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Iron Mountain Mine (Number 8; Confidence; Old Mine), Iron Mountain, Iron Mountain [town], West Shasta Copper - Zinc Mining District, Klamath Mountains, Shasta County, California, USAi
Regional Level Types
Iron Mountain Mine (Number 8; Confidence; Old Mine)Mine
Iron MountainMountain
Iron Mountain [town]Town
West Shasta Copper - Zinc Mining DistrictMining District
Klamath MountainsMountain Range
Shasta CountyCounty
CaliforniaState
USACountry

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PhotosMapsSearch
Latitude & Longitude (WGS84):
40° 40' North , 122° 31' West
Latitude & Longitude (decimal):
40.66667,-122.51667
GeoHash:
G#: 9r0zk54hd
GRN:
N28W67
Type:
Mine
KΓΆppen climate type:
Csb : Warm-summer Mediterranean climate
Nearest Settlements:
PlacePopulationDistance
Keswick451 (2011)6.5km
Shasta1,771 (2011)7.8km
French Gulch346 (2011)10.9km
Central Valley (historical)4,340 (2015)12.4km
Shasta Lake10,159 (2017)12.4km
Nearest Clubs:
Local clubs are the best way to get access to collecting localities
ClubLocationDistance
Shasta Gem & Mineral SocietyRedding, California14km
Mindat Locality ID:
12023
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:2:12023:7
GUID (UUID V4):
0bc87da9-32b3-4085-ac4a-7a5636fbf5a8


A Cu-Zn-Fe-Pt-Ti-Cd-Au-Ag mine located in secs. 26, 27, 34 & 35, T33N, R6W, MDM, 0.7 km (2,300 feet) SE of Iron Mountain (town), 1.0 km (3,400 feet) SSE of Iron Mountain (summit) (coordinates of record), about 4 miles NNW of Kerwick and 9Β½ miles NW of Redding, on private land (mixed ownership ?). Discovery year was 1865. First year of production was 1879. Last year of production was 1962. Production years included 1897-1919, 1925, 1928-1930, 1943-1947, and the late 1950's to 1962. Owner-operator was Stauffer Chemical Co. and Iron Mountain Mines (1956-1977) (100.00%), California (1978). Owner was Iron Mountain Mines, Inc. (1985). MRDS database stated accuracy for this location is 10 to 100 meters.

Mineralization is a massive sulphide deposit (Deposit model: Model code 184; USGS model code 28a; name: Massive sulfide, kuroko; Mark3 model number 93), hosted in rhyolite. The deposit is comprised of several ore bodies, including: The Old Man; Hornet, Mattie, Richmond and Brick Flat ore bodies. Ore control was folds, a thick cover of shale (Early to Late Devonian), and pre-mineral faulting which may have provided channelways for mineralizing fluids. The primary mode of origin was hydrothermal and the secondary mode was contact metasomatism. There is moderate wallrock alteration (intermediate argillic; sericitic and pyritization, silicification of shale lies stratigraphically above the deposit. Mineralization is Early Devonian. Pyrite and chalcopyrite are found in approximately equal amounts. Local rocks include Paleozoic metavolcanic rocks, unit 1 (Eastern Klamath Mountains).

Regional Folds: Local major post-mineral faults are: Scott, Camden, and J Faults. The Camden also had pre-mineral movement. The Scott fault zone is 3-5 feett wide with many anastomosing slickensides and dark-gray to white gouge. The Scott is a normal fault, dipping 50NE, with a 250 foot dip-slip displacement. The Camden fault zone is 50 feet wide at the 2,600 foot level.

Workings included an open pit.

Assay analyses results: 1947: (1897-1947): 2-5% Zn, 2-7.5% Cu, 0.04-1 oz/ton Ag, 0.001-0.02 oz/ton Au.

Cumulative Cu production entries are for flotation plant. Copper ore of the Old Mine (Old Man ?) ore body, disseminated Cu.

Silver was discovered in gossan in 1879. The deposit was mined for sulphur during the late 1950'S to 1962. The Iron Mountains Mines, Inc. began engineering studies for a $20 million in-situ mining operation designed to recover Cu, Zn, and precious metals in 1985.

The iron which was mined was used in cement (all of it?). Pt was reported in smelter returns from Iron Mountain (Eilers (1913)).

