Violarite
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About Violarite
Formula:
Fe2+Ni3+2S4
Colour:
Violet gray, copper red, light gray, or steel gray
Lustre:
Metallic
Hardness:
4½ - 5½
Crystal System:
Isometric
Member of:
Name:
From Latin "viola", violet, alluding to the color of the mineral, especially if viewed with a reflected-light microscope.
Classification of Violarite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
2/D.01-70
2.DA.05
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
D : Metal Sulfides, M: S = 3 :4 and 2:3
A : M:S = 3:4
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
D : Metal Sulfides, M: S = 3 :4 and 2:3
A : M:S = 3:4
2.10.1.8
2 : SULFIDES
10 : AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 3:4
2 : SULFIDES
10 : AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 3:4
3.11.8
3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
11 : Sulphides etc. of Ni
3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
11 : Sulphides etc. of Ni
Physical Properties of Violarite
Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Violet gray, copper red, light gray, or steel gray
Streak:
Black
Hardness:
4½ - 5½ on Mohs scale
Cleavage:
Perfect
Perfect
Perfect
Optical Data of Violarite
Type:
Isotropic
Chemical Properties of Violarite
Formula:
Fe2+Ni3+2S4
IMA Formula:
FeNi2S4
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Co,Cu
Crystallography of Violarite
Crystal System:
Isometric
Cell Parameters:
a = 9.46 Å
Unit Cell V:
846.59 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Type Occurrence of Violarite
Other Language Names for Violarite
Varieties of Violarite
Beyrichite | The original material has been shown to probably be violarite replacing millerite; other specimens are mixtures of other minerals (Milton and Axelrod, 1955). Originally reported from Lammerichskaule Mine, Bürdenbach, Altenkirchen, Wied Iron Spar Dist... |
Relationship of Violarite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
Cadmoindite | CdIn2S4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Cuproiridsite | (Cu,Fe)Ir2S4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Cuprokalininite | CuCr2S4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Cuprorhodsite | (Cu,Fe)Rh2S4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Daubréelite | Fe2+Cr3+2S4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Ferrorhodsite | (Fe,Cu)(Rh,Ir,Pt)2S4 | Iso. |
Fletcherite | Cu(Ni,Co)2S4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Florensovite | (Cu,Zn)Cr1.5Sb0.5S4 | |
Greigite | Fe2+Fe3+2S4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Indite | FeIn2S4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Joegoldsteinite | MnCr2S4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Kalininite | ZnCr2S4 | |
Linnaeite | Co2+Co3+2S4 | Iso. |
Malanite | Cu(Pt3+,Ir3+)2S4 | Iso. |
Polydymite | Ni2+Ni3+2S4 | Iso. |
Siegenite | CoNi2S4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Xingzhongite | (Pb,Cu,Fe)(Ir,Pt,Rh)2S4 | Iso. |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
Chalcopyrite | 12 photos of Violarite associated with Chalcopyrite on mindat.org. |
Pentlandite | 11 photos of Violarite associated with Pentlandite on mindat.org. |
Polydymite | 10 photos of Violarite associated with Polydymite on mindat.org. |
Galena | 6 photos of Violarite associated with Galena on mindat.org. |
Millerite | 5 photos of Violarite associated with Millerite on mindat.org. |
Pyrite | 4 photos of Violarite associated with Pyrite on mindat.org. |
Sperrylite | 3 photos of Violarite associated with Sperrylite on mindat.org. |
Nickeline | 2 photos of Violarite associated with Nickeline on mindat.org. |
Pyrrhotite | 2 photos of Violarite associated with Pyrrhotite on mindat.org. |
Cobaltite | 1 photo of Violarite associated with Cobaltite on mindat.org. |
Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping
2.DA.05 | Bornhardtite | Co2+Co3+2Se4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
2.DA.05 | Carrollite | Cu(Co,Ni)2S4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
2.DA.05 | Cuproiridsite | (Cu,Fe)Ir2S4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
2.DA.05 | Cuprorhodsite | (Cu,Fe)Rh2S4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
2.DA.05 | Daubréelite | Fe2+Cr3+2S4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
2.DA.05 | Fletcherite | Cu(Ni,Co)2S4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
2.DA.05 | Florensovite | (Cu,Zn)Cr1.5Sb0.5S4 | |
2.DA.05 | Greigite | Fe2+Fe3+2S4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
2.DA.05 | Indite | FeIn2S4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
2.DA.05 | Kalininite | ZnCr2S4 | |
2.DA.05 | Linnaeite | Co2+Co3+2S4 | Iso. |
2.DA.05 | Malanite | Cu(Pt3+,Ir3+)2S4 | Iso. |
2.DA.05 | Polydymite | Ni2+Ni3+2S4 | Iso. |
2.DA.05 | Siegenite | CoNi2S4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
2.DA.05 | Trüstedtite | Ni3Se4 | Iso. |
2.DA.05 | Tyrrellite | Cu(Co3+,Ni3+)2Se4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
2.DA.05 | Xingzhongite | (Pb,Cu,Fe)(Ir,Pt,Rh)2S4 | Iso. |
2.DA.05 | Ferrorhodsite | (Fe,Cu)(Rh,Ir,Pt)2S4 | Iso. |
2.DA.05 | Cadmoindite | CdIn2S4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
2.DA.05 | Cuprokalininite | CuCr2S4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
2.DA.10 | Rhodostannite | Cu2FeSn3S8 | Tet. 4/m : I41/a |
2.DA.10 | Toyohaite | Ag2FeSn3S8 | Tet. |
2.DA.15 | Brezinaite | Cr3S4 | Mon. 2/m |
2.DA.15 | Heideite | (Fe,Cr)1.15(Ti,Fe)2S4 | Mon. 2/m |
2.DA.20 | Inaglyite | Cu3Pb(Ir,Pt)8S16 | Hex. |
2.DA.20 | Konderite | Cu3Pb(Rh,Pt,Ir)8S16 | Hex. 6/m : P6/m |
2.DA.25 | Kingstonite | (Rh,Ir,Pt)3S4 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
Related Minerals - Dana Grouping (8th Ed.)
