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Smectite Group

Big Photo

Karikás Hill, Bazsi, Tapolcai Basin, Veszprém Co., Hungary
© Mesics Gábor

Show Smectite Group Photos (2)
Formula:
A
 
0.3
D
 
2-3
[T
 
4
O
 
10
]Z
 
2
·nH
 
2
O


Monoclinic clay-like minerals

Classification of Smectite Group

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Chemical Properties of Smectite Group

Formula:
A
 
0.3
D
 
2-3
[T
 
4
O
 
10
]Z
 
2
·nH
 
2
O
Essential elements:H, O
All elements listed in formula:H, O

Relationship of Smectite Group to other Species

Group Members:
Aliettite
Ca
 
0.2
Mg
 
6
(Si,Al)
 
8
O
 
20
(OH)
 
4
·4H
 
2
O
Beidellite
(Na,Ca
 
0.5
)
 
0.3
Al
 
2
(Si,Al)
 
4
O
 
10
(OH)
 
2
·nH
 
2
O
Hectorite
Na
 
0.3
(Mg,Li)
 
3
Si
 
4
O
 
10
(F,OH)
 
2
Montmorillonite
(Na,Ca)
 
0.33
(Al,Mg)
 
2
Si
 
4
O
 
10
(OH)
 
2
·nH
 
2
O
Nontronite
Na
 
0.3
Fe
 
2
(Si,Al)
 
4
O
 
10
(OH)
 
2
·nH
 
2
O
Saponite
Ca
 
0.25
(Mg,Fe)
 
3
(Si,Al)
 
4
O
 
10
(OH)
 
2
·nH
 
2
O
Sauconite
Na
 
0.3
Zn
 
3
(Si,Al)
 
4
O
 
10
(OH)
 
2
·4H
 
2
O
Stevensite
(Ca,Na)
 
x
Mg
 
3
Si
 
4
O
 
10
(OH)
 
2
Swinefordite
Li(Al,Li,Mg)
 
4
(Si,Al)
 
8
O
 
20
,(OH,F)
 
4
·xH
 
2
O
Volkonskoite
Ca
 
0.3
(Cr,Mg,Fe)
 
2
(Si,Al)
 
4
O
 
10
(OH)
 
2
·4H
 
2
O
Yakhontovite
(Ca,Na)
 
0.5
(Cu,Fe,Mg)
 
2
Si
 
4
O
 
10
(OH)
 
2
·3H
 
2
O
Zincsilite
Zn
 
3
Si
 
4
O
 
10
(OH)
 
2
·4H
 
2
O

Other Names for Smectite Group

Synonyms:
Montmorillonite GroupSmectite
Esperanto names:
Smektitoj
German names:
Smectit
Spanish names:
Smectita

Other Information

Health Warning:No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

References for Smectite Group

Reference List:Schultz, L.G. (1969), Lithium and potassium absorption, dehydroxylation temperature and strctural water content of aluminous smectites: Clays and Clay Minerals 17: 115-149.

Harder, H. (1972), The role of magnesium
in the formation of smectite minerals: Chemical Geology: 10: 31-39.

Lagaly, G. and A. Weiss (1975), The layer charge of smectite layer silicates. In S.W. Bale, Editor, Proceedings of International Clay Conference, Mexico p. 157-172. Applied Publishing Ltd., Wilmette, Illinois.

Eslinger, E., P. Highsmith, D. Albers, and B. deMayo (1979), Role of iron reduction in the conversion of smectite to illite in bentonites in the disturbed belt, Montana: Clays and Clay Minerals: 27: 327-338.

Brigatti, M.F. and L. Poppi (1981), A mathematical model to distinguish the members of the dioctahedral smectite series: Clay Minerals: 16: 81-89.

Nahon, D., F.Colin, and Y. Tardy (1982), Formation and distribution of Mg, Fe, Mn- smectites in the first stages of the lateritic weathering of forsterite and tephroite Clay Minerals: 17: 339-348.

Brigatti, M.F. (1983), Relationships between composition and structure in Fe-rich smectites: Clay Minerals: 18: 177-186.

Talibudeen, O., and K.W.T. Goulding (1983), Charge heterogeneity in smectites: Clays and Clay Minerals: 31: 37-42.

