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Paratacamite

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La Vendida Mine, Caracoles, Sierra Gorda District, Tocopilla Province, Antofagasta Region, Chile

Show Paratacamite Photos (38)
Formula:
Cu
 
3
(Cu,Zn)[(OH)
 
3
|Cl]
 
2
System:TrigonalColour:Green to greenish-black.
Lustre:VitreousHardness:3
Name:Named for its relationship to atacamite.
Polymorph of:Atacamite, Botallackite, Clinoatacamite


A secondary copper mineral. Easily confused with the closely related Clinoatacamite.

Closely related to Herbertsmithite and Gillardite (both have halved a-axes by comparison to Paratacamite).

"Ni-bearing paratacamite": compare Gillardite.

Classification of Paratacamite

IMA status:Valid - first described prior to 1959 (pre-IMA) - "Grandfathered"
Strunz 8th edition ID:3/D.01-55
Nickel-Strunz 10th (pending) edition ID:3.DA.10c

3 : HALIDES
D : Oxyhalides, hydroxyhalides and related double halides
A : With Cu, etc., without Pb
Dana 7th edition ID:10.1.2.1
Dana 8th edition ID:10.1.2.1

10 : OXYHALIDES AND HYDROXYHALIDES
1 : A2(O,OH)3Xq
Hey's CIM Ref.:8.2.5

8 : Halides - Fluorides, Chlorides, Bromides and Iodides; also Fluoborates and Fluosilicates
2 : Halides of Cu
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Type Occurrence of Paratacamite

Co-type Localities:Generosa Mine, Caracoles, Sierra Gorda District, Tocopilla Province, Antofagasta Region, Chile
Herminia Mine, Caracoles, Sierra Gorda District, Tocopilla Province, Antofagasta Region, Chile
Year of Discovery:1906
Associated Minerals at type locality:
SchwartzembergiteCaracoliteAtacamite

Occurrences of Paratacamite

Geological Setting:Oxidized zones of copper deposits, especially in arid climates.

Physical Properties of Paratacamite

Lustre:Vitreous
Diaphaneity (Transparency):Translucent
Colour:Green to greenish-black.
Streak:Green
Hardness (Mohs):3
Cleavage:Distinct/Good
Good on {10_11}
Fracture:Irregular/Uneven, Conchoidal
Density (measured):3.74 g/cm3
Density (calculated):3.75 g/cm3

Crystallography of Paratacamite

Crystal System:Trigonal
Class (H-M):3m (3 2/m) - Hexagonal Scalenohedral
Cell Parameters:a = 13.65Å, c = 13.95Å
Ratio:a:c = 1 : 1.022
Unit Cell Volume:V 2,250.97 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Morphology:Rhombohedral. Granular massive.
Twinning:On {10_11} common; polysynthetic at times.

Optical Data of Paratacamite

Type:Uniaxial (+)
RI values: nω = 1.843 nε = 1.848
Maximum Birefringence:δ = 0.005

Chart shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness) and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:Very High
Pleochroism:Non-pleochroic

Chemical Properties of Paratacamite

Formula:
Cu
 
3
(Cu,Zn)[(OH)
 
3
|Cl]
 
2
Essential elements:Cl, Cu, H, O
All elements listed in formula:Cl, Cu, H, O, Zn
Common Impurities:Zn

Relationship of Paratacamite to other Species

Common Associates:
EriochalciteAtacamite
Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping):

- +
3.DA.05Melanothallite
Cu
 
2
[O|Cl
 
2
]
3.DA.10aAtacamite
Cu
 
2
[(OH)
 
3
|Cl]
3.DA.10bBotallackite
Cu
 
2
[(OH)
 
3
|Cl]
3.DA.10bClinoatacamite
Cu
 
2
[(OH)
 
3
|Cl]
3.DA.10aHibbingite
Fe
2+
2
[(OH)
 
3
|Cl]
3.DA.10aKempite
Mn
2+
2
[(OH)
 
3
|Cl]
3.DA.10bBelloite
Cu[OH|Cl]
3.DA.10cHerbertsmithite
Cu
 
3
Zn[(OH)
 
3
|Cl]
 
2
3.DA.10cKapellasite
Cu
 
3
Zn[(OH)
 
3
|Cl]
 
