Stevensite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered - questionable
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About Stevensite
Formula:
(Ca,Na)xMg3-x(Si4O10)(OH)2
Colour:
White, Pale Yellow, Pale Brown, Pale Pink
Lustre:
Waxy, Earthy
Hardness:
2½
Specific Gravity:
2.15 - 2.57
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
Named after Edwin Augustus Stevens [July 28, 1795- August 8, 1868], founder of the Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey (USA). The mineral "stevensite" was named for Edwin Augustus Stevens in recognition of the high technical expertise achieved by engineering graduates of his college. Stevens was a co-founder of the Union Line Transportation Company in 1823, but which began operation in the 1830's with one of the first railroads in the USA.
Type Locality:
Isostructural with:
This page provides mineralogical data about Stevensite.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3770
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3770:5
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
b4063739-7313-467c-aea4-a6aa615c5e90
IMA Classification of Stevensite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959), Questionable
IMA Formula:
(Ca,Na)xMg3-ySi4O10(OH)2
Classification of Stevensite
9.EC.45
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
E : Phyllosilicates
C : Phyllosilicates with mica sheets, composed of tetrahedral and octahedral nets
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
E : Phyllosilicates
C : Phyllosilicates with mica sheets, composed of tetrahedral and octahedral nets
71.3.1b.6
71 : PHYLLOSILICATES Sheets of Six-Membered Rings
3 : Sheets of 6-membered rings with 2:1 clays
71 : PHYLLOSILICATES Sheets of Six-Membered Rings
3 : Sheets of 6-membered rings with 2:1 clays
14.4.14
14 : Silicates not Containing Aluminum
4 : Silicates of Mg
14 : Silicates not Containing Aluminum
4 : Silicates of Mg
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Symbol | Source | Reference |
---|---|---|
Stv | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Stv | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
Stv | Warr (2020) | Warr, L.N. (2020) Recommended abbreviations for the names of clay minerals and associated phases. Clay Minerals, 55, 261–264 doi:10.1180/clm.2020.30 |
Pronunciation of Stevensite
Pronunciation:
Play | Recorded by | Country |
---|---|---|
Jolyon Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Stevensite
Waxy, Earthy
Transparency:
Translucent
Colour:
White, Pale Yellow, Pale Brown, Pale Pink
Streak:
White
Hardness:
2½ on Mohs scale
Comment:
High hardness may be due to relict pectolite
Tenacity:
Fragile
Cleavage:
Perfect
{001}
{001}
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven
Comment:
Usually in clay-sized particles
Density:
2.15 - 2.57 g/cm3 (Measured) 2.07 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Comment:
May have relict pectolite
Optical Data of Stevensite
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.500 - 1.560 nβ = 1.500 - 1.560 nγ = 1.510 - 1.570 n = 1.50 - 1.51
Birefringence:
0.01
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.010
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Low
Dispersion:
none
Optical Extinction:
May be isotropic
Pleochroism:
Non-pleochroic
Comments:
High refractive indices may be due to dehydration or transition to nontronite, etc.
