Epistilbite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Epistilbite
Formula:
CaAl2Si6O16 · 5H2O
Colour:
Colorless, white, pinkish, yellowish
Lustre:
Vitreous
Hardness:
4
Specific Gravity:
2.22 - 2.28
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
From the Greek 'epi' for 'near' and the similar mineral stilbite. Although there are characteristics shared with stilbite, and both are zeolites, epistilbite is a completely distinct mineral.
Co-Type Localities:
Dimorph of:
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1391
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1391:4
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
1d2fe17f-258f-4044-abd8-04ad16cf8fd3
IMA Classification of Epistilbite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Ca3[Si18Al6O48] · 16H2O
First published:
1826
Classification of Epistilbite
9.GD.45
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
G : Tektosilicates with zeolitic H2O; zeolite family
D : Chains of 6-membered rings – tabular zeolites
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
G : Tektosilicates with zeolitic H2O; zeolite family
D : Chains of 6-membered rings – tabular zeolites
77.1.6.2
77 : TECTOSILICATES Zeolites
1 : Zeolite group - True zeolites
77 : TECTOSILICATES Zeolites
1 : Zeolite group - True zeolites
16.9.26
16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
9 : Aluminosilicates of Ca
16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
9 : Aluminosilicates of Ca
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Estb | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Epistilbite
Vitreous
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
Colorless, white, pinkish, yellowish
Streak:
white
Hardness:
4 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
Perfect on {010}
Perfect on {010}
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven
Density:
2.22 - 2.28 g/cm3 (Measured) 2.266 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Epistilbite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.502 nβ = 1.510 nγ = 1.512
2V:
Measured: 44° , Calculated: 52°
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.010
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Low
Dispersion:
r < v strong
Optical Extinction:
Y = b; Z ∧ c ≃ -10°; X ∧ a = 11°.
Chemistry of Epistilbite
Mindat Formula:
CaAl2Si6O16 · 5H2O
Common Impurities:
Fe,Mg,Na,K
Crystallography of Epistilbite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Cell Parameters:
a = 9.08 Å, b = 17.74 Å, c = 10.25 Å
β = 124.5°
β = 124.5°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.512 : 1 : 0.578
Unit Cell V:
1,360.68 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
3
Morphology:
Crystals prismatic; spherulitic, sheaflike aggregates
Twinning:
Always on {100}, {110} penetration crosses
Comment:
Point Group: 2/m; m; or 2:; Space Group: C2/m; Cm; or C2:
Crystallographic forms of Epistilbite
Crystal Atlas:
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Epistilbite no.1 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Epistilbite no.3 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Epistilbite no.11 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Epistilbite no.12 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0006621 | Epistilbite | Yang P, Armbruster T (1996) (010) disorder, partial Si,Al ordering, and Ca distribution in triclinic (C1) epistilbite European Journal of Mineralogy 8 263-271 | 1996 | Gibelsbach, Fiesch (Valais, Switzerland) | 0 | 293 | |
| 0006967 | Epistilbite | Cruciani G, Martucci A, Meneghini C (2003) Dehydration dynamics of epistilbite by in situ time resolved synchrotron powder diffraction European Journal of Mineralogy 15 257-266 | 2003 | 0 | 323 | ||
| 0006968 | Epistilbite | Cruciani G, Martucci A, Meneghini C (2003) Dehydration dynamics of epistilbite by in situ time resolved synchrotron powder diffraction European Journal of Mineralogy 15 257-266 | 2003 | 0 | 429 | ||
| 0006969 | Epistilbite | Cruciani G, Martucci A, Meneghini C (2003) Dehydration dynamics of epistilbite by in situ time resolved synchrotron powder diffraction European Journal of Mineralogy 15 257-266 | 2003 | 0 | 528 | ||
| 0006970 | Epistilbite | Cruciani G, Martucci A, Meneghini C (2003) Dehydration dynamics of epistilbite by in situ time resolved synchrotron powder diffraction European Journal of Mineralogy 15 257-266 | 2003 | 0 | 666 | ||
| 0014448 | Epistilbite | Perrotta A J (1967) The crystal structure of epistilbite Mineralogical Magazine 36 480-490 |  | 1967 | Teigarhorn, Iceland | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 3.45 Å | (100) |
| 8.89 Å | (90) |
| 3.21 Å | (90) |
| 3.87 Å | (70) |
| 4.91 Å | (65) |
| 6.89 Å | (60) |
| 2.917 Å | (60) |
Comments:
ICDD 19-213
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 3a: Earth’s earliest Hadean crust | >4.50 |
| 10 : Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals | |
| Stage 3b: Earth’s earliest hydrosphere | >4.45 |
| 16 : Low-𝑇 aqueous alteration of Hadean subaerial lithologies (see also #23) | |
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 22 : Hydration and low-𝑇 subsurface aqueous alteration (see also #23) |
Geological Setting:
Cavities in basalts and gneisses
Type Occurrence of Epistilbite
Co-Type Localities:
Geological Setting of Type Material:
cavities in basalts and gneisses.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Reference:
Rose, G. (1826) Ueber den epistilbit, eine neue zur familie der zeolithe gehörige mineralgattung. Annalen der Physik: 6: 183-190.