2
3.DA.10cGillardite
Cu
 
3
NiCl
 
2
(OH)
 
6
3.DA.10cHaydeeite
Cu
 
3
Mg(OH)
 
6
Cl
 
2
3.DA.10dIMA2009-042
Cu
 
2
Cl(OH)
 
3
3.DA.15Claringbullite
Cu
 
4
[(OH)
 
7
|Cl] · nH
 
2
O
3.DA.20Simonkolleite
Zn
 
5
[(OH)
 
8
|Cl
 
2
] · H
 
2
O
3.DA.25Buttgenbachite
Cu
 
19
[(OH)
 
32
|(NO
 
3
)
 
2
|Cl
 
4
] · 2H
 
2
O
3.DA.25Connellite
Cu
 
19
[(OH)
 
32
|SO
 
4
|Cl
 
4
] · 3H
 
2
O
3.DA.30Abhurite
Sn
 
21
Cl
 
16
(OH)
 
14
O
 
6
3.DA.35Ponomarevite
K
 
4
Cu
 
4
[O|Cl
 
10
]
3.DA.40Anthonyite
Cu(OH,Cl)
 
2
 · 3H
 
2
O
3.DA.40Calumetite
Cu(OH,Cl)
 
2
 · 2H
 
2
O
3.DA.45Khaidarkanite
Na
 
0.34
Cu
 
4
Al
 
3
(OH)
 
14
F
 
3
·2H
 
2
O
3.DA.50Bobkingite
Cu
 
5
[(OH)
 
8
|Cl
 
2
] · 2H
 
2
O
3.DA.55Avdoninite
K
 
2
Cu
 
5
[(OH)
 
4
|Cl
 
8
] · H
 
2
O
3.DA.60Droninoite
Ni
 
3
Fe
3+
 
Cl(OH)
 
8
·2H
 
2
O
Related Minerals - Hey's Index Grouping:

- +
8.2.1Nantokite
CuCl
8.2.2Tolbachite
CuCl
 
2
8.2.3Eriochalcite
CuCl
 
2
·2H
 
2
O
8.2.4Atacamite
Cu
 
2
[(OH)
 
3
|Cl]
8.2.6Botallackite
Cu
 
2
[(OH)
 
3
|Cl]
8.2.7Melanothallite
Cu
 
2
[O|Cl
 
2
]
8.2.8Calumetite
Cu(OH,Cl)
 
2
 · 2H
 
2
O
8.2.9Anthonyite
Cu(OH,Cl)
 
2
 · 3H
 
2
O
8.2.10Claringbullite
Cu
 
4
[(OH)
 
7
|Cl] · nH
 
2
O
8.2.11Marshite
CuI
8.2.12Mitscherlichite
K
 
2
[CuCl
 
4
] · 2H
 
2
O
8.2.13Ponomarevite
K
 
4
Cu
 
4
[O|Cl
 
10
]
Related Minerals - Dana Grouping):

- +
10.1.2.2Clinoatacamite
Cu
 
2
[(OH)
 
3
|Cl]

Other Names for Paratacamite

Synonyms:
Atelite
Other Languages:
German:Atelit
Paratacamit
Italian:Atelina
Russian:Паратакамит
Spanish:Atelita
Paratacamita

Other Information

Other Information:Readily soluble in acids.
Health Warning:No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

References for Paratacamite

Reference List:Scacchi (1873) Reale accademia delle scienze fisische e matematiche, Naples: 6, no. 9: 22.

Smith (1906) Mineralogical Magazine: 14: 170.

Frondel, C. (1950) Mineralogical Magazine: 29: 34.

Palache, Charles, Harry Berman & Clifford Frondel (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: Halides, Nitrates, Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Arsenates, Tungstates, Molybdates, Etc. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 7th edition, revised and enlarged: 74-76.

American Mineralogist (1951): 36: 384.

Acta Crystallographica: B31: 183-187.

Braithwaite, R.S.W., Mereiter, K., Paar, W.H. and Clark, A.M. (2004) Herbertsmithite, Cu3Zn(OH)6Cl2, a new species, and the definition of paratacamite. Mineralogical Magazine, 68, 527-539.

Malcherek, T. & Schlüter, J. (2008): The crystal structure of clinoatacamite and the quest for paratacamite. Poster, Annual Meeting of the DMG, Berlin, Germany, September 14-17, 2008; CD with abstracts, Abs. no. 527.

