Bustamite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Bustamite
Miguel Bustamante y Septiem
Formula:
CaMn2+(Si2O6)
Colour:
Pale to medium pink; brownish red; colourless to yellowish pink in transmitted light
Lustre:
Sub-Vitreous, Resinous, Waxy
Hardness:
5½ - 6½
Specific Gravity:
3.32 - 3.43
Crystal System:
Triclinic
Member of:
Name:
Name re-used in 1922 by Esper Signius Larsen, Jr. and Earl Victor Shannon for a new mineral somewhat chemically similar to the original material, but which had proved to be a mixture. The original bustamite from Real de Minas, Fetela (Tetela de Ocampo), Jonotla, Mexico was a mixture of rhodonite and johannsenite. Originally named in 1826 by Alexandre Brongniart in honor of Mexican mineralogist Miguel Bustamante y Septiem (1790–1844), see https://www.mindat.org/mesg-617196.html for further discussion.
Keatingine described in 1876 by Charles Upham Shepard and was later discredited as fowlerite (Dana, 1892) before there was the ability to determine the structure of the mineral.
Keatingine described in 1876 by Charles Upham Shepard and was later discredited as fowlerite (Dana, 1892) before there was the ability to determine the structure of the mineral.
Type Locality:
Isostructural with:
The Mn analogue of ferrobustamite. Compare the closely related dalnegorskite.
May appear visually similar to schizolite (also temporarily known as marshallsussmanite).
A vacancy-rich bustamite, with excess of Si in the form of VISi, is described by Gahlan et al. (2011) from a Saudi Arabia granitic pegmatite.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Bustamite.
May appear visually similar to schizolite (also temporarily known as marshallsussmanite).
A vacancy-rich bustamite, with excess of Si in the form of VISi, is described by Gahlan et al. (2011) from a Saudi Arabia granitic pegmatite.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Bustamite.Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
809
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:809:9
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
428c2cb4-7279-41e2-bd56-855e19b1cb3a
IMA Classification of Bustamite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Mn2Ca2MnCa(Si3O9)2
First published:
1922
Classification of Bustamite
9.DG.05
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
D : Inosilicates
G : Inosilicates with 3-periodic single and multiple chains
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
D : Inosilicates
G : Inosilicates with 3-periodic single and multiple chains
65.2.1.2
65 : INOSILICATES Single-Width,Unbranched Chains,(W=1)
2 : Single-Width Unbranched Chains, W=1 with chains P=3
65 : INOSILICATES Single-Width,Unbranched Chains,(W=1)
2 : Single-Width Unbranched Chains, W=1 with chains P=3
14.18.13
14 : Silicates not Containing Aluminum
18 : Silicates of Mn and Na, K, Mg, Ca or Fe
14 : Silicates not Containing Aluminum
18 : Silicates of Mn and Na, K, Mg, Ca or Fe
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Bst | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Bst | Kretz (1983) | Kretz, R. (1983) Symbols of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68, 277–279. |
| Bst | Siivolam & Schmid (2007) | Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download |
| Bst | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
| Bst | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Bustamite
Sub-Vitreous, Resinous, Waxy
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
Pale to medium pink; brownish red; colourless to yellowish pink in transmitted light
Comment:
Usually paler pink than rhodonite, often has an orange tint.
Streak:
White
Hardness:
5½ - 6½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
On {100} perfect; on {110} and {110} good; on {010} poor.
On {100} perfect; on {110} and {110} good; on {010} poor.