2.10.1.1 | Linnaeite | Co2+Co3+2S4 | Iso. |
2.10.1.2 | Carrollite | Cu(Co,Ni)2S4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
2.10.1.3 | Fletcherite | Cu(Ni,Co)2S4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
2.10.1.4 | Tyrrellite | Cu(Co3+,Ni3+)2Se4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
2.10.1.5 | Bornhardtite | Co2+Co3+2Se4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
2.10.1.6 | Siegenite | CoNi2S4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
2.10.1.7 | Polydymite | Ni2+Ni3+2S4 | Iso. |
2.10.1.9 | Trüstedtite | Ni3Se4 | Iso. |
2.10.1.10 | Greigite | Fe2+Fe3+2S4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
2.10.1.11 | Daubréelite | Fe2+Cr3+2S4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
2.10.1.12 | Indite | FeIn2S4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
2.10.1.13 | Kalininite | ZnCr2S4 | |
2.10.1.14 | Florensovite | (Cu,Zn)Cr1.5Sb0.5S4 | |
2.10.1.15 | Cuproiridsite | (Cu,Fe)Ir2S4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
2.10.1.16 | Cuprorhodsite | (Cu,Fe)Rh2S4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
2.10.1.17 | Malanite | Cu(Pt3+,Ir3+)2S4 | Iso. |
2.10.1.20 | Cuprokalininite | CuCr2S4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Related Minerals - Hey's Chemical Index of Minerals Grouping
3.11.1 | Heazlewoodite | Ni3S2 | Trig. 3 2 : R3 2 |
3.11.2 | Godlevskite | (Ni,Fe)9S8 | Orth. 2 2 2 : C2 2 2 |
3.11.3 | Millerite | NiS | Trig. 3m : R3m |
3.11.4 | Polydymite | Ni2+Ni3+2S4 | Iso. |
3.11.5 | Vaesite | NiS2 | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3 |
3.11.6 | Shandite | Ni3Pb2S2 | Trig. |
3.11.7 | Donharrisite | Ni3HgS3 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
3.11.9 | Pentlandite | (FexNiy)Σ9S8 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fm3m |
3.11.10 | Bravoite | (Fe,Ni)S2 | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3 |
3.11.11 | Siegenite | CoNi2S4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
3.11.12 | Fletcherite | Cu(Ni,Co)2S4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
3.11.13 | Villamaninite | (Cu,Ni,Co,Fe)S2 | |
3.11.14 | Mäkinenite | γ-NiSe | Trig. |
3.11.15 | Sederholmite | beta-NiSe | Hex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P63/mmc |
3.11.16 | Trüstedtite | Ni3Se4 | Iso. |
3.11.17 | Wilkmanite | Ni3Se4 | Mon. |
3.11.18 | Kullerudite | NiSe2 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnnm |
3.11.19 | Penroseite | (Ni,Co,Cu)Se2 | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3 |
3.11.20 | Tyrrellite | Cu(Co3+,Ni3+)2Se4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
3.11.21 | Imgreite | NiTe (?) | Hex. |
3.11.22 | Melonite | NiTe2 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : P3m1 |
3.11.23 | Kitkaite | NiTeSe | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : P3m1 |
3.11.24 | Dienerite | ||
3.11.25 | Orcelite | Ni5-xAs2, x ~ 0.25 | Hex. 6mm : P63mc |
3.11.26 | Maucherite | Ni11As8 | Tet. 4 2 2 : P41 21 2 |
3.11.27 | Nickeline | NiAs | Hex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P63/mcm |
3.11.28 | Rammelsbergite | NiAs2 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnnm |
3.11.29 | Pararammelsbergite | NiAs2 | Orth. |
3.11.30 | Nickelskutterudite | (Ni,Co,Fe)As3 | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Im3 |
3.11.31 | Oregonite | Ni2FeAs2 | Hex. |
3.11.32 | Westerveldite | (Fe,Ni,Co)As | Orth. |
3.11.33 | Langisite | (Co,Ni)As | Hex. 6 : P63 |
3.11.34 | Gersdorffite | NiAsS | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3 |
3.11.35 | Jolliffeite | NiAsSe | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3 |
3.11.36 | Breithauptite | NiSb | Hex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P63/mmc |
3.11.38 | Ullmannite | NiSbS | Iso. 2 3 : P21 3 |
3.11.39 | Willyamite | (Co,Ni)SbS |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
References for Violarite
Reference List:
Sort by Year (asc) | by Year (desc) | by Author (A-Z) | by Author (Z-A)
Clark, F.W. & Catlett, C. (1889) A platinoferrous nickel ore from Canada, Laspeyres’s (sic) polydymite. American Journal of Science: 37: 372-374.