Internet Links for Paratacamite

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  • Raman and XRD data at RRUFF project
  • American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database
  • Search for Paratacamite in the Natural History Museum (London) online catalogue
  • Paratacamite details from Handbook of Mineralogy (PDF)
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    Localities for Paratacamite

    Hide Locality List
    The map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.
    (TL) indicates type locality. ? indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. All other localities listed without reference should be considered as uncertain and unproven until references can be found.
    Argentina
     
    • Río Negro
    		American Mineralogist (1978) 63, 1175-1181
    Atlantic Ocean
     
    • Mid-Atlantic Ridge complex
    		Gablina, I.F., Semkova, T.A., Stepanova, T.V., and Gor\'kova, N.V. (2006): Lithology and Mineral Resources 41(1), 27-44.
    Australia
     
    • New South Wales
      • Yancowinna Co.
        • Broken Hill
    		Australian Min. 3:1 (1997)
    • Queensland
      • Mt Isa - Cloncurry area
        • Cloncurry District
          • Cloncurry
        • Selwyn district
    • South Australia
      • Andamooka Ranges - Lake Torrens area
        • Stuart Shelf area
          • Mt Gunson
      • Eyre peninsula
        • Middleback Range
          • Iron Knob
    		Australian Jour.Min. v.6, no. 1
      • Olary Province
        • Kalabity homestead area
    		No reference listed
    • Tasmania
      • Balfour-Temma district
        • Temma
    		Bottrill & Baker (in prep) Catalogue of minerals of Tasmania
      • Devonport district
    		http://www.crocoite.com/locationbulletins/part1/zeolites.pdf
      • Penguin
    		Bottrill & Baker (in prep) Catalogue of minerals of Tasmania
    • Victoria
      • Flinders
      • Phillip Island
    • Western Australia
      • Goldfields-Esperance region
        • Kalgoorlie-Boulder City
          • Goongarrie
    		Mineralogical Magazine 1974 39 : 737-743; Mineralogical Magazine 1977 41 : 37-41; Min Mag (1979) 43, 97-98
      • Pilbara Region
        • Ashburton Shire
          • Ashburton Downs
    		Min. Record 24,203-218(1993)
    Mineralogical Record 24,203-216,218.
    Min. Record 24,203-218(1993)
    Min.Record 24,203-218(1993)
      • Widgiemooltha
    		No reference listed
    Canada
     
    • Ontario
      • Timiskaming District
        • Coleman Township
          • Cobalt
    		Sabina, Ann P., 2000. Rocks and Minerals for the Collector: Cobalt-Belleterre-Timmins, Ontario and Quebec, Miscellaneous Report 57, 266 p. and R.Mielke 2009
    • Québec
      • Abitibi-Témiscamingue
        • Abitibi RCM
          • Launay
    		Canadian Mineralogist (1979) 17, 107-109
      • Estrie
        • Les Sources RCM
          • Asbestos
    		Horváth & Spertini (2008 & 2009)
      • Montréal
    		Mineralogical Record (2006): 37: 5-60.
    Chile
     
    • Antofagasta Region
      • Antofagasta Province
        • Baquedano
    		Samples analysed by Dr. Jochen Schluter (Hamburg University), Germany.
        • Cuevitas
          • San Cristóbal
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 75.
    Econ Geol (1991) 86:1222-1237
    Cameron, E.M., Leybourne, M.I., and Palacios, C. (2007): Mineralium Deposita 42, 205-218.
      • El Loa Province
        • Calama
          • Chuquicamata District
    		R.B. Cook: \"Famous mineal locality; Chuquicamata, Chile\": Mineralogical Record, sept.-oct. 1973
            • Toki Cu deposit
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 45, 75, 374.
      • Tocopilla Province
    		Samples analysed by Dr. Jochen Schluter (Hamburg University), Germany.
        • Sierra Gorda District
          • Caracoles
    		Mineralogical Magazine (1906): 14: 170; Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 75.
    Mineralogical Magazine (1906): 14: 170; Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 75.
    M.Dini & A.Molina collections-analysed material
    Maurizio Dini, Dr. Jochen Schluter.
    Neues Jahrbuch Min. Mon.: 1996:188-192. (much of it here is zincian)
    • Atacama Region
      • Chañaral Province
        • El Salado
          • Cerro Negro district
    		maurizio dini collection
    Bob Jenkins & M. Dini collections
      • Copiapó Province
        • Cabeza de Vaca district
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 75.
        • Nantoko
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 76.
        • Tierra Amarilla
          • Las Pintadas district
            • Cerro Pintado
    		No reference listed
      • Huasco Province
        • Vallenar
    		Frondel C. (1950); "On Paratacamite and some related copper chlorides; Min. Magazine, Vol. 29
    • Tarapacá Region
      • Iquique Province
        • Challacollo
    		maurizio dini collection - analysed material
        • Pozo Almonte
    		M.Dini & A.Molina collection
        • Quebrada Maní
    		Samples analysed by Dr. Jochen Schluter (Hamburg University), Germany.
    France
     
