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Gap Mine, Bart Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, USAi
Regional Level Types
Gap MineMine (Flooded)
Bart TownshipTownship
Lancaster CountyCounty
PennsylvaniaState
USACountry

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Latitude & Longitude (WGS84):
39° 57' 29'' North , 76° 4' 59'' West
Latitude & Longitude (decimal):
39.95806,-76.08333
GeoHash:
G#: dr1gkdju9
GRN:
N27W42
Type:
Mine (Flooded) - last checked 2023
KΓΆppen climate type:
Cfa : Humid subtropical climate
Nearest Settlements:
PlacePopulationDistance
Georgetown1,022 (2017)2.3km
Gap1,931 (2017)6.3km
Paradise1,129 (2017)6.9km
Christiana1,171 (2017)7.4km
Gordonville508 (2017)8.1km
Mindat Locality ID:
4085
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:2:4085:6
GUID (UUID V4):
ed01acb8-8fec-4d50-b141-a74fa10ae52d
Other/historical names associated with this locality:
Gap Nickel Mine


An old nickel mine with millerite as the principal ore mineral. The Gap Nickel Mine was discovered in 1732, and was worked to some extent for copper, but was abandoned due to the small quantities present in the ore. In the early 1850s, it was discovered that the large ore vein contained a considerable quantity of nickel. Operated by the Gap Mining Co. until 1863, when Joseph Wharton, founder of the Wharton School of Business at the University of Pennsylvania, took over ownership and operation of the mine.

Select Mineral List Type

Standard Detailed Gallery Strunz Chemical Elements

Commodity List

This is a list of exploitable or exploited mineral commodities recorded at this locality.


Mineral List


26 valid minerals.

Detailed Mineral List:

β“˜ Actinolite
Formula: ◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2
β“˜ Anorthite
Formula: Ca(Al2Si2O8)
Description: Described by T. C. Phemister, in "A note on the Lancaster Gap mine, Pennsylvania" in Econ. Geology v. 32 p. 498 (1924) as "calcic plagioclase" which now corresponds to anorthite
β“˜ 'Apatite'
Formula: Ca5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
β“˜ Aragonite
Formula: CaCO3
β“˜ 'Biotite'
Formula: K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
β“˜ Calcite
Formula: CaCO3
β“˜ Chalcanthite
Formula: CuSO4 · 5H2O
β“˜ Chalcocite
Formula: Cu2S
β“˜ Chalcopyrite
Formula: CuFeS2
β“˜ Chalcopyrite var. Blister Copper
Formula: CuFeS2
β“˜ Copiapite
Formula: Fe2+Fe3+4(SO4)6(OH)2 · 20H2O
β“˜ Copper
Formula: Cu
β“˜ Epidote
Formula: (CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH)
β“˜ 'Glockerite'
Formula: Fe3+4(SO4)(OH)10 · 1-3H2O ?
β“˜ Hisingerite
Formula: Fe3+2(Si2O5)(OH)4 · 2H2O
β“˜ 'Hornblende Root Name Group'
Formula: ◻Ca2(Z2+4Z3+)(AlSi7O22)(OH,F,Cl)2
β“˜ Jarosite
Formula: KFe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6
β“˜ Mackinawite
Formula: FeS
β“˜ Melanterite
Formula: Fe2+(H2O)6SO4 · H2O
βœͺ Millerite
Formula: NiS
Habit: crusts of sub-parallel, acicular crystals forming botryoidal surfaces.
Colour: Brass
Fluorescence: None.
Description: Principal ore mineral here.
β“˜ Morenosite
Formula: NiSO4 · 7H2O
Description: morenosite and retgersite are found as apple- to yellowish-green waxy coatings on millerite, verified by XRD - see R. C. Smith reference
β“˜ 'Orthopyroxene Subgroup'
β“˜ Pentlandite
Formula: (NixFey)Ξ£9S8
β“˜ Pyrite
Formula: FeS2
β“˜ Pyrrhotite
Formula: Fe1-xS
Habit: massive, laminated and granular
Colour: between brassy yellow and Copper red
Description: Nickelian variety. Some non-magnetic ore samples analized in the mid 19th century, tested to 25.7% nickel, less of iron and nearing the atomic ratio to qualify for identity of Pentlandite (Dufrenoy)
β“˜ Pyrrhotite var. Nickel-bearing Pyrrhotite
Formula: (Fe,Ni)7S8
Habit: massive, laminated and granular
Colour: between brassy yellow and Copper red
Fluorescence: none
Description: Nickelian variety. Some non-magnetic ore samples analized in the mid 19th century, tested to 25.7% nickel, less of iron and nearing the atomic ratio to qualify for identity of Pentlandite (Dufrenoy)
β“˜ Quartz
Formula: SiO2
β“˜ Retgersite
Formula: NiSO4 · 6H2O
Description: morenosite and retgersite are found as apple- to yellowish-green waxy coatings on millerite, verified by XRD - see R. C. Smith reference
β“˜ Schorl
Formula: NaFe2+3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH)
β“˜ Siderite
Formula: FeCO3
β“˜ Siderite var. SphΓ€rosiderite
Formula: FeCO3
β“˜ Talc
Formula: Mg3Si4O10(OH)2
β“˜ Violarite
Formula: Fe2+Ni3+2S4
β“˜ Vivianite
Formula: Fe2+Fe2+2(PO4)2 · 8H2O