Lindgren, W. & Davy, W.M. (1924) Nickel ores from the Key West mine, Nevada. Economic Geology: 19 309-319.
Short, M.N. & Shannon, E.V. (1930) Violarite and other nickel sulphides. American Mineralogist: 15: 1-22.
Milton, C. and Axelrod, J. M. (1955) Beyrichite, a discredited species. American Mineralogist: 40: 757-770.
Berry, L.G. and R.M. Thompson (1962) X-ray powder data for the ore minerals. Geological Society of America Mem: 85: 77-78.
Canadian Mineralogist (1969) 6: 629-643.
Misra, K.C. and M.E. Fleet (1974) Chemical composition and stability of violarite: Economic Geology: 69: 391-403.
Dunn, J.G., & V.L. Howes (1996) The oxidation of violarite: Thermochimica Acta: 282/283: 305-316.
Grguric, B.A. (2002) Hypogene violarite of exsolution origin from Mount Keith, Western Australia: field evidence for a stable pentlandite-violarite tie line: Mineralogical Magazine: 66: 313-326.
Tenailleau, C., Pring, A., Tschmann, B., Brugger, J., Grguric, B. and Putnis, A. (2006) Transformation of pentlandite to violarite under mild hydrothermal conditions: American Mineralogist: 91: 706-709.
Internet Links for Violarite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-4187.html
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Specimens:
The following Violarite specimens are currently listed for sale on minfind.com.
Localities for Violarite
Locality List




All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Afghanistan | |
| Orris, G.J., and Bliss, J.D. (2002): Mines and Mineral Occurrences of Afghanistan. United States Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-110 |
Orris, G.J., and Bliss, J.D. (2002): Mines and Mineral Occurrences of Afghanistan. United States Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-110 | |
Argentina | |
| FERRACUTTI, G.; BJERG, E. and MOGESSIE, A.. Precious and base metals in Las Águilas, Sierra de San Luis: Mineralogy, genesis and evolution. Rev. Asoc. Geol. Argent. [online]. 2007, vol.62, n.3, pp. 434-446. |
Australia | |
| Degeling P.R. (1982) Wagga Wagga 1:250 000 Metallogenic Map (SI 55-15) Mine Data Sheets and Metallogenic Study. Published by the Geological Survey of New South Wales. |
| Ashley, P. M. (1975): Opaque mineral assemblage formed during serpentinization in the Coolac ultramafic belt, New South Wales. Journal of the Geological Society of Australia 22, 91-102. |
| Wagga Wagga Mine Data Sheets, 1982 |
| Ahmad, M., Munson, T.J. (2013), The Geology and Mineral Resources of the Northern Territory, Northern Territory Geological Survey, Northern Territory Government, Ch. 10 Davenport Province, Special Publication 5, 2013 |
| Riley, J. F. (1980). Ferroan carrollites, cobaltian violarites, and other members of the linnaeite group:(Co, Ni, Fe, Cu) 3S4. Mineralogical Magazine, 43(330), 733-739. |
| Riley, J. F. (1980). Ferroan carrollites, cobaltian violarites, and other members of the linnaeite group:(Co, Ni, Fe, Cu) 3S4. Mineralogical Magazine, 43(330), 733-739. |
| SA Geodata Database - Mineral Deposit Details Deposit Number: 973 |
SA Geodata Database, Deposit Number: 973 | |
| Anderson, P., Bottrill, R. & Davidson, P. (2002): Famous mineral localities: The Lord Brassey mine, Tasmania. Mineralogical Record 33, 321-332 |
| Bottrill, R.S. & Baker, W.E. (2008) A Catalogue of the Minerals of Tasmania. Bull. 73. Tasmanian Geological Survey |
Bottrill & Baker (in prep) Catalogue of minerals of Tasmania | |
| - Reid R. Keays & Simon M. Jowitt (2013): The Avebury Ni deposit, Tasmania: A case study of an unconventional nickel deposit. Ore Geology Reviews 52, 4-17. |
| G.W.Cochrane 1982. Copper,Lead, Zinc and Barium deposits of Victoria, Geological Survey of Victoria, Bulletin No. 61, pp. 110-118 |
| A. R. Seymon, 2006, Nickel Propectivity in Victoria, Geological Survey of Victoria Technical Record 2006/3 |
| Bussat, F, (1980) Minerals from some mines in the Woods Point district, Victoria, The Australian Mineralogist No. 31, July 1980, pp. 147-152. |
| Kalleske, N. L. (2010). Mineralogical and petrogenetic study of gold ore from the Boddington Gold Deposit, WA (Doctoral dissertation). |
| Naldrett, A.J. (2004): Magmatic Sulfide Deposits. Springer (Berlin, Heidelberg, New York)(2004):740 |
| Marston, R.J. (1984) Nickel Mineralization in Western Australia. Mineral Resources Bulletin 14, Geological Survey of Western Australia, 291p. |
Nickel, E.H., Bridge, P.J. (1977) Nickelblödite, Na₂Ni(SO₄)₂.4H₂O, a new mineral from Western Australia, Mineralogical Magazine, March 1977, Vol.41 pp.37-41. | |
Marston, R.J. (1984) Nickel Mineralization in Western Australia. Mineral Resources Bulletin 14, Geological Survey of Western Australia, 291p. | |
Marston, R.J. (1984) Nickel Mineralization in Western Australia. Mineral Resources Bulletin 14, Geological Survey of Western Australia, 291p. | |
Marston, R.J. (1984) Nickel Mineralization in Western Australia. Mineral Resources Bulletin 14, Geological Survey of Western Australia, 291p. | |