    • Brittany
      • Finistère
        • Crozon
          • Telgruc-sur-Mer
    		R.PIERROT, L. CHAURIS, C. LAFORET (1973) : "Inventaire minéralogique de la France : 29- Finistère.", B.R.G.M. Paris.
    • Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
      • Var
        • Pradet
    		No reference listed
    Germany
     
    • Baden-Württemberg
      • Black Forest
        • Lahr
          • Reichenbach
            • Weiler
    		Wittern: "Mineralfundorte in Deutschland", 2001
        • Wolfach
          • Oberwolfach
            • Rankach valley
    		Walenta, K. (1992): Die Mineralien des Schwarzwaldes. Chr. Weise Verlag, München, 336 pp. (in German)
    • Hesse
      • North Hesse
        • Richelsdorf District
          • Süss
            • Richelsdorf Smelter
    		S. Weiß: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", Weise (Munich), 1990
    • Lower Saxony
      • Harz Mts
        • Goslar
          • Astfeld
    		No reference listed
    • North Rhine-Westphalia
      • Ruhr Coal Mining area
        • Essen
    		Weiss: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", 1990
      • Siegerland
    		Wittern: "Mineralfundorte in Deutschland", 2001
    Greece
     
    • Attikí (Attica; Attika) Prefecture
      • Lavrion (Laurion; Laurium) District
        • Lavrion District Mines
          • Agios Konstantinos [St Constantine] (Kamariza)
            • Kamariza Mines (Kamareza Mines)
              • Hilarion area
    		J. Gröbner und U. Kolitsch (2002): Neufunde von Laurion aus den Jahren 2001 und 2002. Aufschluss 53 (5-6), 363-371.
          • Sounion area
            • Sounion Mines
    		Lapis, 24, 7/8 (1999); W. Krause, H.-J. Bernhardt, R. S. W. Braithwaite, U. Kolitsch and R. Pritchard (2006): Kapellasite, Cu3Zn(OH)6Cl2, a new mineral from Lavrion, Greece. Mineral. Mag. 70, 331-342.
        • Lavrion District slag localities
          • Passa Limani area
    		Gelaude, Piet, van Kalmthout, Piet, and Rewitzer, Christian (1996) Laurion: The Minerals of the Ancient Slags, Janssen Print, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
          • Sounion area
    		Gelaude, Piet, van Kalmthout, Piet and Rewitzer, Christian, (1996) Laurion: The Minerals in the Ancient Slags, Janssen Print, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
          • Thorikos area
    		Gelaude, Piet, van Kalmthout, Piet and Rewitzer, Christian (1996) Laurion: The Minerals in the Ancient Slags, Janssen Print, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
          • Vrissaki area
    		Gelaude, Piet, van Kalmthout, Piet, and Rewitzer, Christian (1996) Laurion: The Minerals in the Ancient Slags, Janssen Print, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
    Hungary
     
    • Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén Co.
      • Rudabányai Mts.
        • Rudabánya
    		Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya, 2001
    Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya, 2001
    Iran
     
    • Esfahan Province (Isfahan Province; Aspadana Province)
      • Anarak District
    		S. Weiß: Lapis 29(12):38-39 (2004)
    • Hormozgan Province
      • Qeshm Island
    		Michal Filippi, et al (2002) Mineralien Welt, 13, 1, 60-72.
    Israel
     
    • Eilat
    		http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1489/
    Italy
     
