Copiapite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Copiapite
Formula:
Fe2+Fe3+4(SO4)6(OH)2 · 20H2O
Colour:
Crystals: sulfur-yellow to orange, massive material: greenish-yellow to olive-green.
Lustre:
Pearly, Earthy
Hardness:
2½ - 3
Specific Gravity:
2.08 - 2.17
Crystal System:
Triclinic
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1833 for the type locality, near Copiapó city, Chile.
Type Locality:
Copiapite Group.
Typically found as greenish-yellow to olive-green scaly to fine-granular crusts.
Some 'copiapite' may in fact be ferricopiapite or other members of the copiapite group.
One of 3 purely ferrous-ferric sulfate minerals beside bílinite and römerite. Other sulfate minerals having both Fe(II) and Fe(III) in composition are metavoltine, pertlikite, and voltaite.
Typically found as greenish-yellow to olive-green scaly to fine-granular crusts.
Some 'copiapite' may in fact be ferricopiapite or other members of the copiapite group.
One of 3 purely ferrous-ferric sulfate minerals beside bílinite and römerite. Other sulfate minerals having both Fe(II) and Fe(III) in composition are metavoltine, pertlikite, and voltaite.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1124
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1124:8
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
c996a8f3-9ca9-427d-8271-a30225ecb4a8
IMA Classification of Copiapite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
Classification of Copiapite
7.DB.35
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
D : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) with additional anions, with H2O
B : With only medium-sized cations; insular octahedra and finite units
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
D : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) with additional anions, with H2O
B : With only medium-sized cations; insular octahedra and finite units
Dana 7th ed.:
31.10.5.1
31.10.5.1
31 : HYDRATED SULFATES CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
10 : Miscellaneous
31 : HYDRATED SULFATES CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
10 : Miscellaneous
25.10.22
25 : Sulphates
10 : Sulphates of Fe alone
25 : Sulphates
10 : Sulphates of Fe alone
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Cpi | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Copiapite
Pearly, Earthy
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent, Opaque
Comment:
Pearly on {010}.
Colour:
Crystals: sulfur-yellow to orange, massive material: greenish-yellow to olive-green.
Streak:
Not reported
Hardness:
2½ - 3 on Mohs scale
Hardness Data:
Measured
Tenacity:
Fragile
Cleavage:
Perfect
on {010}, perfect; on {_101}, imperfect.
on {010}, perfect; on {_101}, imperfect.
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Micaceous
Density:
2.08 - 2.17 g/cm3 (Measured) 2.118 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Comment:
2.147 (Tierra Amarilla material); 2.154 (Chuquicamata material).
Optical Data of Copiapite
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.506 - 1.540 nβ = 1.528 - 1.549 nγ = 1.575 - 1.600
2V:
Measured: 45° to 74°, Calculated: 48° to 72°
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.069
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Low
Dispersion:
none
Chemistry of Copiapite
Mindat Formula:
Fe2+Fe3+4(SO4)6(OH)2 · 20H2O
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Cu,Ca,Al
Crystallography of Copiapite
Crystal System:
Triclinic
Class (H-M):
1 - Pinacoidal
Space Group:
P1
Cell Parameters:
a = 7.337 Å, b = 18.76 Å, c = 7.379 Å
α = 91.47°, β = 102.18°, γ = 98.95°
α = 91.47°, β = 102.18°, γ = 98.95°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.391 : 1 : 0.393
Unit Cell V:
978.91 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
1
Morphology:
Crystals rare, tabular {010}, sometimes highly modified. Commonly found as scaly aggregates or fine-granular encrustations.
Twinning:
Contact twinning with twin axis [101] and composition plane {010}, uncommon.