Synonyms of Epistilbite
Other Language Names for Epistilbite
Relationship of Epistilbite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
| Alflarsenite | NaCa2Be3Si4O13(OH) · 2H2O | Mon. 2 : P21 |
| Amicite | K2Na2Al4Si4O16 · 5H2O | Mon. 2 |
| Ammonioleucite | (NH4)(AlSi2O6) | Tet. 4/m : I41/a |
| Analcime | Na(AlSi2O6) · H2O | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Bellbergite | (K,Ba,Sr)2Sr2Ca2(Ca,Na)4[Al3Si3O12]6 · 30H2O | Hex. |
| Bikitaite | LiAlSi2O6 · H2O | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Boggsite | Ca8Na3(Si,Al)96O192 · 70H2O | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Imma |
| Brewsterite Subgroup | Zeolite Group. | |
| Chabazite-Levyne Subgroup | M[Al2Si4O12] · 6H2O | |
| Chiavennite | CaMnBe2Si5O13(OH)2 · 2H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| Clinoptilolite Subgroup | M3-6(Si30Al6)O72 · 20H2O | |
| Cowlesite | CaAl2Si3O10 · 6H2O | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
| Dachiardite Subgroup | Zeolite Group. | |
| Direnzoite | NaK6MgCa2(Al13Si47O120) · 36H2O | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pmmn |
| Edingtonite | Ba[Al2Si3O10] · 4H2O | Orth. 2 2 2 : P21 21 21 |
| Erionite Subgroup | M2[Al4Si14O36] · 15H2O | |
| Faujasite Subgroup | M3.5[Al7Si17O48] · 32H2O | |
| Ferrierite Subgroup | Zeolite Group. | |
| Ferrochiavennite | Ca1-2Fe[(Si,Al,Be)5Be2O13(OH)2] · 2H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| Flörkeite | (K3Ca2Na)[Al8Si8O32] · 12H2O | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Garronite Subgroup | ||
| Gaultite | Na4Zn2Si7O18 · 5H2O | Orth. mm2 : Fdd2 |
| Gismondine Subgroup | Zeolite Group. | |
| Gmelinite Subgroup | In 1997, gmelinite was split into Gmelinite-Ca, Gmelinite-Na and Gmelinite-K. | |
| Gobbinsite | Na5(Si11Al5)O32 · 11H2O | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnma |
| Goosecreekite | Ca[Al2Si6O16] · 5H2O | Mon. 2 : P21 |
| Gottardiite | Na3Mg3Ca5Al19Si117O272 · 93H2O | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Cmca |
| Heulandite Subgroup | (Na/Ca/K)5-6[Al8-9 Si27-28 O72] · nH2O | |
| Hsianghualite | Ca3Li2(Be3Si3O12)F2 | Iso. 4 3 2 : I41 3 2 |
| Kirchhoffite | Cs(BSi2O6) | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I41/acd |
| Laumontite | CaAl2Si4O12 · 4H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Loomisite | Ba[Be2P2O8] · H2O | Mon. m |
| Lovdarite | K2Na6Be4Si14O36 · 9H2O | Orth. mm2 |
| Maricopaite | Pb7Ca2(Si,Al)48O100 · 32H2O | Orth. |
| Martinandresite | Ba2(Al4Si12O32) · 10H2O | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pmmn |
| Mazzite Subgroup | Zeolite Group. | |