Pryce, M. W. and Just, J. (1974): Glaukosphaerite: A New Nickel Analogue of Rosasite. Mineralogical Magazine. 39, 737-743 | |
Marston, R.J. (1984) Nickel Mineralization in Western Australia. Mineral Resources Bulletin 14, Geological Survey of Western Australia, 291p. | |
Marston, R.J. (1984) Nickel Mineralization in Western Australia. Mineral Resources Bulletin 14, Geological Survey of Western Australia, 291p. | |
AM 70 (1985), 419; Mineralogical Magazine 1981 44 : 333-337. | |
Marston, R.J. (1984) Nickel Mineralization in Western Australia. Mineral Resources Bulletin 14, Geological Survey of Western Australia, 291p. | |
Marston, R.J. (1984) Nickel Mineralization in Western Australia. Mineral Resources Bulletin 14, Geological Survey of Western Australia, 291p. | |
| Marston, R.J. (1984) Nickel Mineralization in Western Australia. Mineral Resources Bulletin 14, Geological Survey of Western Australia, 291p. |
Marston, R.J. (1984) Nickel Mineralization in Western Australia. Mineral Resources Bulletin 14, Geological Survey of Western Australia, 291p. | |
Marston, R.J. (1984) Nickel Mineralization in Western Australia. Mineral Resources Bulletin 14, Geological Survey of Western Australia, 291p. | |
Marston, R.J. (1984) Nickel Mineralization in Western Australia. Mineral Resources Bulletin 14, Geological Survey of Western Australia, 291p. | |
Marston, R.J. (1984) Nickel Mineralization in Western Australia. Mineral Resources Bulletin 14, Geological Survey of Western Australia, 291p. | |
| Marston, R.J., (1984): Nickel Mineralisation in Western Australia, Geological Survey of Western Australia. Mineral Resources Bulletin, 14. |
Marston, R.J. (1984) Nickel Mineralization in Western Australia. Mineral Resources Bulletin 14, Geological Survey of Western Australia, 291p. | |
| Marston, R.J. (1984) Nickel Mineralization in Western Australia. Mineral Resources Bulletin 14, Geological Survey of Western Australia, 291p. |
| Nickel, E.H., Clout, J.F.M. & Gartrell, B.J. (1994): Secondary Nickel Minerals from Widgiemooltha, Western Australia. Mineralogical Record (1994): 25: 283-291 & 302. |
http://www.mincor.com.au/kambalda_nickel_operations/overview.phtml | |
Marston, R.J. (1984) Nickel Mineralization in Western Australia. Mineral Resources Bulletin 14, Geological Survey of Western Australia, 291p. | |
Marston, R.J. (1984) Nickel Mineralization in Western Australia. Mineral Resources Bulletin 14, Geological Survey of Western Australia, 291p. | |
Marston, R.J. (1984) Nickel Mineralization in Western Australia. Mineral Resources Bulletin 14, Geological Survey of Western Australia, 291p. | |
| Maggie Hays Nickel Mineralization, Lake Johnston, Western Australia; W. Clayton, C. Stott, R.H. Mazzucchelli; CRC LEME 2005 |
| Cox, R. (1974) Geochemical soil surveys in exploration for nickel-copper sulphides at Pioneer, near Norseman, Western Australia, Special Publication No.2, 5th International Geochemical Exploration Symposium Vancouver BC Canada 1-4 April 1974 p.437. Marston, R.J. (1984) Nickel Mineralization in Western Australia. Mineral Resources Bulletin 14, Geological Survey of Western Australia, 291p. |
| Marston, R.J. (1984) Nickel Mineralization in Western Australia. Mineral Resources Bulletin 14, Geological Survey of Western Australia, 291p. |
| Marston, R.J. (1984) Nickel Mineralization in Western Australia. Mineral Resources Bulletin 14, Geological Survey of Western Australia, 291p. |
Marston, R.J. (1984) Nickel Mineralization in Western Australia. Mineral Resources Bulletin 14, Geological Survey of Western Australia, 291p. | |
Marston, R.J. (1984) Nickel Mineralization in Western Australia. Mineral Resources Bulletin 14, Geological Survey of Western Australia, 291p. | |
John Barry (1974) Geochemistry of the Scotia Nickel Deposit PhD thesis University of Adelaide | |
| Moeskops, P. davis, G.(1977): Unusual Sulphide replacement Textures in Altered Olivine Rich rocks of the Bulong Complex near Kalgoorlie Western Australia, Mineralogical Magazine (Dec 1977):41: 487-492 |
| Nickel Mineralisation in Western Australia by R.J. Marston 1984. |
| Marston, R.J. (1984) Nickel Mineralization in Western Australia. Mineral Resources Bulletin 14, Geological Survey of Western Australia, 291 pages. Baensch, A. (2000) The Mineralogy of the Massive Sulphides in the High Grade Silver Swan Massive Nickel Sulphide Deposit. With an emphasis on the distribution of arsenic and cobalt mineralisation. BSc. thesis, Curtin University of Technology, 225 pages. |
| Marston, R.J. (1984) Nickel Mineralization in Western Australia. Mineral Resources Bulletin 14, Geological Survey of Western Australia, 291p. |
Marston, R.J. (1984) Nickel Mineralization in Western Australia. Mineral Resources Bulletin 14, Geological Survey of Western Australia, 291p. | |