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Splintery
Density:
3.32 - 3.43 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.421 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Bustamite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.640 - 1.695 nβ = 1.651 - 1.708 nγ = 1.653 - 1.710
2V:
Measured: 34° to 60°
Birefringence:
0.015
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.013 - 0.015
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
High
Dispersion:
r > v or r < v
Pleochroism:
Visible
Comments:
X=Z= orange
Y= rose
Y= rose
Chemistry of Bustamite
Mindat Formula:
CaMn2+(Si2O6)
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Mg,Zn,Fe
Crystallography of Bustamite
Crystal System:
Triclinic
Class (H-M):
1 - Pinacoidal
Space Group:
P1
Cell Parameters:
a = 15.41 Å, b = 7.15 Å, c = 13.82 Å
α = 89.48°, β = 94.85°, γ = 102.93°
α = 89.48°, β = 94.85°, γ = 102.93°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 2.155 : 1 : 1.933
Unit Cell V:
1,478.71 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
12
Morphology:
Crystals prismatic, acicular; tabular on {001}. Commonly fibrous, cleavable massive.
Twinning:
On {110} as the composition plane, simple twins, rare.
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0000618 | Bustamite | Ohashi Y, Finger L W (1978) The role of octahedral cations in pyroxenoid crystal chemistry. I. Bustamite, wollastonite, and the pectolite-schizolite-serandite series sample Mn-BS, from Mitsuka, Gifu, Japan American Mineralogist 63 274-288 |  | 1978 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0000619 | Bustamite | Ohashi Y, Finger L W (1978) The role of octahedral cations in pyroxenoid crystal chemistry. I. Bustamite, wollastonite, and the pectolite-schizolite-serandite series sample BS, from Hijikuzu, Iwate, Japan American Mineralogist 63 274-288 | | 1978 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0000620 | Bustamite | Ohashi Y, Finger L W (1978) The role of octahedral cations in pyroxenoid crystal chemistry. I. Bustamite, wollastonite, and the pectolite-schizolite-serandite series sample Ca-BS, from Hijikuzu, Iwate, Japan American Mineralogist 63 274-288 | | 1978 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0010598 | Bustamite | Peacor D R, Buerger M J (1962) Determination and refinement of the crystal structure of bustamite, CaMnSi2O6 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 117 331-343 | | 1962 | Franklin, New Jersey, USA | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
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Radiation - Copper Kα
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 4.46 Å | (30) |
| 3.75 Å | (30) |
| 3.655 Å | (30) |
| 3.447 Å | (50) |
| 3.238 Å | (50) |
| 3.035 Å | (50) |
| 2.922 Å | (100) |
| 2.730 Å | (50) |
| 2.647 Å | (30) |
| 2.591 Å | (50) |
| 2.422 Å | (50) |
| 2.301 Å | (30) |
| 2.251 Å | (50) |
| 2.142 Å | (50) |
| 1.826 Å | (50) |
| 1.791 Å | (80) |
| 1.674 Å | (50) |
| 1.569 Å | (50) |
Comments:
ICDD 27-86 (synthetic); see also 26-1066 (ferroan)
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 22 : Hydration and low-𝑇 subsurface aqueous alteration (see also #23) | |
| High-𝑇 alteration and/or metamorphism | |
| 31 : Thermally altered carbonate, phosphate, and iron formations | |
| 32 : Ba/Mn/Pb/Zn deposits, including metamorphic deposits | |
| Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals | <10 Ka |
| 56 : Slag and smelter minerals (see also #51 and #55) |
Geological Setting:
In metamorphosed manganese ores, typically skarns
Type Occurrence of Bustamite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Prismatic grains and masses reaching 1.5 cm.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Carbonate-silicate hosted zinc deposit.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Reference:
Larsen, E.S., Shannon, E.V. (1922) Bustamite from Franklin Furnace, New Jersey. American Mineralogist: 7: 95-100.