May, H.M., D.G. Kinniburgh, P.A. Helmke, and M.L. Jackson (1986), Aqueous dissolution, solubilities and thermodynamic stabilities of common alumino-siolicate cla minerals; kaolinite and smectite. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta: 50: 1667-1677.

Nadeau, P. and D. Bain (1986), Composition of some smectites and diagenetic illitic clays and implications for their origin: Clays and Clay Minerals: 34: 455-464.

Decarreau, A., F. Colin, A. Herbillon, A. Manceau, D. Nahon, H. Paquet, D. Trauth-Badeaud, and J.J. Trescases (1987), Domain segregation in Ni-Fe-Mg-smectites: Clays and Clay Minerals: 35: 1-10.

Iwazaki, T. and T. Watanabe (1988), Distribution of Ca and Na ions in dioctahedral smectites and interstratified dioctahedral mica/smectites: Clays and Clay Minerals: 36: 73-82.

Madejova, J., K. Putyera, and B. Čičel (1992)Proportion of central atoms in octahedral layers of smectites calculated from IR spectra: Geologica Capathica Series Clays: 43: 117-120.

Christidis, G.E. and A.C. Dunham (1997), Compositional variations in smectites: Part II. Alteration of acidic precursors. A case study from Milos Island, Greece: Clay Minerals: 32: 253-270.

Madejova, J., P. Komadel, and B. Čičel (1994), Infrared study of octahedral site populations in smectites: Clay Minerals: 29: 319-326.

Cuadros, J., and S.P. Altaner (1998), Compositional and structural features of the octahedral sheet in mixed layer illite-smectite from bentonites: European Journal of Mineralogy: 10: 111-124.

Köster, H.M., U. Ehrlicher, H.A. Gilg, R. Jordan, E. Murad, and K. Onnich (1999), Mineralogical and chemical characteristics of five nontronites and Fe-rich smectites: Cay Minerals: 34: 579-599.

Manceau, A., B. Lanson, V.A. Drits, D. Chateigner, W.P. Gates, J. Wu, D. Huo, and J.W. Stucki (2001), Oxidation-reduction mechanism of iron in dioctahedral smectites. I. Crystal chemistry of oxidized reference nontronites: American Mineralogist: 85: 133-152.

Christidis, George E. and D.D. Eberl (2003), Determination of layer charge characteristics of smectites. Clays and Clay Minerals: 51: 644-655.

Pironon, J., Pelletier, M., De Donato, P. and Mosser-Ruck, R. (2003) Characterization of smectite and illite by FTIR spectroscopy of interlayer NH4 + cations. Clay Minerals: 38: 201-211.

Sainz-Diaz, C.I., E.J. Palin, M.T. Dove, and A. Hernandez-Laguna (2003a), Monte Carlo simulations of ordering of Al, Fe and Mg cations in the octahedral sheet of smectites and illites: American Mineralogist: 88: 1033-1045.

Sainz-Diaz, C.I., E.J. Palin, A. Hernandez-Laguna, and M.T. Dove (2003b), Octahedral cation ordering of illite and smectite. Theoretical exchange potential determination and Monte Carlo simulation: Physics and Chemistry of Minerals: 30: 382-392.

Gaudin, A., S. Petit, J. Rose, F. Martin, A. Decarreau, Y. Noack, and D. Borschneck (2004), The accurate crystal chemistry of ferric smectites from the lateritic nickel ore of Murin Murin (Western Australia). II. Spectroscopic (IR and EXAFS) approaches: Clay Minerals: 39: 453-467.

Dainyak, Lidia G., Victor A. Drits, Bella B. Zviagina, and Holger Lindgreen (2006), Cation redistribution in the octahedral sheet during diagenesis of illite-smectites from Jurassic and Cambrian oil source rock shales: American Mineralogist: 91: 589-603.

Christidis, George E. (2006), Genesis and compositional heterogeneity of smectites. Part III: Alteration of basic pyroclastic rocks - A case study from the Troodos Ophiolite Complex, Cyprus: American Mineralogist: 91: 685-701.