| Marston, R.J. (1984) Nickel Mineralization in Western Australia. Mineral Resources Bulletin 14, Geological Survey of Western Australia, 291p. |
Marston, R.J. (1984) Nickel Mineralization in Western Australia. Mineral Resources Bulletin 14, Geological Survey of Western Australia, 291p. | |
Marston, R.J. (1984) Nickel Mineralization in Western Australia. Mineral Resources Bulletin 14, Geological Survey of Western Australia, 291p. | |
Marston, R.J. (1984) Nickel Mineralization in Western Australia. Mineral Resources Bulletin 14, Geological Survey of Western Australia, 291p. | |
Marston, R.J. (1984) Nickel Mineralization in Western Australia. Mineral Resources Bulletin 14, Geological Survey of Western Australia, 291p. | |
Nickel Mineralisation in Western Australia by R.J. Marston 1984. | |
| Sulfides and Sulfarsenides from the Rosie Nickel Prospect, Duketon Greenstone Belt, Western Australia; B Godel, I Gonzalez-alvarez, S Barnes, SJ Barnes, P Parker, J Day, Economic Geology, Mar-Apr 2012, V107, No2, pp275-294 |
| http://www.poseidonresources.com/laverton-project |
http://www.poseidonresources.com/laverton-project | |
| http://www.portergeo.com.au/database/mineinfo.asp?mineid=mn160 |
Econ Geol (1988) 83:524-536 | |
Mutton, P., Peters, B. (2004), The Waterloo and Amorac Nickel Deposits. Western Australia: A Geophysical Case History, ASEG, (1) pp1-8, 2004 | |
| Economic Geology; October 1981; v. 76; no. 6; p. 1686-1697 |
| Nickel Mineralisation in Western Australia by R.J. Marston 1984. |
| Marshall, A.E. (2001) Low temperature-low pressure ('epithermal') vein deposits of the North Pilbara granite-greenstone terrane, Western Australia. Australian Geological Survey Organisation, Department of Industry, Science & Resources, AGSO Record 2000/1. |
Marston, R.J. (1984) Nickel Mineralization in Western Australia. Mineral Resources Bulletin 14, Geological Survey of Western Australia, 291p. | |
| Nickel Mineralisation in Western Australia by R.J. Marston 1984. |
| Disseminated and Massive Nickel Sulphide Deposits,Honeymoon Well Complex, Western Australia; M Gole and M Woodhouse, Journal of the Virtual Explorer; ISSN 1441-8142 Vol 1 paper 2, 2000 |
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| Ames, D.E., Kjarsgaard, I.M., and Douma, S.L., 2003, Sudbury Ni-Cu-PGE Ore Mineralogy Compilation: Sudbury Targeted Geoscience Initiative (TGI): Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 1787 |
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| Richard Gunter specimen; Ames, D.E., Kjarsgaard, I.M., and Douma, S.L., 2003, Sudbury Ni-Cu-PGE Ore Mineralogy Compilation: Sudbury Targeted Geoscience Initiative (TGI): Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 1787 |
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| American Mineralogist (1930) 15: 1-22 |
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| Ames, D.E., Kjarsgaard, I.M., and Douma, S.L., 2003, Sudbury Ni-Cu-PGE Ore Mineralogy Compilation: Sudbury Targeted Geoscience Initiative (TGI): Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 1787 |
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| Ames, D.E., Kjarsgaard, I.M., and Douma, S.L., 2003, Sudbury Ni-Cu-PGE Ore Mineralogy Compilation: Sudbury Targeted Geoscience Initiative (TGI): Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 1787 |
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| Ames, D.E., Kjarsgaard, I.M., and Douma, S.L., (2003), Sudbury Ni-Cu-PGE Ore Mineralogy Compilation: Sudbury Targeted Geoscience Initiative (TGI): Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 1787 |
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China | |
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| Yongrui Zhao and Yunqing Zhen (2006): Journal of Guilin University of Technology 26(3), 310-319 |
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Costa Rica | |
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Czech Republic | |
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Denmark | |
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Egypt | |
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Ethiopia | |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data (2013) |
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Finland | |
| Geological Survey of Finland 2008. Kuusilampi - ZINC Database |
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Geological Survey of Finland 2008 Pahtavaara - Gold Database | |
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France | |
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| Wittern, Journée: "Mineralien finden in den Vogesen", von Loga (Cologne), 1997, 27-28 |
| Inventaire mineralogique de l'Ariege ( Edition BRGM 1984) |
Germany | |
| K. Walenta: "Die Mineralien des Schwarzwaldes", Weise (Munich), 1992 |
| [var: Beyrichite] [Clark, 1993 - "Hey's Mineral Index", p71] |
| Lapis 2001(6), 13-40 |
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Greece | |