Production and reserves data are found in: Kinkel et al (1956) Society of Economic Engineers field trip notes.

Select Mineral List Type

Standard Detailed Gallery Strunz Chemical Elements

Mineral List

Mineral list contains entries from the region specified including sub-localities

36 valid minerals.

Detailed Mineral List:

β“˜ Aluminocopiapite
Formula: Al2/3Fe3+4(SO4)6(OH)2 · 20H2O
β“˜ Antlerite
Formula: Cu3(SO4)(OH)4
Description: Occurs as coatings on fractures.
β“˜ Calcite
Formula: CaCO3
β“˜ Chalcanthite
Formula: CuSO4 · 5H2O
β“˜ Chalcocite
Formula: Cu2S
β“˜ Chalcopyrite
Formula: CuFeS2
β“˜ Chalcopyrite var. Blister Copper
Formula: CuFeS2
β“˜ Copiapite
Formula: Fe2+Fe3+4(SO4)6(OH)2 · 20H2O
β“˜ Coquimbite
Formula: AlFe3(SO4)6(H2O)12 · 6H2O
β“˜ Covellite
Formula: CuS
β“˜ Galena
Formula: PbS
β“˜ Greenockite
Formula: CdS
β“˜ Halotrichite
Formula: FeAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O
β“˜ Hematite
Formula: Fe2O3
β“˜ Hematite var. Specularite
Formula: Fe2O3
β“˜ Ilmenite
Formula: Fe2+TiO3
Habit: Platy
Description: Occurs as tiny, irregular plates intergrown with magnetite.
β“˜ Inyoite
Formula: Ca(H4B3O7)(OH) · 4H2O
β“˜ Jarosite
Formula: KFe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6
β“˜ Kornelite
Formula: Fe2(SO4)3 · 7H2O
β“˜ Lepidocrocite
Formula: γ-Fe3+O(OH)
β“˜ 'Limonite'
Colour: Iridescent
Description: Occurs as stalactites up to 4 inches (10 cm) long and 1 inch (2.5 cm) diameter; also as gossan.
β“˜ Maghemite
Formula: (Fe3+0.67◻0.33)Fe3+2O4
Description: Occurs in gossan.
β“˜ Magnesiocopiapite
Formula: MgFe3+4(SO4)6(OH)2 · 20H2O
β“˜ Magnetite
Formula: Fe2+Fe3+2O4
β“˜ Malachite
Formula: Cu2(CO3)(OH)2
β“˜ Melanterite
Formula: Fe2+(H2O)6SO4 · H2O
β“˜ Platinum
Formula: Pt
Description: Occurs in blister copper.
β“˜ Pyrite
Formula: FeS2
Description: Occurs as massive deposits to several million tons at 90-95% pyrite.
β“˜ Pyrrhotite
Formula: Fe1-xS
β“˜ Quartz
Formula: SiO2
β“˜ Rhomboclase
Formula: (H5O2)Fe3+(SO4)2 · 2H2O
β“˜ RΓΆmerite
Formula: Fe2+Fe3+2(SO4)4 · 14H2O
β“˜ Rozenite
Formula: FeSO4 · 4H2O
β“˜ Siderotil
Formula: FeSO4 · 5H2O
β“˜ Silver
Formula: Ag
β“˜ Sphalerite
Formula: ZnS
β“˜ Sulphur
Formula: S8
β“˜ Szomolnokite
Formula: FeSO4 · H2O
β“˜ Voltaite
Formula: K2Fe2+5Fe3+3Al(SO4)12 · 18H2O

Gallery:

List of minerals arranged by Strunz 10th Edition classification

Group 1 - Elements
β“˜Silver1.AA.05Ag
β“˜Platinum1.AF.10Pt
β“˜Sulphur1.CC.05S8
Group 2 - Sulphides and Sulfosalts
β“˜Chalcocite2.BA.05Cu2S
β“˜Covellite2.CA.05aCuS
β“˜Sphalerite2.CB.05aZnS
β“˜Chalcopyrite
var. Blister Copper		2.CB.10aCuFeS2
β“˜2.CB.10aCuFeS2
β“˜Greenockite2.CB.45CdS
β“˜Pyrrhotite2.CC.10Fe1-xS
β“˜Galena2.CD.10PbS
β“˜Pyrite2.EB.05aFeS2
Group 4 - Oxides and Hydroxides
β“˜Magnetite4.BB.05Fe2+Fe3+2O4
β“˜Maghemite4.BB.15(Fe3+0.67β—»0.33)Fe3+2O4
β“˜Hematite4.CB.05Fe2O3
β“˜Ilmenite4.CB.05Fe2+TiO3
β“˜Hematite
var. Specularite		4.CB.05Fe2O3
β“˜Quartz4.DA.05SiO2
β“˜Lepidocrocite4.FE.15Ξ³-Fe3+O(OH)
Group 5 - Nitrates and Carbonates
β“˜Calcite5.AB.05CaCO3
β“˜Malachite5.BA.10Cu2(CO3)(OH)2
Group 6 - Borates
β“˜Inyoite6.CA.35Ca(H4B3O7)(OH) Β· 4H2O
Group 7 - Sulphates, Chromates, Molybdates and Tungstates
β“˜Antlerite7.BB.15Cu3(SO4)(OH)4
β“˜Jarosite7.BC.10KFe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6
β“˜Szomolnokite7.CB.05FeSO4 Β· H2O
β“˜Rozenite7.CB.15FeSO4 Β· 4H2O
β“˜Chalcanthite7.CB.20CuSO4 Β· 5H2O
β“˜Siderotil7.CB.20FeSO4 Β· 5H2O
β“˜Melanterite7.CB.35Fe2+(H2O)6SO4 Β· H2O
β“˜Rhomboclase7.CB.55(H5O2)Fe3+(SO4)2 Β· 2H2O
β“˜Coquimbite7.CB.55AlFe3(SO4)6(H2O)12 Β· 6H2O
β“˜Kornelite7.CB.60Fe2(SO4)3 Β· 7H2O
β“˜RΓΆmerite7.CB.75Fe2+Fe3+2(SO4)4 Β· 14H2O
β“˜Halotrichite7.CB.85FeAl2(SO4)4 Β· 22H2O
β“˜Voltaite7.CC.25K2Fe2+5Fe3+3Al(SO4)12 Β· 18H2O
β“˜Aluminocopiapite7.DB.35Al2/3Fe3+4(SO4)6(OH)2 Β· 20H2O
β“˜Magnesiocopiapite7.DB.35MgFe3+4(SO4)6(OH)2 Β· 20H2O
β“˜Copiapite7.DB.35Fe2+Fe3+4(SO4)6(OH)2 Β· 20H2O
Unclassified
β“˜'Limonite'-