Synonyms of Bustamite
Other Language Names for Bustamite
Varieties of Bustamite
| Keatingine | Bustamite, not the same structure as rhodonite. |
Relationship of Bustamite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
| Barrydawsonite-(Y) | Na1.5Y0.5CaSi3O8(OH) | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| Cascandite | CaScSi3O8(OH) | Tric. 1 |
| Dalnegorskite | Ca5Mn(Si3O9)2 | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Ferrobustamite | CaFe2+(Si2O6) | Tric. 1 |
| Mendigite | Mn2Mn2MnCa(Si3O9)2 | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Murakamiite | LiCa2Si3O8(OH) | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Pectolite | NaCa2Si3O8(OH) | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Schizolite | NaCaMnSi3O8(OH) | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Serandite | NaMn2+2Si3O8(OH) | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Tanohataite | LiMn2Si3O8(OH) | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Vistepite | SnMn4B2Si4O16(OH)2 | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Wollastonite | Ca3(Si3O9) | Tric. 1 : P1 |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 49 photos of Bustamite associated with Willemite | Zn2SiO4 |
| 44 photos of Bustamite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 43 photos of Bustamite associated with Galena | PbS |
| 30 photos of Bustamite associated with Franklinite | Zn2+Fe3+2O4 |
| 24 photos of Bustamite associated with Rhodonite | CaMn3Mn[Si5O15] |
| 22 photos of Bustamite associated with Clinohedrite | CaZn(SiO4) · H2O |
| 22 photos of Bustamite associated with Andradite | Ca3Fe3+2(SiO4)3 |
| 18 photos of Bustamite associated with Hardystonite | Ca2Zn[Si2O7] |
| 13 photos of Bustamite associated with Sphalerite | ZnS |
| 12 photos of Bustamite associated with Spessartine | Mn2+3Al2(SiO4)3 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 9.DG. | Calcinaksite | KNaCa(Si4O10) · H2O |
| 9.DG. | Barrydawsonite-(Y) | Na1.5Y0.5CaSi3O8(OH) |
| 9.DG. | Paratobermorite | Ca4(Al0.5Si0.5)2Si4O16(OH)(H2O)2 · (Ca · 3H2O) |
| 9.DG. | Alvesite | NaKZrSi6O15 · 2H2O |
| 9.DG.02 | Steedeite | NaMn2[Si3BO9](OH)2 |
| 9.DG.02 | Nolzeite | NaMn2[Si3BO9](OH)2 · 2H2O |
| 9.DG.05 | Ferrobustamite | CaFe2+(Si2O6) |
| 9.DG.05 | Pectolite | NaCa2Si3O8(OH) |
| 9.DG.05 | Serandite | NaMn2+2Si3O8(OH) |
| 9.DG.05 | Wollastonite | Ca3(Si3O9) |
| 9.DG.05 | Wollastonite-1A | CaSiO3 |
| 9.DG.05 | Tanohataite | LiMn2Si3O8(OH) |
| 9.DG.05 | Schizolite | NaCaMnSi3O8(OH) |
| 9.DG.05 | Murakamiite | LiCa2Si3O8(OH) |