| Kolitsch, U., Rieck, B. and Voudouris, P. (2015): Mineralogy and genesis of the Lavrion ore deposit: new insights from the study of ore and accessory minerals. MinPet 2015, Leoben, Austria, September 10-13; abstract in Mitt. Österr. Mineral. Ges. 161, 66; Rieck, B., Kolitsch, U., Voudouris, P., Giester, G. and Tzeferis, P. (2018): Weitere Neufunde aus Lavrion, Griechenland. Mineralien-Welt 29 (5), 32-77 (in German). |
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Hungary | |
| WDS: Norbert Zajzon |
India | |
| http://www.portergeo.com.au/database/mineinfo.asp?mineid=mn460 |
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| Canadian Mineralogist 40:277-309 |
Augé, T., Bailly, L., Cocherie, A., Genna, A., Guerrot, C., Lerouge, C., ... & Patra, R. N. (2002, July). Magmatic and Hydrothermal Platinum-Group Element Mineralization in the Baula Area, Orissa, India. In Proceedings of the 9th International Platinum Symposium (pp. 21-24).; Mishra, B., & Hazarika, P. (2016). Rare greenockite (CdS) within the chromite–PGE association in the Bangur Gabbro, Baula-Nuasahi Complex, Eastern India. Ore Geology Reviews, 72, 1327-1334. | |
Iran | |
| Abedi, A. (1999): Ore minerals in serpentinized rocks of the ophiolite complex in southeastern Birjand (Iran). Geologiya Rudnykh Mestorozhdenii 41(5), 455-461 (in Russian). |
Italy | |
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| AA. VV., 1996. Collezionare minerali. Hobby & Work. |
| Bedognè, F. (2006). Xonotlite della Val Lanterna, Valmalenco (SO). Rivista Mineralogica Italiana, 30 (4), 254-255. |
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| - D'Agnolo M. (1966): Manifestazioni uranifere connesse ad arenarie permiane nel Trentino sud-occidentale. In: Atti del Symposium Internazionale sui Giacimenti Minerari delle Alpi, Trento-Mendola, 11-18 settembre 1966. Regione Trentino-Alto Adige e CCIA, Arti Grafiche Saturnia, Trento, Vol. 2, 253-271. - Ravagnani D. (1974): I giacimenti uraniferi italiani e i loro minerali. Gruppo Mineralogico Lombardo - Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Ed., Milano, 188 pp. |
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| Bettini, G., Benucci, V., Cosmi, S. and Biagioni, C. (2018) Pentlandite. I campioni cristallizzati di Nibbiaia, Livorno. Rivista Mineralogica Italiana, 42 (2), 142-144. |
Japan | |
| American Mineralogist (1986): 71, 1022-1027.; Yamada, S. (2004) Nihonsan-koubutsu Gojuon-hairetsu Sanchi-ichiranhyou (111 pp.) |
| Ishiyama, D. et al (1982) Journal of the Mining College, Akita University, Ser. A, Mining Geology, 6, #2, 149-171. |
| Bamba, Takeo (1981) Nickeliferous Pyrrhotite Deposits and Ores from the Oshirabetsu Mine, Tokachi Province, Hokkaido. Jour. Fac. Sci., Hokkaido Univ., Ser. IV, vol. 19, no. 4, Februaly, 1981, pp. 415-438. |
| Yoshihide Shiga (1983) Fe-Ni(-Co)-S- minerals in the Hayachine ultramafic rocks of the Kamaishi mining district, Northeastern Japan. Mining Geology 33:23-38 |
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Kazakhstan | |
| Prokopyev, I.R., Izokh, A.E., Borisenko, A.S., Naumov, E.A., and Seltmann, R. (2010): Presented at the 11th International Platinum Symposium, June 21-24, 2010. |
Mexico | |
| Panczner(1987):95-391.; American Mineralogist 28:257-271 |
New Zealand | |
| New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 1999, Vol. 42: 189-204; Grapes, R. H., and G. A. Challis. "Gersdorffite with pentlandite, violarite, pyrrhotite, and pyrite, northwest Nelson, New Zealand." New Zealand journal of geology and geophysics 42, no. 2 (1999): 189-204. |
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North Korea | |
| Kinosaki, Y. (1941) Chohsen Kohgyoh, 8, 10; Matsukuma, H. (1943) Journal of the Japanese Association of Mineralogists, Petrologists and Economic Geologists, 30, 4. |
| Kinosaki, Y. (1941) Chohsen Kohgyoh, 8, 10; Kinosaki, Y. (1941) Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea, 24, 10. |
Norway | |
| Ihlen, P.M. (1978): Ore deposits in the north-eastern part of the Oslo region and in the adjacent Precambrian areas. In Neumann, E.-R- & Ramberg, I.B. (Eds.) Petrology and Geochemistry of Continental Rifts, 277-286 |
| Bjørlykke, H. (1947): Flåt nickel mine. Norges Geologiske Undersøkelse. 168b, 1-39. |
| Brickwood, J. D. (1986): The geology and mineralogy of some Fe-Cu-Ni sulphide deposits in the Bamble area, Norway. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift. 66, 189-208 |
| Neumann, H. (1985): Norges Mineraler. Norges Geologiske Undersøkelse Skrifter 68. (p. 32). |
| Thompson, J.F.H., Nixon, F. & Sivertsen, R. (1980): The geology of the Vakkerlien nickel prospect, Kvikne, Norway. Bull. Geol.Soc. Finland., 52, 3-21. |
| Bjørlykke, H. (1949): Hosanger Nikkelgruve. Norges Geologiske Undersøkelse 172, 1-38 + map. |
Bjørlykke, H. (1949): Hosanger Nikkelgruve. Norges Geologiske Undersøkelse 172, 1-38 | |