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 18.4 Å | (100) |
| 9.23 Å | (100) |
| 6.15 Å | (60) |
| 5.57 Å | (70) |
| 5.32 Å | (30) |
| 4.20 Å | (40) |
| 3.58 Å | (60) |
| 3.49 Å | (60) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 45a : [Sulfates, arsenates, selenates, antimonates] | |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47b : [Sulfates and sulfites] | |
| Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
| 50 : Coal and/or oil shale minerals | <0.36 |
| Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals | <10 Ka |
| 54 : Coal and other mine fire minerals (see also #51 and #56) |
Geological Setting:
Areas of pyrite oxidation.
Type Occurrence of Copiapite
Synonyms of Copiapite
Other Language Names for Copiapite
German:Atramenstein
Basisches schwefelsaures Eisenoxyd
Copiapit
Elaeit
Eläit
Ferrocopiapit
Flaveit
Gelb Atrament
Gelbeisenerz (of Breithaupt)
Ihlëite
Janosit
Misleyit
Niveit
Xanthosiderit (of Glocker)
Misy (in part)
Basisches schwefelsaures Eisenoxyd
Copiapit
Elaeit
Eläit
Ferrocopiapit
Flaveit
Gelb Atrament
Gelbeisenerz (of Breithaupt)
Ihlëite
Janosit
Misleyit
Niveit
Xanthosiderit (of Glocker)
Misy (in part)
Greek:Μισυ
Russian:Копиапит
Simplified Chinese:叶绿矾
Swedish:Gul Atrament Sten
Relationship of Copiapite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
| Aluminocopiapite | Al2/3Fe3+4(SO4)6(OH)2 · 20H2O | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Calciocopiapite | CaFe3+4(SO4)6(OH)2 · 20H2O | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Cuprocopiapite | Cu2+Fe3+4(SO4)6(OH)2 · 20H2O | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Ferricopiapite | Fe3+0.67Fe3+4(SO4)6(OH)2 · 20H2O | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Magnesiocopiapite | MgFe3+4(SO4)6(OH)2 · 20H2O | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Zincocopiapite | ZnFe3+4(SO4)6(OH)2 · 18H2O | Tric. 1 : P1 |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 47 photos of Copiapite associated with Coquimbite | AlFe3(SO4)6(H2O)12 · 6H2O |
| 47 photos of Copiapite associated with Botryogen | MgFe3+(SO4)2(OH) · 7H2O |
| 37 photos of Copiapite associated with Halotrichite | FeAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 29 photos of Copiapite associated with Chalcanthite | CuSO4 · 5H2O |
| 23 photos of Copiapite associated with Pyrite | FeS2 |
| 21 photos of Copiapite associated with Butlerite | Fe3+(SO4)(OH) · 2H2O |
| 21 photos of Copiapite associated with Römerite | Fe2+Fe3+2(SO4)4 · 14H2O |
| 18 photos of Copiapite associated with Alunogen | Al2(SO4)3 · 17H2O |
| 16 photos of Copiapite associated with Voltaite | K2Fe2+5Fe3+3Al(SO4)12 · 18H2O |
| 16 photos of Copiapite associated with Melanterite | Fe2+(H2O)6SO4 · H2O |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 7.DB.05 | Aubertite | CuAl(SO4)2Cl · 14H2O |
| 7.DB.05 | Magnesioaubertite | (Mg,Cu)Al(SO4)2Cl · 14H2O |
| 7.DB.05 | Svyazhinite | (Mg,Mn2+,Ca)(Al,Fe3+)(SO4)2F · 14H2O |
| 7.DB.10 | Khademite | Al(SO4)F · 5H2O |
| 7.DB.10 | Rostite | Al(SO4)(OH) · 5H2O |
| 7.DB.15 | Jurbanite | Al(SO4)(OH) · 5H2O |
| 7.DB.20 | Minasragrite | (V4+O)(SO4) · 5H2O |
| 7.DB.20 | Orthominasragrite | (V4+O)(SO4) · 5H2O |
| 7.DB.20 | Anorthominasragrite | (V4+O)(SO4) · 5H2O |
| 7.DB.25 | Bobjonesite | (V4+O)(SO4) · 3H2O |
| 7.DB.27 | Karpovite | Tl2VO(SO4)2(H2O) |
| 7.DB.30 | Amarantite | Fe3+2(SO4)2O · 7H2O |
| 7.DB.30 | Hohmannite | Fe3+2(SO4)2O · 8H2O |
| 7.DB.30 | Metahohmannite | Fe3+2(SO4)2O · 4H2O |
| 7.DB.35 | Aluminocopiapite | Al2/3Fe3+4(SO4)6(OH)2 · 20H2O |
| 7.DB.35 | Calciocopiapite | CaFe3+4(SO4)6(OH)2 · 20H2O |
| 7.DB.35 | Cuprocopiapite | Cu2+Fe3+4(SO4)6(OH)2 · 20H2O |
| 7.DB.35 | Ferricopiapite | Fe3+0.67Fe3+4(SO4)6(OH)2 · 20H2O |