Internet Links for Smectite Group

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    Localities for Smectite Group

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    The map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.
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    (TL) indicates type locality. ? indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. All other localities listed without reference should be considered as uncertain and unproven until references can be found.
    Antarctica
     
    • Eastern Antarctica
      • Victoria Land
    		AmMin 82:423
    • Western Antarctica
      • Antarctic Peninsula
        • South Shetland Islands
    		www.colorado.edu/geolsci/jsedr/Abstracts/sep2001/Jeong.PDF.
    Australia
     
    • Tasmania
      • Bass Strait
        • Robbins Island
          • Cap Guyton
    		http://www.crocoite.com/locationbulletins/part1/zeolites.pdf
    Austria
     
    • Carinthia
      • Hohe Tauern Mts
        • Reißeck group
          • Gmünd
    		M. Puttner: Carinthia II 184./104.:43-47 (1994)
    • Lower Austria
      • Waldviertel
        • Drosendorf
          • Geras
    		Niedermayr, G. (1990): Eine bemerkenswerte Zeolithparagenese aus einem Serpentinitsteinbruch bei Pingendorf in Niederösterreich. Mineralien-Welt, 1 (2), 31-34.
    Belgium
     
    • Antwerp Province
      • Antwerp
        • Terhaegen
          • Rumst
    		Richard De Nul
    Brazil
     
    • Northeast Region
      • Rio Grande do Norte
        • Potiguar Basin
    		J. Anderson et al. , The Journal of Geology, Vol 112 (2004), p. 317.
    • Southeast Region
      • Minas Gerais
        • Poços de Caldas
    		Waber (1991)
    Waber et al. (1992) Jour. Geochemical Explor. 45, 53-112
    Canada
     
    • Nova Scotia
      • Kings Co.
        • Bay of Fundy
    		Can Min 38:1215-1232
    • Québec
      • Verchères Co.
        • Varennes & St-Amable
          • Saint-Amable sill
    • Saskatchewan
      • Athabasca Basin
    		http://gac.esd.mun.ca/gac_2002/search_abs/sub_program.asp?sess=98&form=10&abs_no=226.
    Chile
     
    • Antofagasta Region
      • Antofagasta Province
    		Maksaev, V. et al. (2006): SHRIMP U-Pb dating of the Antucoya porphyry copper deposit: new evidence for an Early Cretaceous porphyry-related metallogenic epoch in the Coastal Cordillera of northern Chile. Mineralium Deposita, 41, 637-644.
    China
     
    • Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region
      • Nanning Prefecture
        • Yongning District
    		Min, M.-Z., Luo, X.-Z., Mao, S.-L., Zheng, D.-Y., and Shen, B.-P. (2002): Ore Geology Reviews 19(1/2), 79-93.
    • Guizhou Province
    		Junying Zhang, Deyi Ren, Yanming Zhu, Chenlin Chou, Rongshu Zeng, and Baoshan Zheng (2004): International Journal of Coal Gology 57(1), 49-61.
    • Henan Province
      • Luoyang Prefecture
        • Luoning Co.
          • Xiaoqinling gold belt
    		Yanjing Chen, Pirajno, F., and Jinping Qi (2007): Journal of Asian Earth Sciences (in press).
    • Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region
      • Ordos (E'erduosi) League
        • Dongsheng District
    		Chunfang Cai, Hongtao Li, Mingkuan Qin, Xiaorong Luo, Feiyu Wang, and Guangxi Qu (2007): Ore Geology Reviews 32, 262-274.
    • Jiangsu Province
      • Huai'an Prefecture
        • Xuyi Co.
    		Tianhu Chen, Huifang Xu, Anhuai Lu, Shuchuan Peng, and Shucang Yue (2004): Science in China, Series D (Earth Sciences), 47(11), 985-1004.
    • Xinjiang (Xinjiang-Uygur) Autonomous Region
      • Tulufan (Turfan; Turpan) Prefecture
        • Tuokexun (Toksun; Toqsun) Co.
    		Maozhong Min, Jia Chen, Jinpeng Wang, Guanhui Wei, and Fayek, M. (2005): Ore Geology Reviews 26, 51-69.
      • Yili Hasake (Ili Kazakh) Autonomous Prefecture
        • Yining (Ghulja) Co.
    		Xiao Long, Hayward, N., Begg, G., Fu Minlu, Wang Fangzheng, and Pirajno, F. (2005): Ore Geology Reviews 26(1/2), 17-37.
    • Yunnan Province
      • Baoshan Prefecture
        • Tengchong Co.
          • Rehai geothermal field
    		Pin'an Wang (2001): Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Japan 52(8).
    Colombia
     