| 9.DG.05 | Dalnegorskite | Ca5Mn(Si3O9)2 |
| 9.DG.07 | Cascandite | CaScSi3O8(OH) |
| 9.DG.08 | Plombièrite | [Ca4Si6O16(OH)2 · 2H2O] · (Ca · 5H2O) |
| 9.DG.10 | Clinotobermorite | [Ca4Si6O17 · 2H2O] · (Ca · 3H2O) |
| 9.DG.10 | Riversideite | Ca5(HSi3O9)2 · 2H2O |
| 9.DG.10 | Tobermorite | Ca4Si6O17(H2O)2 · (Ca · 3H2O) |
| 9.DG.12 | Jusite | Na2Ca15Al4Si16O54 · 17H2O |
| 9.DG.12 | Kenotobermorite | Ca4Si6O15(OH)2(H2O)2 · 3H2O |
| 9.DG.15 | Foshagite | Ca4(Si3O9)(OH)2 |
| 9.DG.20 | Jennite | Ca9(Si3O9)2(OH)8 · 8H2O |
| 9.DG.20 | Kamenevite | K2TiSi3O9 · H2O |
| 9.DG.25 | Paraumbite | K3Zr2H(Si3O9)2 · nH2O |
| 9.DG.25 | Umbite | K2(Zr,Ti)Si3O9 · H2O |
| 9.DG.30 | Sørensenite | Na4SnBe2Si6O16(OH)4 |
| 9.DG.32 | Escheite | Ca2NaMnTi5[Si12O34]O2(OH)3 · 12H2O |
| 9.DG.35 | Xonotlite | Ca6(Si6O17)(OH)2 |
| 9.DG.40 | Hillebrandite | Ca2(SiO3)(OH)2 |
| 9.DG.45 | Zorite | Na8(Ti,Nb)5(Si6O17)2(OH,O)5 · 14H2O |
| 9.DG.45 | Chivruaiite | Ca4(Ti,Nb)5(Si6O17)2(OH,O)5 · 13-14H2O |
| 9.DG.50 | Haineaultite | (Na,Ca)5Ca(Ti,Nb)5(Si6O17)2(OH,F)8 · 5H2O |
| 9.DG.55 | Epididymite | Na2Be2Si6O15 · H2O |
| 9.DG.60 | Eudidymite | Na2Be2Si6O15 · H2O |
| 9.DG.65 | Elpidite | Na2ZrSi6O15 · 3H2O |
| 9.DG.65 | Patynite | NaKCa4[Si9O23] |
| 9.DG.67 | Whelanite | Cu2+2Ca6[Si6O17(OH)](CO3)(OH)3 · 2H2O |
| 9.DG.70 | Fenaksite | (K,Na)4(Fe,Mn)2(Si4O10)2(OH,F) |
| 9.DG.70 | Litidionite | CuNaKSi4O10 |
| 9.DG.70 | Manaksite | KNaMnSi4O10 |
| 9.DG.70 | Yusupovite | Na2Zr(Si6O15) · 2.5H2O |
| 9.DG.70 | Enricofrancoite | KNaCaSi4O10 |
| 9.DG.75 | Tinaksite | K2Na(Ca,Mn2+)2TiO[Si7O18(OH)] |
| 9.DG.75 | Tokkoite | K2Ca4[Si7O18(OH)](OH,F) |
| 9.DG.75 | Senkevichite | CsKNaCa2TiO[Si7O18](OH) |
| 9.DG.80 | Canasite | K3Na3Ca5Si12O30(OH)4 |
| 9.DG.80 | Fluorcanasite | K3Na3Ca5Si12O30F4 · H2O |
| 9.DG.85 | Miserite | K1.5-x(Ca,Y,REE)5(Si6O15)(Si2O7)(OH,F)2 · yH2O |
| 9.DG.90 | Frankamenite | K3Na3Ca5(Si12O30)(F,OH)4 · H2O |
| 9.DG.92 | Charoite | (K,Sr)15-16(Ca,Na)32[Si6O11(O,OH)6]2[Si12O18(O,OH)12]2[Si17O25(O,OH)18]2(OH,F)4 · ~3H2O |
| 9.DG.95 | Yuksporite | K4(Ca,Na)14(Sr,Ba)2(◻,Mn,Fe)(Ti,Nb)4(O,OH)4(Si6O17)2(Si2O7)3(H2O,OH)3 |
| 9.DG.97 | Eveslogite | (Na,K,Ca,Sr,Ba)48 [(Ti,Nb,Mn,Fe2+)12Si48O144(OH)12](F,OH,Cl)14 |
Fluorescence of Bustamite
Magenta-red to cherry red (LW UV Franklin Mine, NJ). Uncommonly may fluoresce cherry-red in SW; also from Franklin, New Jersey, USA
Other Information
Special Storage/
Display Requirements:
Display Requirements:
Pink color fades on exposure to sunlight.
Health Risks:
None.
Bustamite in petrology
An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.