| 7.DB.35 | Magnesiocopiapite | MgFe3+4(SO4)6(OH)2 · 20H2O |
| 7.DB.35 | Zincocopiapite | ZnFe3+4(SO4)6(OH)2 · 18H2O |
Other Information
Notes:
Readily soluble in water, forming a yellowish solution.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Copiapite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1124.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Copiapite
Reference List:
Agricola, Georgius (1546) De natura fossilium and De veteribus et novis metallis (as Gelb Atrament).
Haidinger, Wilhelm (1845) Handbuch der bestimmenden Mineralogie, enthaltend die Terminologie, Systematik, Nomenklatur und Charakteristik der Naturgeschichte des Mineralreiches (1st ed.) Braumüller & Seidel, Vienna. p.489
Larsen, Esper S. (1921) The microscopic determination of the nonopaque minerals. Bulletin Vol. 679. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/b679 p.61
Localities for Copiapite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Andorra | |
| Valenti Turu and Michels (1992) |
Antarctica | |
| Vennum +1 other reference |
Argentina | |
| Marquez Zavalia (1986) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
Australia | |
| McQueen +2 other references |
| B. G. Lottermoser: P. M. Ashley (1997) |
| B. G. Lottermoser: P. M. Ashley (1997) +1 other reference |
| Basedow (1924) +1 other reference |
| |
| Noble R.J. |
| Noble R.J et al. (1983) |
| Noble et al. (1983) |
| |
| Noble R.J. +1 other reference |
| Bottrill +1 other reference |
| R Bottrill (in prep 2018) |
| Simpson (1948) |
| Simpson Mineral Collection of the ... |
| Simpson Mineral Collection of the ... | |
| Simpson Mineral Collection of the ... |
| Prider (1944) +1 other reference |
Austria | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Puttner (1987) +1 other reference |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Hiden (1997) |
| Huber et al. (1977) |
| Goldmann et al. (2008) |
| GOLDMANN et al. (2008) | |
| Exel (1993) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Lewandowski et al. (2006) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| G. Weissensteiner: Der Karinthin 63:183-186 (1970) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Postl et al. (1996) |
| Pribitzer (1956) +1 other reference |
| Postl et al. (1996) |
| Aufschluss 1972 (SB) |
| Meixner (1958) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Walter et al. (1983) | |
| Reiter (2010) |
Belgium | |
| Mélon et al. (1976) +4 other references |
| Van Tassel (1961) +2 other references |
| Van Tassel (1973) +2 other references |
| ko Jansen. |
| Schoep (1938) +3 other references |
| Schoep (1938) | |
| |
Bolivia | |
| Petrov (n.d.) |
| Petrov (n.d.) | |
| Ahlfeld et al. (1955) |
| Petrov (n.d.) |
Bulgaria | |
| Dimitrova +3 other references |
| Sabeva et al. (2017) |
| Atanassova et al. (2009) |
Canada | |
| Schmetzer et al. (1983) |
| Peatfield (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| Geological Association of Canada (2014) |
| Sabina (1967) |
| Norman Wilson personal collection |
| Zodrow (1980) |
| Gait et al. (1990) |
| Izawa et al. (2011) |
| 156. +1 other reference |
| Sabina (1991) |
| Sabina (1983) |
| Ontario Division of Mines |
Chile | |
| Färber (n.d.) |
| samples analysed by Dr. Tony Kampf | |
| Wet Chemical by Gerhard Möhn | |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
| Kampf +5 other references | |
| Dana 7:II:457 & 605. | |
| Singer et al. (2008) | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Uwe Kolitsch (SXRD) +3 other references |
| Dana 6:A1:54. |
| Samples analysed by Tony Kampf of LAC ... +1 other reference |
| Kampf et al. (2013) +1 other reference | |
| Kampf et al. (2013) | |
| Rose (1833) |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