List of minerals for each chemical element

HHydrogen
Hβ“˜ AluminocopiapiteAl2/3Fe43+(SO4)6(OH)2 · 20H2O
Hβ“˜ AntleriteCu3(SO4)(OH)4
Hβ“˜ ChalcanthiteCuSO4 · 5H2O
Hβ“˜ CopiapiteFe2+Fe43+(SO4)6(OH)2 · 20H2O
Hβ“˜ CoquimbiteAlFe3(SO4)6(H2O)12 · 6H2O
Hβ“˜ HalotrichiteFeAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O
Hβ“˜ InyoiteCa(H4B3O7)(OH) · 4H2O
Hβ“˜ JarositeKFe33+(SO4)2(OH)6
Hβ“˜ KorneliteFe2(SO4)3 · 7H2O
Hβ“˜ Lepidocrociteγ-Fe3+O(OH)
Hβ“˜ MagnesiocopiapiteMgFe43+(SO4)6(OH)2 · 20H2O
Hβ“˜ MalachiteCu2(CO3)(OH)2
Hβ“˜ MelanteriteFe2+(H2O)6SO4 · H2O
Hβ“˜ Rhomboclase(H5O2)Fe3+(SO4)2 · 2H2O
Hβ“˜ RΓΆmeriteFe2+Fe23+(SO4)4 · 14H2O
Hβ“˜ RozeniteFeSO4 · 4H2O
Hβ“˜ SiderotilFeSO4 · 5H2O
Hβ“˜ SzomolnokiteFeSO4 · H2O
Hβ“˜ VoltaiteK2Fe52+Fe33+Al(SO4)12 · 18H2O
BBoron
Bβ“˜ InyoiteCa(H4B3O7)(OH) · 4H2O
CCarbon
Cβ“˜ CalciteCaCO3
Cβ“˜ MalachiteCu2(CO3)(OH)2
OOxygen
Oβ“˜ AluminocopiapiteAl2/3Fe43+(SO4)6(OH)2 · 20H2O
Oβ“˜ AntleriteCu3(SO4)(OH)4
Oβ“˜ CalciteCaCO3
Oβ“˜ ChalcanthiteCuSO4 · 5H2O
Oβ“˜ CopiapiteFe2+Fe43+(SO4)6(OH)2 · 20H2O
Oβ“˜ CoquimbiteAlFe3(SO4)6(H2O)12 · 6H2O
Oβ“˜ HalotrichiteFeAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O
Oβ“˜ HematiteFe2O3
Oβ“˜ IlmeniteFe2+TiO3
Oβ“˜ InyoiteCa(H4B3O7)(OH) · 4H2O
Oβ“˜ JarositeKFe33+(SO4)2(OH)6
Oβ“˜ KorneliteFe2(SO4)3 · 7H2O
Oβ“˜ Lepidocrociteγ-Fe3+O(OH)
Oβ“˜ MagnesiocopiapiteMgFe43+(SO4)6(OH)2 · 20H2O
Oβ“˜ Maghemite(Fe3+0.67◻0.33)Fe23+O4
Oβ“˜ MagnetiteFe2+Fe23+O4
Oβ“˜ MalachiteCu2(CO3)(OH)2
Oβ“˜ MelanteriteFe2+(H2O)6SO4 · H2O
Oβ“˜ QuartzSiO2
Oβ“˜ Rhomboclase(H5O2)Fe3+(SO4)2 · 2H2O
Oβ“˜ RΓΆmeriteFe2+Fe23+(SO4)4 · 14H2O
Oβ“˜ RozeniteFeSO4 · 4H2O
Oβ“˜ SiderotilFeSO4 · 5H2O
Oβ“˜ SzomolnokiteFeSO4 · H2O
Oβ“˜ VoltaiteK2Fe52+Fe33+Al(SO4)12 · 18H2O
Oβ“˜ Hematite var. SpeculariteFe2O3
MgMagnesium
Mgβ“˜ MagnesiocopiapiteMgFe43+(SO4)6(OH)2 · 20H2O
AlAluminium
Alβ“˜ AluminocopiapiteAl2/3Fe43+(SO4)6(OH)2 · 20H2O
Alβ“˜ CoquimbiteAlFe3(SO4)6(H2O)12 · 6H2O
Alβ“˜ HalotrichiteFeAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O
Alβ“˜ VoltaiteK2Fe52+Fe33+Al(SO4)12 · 18H2O
SiSilicon
Siβ“˜ QuartzSiO2
SSulfur
Sβ“˜ AluminocopiapiteAl2/3Fe43+(SO4)6(OH)2 · 20H2O
Sβ“˜ AntleriteCu3(SO4)(OH)4