Gallery:

NiSβ“˜ Millerite

List of minerals arranged by Strunz 10th Edition classification

Group 1 - Elements
β“˜Copper1.AA.05Cu
Group 2 - Sulphides and Sulfosalts
β“˜Chalcocite2.BA.05Cu2S
β“˜Pentlandite2.BB.15(NixFey)Ξ£9S8
β“˜Chalcopyrite2.CB.10aCuFeS2
β“˜var. Blister Copper2.CB.10aCuFeS2
β“˜Pyrrhotite
var. Nickel-bearing Pyrrhotite		2.CC.10(Fe,Ni)7S8
β“˜2.CC.10Fe1-xS
β“˜Millerite2.CC.20NiS
β“˜Mackinawite2.CC.25FeS
β“˜Violarite2.DA.05Fe2+Ni3+2S4
β“˜Pyrite2.EB.05aFeS2
Group 4 - Oxides and Hydroxides
β“˜Quartz4.DA.05SiO2
Group 5 - Nitrates and Carbonates
β“˜Siderite
var. SphΓ€rosiderite		5.AB.05FeCO3
β“˜Calcite5.AB.05CaCO3
β“˜Siderite5.AB.05FeCO3
β“˜Aragonite5.AB.15CaCO3
Group 7 - Sulphates, Chromates, Molybdates and Tungstates
β“˜Jarosite7.BC.10KFe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6
β“˜Chalcanthite7.CB.20CuSO4 Β· 5H2O
β“˜Retgersite7.CB.30NiSO4 Β· 6H2O
β“˜Melanterite7.CB.35Fe2+(H2O)6SO4 Β· H2O
β“˜Morenosite7.CB.40NiSO4 Β· 7H2O
β“˜Copiapite7.DB.35Fe2+Fe3+4(SO4)6(OH)2 Β· 20H2O
Group 8 - Phosphates, Arsenates and Vanadates
β“˜Vivianite8.CE.40Fe2+Fe2+2(PO4)2 Β· 8H2O
Group 9 - Silicates
β“˜Epidote9.BG.05a(CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH)
β“˜Schorl9.CK.05NaFe2+3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH)
β“˜Actinolite9.DE.10β—»Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2
β“˜Talc9.EC.05Mg3Si4O10(OH)2
β“˜Hisingerite9.ED.10Fe3+2(Si2O5)(OH)4 Β· 2H2O
β“˜Anorthite9.FA.35Ca(Al2Si2O8)
Unclassified
β“˜'Hornblende Root Name Group'-β—»Ca2(Z2+4Z3+)(AlSi7O22)(OH,F,Cl)2
β“˜'Orthopyroxene Subgroup'-
β“˜'Biotite'-K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
β“˜'Glockerite'-Fe3+4(SO4)(OH)10 Β· 1-3H2O ?
β“˜'Apatite'-Ca5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)