China | |
| Zhaolong Li et al. (1981) |
| Guangzhi Tu et al. (1964) +2 other references |
| Yingxia Xu et al. (2007) |
Costa Rica | |
| Rodríguez et al. (2017) |
| Ulloa et al. (2018) |
Czech Republic | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Jirásek (2001) |
| Lapis 2002 (7/8) |
| Scharm +7 other references |
| Kruťa |
| Vinš V. (1957) |
| Žáček |
| Pašava +7 other references |
| Pelíšek J.: Některé nové minerály ... |
| Robert Vaňo |
| David Parfitt collection |
France | |
| Laurent (1995) |
| Aimé Rudel : "Curiosités Géologiques ... |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| G. Demarcq |
| Boisson J.-M. (2022) |
| Delfour (2007) |
| Chauris (2014) |
| Le Roc'h P. () |
| A. Wittern et al. (Cologne) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Berbain et al. (2005) |
| Berbain et al. (2005) | |
| Guitard (2010) | |
| Guitard (2010) | |
| Bourgoin et al. (2011) |
| Jean-Luc Portes Collection |
| www.mine-capgaronne.fr (2003) |
Germany | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Hahn (1991) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) | |
| Mangold et al. (11/21) |
| 54. +1 other reference |
| Schwarzmeier (2015) +2 other references |
| Andreas Gerstenberg collection |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1991) |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
| ko Jansen. |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1991) |
| Henrich (2008) |
| Blaß et al. (1993) +1 other reference |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Der Aufschluss Vol.55 |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Thomas Kleser & Erwin Ecker Collections |
| Thomas Kleser Collection & XRD-analysis ... |
| Thalheim +1 other reference |
| Liebeskind et al. (1992) |
Greece | |
| |
| Rieck et al. (2018) | |
| 62. [describe copiapite but give the ... +1 other reference |
| Branko Rieck collection | |
| Branko Rieck collection |
| www.brgm.fr (2003) |
Greenland | |
| Jakobsen (1989) |
Hungary | |
| |
| Szakáll et al. (2008) | |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya +1 other reference |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya | |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya +1 other reference | |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya +1 other reference | |
| HOM Collection 2005 |
| ACTA MIN. PETR. Suppl. Tomus XXXVIII. |
| ACTA MIN. PETR. Suppl. Tomus XXXVIII. |
| Szakáll-Gatter-Szendrei:Mineral ... |
| Szakáll-Kristály-2018 |
| Szakáll & Gatter: Hun. Min. Spec. +1 other reference |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) | |
| |
| Sánoor Szakáll et al. (1997) | |
| Sánoor Szakáll et al. (1997) | |
| |
Indonesia | |
| Mineralium Deposita (2005) |
Iran | |
| António Manuel Ináçio Martins. |
| Bariand et al. (1973) +1 other reference |
Ireland | |
| de Haller |
| Balassone et al. (2008) |
Italy | |
| · Maletto et al. (2016) |
| Del Caldo A. et al. (1973) |
| D’Angeli et al. (2017) +1 other reference |
| Antofilli M. et al. (1983) |
| Pelloux (1934) +1 other reference |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Girolami (2006) | |
| Ciriotti et al. (2019) |
| Ciriotti et al. (2019) | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Scaini G. (1971) +1 other reference | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
| Ara D. et al. (2013) |
| Fernando Caboni et al. (2024) |
| Fernando Caboni et al. (2024) | |
| GARAVELLI A. et al. (1996) |
| P.Forti (1994) | |
| Capperi M. |
| Jervis G. (1874) +1 other reference |
| Brizzi G. et al. (GR) |
| Bazzoni C. et al. |
| Brizzi G. | |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Innocenti F. et al. (Semproniano, Grosseto) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Innocenti et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| Bonifazi (2020) | |