Sβ“˜ ChalcopyriteCuFeS2
Sβ“˜ ChalcanthiteCuSO4 · 5H2O
Sβ“˜ ChalcociteCu2S
Sβ“˜ CopiapiteFe2+Fe43+(SO4)6(OH)2 · 20H2O
Sβ“˜ CoquimbiteAlFe3(SO4)6(H2O)12 · 6H2O
Sβ“˜ CovelliteCuS
Sβ“˜ GalenaPbS
Sβ“˜ GreenockiteCdS
Sβ“˜ HalotrichiteFeAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O
Sβ“˜ JarositeKFe33+(SO4)2(OH)6
Sβ“˜ KorneliteFe2(SO4)3 · 7H2O
Sβ“˜ MagnesiocopiapiteMgFe43+(SO4)6(OH)2 · 20H2O
Sβ“˜ MelanteriteFe2+(H2O)6SO4 · H2O
Sβ“˜ PyriteFeS2
Sβ“˜ PyrrhotiteFe1-xS
Sβ“˜ Rhomboclase(H5O2)Fe3+(SO4)2 · 2H2O
Sβ“˜ RΓΆmeriteFe2+Fe23+(SO4)4 · 14H2O
Sβ“˜ RozeniteFeSO4 · 4H2O
Sβ“˜ SiderotilFeSO4 · 5H2O
Sβ“˜ SphaleriteZnS
Sβ“˜ SulphurS8
Sβ“˜ SzomolnokiteFeSO4 · H2O
Sβ“˜ VoltaiteK2Fe52+Fe33+Al(SO4)12 · 18H2O
Sβ“˜ Chalcopyrite var. Blister CopperCuFeS2
KPotassium
Kβ“˜ JarositeKFe33+(SO4)2(OH)6
Kβ“˜ VoltaiteK2Fe52+Fe33+Al(SO4)12 · 18H2O
CaCalcium
Caβ“˜ CalciteCaCO3
Caβ“˜ InyoiteCa(H4B3O7)(OH) · 4H2O
TiTitanium
Tiβ“˜ IlmeniteFe2+TiO3
FeIron
Feβ“˜ AluminocopiapiteAl2/3Fe43+(SO4)6(OH)2 · 20H2O
Feβ“˜ ChalcopyriteCuFeS2
Feβ“˜ CopiapiteFe2+Fe43+(SO4)6(OH)2 · 20H2O
Feβ“˜ CoquimbiteAlFe3(SO4)6(H2O)12 · 6H2O
Feβ“˜ HalotrichiteFeAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O
Feβ“˜ HematiteFe2O3
Feβ“˜ IlmeniteFe2+TiO3
Feβ“˜ JarositeKFe33+(SO4)2(OH)6
Feβ“˜ KorneliteFe2(SO4)3 · 7H2O
Feβ“˜ Lepidocrociteγ-Fe3+O(OH)
Feβ“˜ MagnesiocopiapiteMgFe43+(SO4)6(OH)2 · 20H2O
Feβ“˜ Maghemite(Fe3+0.67◻0.33)Fe23+O4
Feβ“˜ MagnetiteFe2+Fe23+O4
Feβ“˜ MelanteriteFe2+(H2O)6SO4 · H2O
Feβ“˜ PyriteFeS2
Feβ“˜ PyrrhotiteFe1-xS
Feβ“˜ Rhomboclase(H5O2)Fe3+(SO4)2 · 2H2O
Feβ“˜ RΓΆmeriteFe2+Fe23+(SO4)4 · 14H2O
Feβ“˜ RozeniteFeSO4 · 4H2O
Feβ“˜ SiderotilFeSO4 · 5H2O
Feβ“˜ SzomolnokiteFeSO4 · H2O
Feβ“˜ VoltaiteK2Fe52+Fe33+Al(SO4)12 · 18H2O
Feβ“˜ Hematite var. SpeculariteFe2O3
Feβ“˜ Chalcopyrite var. Blister CopperCuFeS2
CuCopper
Cuβ“˜ AntleriteCu3(SO4)(OH)4
Cuβ“˜ ChalcopyriteCuFeS2
Cuβ“˜ ChalcanthiteCuSO4 · 5H2O
Cuβ“˜ ChalcociteCu2S
Cuβ“˜ CovelliteCuS
Cuβ“˜ MalachiteCu2(CO3)(OH)2
Cuβ“˜ Chalcopyrite var. Blister CopperCuFeS2
ZnZinc
Znβ“˜ SphaleriteZnS
AgSilver
Agβ“˜ SilverAg
CdCadmium
Cdβ“˜ GreenockiteCdS
PtPlatinum
Ptβ“˜ PlatinumPt
PbLead
Pbβ“˜ GalenaPbS