    • Córdoba Department
      • Montelíbano
    		Econ Geol (2004) 99:1197-1213
    Czech Republic
     
    • Bohemia (Böhmen; Boehmen)
      • Karlovy Vary Region
        • Krušné Hory Mts (Erzgebirge)
          • Ostrov
    		Lapis 2002(7/8), 63-65
    Estonia
     
    • Harju Co.
      • Maardu
    Ethiopia
     
    • Sidamo Province
      • Lake Rudolf (Lake Turkana)
        • Lower Omo Valley
    		American Mineralogist, Vol. 64, 1979, pp. 169-171.
    Finland
     
    • Etelä-Suomen Lääni
      • Southern Karelia
        • Luumäki
          • Kännätsalo
    		Bergverksmuseets Skrift 33, 87-107
    France
     
    • Auvergne
      • Allier
        • Le Mayet-de-Montagne
    		J.C. Parneix, A Meunier : "Les paragenèses de remplacement des biotites utilisées comme marqueurs des conditions de température et de composition des fluides dans les altérations hydrothermales et supergène du granite de Mayet-la-Montagne (Allier, France), Bull. Minéral. , 1982, 105, 662-672.
      • Haute-Loire
        • Langeac
          • Langeac
            • Barlet
    		P.G. Pélisson : "Etude Minéralogique et Métallogénique du District Filonien Polytype de Paulhaguet (Haute-Loire, Massif Central Français)", Doctorate Thesis, Orléans, France, 1989
        • Paulhaguet
          • Jax
    		P.G. Pélisson : "Etude Minéralogique et Métallogénique du District Filonien Polytype de Paulhaguet (Haute-Loire, Massif Central Français)", Doctorate Thesis, Orléans, France, 1989
          • Josat
          • Mazerat-Aurouze
            • Aurouze
    		P.G. Pélisson : "Etude Minéralogique et Métallogénique du District Filonien Polytype de Paulhaguet (Haute-Loire, Massif Central Français)", Doctorate Thesis, Orléans, France, 1989
          • Salzuit
      • Puy-de-Dôme
        • Saint-Germain-Lembron
          • Gignat
    		G. Artioli et al. , Am. Min. , V84, 1999, pp. 1445-1450.
    • Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
      • Vaucluse
        • Apt
    		F. Roulin et al. , 1986, 109, pp. 349-357.
    • Rhône-Alpes
      • Ardèche
        • Plateau des Coirons
    		Ch. Robert, B. Goffé and P. Saliot : "Zeolitization of a basaltic flow in a continental environment : an example of mass transfer under thermal control", Bull. Minéral., 1988, 111, pp. 207-223.
    Ch. Robert, B. Goffé and P. Saliot : "Zeolitization of a basaltic flow in a continental environment : an example of mass transfer under thermal control", Bull. Minéral., 1988, 111, pp. 207-223.
    French West Indies
     
    • Lesser Antilles
      • Martinique
    		A. Bouchet, A. Meunier and B; Velde : "Hydrothermal mineral assemblages containing two discrete illite/smectite minerals", Bull. Minéral. 1988, 111, pp. 587-599, France.
    Germany
     
    • Bavaria
      • Franconia
        • Fichtelgebirge
          • Selb
            • Längenau
    		Keck, E. (2008): Der Wartberg bei Längenau, nordöstlich von Selb, in Oberfranken. Aufschluss 59, 109-128.
      • Lower Bavaria
        • Bavarian Forest
          • Hauzenberg
            • Kropfmühl - Untergriesbach District
              • Kropfmühl
    		Mineralien-Welt 18 (5) (2007) 20-26.
          • Tittling
            • Stützersdorf
    		S. Weiß: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", Weise (Munich), 1990
          • Waldkirchen
            • Röhrnbach
    		S. Weiß: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", Weise (Munich), 1990
    • Rhineland-Palatinate
      • Westerwald
        • Bad Marienberg
    		Klein, E. (2004): Die Grube "Victoria" bei Bad Marienberg im Westerwald und ihre Mineralien. MIneralien Welt 15 (4), 14-20
    • Saarland
      • Schmelz
    		Thomas Kleser Collection
    Greece
     