Internet Links for Bustamite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-809.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Bustamite
Reference List:
Larsen, Esper S., Shannon, Earl V. (1922) Bustamite from Franklin Furnace, New Jersey. American Mineralogist, 7 (6) 95-100
Tilley, C. E. (1946) Bustamite from Treburland manganese mine, Cornwall, and its paragenesis. (With Plate XV) Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 27 (194) 236-241 doi:10.1180/minmag.1946.027.194.03
Hutton, C. Osborne (1956) Manganpyrosmalite, bustamite, and ferroan johannsenite from Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia. American Mineralogist, 41 (7-8) 581-591
Peacor, Donald R., Buerger, M. J. (1962) Determination and refinement of the crystal structure of bustamite, CaMnSi2O6. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials, 117 (5) 331-343 doi:10.1524/zkri.1962.117.5-6.331
Peacor, Donald R., Prewitt, C. T. (1963) Comparison of the crystal structures of bustamite and wollastonite. American Mineralogist, 48 (5-6) 588-596
Manning, P. G. (1968) Absorption spectra of the manganese-bearing chain silicates pyroxmangite, rhodonite, bustamite and serandite. The Canadian Mineralogist, 9 (3) 348-357
Harada, K., Sekino, H., Nagashima, K., Watanabe, T., Momoi, H. (1974) High-iron bustamite and fluorapatite from the Broken Hill mine, New South Wales, Australia. Mineralogical Magazine, 39 (305) 601-604 doi:10.1180/minmag.1974.039.305.15
Mason, Brian (1975) Compositional limits of wollastonite and bustamite. American Mineralogist, 60 (3-4) 209-212
Ohashi, Yoshikazu, Finger, Larry W. (1978) The role of octahedral cations in pyroxenoid crystal chemistry. I. Bustamite, wollastonite, and the pectolite-schizolite-serandite series. American Mineralogist, 63 (3-4) 274-288
Angel, R. J. (1985) Structural variation in wollastonite and bustamite. Mineralogical Magazine, 49 (350) 37-48 doi:10.1180/minmag.1985.049.350.05
Aksenov, S. M., Shipalkina, N. V., Rastsvetaeva, R. K., Rusakov, V. S., Pekov, I. V., Chukanov, N. V., Yapaskurt, V. O. (2015) Iron-rich bustamite from Broken Hill, Australia: The crystal structure and cation-ordering features. Crystallography Reports, 60 (3) 340-345 doi:10.1134/s1063774515030037
Localities for Bustamite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Algeria | |
| Byramjee R.and Meindre M. (1956) |
Argentina | |
| Econ Geol (1992) +1 other reference |
Australia | |
| Brown et al. (1992) |
| Hall (1959) |
| Ramdohr (1950) +1 other reference |
| Museum Victoria mineral collection | |
| "Minerals of Broken Hill" Worner and ... | |
| Demetrius Pohl collection | |
| "Minerals of Broken Hill" Worner and ... | |
| discussion. Economic Geology (2) +1 other reference |
| Townend et al. (2019) |
| Ashley (1980) |
Austria | |
| Exel (1993) |
Bulgaria | |
| Marcus Voigt and Jesse Crawford ... |
| [MinRec 22 p.439] |
| Bonev et al. (2003) | |
Canada | |
| Färber (n.d.) |
China | |
| Nanlai Zheng et al. (1986) |
| Yiming Zhao et al. (1982) +3 other references |
| Yiming Zhao et al. (1982) |
| Chengdong Xiao and Yongfu Wei (2004) |
| Yiming Zhao and Daxin Li (2003) +1 other reference |
| Fan et al. (1999) |
| YANG et al. (2018) |
Croatia | |
| Bilinski et al. (1996) |
France | |
| Le Règne Minéral 47: 5-21 |
| De Ascenção Guedes et al. (2002) |
Germany | |
| Hentschel (1987) |
| Hentschel (1987) | |
| Hentschel (1987) |
| Hentschel (1987) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (n.d.) |
Honduras | |
| Econ Geol (2004) |
Iran | |
| Mehrabi et al. (2016) |
Italy | |
| //doi.org/10.57635/MICRO.2023.21.7 |