| Merlinoite | (K,Na)5(Ca,Ba)2Al9Si23O64 · 23H2O | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Immm |
| Montesommaite | (K,Na)9Al9Si23O64 · 10H2O | Orth. mm2 : Fdd2 |
| Mordenite | (Na2,Ca,K2)4(Al8Si40)O96 · 28H2O | Orth. |
| Mutinaite | Na3Ca4Si85Al11O192 · 60H2O | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnma |
| Nabesite | Na2BeSi4O10 · 4H2O | Orth. 2 2 2 : P21 21 21 |
| Natrolite Subgroup | A subgroup of the Zeolite Group. | |
| Offretite | KCaMg(Si13Al5)O36 · 15H2O | Hex. 6 m2 : P6m2 |
| Pahasapaite | Li8(Ca,Li,K)10.5Be24(PO4)24 · 38H2O | Iso. 2 3 : I2 3 |
| Parthéite | Ca2(Si4Al4) O15 (OH)2 · 4H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| Paulingite Subgroup | Paulingite was originally described in 1960. | |
| Perlialite | K9Na(Ca,Sr)[Al2Si4O12]6 · 15H2O | Hex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P6/mmm |
| Phillipsite Subgroup | Zeolite Group. | |
| Pollucite | (Cs,Na)2(Al2Si4O12) · 2H2O | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d |
| Roggianite | Ca2Be(OH)2Al2Si4O13 · 2.5H2O | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I4/mcm |
| Stilbite Subgroup | M6-7[Al8-9Si27-28O72] · nH2O | |
| Terranovaite | (Na,Ca)8(Si68Al12)O160 · 29H2O | Orth. |
| Thomsonite Subgroup | The large majority of "thomsonite" is thomsonite-Ca. | |
| Tschernichite | (Ca,Na2)[Al2Si4O12] · 4-8H2O | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P4/mmm |
| Tschörtnerite | Ca4(Ca,Sr,K,Ba)3Cu3[Al3Si3O12]4(OH)8 · nH2O | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fm3m |
| UM1996-38-SiO:AlCaHNa | Na-Ca-Al-Si-O-H | |
| UM1999-33-SiO:AlHKNa | K7Na5Al12Si20O64 · 24H2O | |
| UM2002-40-SiO:AlCaHKMgNa | (Mg,Ca,Na,K)7.5(Al12.8Si51.2)O128 · 65H2O | Tet. 4 2 2 : P41 2 2 |
| Unnamed (Ca analogue of Merlinoite) | (Ca,K,Na)5(Ca,Ba)2Al9Si23O64 · 23H2O ? | |
| Wairakite | Ca(Al2Si4O12) · 2H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Weinebeneite | CaBe3(PO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O | Mon. m : Bb |
| Wenkite | (Ba,K)4(Ca,Na)6[(Si,Al)20O39(OH)2](SO4)3 · 0.5H2O | Hex. 6 m2 : P62m |
| Willhendersonite | KCa[Al3Si3O12] · 5H2O | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Yugawaralite | CaAl2Si6O16 · 4H2O | Mon. m : Pb |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 51 photos of Epistilbite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 24 photos of Epistilbite associated with Chabazite | |
| 21 photos of Epistilbite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 18 photos of Epistilbite associated with Mordenite | (Na2,Ca,K2)4(Al8Si40)O96 · 28H2O |
| 16 photos of Epistilbite associated with Heulandite Subgroup | (Na/Ca/K)5-6[Al8-9 Si27-28 O72] · nH2O |