| Riley, J.F. (1980): Ferroan Carrollites, Cobaltian Violarites, and Other Members of the Linnaeite Group: (Co,Ni,Fe,Cu)3S4. Mineralogical Magazine 43: 733-739; Jean-Clair Duchesne (editor)(2001): The Rogaland Intrusive Massifs - an excursion guide. NGU Report 2001.029 |
| Riley, J.F. (1980): Ferroan Carrollites, Cobaltian Violarites, and Other Members of the Linnaeite Group: (Co,Ni,Fe,Cu)3S4. Mineralogical Magazine 43: 733-739 |
| Brickwood, J. D. (1986): The geology and mineralogy of some Fe-Cu-Ni sulphide deposits in the Bamble area, Norway. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift. 66, 189-208 |
Brickwood, J. D. (1986): The geology and mineralogy of some Fe-Cu-Ni sulphide deposits in the Bamble area, Norway. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift. 66, 189-208 | |
| Nordrum, F.S. (2011): Nyfunn av mineraler i Norge 2010-2011. Norsk Bergverksmuseum Skrift. 46: 109-114 |
| Strand, G. S. (1975): Melonite (NiTe2) from the Middavarre Copper Deposit. Contribution to the mineralogy of Norway no 61. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 55: 299-302 |
| Pryadunenko, A., & Kullerud, K. (2015). Economical Potential of an Ultramafic Rock at the Kvaløya Island, North Norway. In Proceedings of the 11th International Congress for Applied Mineralogy (ICAM) (pp. 19-27). Springer, Cham. |
Pakistan | |
| Miller, D., & Loucks, R. R. (1991). Platinum-group Element Mineralization in the Jijal Layered Ultramafic-mafic Complex, Pakistani Himalayas. Economic Geology, 86:1093-1102. |
| Arif, M. (2003): Sulphides and sulpharsenides in the emerald-hosting rocks from the Indus suture zone in Swat, NW Pakistan. Swiss Bulletin of Mineralogy and Petrology, 83, 261-271. |
Arif, M. & Moon, C. J. (2007) Nickel-rich chromian muscovite from the Indus suture ophiolite, NW Pakistan: Implications for emerald genesis and exploration. Geochemical Journal, 41:475-482 | |
Philippines | |
| South-East Asian Oil, Gas, Coal, and Mineral Deposits, C. Hutchison,1996 |
Poland | |
| Nejbert K. 2008: Mineralogy of sulphides in mafic rocks of the Suwałki Anorthosite Massif, NE Poland. Mineralogia - Special Papers, vol. 32, p. 116 |
Republic of Macedonia | |
| Đorđević, T., Kolitsch, U., Tasev, G., Serafimovski, T. & Boev, B. (2017): Anomalous As-enrichment in gersdorffite in a realgar-rich environment: Lojane, Macedonia. Mitt. Österr. Mineral. Ges. 163, 38 (abs.). |
Russia | |
| Pekov I.V. et al. (2010) Mineralogy of Belorechenskoe deposit (Northern Caucasus, Russia). Mineralogical Almanakh, 15(2). |
| Peskov, A. Y., Didenko, A. N., & Guryanov, V. A. (2018). Paleoproterozoic Evolution of Mafic–Ultramafic Magmatism of the Kun-Manie Ore Field (Aldan-Stanovoy Shield): Evidence from Paleomagnetic Data. Russian Journal of Pacific Geology, 12(5), 341-353. |
| Keren Tan (1998): Gold Science and Technology 6(4), 29-37; Woodl, B. L., & Popov, N. P. (2006). The Giant Sukhoi Log Gold Deposit, Siberia. Russian Geology and Geophysics Vol. 47, No. 3, pp. 315-341; Distler, V. V., Mitrofanov, G. L., Yudovskaya, M. A., Lishnevsky, E. N., & Prokof’ev, V. Y. (2005). Deep structure and ore-forming processes of the Sukhoi Log gold-platinum deposit, Russia. In Mineral Deposit Research: Meeting the Global Challenge (pp. 921-923). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. |
| Gritsenko, Y.D., and Spiridonov, E.M. (2008): Geology of Ore Deposits 50(7), 590-598. |
| Geology of Ore Deposits (2009) 50:755-762 |
| Orsoev, D.A. [Орсоев, Д.А.] (1985): Mineralogy of copper-nickel ores of the Lovnoozero deposit (Kola peninsula) [Минералогия сульфидных медно-никелевых руд Ловноозерского местророждения (Кольский полуостров)]. Candidate's degree thesis, USSR Academy of Sciences, Apatity, 253 pp. (in Russian). |
| Chashchin, V. V., Petrov, S. V., & Drogobuzhskaya, S. V. (2018). Loypishnyun Low-Sulfide Pt–Pd Deposit of the Monchetundra Basic Massif, Kola Peninsula, Russia. Geology of Ore Deposits, 60(5), 418-448. |
Grokhovskaya, T. L., Lapina, M. I., & Mokhov, A. V. (2009). Assemblages and genesis of platinum-group minerals in low-sulfide ores of the Monchetundra deposit, Kola peninsula, Russia. Geology of Ore Deposits, 51(6), 467-485. | |
Yury L. Voytekhovsky, Yury N. Neradovsky (2008) The Cu-Ni-PGE and Cr deposits of the Monchegorsk area, the Kola Peninsula, Russia. 33 IGC excursion No 48, August 15 – 21, 2008 | |
Chashchin, V. V., & Petrov, S. V. (2013). Low-sulfide PGE ore in the Volchetundra gabbro-anorthosite pluton, Kola Peninsula, Russia. Geology of Ore Deposits, 55(5), 357-382. | |
| Zaikov, V.V., and Melekestseva, I.Y. (2006): Geology of Ore Deposits 48(3), 151-174. |
| P.M. Kartashov data |
| Grishaenko, M. V. P., & Federation, R. (2007). Independent Report on the Shalozerskoe (Burakovsky), Lukkulaisvaara and Tsipringa Platinum, Palladium, Copper, Nickel Deposits in the Autonomous Republic of Karelia Russian Federation |
