |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Mineralien-Welt 18 (5) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Augustus Krantz label | |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Ingo Loeffler specimens +1 other reference | |
| Schnorrer et al. (2009) |
| Lapis (1) |
| |
| Schnorrer et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| Schnorrer et al. (2006) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1991) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| |
| Henrich (2009) |
| Graf et al. (1982) |
| Blaß et al. (1995) |
| Kautz (1968) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1988) +1 other reference |
| Weiß (1990) |
| www.mineralienfreunde-der-pfalz.de (2015) |
| Blaß et al. (2015) |
| Blaß et al. (2015) |
| Blaß et al. (2015) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Pekov et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
| Blaß et al. (2015) |
| Blaß et al. (2012) +1 other reference |
| Hohn et al. (2015) |
| Thomas Lühr Collection |
| Wittern (2001) |
| |
| Gröbner J. et al. (2006) |
| Mineralogical Society of America - ... | |
| Mineralogical Society of America - ... | |
| Haake et al. (1994) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Gröbner J. et al. (2006) | |
| Witzke (2023) |
| Vollstädt (1979) |
| Gröbner J. et al. (2006) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Matthies (2009) |
| 54. +1 other reference |
| Riedel et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
| Knoll (2009) |
| T. Witzke & F. Rüger: Lapis 1998 (7/8) | |
| Handbook of Mineralogy. +1 other reference |
| F. Rüger (1) |
| |
Greece | |
| Lang (1890) |
| Meixner et al. (1982) |
| Rieck et al. (2022) | |
| Chukanov et al. (2007) | |
| LAPIS 24 (7/8) +1 other reference | |
| Möckel (2000) | |
| |
| Geology of Ore Deposits et al. (AsO4) | |
| Lapis et al. (1999) |
| Lapis (May 2003) |
| Gröbner (2003) | |
| Schnorrer (1995) +1 other reference |
| Lapis et al. (1999) |
| Branko Rieck collection |
| Seemann et al. (2008) |
| L. Rantos collection |
| Voudouris (2011) |
Hungary | |
| geomania.hu (2011) |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya | |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya | |
| Own collect. (2006) |
| Szakáll - Gatter: Minerals of Hungary |
| Szakáll-Gatter-Jánosi: Minerals of ... | |
Indonesia | |
| Prendergast (2003) |
| Dani Lukman Hakim (2016) |
Ireland | |
| |
| de Haller +1 other reference |
Italy | |
| ... |
| Bortolozzi et al. (2018) |
| Analysis by Andrea Palenzona |
| Antofilli |
| Biagioni et al. (2020) |
| Kipfer (1974) | |
| Blaß et al. (2015) | |
| Redazionale (2005) | |
| 415. +1 other reference | |
| 415 (357) +1 other reference |
| Pagano et al. (2001) +1 other reference | |
| Antofilli M. et al. (1983) |
| Bracco et al. (2014) |
| Vergani F. et al. (2020) |
| Cortesogno L. |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Bruno Marello collection |
| Galliano et al. (2022) +1 other reference |
| Campostrini (2001) |
| Gruppo Mineralogico Lombardo (10) |
| Stara et al. (1999) |
| Mineralogical Society of America - ... |
| Billows (1941) |
| Fernando Caboni et al. (2024) |
| Fernando Caboni et al. (2024) | |
| Lovisato (1908) +2 other references |
| EDX analysis by G.Blass |
| M.E. Ciriotti - 05.06.2008 - Probed |
| PANICHI U. (1924) |
| Exel (1987) |
| Exel (1987) |
| Exel (1987) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| SEM/EDX by Dario cericola +1 other reference |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| De Michele (1974) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| SEM/EDS analysis by AMI SIUK |
| Fabio Tosato +3 other references | |
| SEM-EDS AMI UK Service |
| I minerali dell' area delle Terme di ... |
| Bazzoni et al. (2015) |
| Batacchi et al. (2013) +1 other reference |
| Bazzoni et al. (2015) | |
| L. Dell'Anna (1967) |
| Bonifazi (2020) |
| Daleffe et al. (2005) |
| Boscardin M. et alii. "I minerali nel Vicentino" et al. (Vicenza) |
| Pegoraro S. et al. (2009) |
| Boscardin M. et al. (2011) | |
| Boscardin M. et al. (Vicenza) | |
| Boscardin M. et al. (2011) |
Japan | |
| Matsubara et al. (1979) |
| Okamoto collection (curated at the Geological Survey museum, Japan) |
| Russell et al. (1969) |
| Masutomi Museum specimen (Kyoto) |
| 奥村滋. (1986) |
| Dr. Kameki Kinoshita collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| Yamada (2004) |
| Petrov (n.d.) |
| - (unpublished species lists maintained by local collectors) +1 other reference |