    • Aegean Islands (Aiyaíon) Department
      • Kykládes Prefecture
        • Cyclade Islands (Cyclades; Kikladhes; Nomos Kikladhon)
    		ClayMin 32:253 (1997)
    • Sterea Hellas Department
      • Fthiótis Prefecture
        • Lokris
    		http://www.min.tu-clausthal.de/www/sga/news15/art10.html
    Guinea
     
    Hungary
     
    • Komárom-Esztergom Co.
      • Gerecse Mts.
        • Lábatlan
    		Szakáll-Gatter-Szendrei: Mineral Species of Hungary, 2006
    • Veszprém Co.
      • Bakony Mts.
        • Sümegprága
    		field collection by Mesics Gábor.
      • Tapolcai Basin
        • Bazsi
        • Uzsabánya
    India
     
    • Maharashtra
      • Mumbai District (Bombay District)
        • Murud-Janjira
    		A.G. Dessai et al. , Eur. J. Mineral. , 1990, 2, pp. 667-685.
    Indian Ocean
     
    • Ninety East Ridge (90° E Ridge; Indian Ridge)
      • D.S.D.P.
        • Leg 26
    		D. Besse et al. , Bell. Minéral. , 1981, 104, pp. 56-63.
    Indonesia
     
    • Maluku Utara Province
      • Halmahera Island
    		Gemmell, J. B. (2007): Hydrothermal alteration associated with the Gosowong epithermal Au-Ag deposit, Halmara, Indonesia: Mineralogy, geochemistry, and exploration implications. Economic Geology 102, 893-922.
    • Sumatra
      • Lampung Province
    		www.geothermie.de/egec-geothernet/ci_prof/asia/indonesia/0418.PDF.
    Italy
     
    • Emilia-Romagna
      • Ferrara Province
    		Abreau & Brearley in Meteoritics & Planetary Science 40(4): 1 (2005)
    • Latium
      • Latina Province
        • Ponza Island
    		E. Passaglia et al. , Eur. Journ. Mineral. , 1995, 7, pp. 429-438.
    • Veneto
      • Verona Province
        • Soave
    		Passaglia, E., Tagliavini. A., Gutoni, R. (1996): Offrétite and other zeolites from Fittà (Verona, Italy). Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Monatshefte, 1996(9), 418-428.
      • Vicenza Province
    		"Minerali del vicentino - La natrolite" M. Boscardin, S. Pegoraro, Rivista Mineralogica Italiana n.1 / 2000 pp. 4-11
        • Montecchio Maggiore
          • San Pietro
    		"Minerali del Vicentino - La natrolite" M. Boscardin, S. Pegoraro. Rivista Mineralogica Italiana n. 1 / 2000 pp. 4-11
        • San Bortolo di Arzignano
    		Luppi D. Carbonin S. Boscardin M. Pegoraro S. Chabazite e Gmenelite del Vicentino Rivista Mineralogica Italiana 2007 vol 31 fasc. 1 pp. 8-21 .
    Japan
     
    • Hokkaido Island
      • Iburi Province
    • Honshu Island
      • Chugoku region
        • Shimane Prefecture
          • Iishi-gun
    		Kitagawa et al (1982) Nendo Kagaku, 22, 54-67.
    • Kyushu Island
      • Kagoshima Prefecture
    		Sanematsu, K. (2006): Economic geology 101, 685-698.
    Kawano, M. & Tomita, K. (1989) Mineralogical Journal, 14, 351-372.
    • Nansei Archipelago
      • Okinawa Prefecture
    		Tiba, T. & Saito, Y. (1974); Mem. Natn. Sci. Mus., Tokyo, 7:25-30
    Mexico
     
    • northwest coastline of the Yucatán peninsula
      • Puerto Chicxulub
        • Chicxulub impact structure
    		L. Zürcher and D.A. Kring, Meteoritic and Planetary Science, 1 July 2004, V 39, N° 7, pp. 1199-1221.
    New Zealand
     