| Balestra et al. (2020) |
| Brizio et al. (2010) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Bertolani (1976) |
| Ferretti et al. (2018) |
| |
| Abrecht J. (1985) |
| www.minsocam.org (2002) | |
| Mineralogical Society of America - ... |
Japan | |
| Dr. Kameki Kinoshita collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| Masutomi Museum specimen (Kyoto) |
| Tokunaga (1965) | |
| Nakamura +1 other reference | |
| Dr. Matsuo Nambu ore collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| Watanabe (1959) |
| Dr. Matsuo Nambu ore collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) | |
| Nambu et al. (1977) +1 other reference |
| Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) | |
| Fuzimoto (2006) |
| Dr. Kameki Kinoshita collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) +1 other reference |
| Harada et al. (1970) | |
| Tanida et al. (1977) +1 other reference |
| Mineralogical Society of America - ... | |
| - (unpublished species lists maintained by local collectors) +1 other reference |
| Takaharu Araki collection label +1 other reference |
| Dr Yohachiro Okamoto (1876-1960) |
| Geological Survey of Japan +1 other reference |
| ... |
Mexico | |
| Megaw (2023) |
| Querol +1 other reference |
| www.diabras.com (2007) |
| Simmons et al. (2005) |
| Mineralogical Society of America - ... | |
| Dana 6:569 +1 other reference |
Mongolia | |
| Gottesmann (2009) |
Namibia | |
| von Bezing (2007) +1 other reference |
New Zealand | |
| Railton et al. (1990) | |
North Macedonia | |
| Baric (1961) +1 other reference |
Norway | |
| Jahren et al. (1998) |
| Goldschmidt (1911) |
| Neumann et al. (1980) | |
| Raade (1981) +1 other reference |
Peru | |
| Gibson (1992) |
| Oudin et al. (1982) +1 other reference |
Romania | |
| www.minerals-of-the carpathians.eu (2009) |
| Szakáll (2002) |
| Udubasa et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
| Paulina Hirtopanu et al. (2018) |
| Hârtopanu et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
Russia | |
| Pekov (1998) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Kuleshov et al. (2002) |
| Perevoznikova et al. (2022) |
| Перевозникова et al. (СИХОТЭ-АЛИНЬ) |
| American Mineralogist | |
Saudi Arabia | |
| Gahlan et al. (2021) |
Serbia | |
| Pačevski et al. (2016) +1 other reference |
Slovakia | |
| BAHNA et al. (2001) |
South Africa | |
| Von Bezing et al. (1991) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
| Maggie Wilson collection | |
Spain | |
| Dill et al. (2023) |
| Joan Abella i Creus (2008) |
| Joan Abella i Creus (2012) |
Sweden | |
| |
| |
| Rocks & Min.: 60:237 +1 other reference |
| Thulin (2003) | |
| Nysten (2004) |
| |
Tajikistan | |
| Badalov et al. (1976) |
| Badalov et al. (1976) | |
Turkey | |
| Öztürk (1997) |
UK | |
| Russell (1946) |
| Dale Foster Collection |
| Mineralogical Magazine 1966 35 : ... +2 other references |
| Tindle (2008) | |
| |
USA | |
| Murdoch et al. (1936) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 411. +2 other references |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| juanita Curtiss specimen |
| Schooner (circa 1980s) |
| Palache (1935) +2 other references |
| Gary Moldovany | |
| FOMS Millsite Committee (1986) | |
| Moritz (n.d.) | |
| Leavens et al. (2009) |
| Dunn (1995) | |
| Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology (1985) |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Cannon (1975) |
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Zinc Corporation Mine, Southern operations mine, Broken Hill, Broken Hill district, Yancowinna Co., New South Wales, Australia