| Mineralogical Society of America - ... |
| Hatsudai Minerals specimen |
| Dr. Kameki Kinoshita collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| Petrov (n.d.) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Pekov (1998) |
| Pekov (1998) |
Kenya | |
| Bowell et al. (1996) |
Kyrgyzstan | |
| Kolesar et al. (1993) |
| Karpenko et al. (2004) | |
| Kolesar et al. (1993) | |
| Uvarova et al. (2005) +1 other reference | |
Laos | |
| Michael J. Stott specimens |
Mexico | |
| Moore (1998) |
Middle East | |
| Gross (1977) +1 other reference | |
Morocco | |
| Georges Favreau collection |
Netherlands | |
| Buurman et al (1975) |
New Zealand | |
| Railton et al. (1990) |
| Courtney et al. (1990) |
Norway | |
| Breivik (2015) |
| Andersen et al. (1993) |
| Henningsmoen (1950) |
| Raade (1981) +1 other reference |
| Knut Eldjarn Collection |
Pacific Ocean | |
| Magnetite Olivine Pyroxene Plagioclase ... |
Peru | |
| Lewis Jr (1964) |
Poland | |
| Wieser T. 1974: Basaluminite in the ... |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Milch L. (1894) +1 other reference | |
| Finckh L. (1926) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Chodyniecka L. (1969) | |
| Finckh L. (1926) |
| Dana 6: 693. |
| Badak J. |
Portugal | |
| Daza Brunet et al. (2014) |
| Michele Dondi |
| CEDOM |
| Michele Dondi |
Romania | |
| Marincea +4 other references |
| www.minerals-of-the-carpathians |
| minerals-of-the-carpathians.eu (2008) | |
| Szakáll (2002) | |
| Marincea et al. (2011) | |
| Marincea et al. (2014, September) +1 other reference |
| Szakáll (2002) | |
| Acta Mineralogica Petrographica |
| Marincea +2 other references |
Russia | |
| International Geology Review Volume 19 |
| A. E. Zadov data |
| Active Volcanoes of Kamchatka |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Nikolaevsky et al. (1912) +2 other references |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) +2 other references | |
| ... |
| ... | |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Pekov (1998) |
Serbia | |
| Mineralogical Society of America - ... |
Slovakia | |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Chukhrov et al. (1965) |
| Kodě +1 other reference |
| |
| Koděra (1986) | |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Miškovic J. (1990) |
| Grecula (1995) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Kodě +1 other reference |
| Števko M. (2014) | |
| Uher et al. (2000) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) | |
| Cílek V. +1 other reference |
| Varček (1959) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Duda et. all. |
| Koděra (1986) |
South Africa | |
| Handbook of Mineralogy. +1 other reference |
| Cairncross (2004) |
Spain | |
| Valladares et al. (2021) |
| Colección Juan A.M. Barnestein. |
| Calvo Rebollar (2008) |
| Díaz de Baranda et al. (2009) |
| Calvo et al. (2000) |
| Garcia Guinea J.y Martinez Frias J. (1992) |
| Bareche (2005) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2018) | |
| Bareche (2005) |
| Moro et al. (2000) |
| Tomas (1919-20) | |
| Mineralogistes de Catalunya (2004) |
| Pedro Mingueza et al. (2022) |
| Calvo et al. (Spain) |
Sweden | |
| Chukanov et al. (2010) |
Switzerland | |
| Volker (1972) |
| Krähenbüghl H. (1982) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) +1 other reference | |
| 86. (in German) +1 other reference |
| Ansermet (2012) | |
| Ansermet (2012) | |
| Cuchet et al. (2002) |
Taiwan | |
| |
| |
Tajikistan | |
| Badalov et al. (1976) |
Turkmenistan | |
| Pekov (1998) |
UK | |
| Day (1999) |
| [Specimen at the Natural History Museum |
| Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society (1870) +1 other reference |
| Peter Trebilcock.Self Collected. |
| |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Hartley (1984) +1 other reference |
| Kingsbury (MS1) +1 other reference |
| Day (1999) |
| Stanley et al. (1991) | |
| Cooper et al. (1990) |
| Ford et al. (1993) |
| Ford et al. (1993) |
| Collins (1871) | |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) |
| [Specimen in the Natural History Museum +1 other reference |
| Paul De Bondt collection |
| David Ifold |
| Paul De Bondt |
| www.geologyrocks.co.uk (2012) |
| De Putter et al. (2000) |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Alabaster (1990) +1 other reference |
| Day (1999) |
| [Specimen in the Natural History Museum |
| Hall (1868) |
| David Shannon label |
| [Specimen in the collection of the ... |
| Hollingworth et al. (1950) | |