    • North Island
      • Waikato
        • Hauraki
    		Simpson et al. , New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics Abstracts, http://www.rsnz.org/publish/nzjgg/2004/009.php http://crownminerals.med.govt.nz/minerals/docs/nzmining/nzmining_up014.pdf http://members.segweb.org/PDF97-2/269_Brth.pdf
        • Waihi
    		Simpson, M. P. & Mauk, J. L. (2007): The Favona epithermal gold-silver deposit, Waihi, New Zealand. Econ. Geol. 102, 817-839.
    R.L. Brathwaite and K. Faure, Economic Geology, Vol. 97, 2002, pp. 269-290.
    Simmons et al 2000, Origin of Massive Calcite Veins in the Golden Cross Low-Sulfidation Epithermal Au-Ag Deposit, Economic Geology 95, pp99-112
    R.L. Brathwaite and K. Faure, Economic Geology, Vol. 97, 2002, pp. 269-290.
    Norway
     
    • Vestfold
      • Re
        • Knutstad
    		Larsen, K. E. & Larsen, S. (2007): Mineralforekomster på Vestfold lavaplatå. Del 3: Mineralfunn i forbindelse med veiutbygging i søndre del av Vestfold lavaplatå. Bergverksmuseets Skrift nr 35, 13-17
    Oman
     
    • Dhofar (Al Janubiyah) Province
    The Meteoritical Bulletin, No. 88, 2004 JULY, Meteoritics & Planetary Science 39, Axxx–Axxx (2004)
    Papua New Guinea
     
    • Central Province
    		http://aufa.tripod.com/geology/port_moresby.html.
    Poland
     
    • Opolskie
      • Opole
        • Gracze quarry
    		W. Szeliga, Mineralogical Society of Poland, Special Papers, 2004, V 24, pp. 369-372.
    W. Szeliga, Mineralogical Society of Poland, Special Papers, 2003, V 23, pp. 166-168.
    Russia
     
    • Northern Region
      • Murmanskaja Oblast'
        • Kola Peninsula
    		www.koeln.netsurf.de/~w.steffens/khib.htm
    www.koeln.netsurf.de/~w.steffens/lovo.htm
    Saint Lucia
     
    • Choc
    		M. Le Guen de Kerneizon et al. , Bull. Minéral. , 1982, 105, pp. 203-211.
    South Korea
     
    • Jeollanam-do (Cholla-namdo; Jeonranamdo)
      • Jindo-gun
        • Gasado Island
    		"Exploration and utilization of the epithermal gold deposit in Korea."
    Spain
     
    • Canary Islands
      • Las Palmas Province
        • Lanzarote
          • Playa Blanca
    		Kratzsch E. (2001) Mineralfundstellen auf Lanzarote, Kanarische Inseln; Lapis 2001, 3, 13-23 (reference via Ferdinando Giovine)
    • Castile and Leon
      • Palencia
    		Stvdia Geologica Salmanticensia, 26: 7-25
    • Murcia
      • Jumilla
        • La Celia
    		E. Salvioli-mariani et al. , Eur. J. Mineral. , 1996, 8, pp. 1027-1039.
    Turkey
     
    • Aegean Region
      • Izmir Province
        • Bergama District
          • Bergama
    		Yilmaz et al. (2007): Ore Geology Reviews 32, 81-124.
      • Mugla Province
    		H. Yilmaz, Economic Geology, Vol. 97, 2002, pp. 1829-1839.
    • Central Anatolia Region
      • Eskisehir Province
    		CAHIT HELVACI & RICARDO N. ALONSO (2000) Borate Deposits of Turkey and Argentina; A Summary and Geological Comparison. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 9, 2000, pp. 1-27
    • Marmara Region
      • Balikesir Province
        • Faras
          • Sultancayin
    		CAHIT HELVACI & RICARDO N. ALONSO (2000) Borate Deposits of Turkey and Argentina; A Summary and Geological Comparison. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 9, 2000, pp. 1-27
      • Bursa Province
        • Mustafa Kemalpafla
    		CAHIT HELVACI & RICARDO N. ALONSO (2000) Borate Deposits of Turkey and Argentina; A Summary and Geological Comparison. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 9, 2000, pp. 1-27
    UK
     