Chemistry of Stevensite
Mindat Formula:
(Ca,Na)xMg3-x(Si4O10)(OH)2
Common Impurities:
Ti,Al,Fe,Mn,Na,K,H2O
Crystallography of Stevensite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Cell Parameters:
a = 5.26 Å, b = 9.108 Å, c = 15.3 Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.578 : 1 : 1.68
Unit Cell V:
0.00 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
2
Morphology:
Usually clay-sized particles
Comment:
Disordered
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
15.5 Å | (100) |
5.0 Å | (10) |
4.53 Å | (35) |
4.30 Å | (1) |
3.10 Å | (12) |
2.57 Å | (`1) |
2.54 Å | (12) |
2.49 Å | (1) |
2.27 Å | (4) |
1.91 Å | (4) |
1.87 Å | (6) |
1.71 Å | (4) |
1.518 Å | (15) |
Comments:
25-1498; Basal spacing variable as is the case with Smectite. Dehydrated stevensite may have a 14 A spacing. Expands with intercalation.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
---|---|
Stage 3b: Earth’s earliest hydrosphere | >4.45 |
16 : Low-𝑇 aqueous alteration of Hadean subaerial lithologies (see also #23) | |
Near-surface Processes | |
24 : Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments (see also #17) | |
25 : Evaporites (prebiotic) | |
Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] |
Type Occurrence of Stevensite
General Appearance of Type Material:
radiate, forming arrow-headed masses
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., USA, number R4719.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
veins in trap rock
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Synonyms of Stevensite
Other Language Names for Stevensite
Spanish:Afrodita
Aphrodita
Stevensita
Aphrodita
Stevensita
Relationship of Stevensite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
Beidellite | (Na,Ca0.5)0.3Al2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
Ferrosaponite | Ca0.3(Fe2+,Mg,Fe3+)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · 4H2O | Mon. |
Hectorite | Na0.3(Mg,Li)3(Si4O10)(F,OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
Montmorillonite | (Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
Nontronite | Na0.3Fe2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
Pimelite | Ni3Si4O10(OH)2 · 4H2O | Hex. |
Saliotite | (Li,Na)Al3(AlSi3O10)(OH)5 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
Saponite | Ca0.25(Mg,Fe)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O | Mon. |
Sauconite | Na0.3Zn3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · 4H2O | Mon. |
Swinefordite | Li(Al,Li,Mg)3((Si,Al)4O10)2(OH,F)4 · nH2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
Vermiculite | Mg0.7(Mg,Fe,Al)6(Si,Al)8O20(OH)4 · 8H2O | Mon. 2/m |
Volkonskoite | Ca0.3(Cr,Mg,Fe)2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · 4H2O | Mon. |
Yakhontovite | (Ca,Na)0.5(Cu,Fe,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · 3H2O | Mon. |
Zincsilite | Zn3Si4O10(OH)2 · 4H2O (?) | Mon. |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
7 photos of Stevensite associated with Pectolite | NaCa2Si3O8(OH) |
4 photos of Stevensite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
3 photos of Stevensite associated with Prehnite | Ca2Al2Si3O10(OH)2 |
3 photos of Stevensite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
2 photos of Stevensite associated with Laumontite | CaAl2Si4O12 · 4H2O |
1 photo of Stevensite associated with Todorokite | (Na,Ca,K,Ba,Sr)1-x(Mn,Mg,Al)6O12 · 3-4H2O |
1 photo of Stevensite associated with Datolite | CaB(SiO4)(OH) |
1 photo of Stevensite associated with Diopside | CaMgSi2O6 |
1 photo of Stevensite associated with Strontiojoaquinite | Sr2Ba2(Na,Fe)2Ti2[Si4O12]2O2(O,OH)2 · H2O |