Other Databases

Link to USGS MRDS:10077593

Localities in this Region

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References

U.S. Bureau of Mines, Minerals Availability System (MAS) file ID #0060890368 & 0060890633.
Hanks, Henry Garber (1882a), Second report of the State Mineralogist: California Mining Bureau. Report 2, 226 pp.: 195.
Hanks, Henry Garber (1884), Fourth report of the State Mineralogist: California Mining Bureau. Report 4, 410 pp. (includes catalog of minerals of California pp. 63-410), and miscellaneous observations on mineral products): 229.
Lang, Herbert (1899), Copper resources of California: Engineering & Mining Journal: 67: 561.
Diller, J.S. (1903), Copper deposits of the Redding region, California: USGS Bulletin 213: 123-132; […(abstract): Geol. Zentralbl., Band 5: 394-395 (1904); …Engineering & Mining Journal: 77: 729 (1904)]: 126.
Aubury, Lewis E. (1905) The Copper Resources of California. Bulletin 23. California State Mining Bureau p.65
Eilers, A. (1913), Rare Metals in Blister Copper: American Institute of Mining Engineers Transactions: 47: 217-218.
Logan, Clarence August (1918), Platinum and allied metals in California: California Mining Bureau. Bulletin 85, 120 pp.: 93.
Laizure, Clyde McK (1921), Redding field division: California Mining Bureau. Report 17: 528.
Tucker, W. Burling (1924b), Copper resources of Shasta County: California Mining Bureau. Report 20: 427, 445.
Sosman, Robert Browning & E. Posnjak (1925), Ferromagnetic ferric oxide, artificial and natural: Journal of the Washington Academy of Science: 15: 332.
Newhouse, Walter Harry, Glass, J. P. (1936) Some physical properties of certain iron oxides. Economic Geology, 31 (7) 699-711 doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.31.7.699
Averill, Charles V. (1939), Mineral resources of Shasta County: California Journal of Mines and Geology, California Division of Mines (Report 35): 35: 127.
Palache, Charles, Berman, Harry, Frondel, Clifford (1944) The System of Mineralogy (7th ed.) Vol. 1 - Elements, Sulfides, Sulfosalts, Oxides. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Huttl J.B. (1946), Diamond drilling features MT CU is Mining, Engineering and Mining Journal: 147(9): 64-68.
Bramel, Hadley R., Heyl, George R., Cox, Manning W., Ransome, Alfred L., Eric, John H., Wyant, Donald G. (1948) Copper in California. Bulletin 144. California State Mining Bureau pp.197-387
Kinkel, Arthur R. , Albers, John P. (1951) Geology of the massive sulfide deposits at Iron Mountain, Shasta County, California. Special Report 14. California Division of Mines
Kinkel, Arthur Rudolph, Jr., Wayne E. Hall & J.P. Albers (1956) Geology and base metal deposits of west Shasta copper-zinc district, Shasta County, California: USGS PP 285, 156 pp.: 86, 89, 117-129 [119].
Kinkel, Arthur Rudolph, Jr., et al (1956), Society of Economic Geologists field trip notes.
Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of California, Centennial Volume (1866-1966): California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin 189: 130, 134, 156, 217, 241, 244, 247, 252, 302.
Clawson, R. F. (1969), Squaw Creek Copper Investigation: California Department of Water Resources Memoir Report, 29 p.
Clark, Wm. B. (1970a) Gold districts of California: California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin 193.
Moore, Lyman (1970), Copper Resources and Production of West Shasta Mining District, U.S. Bureau of Mines Report 85.
Lydon, Philip Andrew and O’Brien, J.C. (1974) Mines and mineral resources of Shasta County, California. California Division of Mines and Geology County Report 6, 154 pp.: 69, 152.
Hillman, C.T., Schumacher, O. and Gosling, B. (1977), The West Shasta County California, U.S. Bureau of Mines MAS Report, 40 pp.
Pemberton, H. Earl (1983) Minerals of California. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company Inc.
Society of Economic Geologists (1984), Notes provided for Klamath Mountains field trip, October 7-13, 1984.
California Geology (1986), Mineral Industry of California, 1985: 39: 93.
California Division of Mines and Geology (1990), Mines and mineral producers active in California (1988-89), California Department of Conservation, Division of Mines and Geology, Special Publication 103.
Nordstrom, Darrell Kirk, Charles N. Alpers, Carol J. Ptacek, and David W. Blowes (2000), Negative pH and Extremely Acidic Mine Waters from Iron Mountain, California. Environmental Science & Technology: 34(2): 254-258.
(2005) Mineral Resources Data System (MRDS), US Geological Survey.
en.wikipedia.org (n.d.) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Mountain_Mine
Majzlan, J., Alpers, C. N., Koch, C. B., McCleskey, R. B., Myneni, S. C., & Neil, J. M. (2011). Vibrational, X-ray absorption, and MΓΆssbauer spectra of sulfate minerals from the weathered massive sulfide deposit at Iron Mountain, California. Chemical Geology: 284(3): 296-305.
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