    • England
      • Co. Durham
        • North Pennines
          • Teesdale
            • Harwood
    		Young B, Styles M T, and Berridge N G. Niccolite-magnetite mineralization from Upper Teesdale, North Pennines. Min Mag. Sept 1985, Vol. 49, pp. 555-559
    Ukraine
     
    • Transcarpathian Oblast'
    USA
     
    • Alabama
      • Lowndes Co.
    		Rocks & Min 70:5 pp 320-333
      • Tuscaloosa Co.
    		Rocks & Min 70:5 pp 320-333
    • Arizona
      • Gila Co.
        • Dripping Spring Mts
          • Banner District
            • Christmas area
              • Christmas
                • Christmas Mine (Red Bird shafts; Inspiration Mine; Hackberry shafts)
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 264; Williams, S.A. (1976), Junitoite, a new hydrated calcium zinc silicate from Christmas, AZ, Am.Min.: 61: 1255-1258.
      • Pima Co.
    		Am Min 55:5-6 pp 709-715
    • Arkansas
      • Garland Co.
        • Wilson Springs (Potash Sulfur Springs)
          • Union Carbide Mine
    		R&M 70:3 pp 154-170
      • Hot Spring Co.
    		Rocks & Min.: 63:109.
    • California
      • Calaveras Co.
    		Pohl, D. et al. (1982): Ferroaxinite from New Melones Lake, Calaveras County, California, a remarkable new locality. Mineralogical Record 13 (5), 293-302
      • Santa Clara Co.
        • Diablo Range
          • Mount Hamilton
    • Colorado
      • El Paso Co.
        • Pike's Peak
    		D.E. Keale, 2002 Denver Annual Meeting (Oct. 27-30, 2002), Session N° 158, Paper 158-6 : "Mineralogy and Provenance of Clay Minerals in Miarolitic Cavities of the Pikes Peak Batholith, Colorado".
      • Jefferson Co.
        • Golden District
          • Golden
    		Rocks & Minerals 79:4
    MinRec 19:153
      • Mineral Co.
        • Creede District
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
      • San Miguel Co.
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
    Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckels
    • Florida
      • Polk Co.
        • Central Florida Phosphate District (Bone Valley)
          • Homeland
    • Georgia
      • Washington Co.
        • Sandersville
    • Kentucky
      • Rockcastle Co.
    • Massachusetts
    		Wood et al, (1990)
      • Franklin Co.
        • Rowe
    		Cerato, A.. 2003: Mineralogical Study of Davis Mine, Rowe, MA, Using X-Ray Diffraction Techniques
    • Mississippi
      • Panola Co.
        • Crenshaw
    		www.k-tclay.com/crenshaw.asp.
    • Nevada
      • Nye Co.
    		NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
    • New Mexico
      • Catron Co.
        • Taylor Creek District
    		NMGS 37th Field Conference
          • Sawmill Creek
    		NMGS 37th Field Conference
      • Grant Co.
    		Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed.
      • Sierra Co.
    		Northrop, Minerals of New Mexico, 3rd Rev. Ed., 1996
    NMGS 37th Field Conference
    NMGS 37th Field Conference
    NMGS 37th Field Conference
    • Oregon
      • Columbia Co.
        • Goble
    		Tschernich, R. (1992): Zeolites of the World, 117
      • Polk Co.
        • Mill Creek
    		Micro Probe Volume VI Number 4
    • Utah
      • Duchesne Co.
    		UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
    http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2002AM/finalprogram/abstract_45510.htm.
      • Sevier Co.
        • Marysville
    		http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2002RM/finalprogram/abstract_33477.htm.
      • Uintah Co.
    		UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
    • Washington
      • Chelan Co.
        • Wenatchee District
          • Wenatchee
            • Squillchuck Creek
    		Lasmanis, R. Et Al (1990): Metal Mines of Washington-Preliminary Report, p.9
    http://cms.lanl.gov/chem.htm.
      • Jefferson Co.
        • Shine
    		Micro Probe Volume VIII Number 9 spring 1999
    • West Virginia
      • Pendleton Co.
    		Tschernich, R. (1992): Zeolites of the World, 71, 424
    • Wyoming
      • Park Co.
    		Tschernich, R. (1992): Zeolites of the World, 72
    Mineral and/or Locality
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