| Turner et al. (2010) |
| Henmi et al. (1973) |
| Tindle (2008) | |
| Day (1999) |
| |
| Jenkins |
Ukraine | |
| Golubovskaya (2001) |
USA | |
| Rocks & Min 70:5 pp 320-333 |
| Handbook of Mineralogy. +1 other reference |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Schwartz (1947) +1 other reference | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Field collected |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Rolf Luetcke | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Handbook of Mineralogy. +2 other references | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Peterson (1962) +1 other reference |
| Schwartz (1947) +2 other references |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Schwartz (1947) +3 other references |
| MRDS database Dep. ID #10027138 |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Romslo (1948) +1 other reference |
| Thomas et al. (1983) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Singer et al. (2005) |
| R. O. Meyer collection. |
| Bideaux (1980) |
| Schwartz (1947) +1 other reference | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Schwartz (1947) +2 other references | |
| Singer et al. (2005) |
| Lovering et al. (1950) +2 other references | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Howard (1987) +1 other reference |
| American Mineralogist (1929) |
| V.C. Fryklund and D.F. Holbrook (1950) | |
| V.C. Fryklund and D.F. Holbrook (1950) | |
| Mineralogical Society of America - ... |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 439. +2 other references |
| Hulin (1925) +1 other reference |
| Murdoch et al. (1966) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| - (2005) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Holmes et al. (1983) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Page et al. (1956) +3 other references |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Dana 6:693. |
| Specimens collected by Jeremy Zolan in ... |
| Schairer (1931) +1 other reference |
| Januzzi et al. (1976) +1 other reference | |
| Grant ( ) |
| Dunham (1933) |
| Dunham (1933) |
| Wada et al. (1972) |
| Ream (1995) |
| - (2005) |
| [var: Allophane-evansite] Erd et al. (1960) |
| Erd et al. (1960) +1 other reference |
| Sunderman (1959) |
| The Kansas University Quarterly |
| King et al. (1994) |
| Yale Peabody Museum |
| Dana (1868) |
| Emerson (1895) |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) |
| The Mineralogy of The Butte District +2 other references |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Jensen et al. (1995) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Williams (1988) |
| - (2005) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Wallace et al. (1975) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Amer. Museum of Nat. History +1 other reference |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Gibbs (1989) |
| GF Loughlin (1942) | |
| Rocks & Min.:5:127. | |
| Rob Lavinsky (ex. Larry Krause specimen) +2 other references | |
| White (1974) | |
| Ex. New Mexico Bereau of Mines and ... | |
| NMBMMR Bull 8 The Ore Deposits of ... |
| Manchester (1931) | |
| John H. Betts (2009) | |
| Soil Survey of Rutherford County | |
| Howard W.Jaffe and Alexander M.Sherwood |
| Dana 6:1067 +1 other reference |
| Lapham & Geyer |
| The Mineralogy of Pennsylvania 1922 +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Min.: 59:109-120 & 62:176-178. |
| The NSS Bulletin Volume 47 Number 1: ... |
| Mineralogical Society of America - ... |
| Mineralogical Society of America - ... |
| Mineralogical Society of America - ... |
| USGS Bull 470 |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... +1 other reference |
| makalu.jpl.nasa.gov (n.d.) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| James R. Wilson (1995) +1 other reference |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| - (2005) |
| USGS: Geological Survey Circular 217 |
| USGS TEI #514 +1 other reference | |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Hawley (1934) |
| Hawley (1934) | |
| Hawley (1934) | |
| Hawley (1934) | |
| Buchholz et al. (2019) |
| Page et al. (1956) +2 other references |
Zambia | |
| personal visits and collecting in 1996 ... +1 other reference |
Zimbabwe | |
| Tschernich (1992) +1 other reference |
| Hurlbut (1958) | |
Mars | |
| Lane et al. (2008) |
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Mosset rare earths deposit, Mosset, Prades, Pyrénées-Orientales, Occitanie, France