1 photo of Stevensite associated with Wakefieldite-(La) | La(VO4) |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
9.EC. | Balestraite | KLi2V5+Si4O12 |
9.EC. | Meifuite | KFe6(Si7Al)O19(OH)4Cl2 |
9.EC.05 | Minnesotaite | Fe2+3Si4O10(OH)2 |
9.EC.05 | Talc | Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 |
9.EC.05 | Willemseite | Ni3Si4O10(OH)2 |
9.EC.9.EC. | Voloshinite | Rb(LiAl1.5◻0.5)(Al0.5Si3.5)O10F2 |
9.EC.10 | Ferripyrophyllite | Fe3+Si2O5(OH) |
9.EC.10 | Pyrophyllite | Al2Si4O10(OH)2 |
9.EC.10 | Luanshiweiite | KLiAl1.5(Si3.5Al0.5)O10(OH)2 |
9.EC.10 | Fluorluanshiweiite | KLiAl1.5(Si3.5Al0.5)O10F2 |
9.EC.10 | Manganiceladonite | K(MgMn3+◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.10 | Garmite | CsLiMg2(Si4O10)F2 |
9.EC.10 | Gorbunovite | CsLi2(Ti,Fe)Si4O10(F,OH,O)2 |
9.EC.15 | Boromuscovite | KAl2(BSi3O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.15 | Celadonite | K(MgFe3+◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.15 | Chernykhite | (Ba,Na)(V3+,Al,Mg)2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.15 | Montdorite | (K,Na)2(Fe2+,Mn2+,Mg)5(Si4O10)2(OH,F)4 |
9.EC.15 | Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.15 | Nanpingite | CsAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH,F)2 |
9.EC.15 | Paragonite | NaAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.15 | Roscoelite | K(V3+,Al)2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.15 | Tobelite | (NH4,K)Al2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.15 | Aluminoceladonite | K(MgAl◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.15 | Chromphyllite | K(Cr,Al)2(AlSi3O10)(OH,F)2 |
9.EC.15 | Ferroaluminoceladonite | K(Fe2+Al◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.15 | Ferroceladonite | K(Fe2+Fe3+◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.15 | Chromceladonite | K(MgCr◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.15 | Tainiolite | KLiMg2(Si4O10)F2 |
9.EC.15 | Ganterite | (Ba,Na,K)(Al,Mg)2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.15 | UM1988-22-SiO:AlCaFFeHKLiMg | KLiMgAl2Si3O10F2 |
9.EC.15 | Kreiterite | CsLi2Fe3+(Si4O10)F2 |
9.EC.20 | Annite | KFe2+3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.20 | Ephesite | NaLiAl2(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.20 | Hendricksite | KZn3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2 |
9.EC.20 | Masutomilite | (K,Rb)(Li,Mn3+,Al)3(AlSi3O10)(F,OH)2 |
9.EC.20 | Norrishite | KLiMn3+2(Si4O10)O2 |
9.EC.20 | Phlogopite | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.20 | Polylithionite | KLi2Al(Si4O10)(F,OH)2 |
9.EC.20 | Preiswerkite | NaMg2Al(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.20 | Siderophyllite | KFe2+2Al(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.20 | Tetraferriphlogopite | KMg3(Fe3+Si3O10)(OH,F)2 |
9.EC.20 | Fluorotetraferriphlogopite | KMg3(Fe3+Si3O10)F2 |
9.EC.20 | Wonesite | (Na,K)(Mg,Fe,Al)6((Al,Si)4O10)2(OH,F)4 |
9.EC.20 | Eastonite | KMg2Al(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.20 | Tetraferriannite | KFe2+3(Si3Fe3+)O10(OH)2 |
9.EC.20 | Trilithionite | K(Li1.5Al1.5)(AlSi3O10)(F,OH)2 |
9.EC.20 | Fluorannite | KFe2+3(Si3Al)O10F2 |
9.EC.20 | Shirokshinite | K(NaMg2)(Si4O10)F2 |
9.EC.20 | Shirozulite | KMn2+3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2 |
9.EC.20 | Sokolovaite | CsLi2Al(Si4O10)F2 |
9.EC.20 | Aspidolite | NaMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.20 | Fluorophlogopite | KMg3(Si3Al)O10F2 |
9.EC.20 | UM2004-49-SiO:AlCsFHKLi | (Cs,K)(Al,Li)2.6((Si,Al)4O10)(F,OH)2 |