List of minerals for each chemical element

HHydrogen
Hβ“˜ Actinolite◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2
Hβ“˜ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Hβ“˜ ChalcanthiteCuSO4 · 5H2O
Hβ“˜ CopiapiteFe2+Fe43+(SO4)6(OH)2 · 20H2O
Hβ“˜ Epidote(CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH)
Hβ“˜ HisingeriteFe23+(Si2O5)(OH)4 · 2H2O
Hβ“˜ JarositeKFe33+(SO4)2(OH)6
Hβ“˜ MelanteriteFe2+(H2O)6SO4 · H2O
Hβ“˜ MorenositeNiSO4 · 7H2O
Hβ“˜ RetgersiteNiSO4 · 6H2O
Hβ“˜ SchorlNaFe32+Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH)
Hβ“˜ TalcMg3Si4O10(OH)2
Hβ“˜ VivianiteFe2+Fe22+(PO4)2 · 8H2O
Hβ“˜ Hornblende Root Name Group◻Ca2(Z42+Z3+)(AlSi7O22)(OH,F,Cl)2
Hβ“˜ GlockeriteFe43+(SO4)(OH)10 · 1-3H2O ?
Hβ“˜ ApatiteCa5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
BBoron
Bβ“˜ SchorlNaFe32+Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH)
CCarbon
Cβ“˜ AragoniteCaCO3
Cβ“˜ CalciteCaCO3
Cβ“˜ SideriteFeCO3
Cβ“˜ Siderite var. SphΓ€rosideriteFeCO3
OOxygen
Oβ“˜ Actinolite◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2
Oβ“˜ AnorthiteCa(Al2Si2O8)
Oβ“˜ AragoniteCaCO3
Oβ“˜ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Oβ“˜ CalciteCaCO3
Oβ“˜ ChalcanthiteCuSO4 · 5H2O
Oβ“˜ CopiapiteFe2+Fe43+(SO4)6(OH)2 · 20H2O
Oβ“˜ Epidote(CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH)
Oβ“˜ HisingeriteFe23+(Si2O5)(OH)4 · 2H2O
Oβ“˜ JarositeKFe33+(SO4)2(OH)6
Oβ“˜ MelanteriteFe2+(H2O)6SO4 · H2O
Oβ“˜ MorenositeNiSO4 · 7H2O
Oβ“˜ QuartzSiO2
Oβ“˜ RetgersiteNiSO4 · 6H2O
Oβ“˜ SchorlNaFe32+Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH)
Oβ“˜ SideriteFeCO3
Oβ“˜ TalcMg3Si4O10(OH)2
Oβ“˜ VivianiteFe2+Fe22+(PO4)2 · 8H2O
Oβ“˜ Siderite var. SphΓ€rosideriteFeCO3
Oβ“˜ Hornblende Root Name Group◻Ca2(Z42+Z3+)(AlSi7O22)(OH,F,Cl)2
Oβ“˜ GlockeriteFe43+(SO4)(OH)10 · 1-3H2O ?
Oβ“˜ ApatiteCa5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
FFluorine
Fβ“˜ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Fβ“˜ Hornblende Root Name Group◻Ca2(Z42+Z3+)(AlSi7O22)(OH,F,Cl)2
Fβ“˜ ApatiteCa5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
NaSodium
Naβ“˜ SchorlNaFe32+Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH)
MgMagnesium
Mgβ“˜ Actinolite◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2
Mgβ“˜ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Mgβ“˜ TalcMg3Si4O10(OH)2
AlAluminium
Alβ“˜ AnorthiteCa(Al2Si2O8)
Alβ“˜ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Alβ“˜ Epidote(CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH)
Alβ“˜ SchorlNaFe32+Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH)
Alβ“˜ Hornblende Root Name Group◻Ca2(Z42+Z3+)(AlSi7O22)(OH,F,Cl)2
SiSilicon
Siβ“˜ Actinolite◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2
Siβ“˜ AnorthiteCa(Al2Si2O8)
Siβ“˜ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Siβ“˜ Epidote(CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH)
Siβ“˜ HisingeriteFe23+(Si2O5)(OH)4 · 2H2O
Siβ“˜ QuartzSiO2
Siβ“˜ SchorlNaFe32+Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH)
Siβ“˜ TalcMg3Si4O10(OH)2
Siβ“˜ Hornblende Root Name Group◻Ca2(Z42+Z3+)(AlSi7O22)(OH,F,Cl)2
PPhosphorus
Pβ“˜ VivianiteFe2+Fe22+(PO4)2 · 8H2O
Pβ“˜ ApatiteCa5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
SSulfur
Sβ“˜ ChalcopyriteCuFeS2
Sβ“˜ ChalcanthiteCuSO4 · 5H2O
Sβ“˜ ChalcociteCu2S
Sβ“˜ CopiapiteFe2+Fe43+(SO4)6(OH)2 · 20H2O
Sβ“˜ JarositeKFe33+(SO4)2(OH)6
Sβ“˜ MackinawiteFeS
Sβ“˜ MelanteriteFe2+(H2O)6SO4 · H2O
Sβ“˜ MilleriteNiS
Sβ“˜ MorenositeNiSO4 · 7H2O
Sβ“˜ Pentlandite(NixFey)Ξ£9S8
Sβ“˜ PyriteFeS2
Sβ“˜ PyrrhotiteFe1-xS
Sβ“˜ RetgersiteNiSO4 · 6H2O
Sβ“˜ ViolariteFe2+Ni23+S4
Sβ“˜ Chalcopyrite var. Blister CopperCuFeS2
Sβ“˜ Pyrrhotite var. Nickel-bearing Pyrrhotite(Fe,Ni)7S8
Sβ“˜ GlockeriteFe43+(SO4)(OH)10 · 1-3H2O ?
ClChlorine
Clβ“˜ Hornblende Root Name Group◻Ca2(Z42+Z3+)(AlSi7O22)(OH,F,Cl)2
Clβ“˜ ApatiteCa5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
KPotassium
Kβ“˜ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Kβ“˜ JarositeKFe33+(SO4)2(OH)6
CaCalcium
Caβ“˜ Actinolite◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2
Caβ“˜ AnorthiteCa(Al2Si2O8)
Caβ“˜ AragoniteCaCO3
Caβ“˜ CalciteCaCO3
Caβ“˜ Epidote(CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH)
Caβ“˜ Hornblende Root Name Group◻Ca2(Z42+Z3+)(AlSi7O22)(OH,F,Cl)2
Caβ“˜ ApatiteCa5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
TiTitanium
Tiβ“˜ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
FeIron
Feβ“˜ Actinolite◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2
Feβ“˜ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Feβ“˜ ChalcopyriteCuFeS2
Feβ“˜ CopiapiteFe2+Fe43+(SO4)6(OH)2 · 20H2O
Feβ“˜ Epidote(CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH)
Feβ“˜ HisingeriteFe23+(Si2O5)(OH)4 · 2H2O
Feβ“˜ JarositeKFe33+(SO4)2(OH)6
Feβ“˜ MackinawiteFeS
Feβ“˜ MelanteriteFe2+(H2O)6SO4 · H2O
Feβ“˜ Pentlandite(NixFey)Ξ£9S8
Feβ“˜ PyriteFeS2
Feβ“˜ PyrrhotiteFe1-xS
Feβ“˜ SchorlNaFe32+Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH)
Feβ“˜ SideriteFeCO3
Feβ“˜ ViolariteFe2+Ni23+S4
Feβ“˜ VivianiteFe2+Fe22+(PO4)2 · 8H2O
Feβ“˜ Siderite var. SphΓ€rosideriteFeCO3
Feβ“˜ Chalcopyrite var. Blister CopperCuFeS2
Feβ“˜ Pyrrhotite var. Nickel-bearing Pyrrhotite(Fe,Ni)7S8
Feβ“˜ GlockeriteFe43+(SO4)(OH)10 · 1-3H2O ?
NiNickel
Niβ“˜ MilleriteNiS
Niβ“˜ MorenositeNiSO4 · 7H2O
Niβ“˜ Pentlandite(NixFey)Ξ£9S8
Niβ“˜ RetgersiteNiSO4 · 6H2O
Niβ“˜ ViolariteFe2+Ni23+S4
Niβ“˜ Pyrrhotite var. Nickel-bearing Pyrrhotite(Fe,Ni)7S8
CuCopper
Cuβ“˜ ChalcopyriteCuFeS2
Cuβ“˜ ChalcanthiteCuSO4 · 5H2O
Cuβ“˜ ChalcociteCu2S
Cuβ“˜ CopperCu
Cuβ“˜ Chalcopyrite var. Blister CopperCuFeS2