| Grishaenko, M. V. P., & Federation, R. (2007). Independent Report on the Shalozerskoe (Burakovsky), Lukkulaisvaara and Tsipringa Platinum, Palladium, Copper, Nickel Deposits in the Autonomous Republic of Karelia Russian Federation |
| P.M. Kartashov data; Chukanov N V, Pekov I V, Levitskaya L A, Zadov A E (2009) Droninoite, Ni3Fe3+Cl(OH)8·2H2O, a new hydrotalcite-group mineral species from the weathered Dronino meteorite. Geology of Ore Deposits 51, 767-773 |
| USGS Open File Report 2005-1252 p26 |
| Seltmann, R., Soloviev, S., Shatov, V., Pirajno, F., Naumov, E., & Cherkasov, S. (2010). Metallogeny of Siberia: tectonic, geologic and metallogenic settings of selected significant deposits*. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 57(6), 655-706 |
| Alexander V. Dedeev et al (2002) The PGE-Bearing Sulphide Ores of the Kingash Mafic-Ultramafic Differentiated Intrusion and Ore Processing Characteristics, East Sajan, Russia. 9th annual platinum symposium |
Gas’kov, I. V. (2008). New data on the correlation of skarn and gold mineralization at the Tardan deposit (northeastern Tuva). Russian Geology and Geophysics, 49(12), 923-931. | |
| Shmelev V.R., Perevozchikov B.V., Moloshag V.P. (2014) The Rai-Iz ophiolite massif in the Polar Urals: geology and chromite deposits. Field trip guidebook. 12th International Platinum Symposium. Yekaterinburg: IGG UB RAS, 2014. 44 р. |
| Rudashevskiy N.S., Krecer D.A., Orsoev D.A., Kislov E.V. (2003) Palladium-platinum mineralization in vein Cu-Ni-ores of Yoko-Dovyrenskiy laiered massif, - DAN, 391(4), p. 519-522 (in Rus.) |
Slovakia | |
| Koděra et all.,1990: Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, I-III, 1590p |
| Koděra et all.,1990: Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, I-III, 1590p |
| Pauliš P., Ďuďa R., 2002: Nejzajimavejší mineralogická nalezište Slovenska. Kuttna, Kutná Hora, 134p. |
Háber,M., 1980: Mineralogische – geochemische und paragenetische Erfoschung hydrotermaler Gänge im Gebiet zwischen Prakovce und Kojšov (SGR). Záp.Karpáty – sér. Miner.,petrograf.,geochém., metalog., 7 – 131 | |
| Koděra et all.,1990: Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, I-III, 1590p |
Koděra et all.,1990: Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, I-III, 1590p | |
| Koděra et all.,1990: Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, I-III, 1590p |
| Ferenc, Š., Uher, P., Spišiak, J., Šimonová, V. (2016): Chromium- and nickel-rich micas and associated minerals in listvenite from the Muránska Zdychava, Slovakia: products of hydrothermal metasomatic transformation of ultrabasic rock. Journal of Geosciences: 61: 239-254; http://forum.amiminerals.it/viewtopic.php?f=5&t=13130 (2016) |
| Ďuďa R., Peterec D., 1995 : Die Mineralien der siderit - baryt lagersttäte von Rudňany ( Kotterbach ) in der Slowakei. Mineralien Welt /Haltern/, 1, s.20 - 31 |
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Duda et. all.,1981:Minerály severnej časti Slanských vrchov. Min.Slovca,Monografia 2,Bratislava, 98 p | |
South Africa | |
| Minerals of South Africa; Schwellnus, J. S. I., Hiemstra, S. A., & Gasparrini, E. (1976). The Merensky Reef at the Atok platinum mine and its environs. Economic Geology, 71(1), 249-260. |
| Heinrich, E. (1970) The Palabora Carbonatitic Complex - a Unique Copper Deposit. Can Mineral 10:585-598 |
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Cairncross, B. and Dixon, R., (1995) Minerals of South Africa. The Geological Society of South Africa. | |
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| Am. Min. 61, 502 (1976); Am Min 54 (1969), 1204-1208 |
| Junge, M., Oberthür, T., & Melcher, F. (2014). Cryptic variation of chromite chemistry, platinum group element and platinum group mineral distribution in the UG-2 chromitite: an example from the Karee Mine, western Bushveld Complex, South Africa. Economic Geology, 109(3), 795-810. |
| Gutzmer, J., Banks, D.A., Luders, V., Hoefs, J., Beukes, N.J. and von Bezing, K.L. (2003): Ancient sea-floor alteration of basaltic andesites of the Ongeluk Formation, South Africa: implications for the chemistry of Paleoproterozoic seawater. Chemical Geology 201, 37-53 |
South Korea | |
| Kinosaki, Y. (1941) Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea, 24, 10. |
| Kinosaki, Y. (1941) Chohsen Kohgyoh, 8, 10. |
Spain | |
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Sweden | |
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Switzerland | |
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UK | |
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Ukraine | |
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USA | |
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Vietnam | |
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Zambia | |
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Zimbabwe | |
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Kamchatka Krai, Russia