| G. D'Achiardi (picroallumogene) |
| De Michele (1974) |
| Manasse (1912) +1 other reference | |
| Sammlung Geol.Führer Band 98 (Elba) +1 other reference |
| N. Calanchi et al. (1976) |
| L. Rossato | |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
| Bonifazi (2020) |
| Biagioni (2009) |
| Mauro (2020) |
| Biagioni et al. (2019) +1 other reference |
| Mauro (2020) |
| Biagioni et al. (2008) +1 other reference | |
| Betti et al. (2017) |
| · Betti et al. (2017) |
| Mineralogical Record (1) +1 other reference |
Japan | |
| Yamada (2004) |
| Africano et al. (2000) |
| Dr Yohachiro Okamoto (1876-1960) |
| Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
Lebanon | |
| Kruszewski et al. (South Lebanon) |
Mexico | |
| Megaw |
| Querol +1 other reference |
| Am Min (1931) +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Min.: 56:247. |
Morocco | |
| Rachid Hakkou (2008) |
New Zealand | |
| Ko Jansen |
North Macedonia | |
| Percival et al. (1994) |
Norway | |
| Identified by Harald Folvik +1 other reference |
| Neumann (1985) |
| Neumann (1985) |
| Neumann (1985) |
| Nordrum (2012) |
| Neumann (1985) |
| Ellingsen (1989) |
Pakistan | |
| Niazi (2023) |
Peru | |
| Petersen (1970) |
| Ciesielczuk et al. (2013) |
| Frost et al. (2014) |
| Mondillo et al. (2014) |
| Petersen (1970) |
Poland | |
| Cabała et al. (2008) |
| Balcerzak et al. (1992) |
| Mochnacka et al. (2015) | |
| Ciesielczukk |
| Wyszomirski P. 1992: Uranium-bearing copiapite from kaolin deposit in Żarów (Lower Silesia) |
| Stepisiewicz (1983) |
Portugal | |
| Flahaut et al. (2018, September) |
| Bobos +3 other references |
| Álvarez-Valero et al. (2008) |
| Rui Nunes' visit March 2019 |
| |
| |
| Rui Nunes collection |
| Sobre a Ocorrência de Copiapite na Orla Meso-Cenozóica Ocidental de Portugal et al. (UNL) | |
| Rui Nunes 16Jan2005 +1 other reference |
| Martins da Pedra collection |
| ko Jansen. |
| Ko Jansen collection |
Romania | |
| Onac (2003) |
| Edited by Szakáll-Kristály (2010) |
| Szakáll et al. (2010) | |
| Apopei et al. (2005) |
| Andrei I. Apopei et al. (2014) | |
| A. Januszewska PXRD data / Januszewska et al. (in preparation) |
Russia | |
| Blinov et al. (2011) |
| Pekov (1998) |
| webmineral.ru (2016) |
| Zhitova et al. (2022) |
| Bortnikova et al. (2005) |
Slovakia | |
| |
| Ďuda et al. (2012) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) | |
| Ďuďa |
South Africa | |
| Hugh Heron collection |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
Spain | |
| Castro +2 other references |
| Shuster et al. (2017) |
| Calvo (1999) |
| Castro et al. (2001) |
| Joan Rosell (2022) |
| Bareche (2005) |
| Mata i Perelló (1990) |
| Marc C collection |
| Crespo et al. (2017) |
| Pascual +1 other reference |
Sweden | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Ansermet (2012) | |
| Ansermet et al. (2011) |
| Elio Uldry collection |
UK | |
| Day (1999) |
| J.Ralph site visit 2021 |
| Livingstone et al. (1983) |
| Livingstone et al. (1983) |
| Day (1999) |
| |
Ukraine | |
| Alexander I. Tischenko (1996) |
| Möckel et al. (1992) |
| Dobrovolskaya T.I. (2004) |
USA | |
| |
| Anthony et al. (1995) +1 other reference | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Grant et al. (2005) |
| Merwin et al. (1937) +3 other references |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Bollin et al. (1958) +2 other references |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Granger (1969) +1 other reference |
| David Shannon ID and label |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Anderson (1927) +4 other references |