| 13 photos of Epistilbite associated with Lévyne | |
| 11 photos of Epistilbite associated with Chalcedony | SiO2 |
| 9 photos of Epistilbite associated with Heulandite-Ca | (Ca,Na)5(Si27Al9)O72 · 26H2O |
| 9 photos of Epistilbite associated with Fluorapophyllite-(K) | KCa4(Si8O20)(F,OH) · 8H2O |
| 9 photos of Epistilbite associated with Chabazite-Ca | (Ca,K2,Na2)2[Al2Si4O12]2 · 12H2O |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 9.GD.05 | Gmelinite-Ca | Ca2(Si8Al4O24] · 11H2O |
| 9.GD.05 | Gmelinite-K | K4(Si8Al4O24) · 11H2O |
| 9.GD.05 | Gmelinite-Na | Na4(Si8Al4O24] · 11H2O |
| 9.GD.10 | Willhendersonite | KCa[Al3Si3O12] · 5H2O |
| 9.GD.10 | Chabazite-Ca | (Ca,K2,Na2)2[Al2Si4O12]2 · 12H2O |
| 9.GD.10 | Chabazite-K | (K2,Ca,Na2,Sr,Mg)2[Al2Si4O12]2 · 12H2O |
| 9.GD.10 | Chabazite-Na | (Na2,K2,Ca,Sr,Mg)2[Al2Si4O12]2 · 12H2O |
| 9.GD.10 | Chabazite-Sr | Sr2[Al2Si4O12]2 · 12H2O |
| 9.GD.10 | Chabazite-Mg | (Mg0.7K0.5Ca0.5Na0.1)[Al3Si9O24] · 10H2O |
| 9.GD.15 | Lévyne-Ca | (Ca,Na2,K2)[Al2Si4O12] · 6H2O |
| 9.GD.15 | Lévyne-Na | (Na2,Ca,K2)[Al2Si4O12] · 6H2O |
| 9.GD.20 | Bellbergite | (K,Ba,Sr)2Sr2Ca2(Ca,Na)4[Al3Si3O12]6 · 30H2O |
| 9.GD.20 | Erionite-Ca | (Ca,K2,Na2)2[Al4Si14O36] · 15H2O |
| 9.GD.20 | Erionite-K | (K2,Ca,Na2)2[Al4Si14O36] · 15H2O |
| 9.GD.20 | Erionite-Na | (Na2,K2,Ca)2[Al4Si14O36] · 15H2O |
| 9.GD.25 | Offretite | KCaMg(Si13Al5)O36 · 15H2O |
| 9.GD.25 | Wenkite | (Ba,K)4(Ca,Na)6[(Si,Al)20O39(OH)2](SO4)3 · 0.5H2O |
| 9.GD.30 | Faujasite-Ca | (Ca,Na2,Mg)3.5[Al7Si17O48] · 32H2O |
| 9.GD.30 | Faujasite-Mg | (Mg,Na2,Ca)3.5[Al7Si17O48] · 32H2O |
| 9.GD.30 | Faujasite-Na | (Na2,Ca,Mg)3.5[Al7Si17O48] · 32H2O |
| 9.GD.35 | Maricopaite | Pb7Ca2(Si,Al)48O100 · 32H2O |
| 9.GD.35 | Mordenite | (Na2,Ca,K2)4(Al8Si40)O96 · 28H2O |
| 9.GD.40 | Dachiardite-K | K4(Si20Al4O48) · 13H2O |
| 9.GD.40 | Dachiardite-Ca | (Ca,Na2,K2)5Al10Si38O96 · 25H2O |
| 9.GD.40 | Dachiardite-Na | (Na2,Ca,K2)5Al10Si38O96 · 25H2O |
| 9.GD.50 | Ferrierite-K | (K,Na)5(Si31Al5)O72 · 18H2O |
| 9.GD.50 | Ferrierite-Mg | [Mg2(K,Na)2Ca0.5](Si29Al7)O72 · 18H2O |
| 9.GD.50 | Ferrierite-Na | (Na,K)5(Si31Al5)O72 · 18H2O |
| 9.GD.50 | Ferrierite-NH4 | (NH4,Mg0.5)5(Al5Si31O72) · 22H2O |
| 9.GD.55 | Bikitaite | LiAlSi2O6 · H2O |
Other Information
Electrical:
Piezoelectric
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Epistilbite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1391.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
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References for Epistilbite
Reference List:
Hey, M.H., Mourant, A.E. (1933) Epistilbite from Jersey. Bulletin of the Société jersiaise: 12: 104.