Other Regions, Features and Areas containing this locality

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References

"Second Geological Survey of Pennsylvania" 1874.
Genth, F. A. Preliminary Report on the Mineralogy of Pennsylvania" Pgs. 13, 14.
Heyl, Allen (Apr, 1973), "Cobalt at Gap Nickel Mine," Keystone Newsletter.
Dana, Edward Salisbury (1892) A System of Mineralogy (6th ed.)
Buddington, A.F. (1924)," Alaskan Nickel Minerals," Economic Geology, Vol. 19:521-541.
Moyd, Louis (1942), "Evidence of Sulfide, Silicate Immiscibility at Gap Nickel Mine, Pennsylvania," American Mineralogist: 27: 389-393.
Palache, Charles, Berman, Harry, Frondel, Clifford (1944) The System of Mineralogy (7th ed.) Vol. 1 - Elements, Sulfides, Sulfosalts, Oxides. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Palache, Charles, Berman, Harry, Frondel, Clifford (1951) The System of Mineralogy (7th ed.) Vol. 2 - Halides, Nitrates, Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Arsenates, Tungstates, Molybdates, Ect. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Speer, J.A. and Martin, E.C. (1974), "Pennsylvania Minerals: I. Violarite from the Gap Nickel Mine," Mineralogical Record: 5(5): 209-210.
Reed, Juliet C. (1976), Annotated Biblio. of Minerals New to the Pennsylvania List 1965-1974, The Mineralogical Society of Pennsylvania, Inc.: 77.
Smith, II, R. C. (1978) Violarite Chapter in The Mineralogy of Pennsylvania, 1966-1975, Friends of Mineralogy, Pennsylvania Chapter, Special Publication No. 1, p. 275-282 plus 6 illustrations.
Mineralogical Record (1990): 21: 103.
Anthony, John Williams, Bideaux, Richard A., Bladh, Kenneth W., Nichols, Monte C. (1990) Handbook of Mineralogy Vol. 1 - Elements, Sulfides, Sulfosalts. Mineral Data Publishing, Tucson, Arizona.
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