| Howard (1987) +1 other reference |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 274. +5 other references |
| [Mineralogical Record 20 129-142] | |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 273 +1 other reference |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 274. +4 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 274. +1 other reference |
| www.mineralsocal.org | |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference | |
| Cal Div of Mines & Geology "Mineral ... |
| Smith et al. (1958) +2 other references | |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 266 +5 other references |
| Min.Rec.: 20:427-434. |
| Eakle (1903a) +2 other references |
| Schairer (1924) +1 other reference |
| part 2 +5 other references |
| Petrov (n.d.) |
| Mineralogical Record: 17:315 |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 274. +4 other references |
| Jamieson et al. (2005) | |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 274 +4 other references |
| USGS PP 1017 (Lovering,1978) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| U.S. Geological Survey Professional ... |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Januzzi et al. (1976) |
| Schooner (1961) |
| Schairer (1931) +1 other reference | |
| Januzzi et al. (1976) |
| Januzzi et al. (1976) |
| Collected by Julian Gray 21 September ... |
| Hon |
| Erd et al. (1960) | |
| Erd et al. (1960) |
| Erd et al. (1960) |
| Erd et al. (1960) |
| Paul J. Horick (1974) |
| Anderson (1994) | |
| Goldstein (2006) |
| Goldstein (2006) |
| Goldstein (2006) |
| Goldstein (2006) |
| Goldstein (2006) |
| |
| Morrill & Hinckley |
| King (n.d.) |
| www.irocks.com (2020) |
| Cerato |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) | |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) | |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) | |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) | |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) |
| The Mineralogy of The Butte District +1 other reference |
| Chemical Geology Volume 215 |
| Robert Matthew Joeckel et al. (2007) |
| Robert Matthew Joeckel et al. (2007) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Bowell et al. (2005) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Rocks & Minerals: 74 (6) +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| P. Cristofono collection 2011 |
| Rocks & Min 80:256 |
| Nashua Min Soc. Disp. Cat. 1995 | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Peter Zodac +1 other reference |
| Carlson (2015) |
| King (n.d.) |
| Ernest H. Carlson. Jerret Whitford. ... | |
| gsa.confex.com (2002) |
| Carlson (2015) |
| Carlson (2015) |
| ... |
| U.S. Geological Survey/ U.s. Department ... |
| Robert C. Smith II (1978) |
| |
| Roberts et al. (1965) |
| Flohr et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
| Smith (1991) |
| Smith (1991) | |
| Smith (1991) | |
| |
| Smith (1991) |
| Rocks & Min. +1 other reference | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Min Rec 19: 331-338. +1 other reference | |
| DANA R. KELLEY AND PAUL F. KERR (1958) | |
| Excalibur Mineral Co. microprobe ... +1 other reference |
| Thorne (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Piatak et al. (2004) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) | |
| Dietrich (1990) | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Rocks&Min. 47:596 (1972) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) | |
| Rye et al. (2003) |
| Cannaon (1975) |
| Rocks & Min. Vol. 73 (1998) |
Mars | |
| Farrand et al. (2014) |
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Plaka Sulfate Locality II, Plaka Mines, Plaka, Lavrion mining district, Lavreotiki, East Attica, Attica, Greece