9.EC.20 | Suhailite | (NH4)Fe2+3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.20 | Yangzhumingite | KMg2.5(Si4O10)F2 |
9.EC.20 | Orlovite | KLi2Ti(Si4O10)OF |
9.EC.20 | Oxyphlogopite | K(Mg,Ti,Fe)3[(Si,Al)4O10](O,F)2 |
9.EC.20 | Chloroferrokinoshitalite | (Ba,K)(Fe2+,Mg)3(Al2Si2O10)(Cl,OH,F)2 |
9.EC.22 | Pimelite | Ni3Si4O10(OH)2 · 4H2O |
9.EC.30 | Chlorophaeite | (Ca,Mg,Fe)2Fe2Si4O13 · 10H2O |
9.EC.30 | Margarite | CaAl2(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.35 | Anandite | (Ba,K)(Fe2+,Mg)3((Si,Al,Fe)4O10)(S,OH)2 |
9.EC.35 | Bityite | CaLiAl2(AlBeSi2O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.35 | Clintonite | CaAlMg2(SiAl3O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.35 | Kinoshitalite | (Ba,K)(Mg,Mn2+,Al)3(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.35 | Ferrokinoshitalite | (Ba,K)(Fe2+,Mg)3(Al2Si2O10)(OH,F)2 |
9.EC.35 | Oxykinoshitalite | (Ba,K)(Mg,Ti,Fe3+,Fe2+)3((Si,Al)4O10)(O,OH,F)2 |
9.EC.35 | Fluorokinoshitalite | BaMg3(Al2Si2O10)F2 |
9.EC.40 | Beidellite | (Na,Ca0.5)0.3Al2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
9.EC.40 | Kurumsakite | (Zn,Ni,Cu)8Al8V5+2Si5O35 · 27H2O (?) |
9.EC.40 | Montmorillonite | (Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
9.EC.40 | Nontronite | Na0.3Fe2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
9.EC.40 | Volkonskoite | Ca0.3(Cr,Mg,Fe)2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · 4H2O |
9.EC.40 | Yakhontovite | (Ca,Na)0.5(Cu,Fe,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · 3H2O |
9.EC.45 | Hectorite | Na0.3(Mg,Li)3(Si4O10)(F,OH)2 |
9.EC.45 | Saponite | Ca0.25(Mg,Fe)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
9.EC.45 | Sauconite | Na0.3Zn3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · 4H2O |
9.EC.45 | Spadaite | MgSiO2(OH)2 · H2O (?) |
9.EC.45 | Swinefordite | Li(Al,Li,Mg)3((Si,Al)4O10)2(OH,F)4 · nH2O |
9.EC.45 | Zincsilite | Zn3Si4O10(OH)2 · 4H2O (?) |
9.EC.45 | Ferrosaponite | Ca0.3(Fe2+,Mg,Fe3+)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · 4H2O |
9.EC.45 | Hanjiangite | Ba2CaV3+Al(H2AlSi3O12)(CO3)2F |
9.EC.50 | Vermiculite | Mg0.7(Mg,Fe,Al)6(Si,Al)8O20(OH)4 · 8H2O |
9.EC.52 | Tarasovite | near NaKAl11Si13O40(OH)9 · 3H2O |
9.EC.55 | Baileychlore | (Zn,Fe2+,Al,Mg)6(Si,Al)4O10(OH)8 |
9.EC.55 | Chamosite | (Fe2+)5Al(Si,Al)4O10(OH,O)8 |
9.EC.55 | Clinochlore | Mg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
9.EC.55 | Cookeite | (LiAl4◻)[AlSi3O10](OH)8 |
9.EC.55 | Franklinfurnaceite | Ca2Fe3+Mn2+3Mn3+(Zn2Si2O10)(OH)8 |
9.EC.55 | Gonyerite | (Mn2+,Mg)5Fe3+(Fe3+Si3O10)(OH)8 |
9.EC.55 | Nimite | (Ni,Mg,Al)6((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)8 |
9.EC.55 | Orthochamosite | (Fe2+,Mg,Fe3+)5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH,O)8 |
9.EC.55 | Pennantite | Mn2+5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
9.EC.55 | Sudoite | Mg2Al3(Si3Al)O10)(OH)8 |
9.EC.55 | Donbassite | Al4.33(Si3Al)O10(OH)8 |
9.EC.55 | Glagolevite | Na(Mg,Al)6(AlSi3O10)(OH,O)8 |
9.EC.55 | Borocookeite | (LiAl4◻)[BSi3O10](OH)8 |
9.EC.60 | Aliettite | Ca0.2Mg6((Si,Al)8O20)(OH)4 · 4H2O |
9.EC.60 | Corrensite | (Mg,Fe)9((Si,Al)8O20)(OH)10 · nH2O |
9.EC.60 | Dozyite | Mg7Al2(Al2Si4O15)(OH)12 |
9.EC.60 | Hydrobiotite | K(Mg,Fe2+)6((Si,Al)8O20)(OH)4 · nH2O |
9.EC.60 | Karpinskite | (Ni,Mg)2Si2O5(OH)2 (?) |
9.EC.60 | Kulkeite | Mg8Al(AlSi7O20)(OH)10 |
9.EC.60 | Lunijianlaite | Li0.7Al6.2(AlSi7O20)(OH,O)10 |
9.EC.60 | Rectorite | (Na,Ca)Al4((Si,Al)8O20)(OH)4 · 2H2O |
9.EC.60 | Saliotite | (Li,Na)Al3(AlSi3O10)(OH)5 |