    • Campania
      • Naples Province
        • Somma-Vesuvius Complex
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 75.
    • Liguria
      • Genova Province
        • Genova
          • Varenna Valley
    		Rivista Mineralogica Italiana, 2 (Avril/Juin), 175-188.
    • Sardinia
      • Carbonia-Iglesias Province
        • Domusnovas
    		Stara, P., Rizzo, R., Tanca, G.A. (1996): Iglesiente e Arburese. Miniere e Minerali. Edito a cura dell'EMSA e "varie associazioni mineralogiche", Volume 1, 238 pp.
      • Medio Campidano Province
        • Furtei
    		Da Pelo, S. & Frau, F (2000):, Magnesian aubertite, (Cu,Mg)Al(SO4)2Cl·14H4O, from the gold mine of Furtei in Sardinia, Italy. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Monatshefte, 2000(6), 279-288.
      • Sassari Province
        • Porto Torres
    		Orlandi, P., & Gelosa, M. (2007). Argentiera della Nurra. I minerali di alterazione della miniera di sfalerite e galena argentifera. Rivista Mineralogica Italiana, 31 (1), 22-31.
    • Tuscany
      • Livorno Province
        • Elba Island
          • Capoliveri
    C.L. Garavelli (1955) – Sulla presenza di paratacamite e di gesso cuprifero fra i minerali secondari del giacimento di Capo Calamita (Isola d'Elba) – Rend. Soc. Min. It., 11: 147-175.
          • Rio Marina
    		AA. VV., 1996. Collezionare minerali. Hobby & Work.
        • Piombino
    		Lapis, 20 (4), 13-18+50.
    Japan
     
    • Kagoshima Prefecture
      • Koshiki Archipelago
    		Masutomi Museum specimen (Kyoto); Kato et al (1980) Chigaku Kenkyu, 31, 455-459
    Mexico
     
    • Baja California Sur
      • Mun. de Mulegé
        • Boleo District
    		[MinRec 29:43]
    Nicaragua
     
    • León Department
      • Cerro Negro Volcano
    		www.excaliburmineral.com
    Peru
     
    • Ica Department
      • Pisco Umay
    		Hyrsl & Rosales (2003) Mineralogical Record, 34, 241-254.; Hyrsl & Rosales (2003) Mineralogical Record, 34, 241-254.
    Portugal
     
    • Castelo Branco District
      • Vila Velha de Rodão
    Romania
     
    • Hunedoara Co.
      • Hunedoara
    		Onac, B.P., Breban, R., Kearns, J., and Tamas, T. (2002) Unusual minerals related to phosphate deposits in Cioclovina Cave, Şureanu Mts. (Romania). Theoretical and Applied Karstology: 15: 27-34.
    Russia
     
    • Far-Eastern Region
      • Kamchatka Oblast'
        • Tolbachik volcano
          • Great Fissure (Main Fracture) eruption
            • Northern Breakthrough (North Breach)
              • Second scoria cone
    		N. V. Chukanov, M. N. Murashko, A. E. Zadov & A. F. Bushmakin (2006): Avdoninite, K2Cu5Cl8(OH)4• H2O, a new mineral from volcanic exhalations and from the zone of technogenesis at massive sulphide ore deposits. Proceedings of the Russian Mineralogical Society 135(3), 38–42
    South Africa
     
    • Western Cape Province
    		Minerals of South Africa
    Spain
     
    • Andalusia
      • Almería
        • Huercal-Overa
    		VINALS J., CALVO, M., MARTÍ, J. (2004): Parnauita, Paratacamita y otros Minerales Secundarios de Cerro Minado Akmeria. Revista de Minerales, 2, Nr. 5, 47-49.
    • Valencian Community
      • Castellón
        • Villahermosa del Rio
          • Cueva de la Guerra Antigua
    		Casanova Honrubia, Juan Miguel & Canseco Caballé, Manuel, 2002, Minerales de la Comunidad Valenciana : 237 p. Ed. Caja de Ahorros del Mediterráneo. Alicante
    Switzerland
     
    • Vaud (Waadt)
      • Bex
    		Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): "Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz", Verlag Wepf & Co. (Basel), p. 55-56
    U.S. Virgin Islands
     