9.EC.60 | Tosudite | Na0.5(Al,Mg)6((Si,Al)8O18)(OH)12 · 5H2O |
9.EC.60 | Brinrobertsite | Na0.3Al4(Si4O10)2(OH)4 · 3.5 H2O |
9.EC.65 | Macaulayite | (Fe,Al)24Si4O43(OH)2 |
9.EC.70 | Burckhardtite | Pb2(Fe3+Te6+)[AlSi3O8]O6 |
9.EC.75 | Ferrisurite | (Pb,Ca)2.4Fe3+2(Si4O10)(CO3)1.7(OH)3 · nH2O |
9.EC.75 | Surite | (Pb,Ca)3(Al,Fe2+,Mg)2((Si,Al)4O10)(CO3)2(OH)2 |
9.EC.75 | Niksergievite | (Ba,Ca)2Al3(AlSi3O10)(CO3)(OH)6 · nH2O |
9.EC.80 | Kegelite | Pb8Al4(Si8O20)(SO4)2(CO3)4(OH)8 |
Fluorescence of Stevensite
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Stevensite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3770.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
References for Stevensite
Reference List:
Localities for Stevensite
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality.
Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Australia | |
| www.crocoite.com (2003) |
| Anderson et al. (2002) |
Austria | |
| Zirkl (1985) +1 other reference |
Bolivia | |
| Bougeault et al. (2019) |
Canada | |
| GSC collection specimen |
Ethiopia | |
| López-García et al. (2020) |
Germany | |
| Sehrig (2007) |
Hungary | |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Szár Hill |
Italy | |
| Balestra et al. (2020) |
| IVM Magazine - Bulletin of the ... +1 other reference |
Japan | |
| TAKABUMI SAKAMOTO et al. ( ) |
| Yamada (2004) |
| ... |
| Otsu et al. (1963) |
... | |
Morocco | |
| MINERALOGICAL AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL ... +5 other references |
Namibia | |
| Buch et al. (1996) |
Norway | |
| Bancroft et al. (2001) |
Pacific Ocean | |
| Tuomo Törmänen (2005) |
Poland | |
| Harańczyk C. (1974) +1 other reference |
| ... |
... | |
Romania | |
| www.minerals-of-the-carpathians +2 other references |
Russia | |
| webmineral.ru (2020) |
| Contributions to Mineralogy and ... |
| Sorokhtina et al. (2008) |
Slovakia | |
| Uher et al. (Malé Karpaty, JZ Slovensko) |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
South America Plate | |
| Schrank et al. (2024) |
Sweden | |
| Holtstam et al. (1999) |
| |
Tajikistan | |
| Badalov et al. (1976) |
UK | |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| [Specimen in the Natural History Museum +2 other references |
| ... |
| National Museum of Wales collection |
USA | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Howard (1987) |
| Joseph F. Cooper Jr. et al. (2003) |
| www.benitoitemine.com |
AmMin 47:996 +3 other references | |
| Anderson |
King et al. (1994) | |
| Clays and Clay Minerals |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Focus on Fort Lee - A Key and Guide to ... +1 other reference |
| AmMin 44:342 (1959) |
| Manchester (1931) |
| Manchester (1931) |
| Manchester (1931) |
| Minerals of Laurel Hill et al. (published privately) |
| Mins. of NYC & Its Environs (1931) +1 other reference |
| |
Amer. Museum of Nat. History +1 other reference | |
American Museum of Nat. History +1 other reference | |
| Lapidary Jour.: 32:1700-1720 et al. (1978) +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Min.:13:75-79. |
Rocks & Min.:13:75-79. | |
Manchester (1931) | |
| Clays and Clay Minerals +4 other references |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Jensen (1978) |
DeRudder & Beck 11th National ... | |
| Collected by Steve Okulewicz |
| The American Mineralogist Vol.44 +1 other reference |
| Vandall King |
| gsa.confex.com (n.d.) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Hawley (1934) |
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Cerchiara Mine, Borghetto di Vara, La Spezia Province, Liguria, Italy