    • St. John
    		Alminas, Henry V.; Foord, Eugene E.; Tucker, Robert E. (1994) Geochemistry, mineralogy, and geochronology of the U.S. Virgin Islands USGS Bulletin 2057 36p
    UK
     
    • England
      • Cornwall
        • St Agnes District
          • Perranzabuloe
            • Cligga Head
    		[Golley & Williams, 1995, 46 - "Cornish Mineral Reference Manual"]
        • St Just District
          • Botallack - Pendeen Area
    		No reference listed
              • Botallack Mine
    		No reference listed
    No reference listed
    P Haas, collected May 2005
    [Golley & Williams, 1995, 46 - "Cornish Mineral Reference Manual"]
    No reference listed
            • Pendeen
    		[Golley & Williams, 1995, 46 - "Cornish Mineral Reference Manual"]
            • Trewellard
    		No reference listed
          • St Just
            • Kenidjack Valley
              • Boswedden Mine (incl. Wheal Praze; Wheal Williams; Yankee Boy Mine)
    		P Haas, collected 2009
        • Wadebridge District
          • Area East of Wadebridge
            • Trebarwith
    		No reference listed
          • Area West of Wadebridge
            • Padstow
    		No reference listed
    USA
     
    • Alabama
      • Clay Co.
        • Alabama Copper Belt
          • Coleta
    		Rocks & Min 70:5 pp 320-333
    • Alaska
      • Aleutians West Borough
        • Aleutian Islands District
    		U.S. Geological Survey, 2008, Alaska Resource Data File (ARDF): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1225.
    • Arizona
      • Cochise Co.
        • Mule Mts
          • Warren District
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 143.
    Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 321.
              • Queen Hill
                • Copper Queen Mine (Halero Mine)
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 320.
    Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 175, 321, 351; Graeme, R. (1993), Bisbee revisited, Min.Rec.: 24: 421-436.
      • Maricopa Co.
        • Big Horn Mts
          • Osborn District
            • Tonopah
              • Belmont Mountain
    		Am.Min.: 81: 244-248.
      • Pima Co.
        • Tohono O'odom (Papago) Indian Reservation
          • Comobabi Mts
            • Cababi District (Comobabi District)
              • Ko Vaya
                • Mildren Mine group
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 278, 321; Williams, S.A, (1963), Oxidation of sulfide ores in the Mildren and Steppe mining districts, Pima Co., AZ, Econ.Geol.: 58: 1119-1125.
      • Pinal Co.
        • Mammoth District
          • Tiger
            • St. Anthony deposit
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 321; Bideaux, R.A. (1980), Tiger, AZ, Min.Rec.: 11: 155-181.
    • Colorado
      • Boulder Co.
        • Magnolia District
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckels
    • Kentucky
      • Lincoln Co.
    		Rocks & Minerals Vol. 70, No. 4, p.256
    Mineralogical Record, v. 28, n. 6, 1997
    • Michigan
      • Houghton Co.
        • Centennial
    		Rocks & Min.:58:109. 80:163
    Mineralogy of Michigan (2004) Heinrich & Robinson
    Mineralogy of Michigan (E. W. Heinrich & G. W. Robinson)
        • Hancock
    		Mineralogy of Michigan (2004) Heinrich & Robinson
        • Osceola
    		Mineralogy of Michigan (2004) Heinrich & Robinson
      • Keweenaw Co.
        • Mohawk
          • Mohawk Mine
    		Mineralogy of Michigan (2004) Heinrich & Robinson
      • Ontonagon Co.
        • Mass City
    		Rocks & Min.:58:112.
        • White Pine
    		Mineralogy of Michigan (2004) Heinrich & Robinson
    • Nevada
      • Clark Co.
        • Goodsprings District
    		Rocks & Minerals 83:1 pp 65-69
      • Esmeralda Co.
        • Weepah District
    		NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
      • Humboldt Co.
        • Iron Point District
          • Valmy
    		NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
      • Lyon Co.
        • Churchill District
    		Rocks & Minerals, Nov. 1999
        • Yerington District
          • Artesia Lake
    		NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
          • Yerington
    		Pullman, Steven, and Thomssen, Richard, "Nevada Mineral Locality Index" Rocks & Minerals, Vol. 74 No. 6. pg. 375
    • New York
      • St Lawrence Co.
        • Balmat-Edwards Zinc District
    		No reference listed
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