Fleischer, M., Rooseboom, E. H., Skinner, Brian (1960) New Mineral Names; New data; Discredited minerals. American Mineralogist, 45 (9-10) 1130-1136
Perrotta, A. J. (1967) The crystal structure of epistilbite. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 36 (280) 480-490 doi:10.1180/minmag.1967.036.280.02
Galli, Ermanno, Rinaldi, and Romano (1974) The crystal chemistry of epistilbites. American Mineralogist, 59 (9-10) 1055-1061
Akizuki, Mizuhiko, Nishido, Hirotsugu (1988) Epistilbite: Symmetry and twinning. American Mineralogist, 73 (11-12) 1434-1439
Tschernich, Rudy W. (1992) Zeolites of the World. Geoscience Press, Inc., Phoenix, Arizona. 567pp.pp.145-155
Yang, Ping, Armbruster, Thomas (1996) (010) disorder, partial Si,Al ordering, and Ca distribution in triclinic (C1) epistilbite. European Journal of Mineralogy, 8 (2) 263-272 doi:10.1127/ejm/8/2/0263
Jambor, John L., Grew, Edward S., Roberts, Andrew C. (1996) New mineral names. American Mineralogist, 81. 1513-1518
Coombs, Douglas S., Alberti, Alberto, Armbruster, Thomas, Artioli, Gilberto, Colella, Carmine, Galli, Ermanno, Grice, Joel D., Liebau, Friedrich, Mandarino, Joseph A., Minato, Hideo, Nickel, Ernest H., Passaglia, Elio, Peacor, Donald R., Quartieri, Simona, Rinaldi, Romano, Ross, Malcolm I., Sheppard, Richard A., Tillmanns, Ekkehart, Vezzalini, Giovanna (1997) Recommended nomenclature for zeolite minerals; report of the Subcommittee on Zeolites of the International Mineralogical Association, Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names. The Canadian Mineralogist, 35 (6) 1571-1606
Jambor, John L., Grew, Edward S., Roberts, Andrew C. (1998) New mineral names. American Mineralogist, 83. 1347-1352
Localities for Epistilbite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Antarctica | |
| AmMin 82:423 +1 other reference |
| Soto et al. (2014) |
Argentina | |
| Tschernich (1992) |
Australia | |
| Chalmers (1941) |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| R Bottrill |
Austria | |
| Bojar (1993) |
Brazil | |
| Frank (2008) |
| Lapis 29 (9) |
| Ricardo Pimentel collection. Specimen ... |
Canada | |
| Tschernich (1992) |
| "Geology of New Brunswick: field guide ... |
| Sabina (2015) |
| Sabina (2015) | |
| How (1858) +2 other references |
| Pe-Piper et al. (2002) |
| The Nova Scotia Mineral Occurrence ... +1 other reference |
| Tschernich (1992) | |
| Pe-Piper (2000) | |
| Pe-Piper (2000) | |
| Tschernich (1992) |
| Tschernich (1992) |
China | |
| Fuquan Yang et al. (2010) |
Costa Rica | |
| Micro Probe Volume VII Number 7 Spring ... |
| Zeledón (2004) | |
| Micro Probe Volume VII Number 7 Spring ... +1 other reference |
Faroe Islands | |
| Burvald (2013) |
| Jørgensen (2006) |
France | |
| Giret et al. (1992) |
Germany | |
| Schwarzmeier (2015) +2 other references |
| |
| M.E. Ciriotti |
| Sebastian Möller | |
Greece | |
| |
Hungary | |
| |
| Szakáll-Gatter-Szendrei: Mineral ... |
Iceland (TL) | |
| [World of Stones 9/96 p.29] +1 other reference |
| Personally collected by Günter Frenz |
| Zeolite collection volker Betz |
| Walker G.P.L. (1960) | |
| Am Min 59 (1974) +2 other references |
| Zeolite collection of Volker Betz | |
| Zeolite collection of Volker Betz |
| Personally collected by Günter Frenz |
| Personally collected by Günter Frenz |
| Betz (1981) |
| Knut Edvard Larsen collection # MM-5433 (ex Hermann Fylling) +2 other references |
| von Waltershausen (1853) +1 other reference | |
India | |
| Lapis 29 (7/8) |
| Makki - Matrix India Minerals |
| Lapis 29 (7/8) |
| Ottens et al. (2022) | |
| Lapis 29 (7/8) |
| Lapis 29 (7/8) | |
| |
| Lapis 29 (7/8) |
| |
| Claeys (2009) |
| Ottens et al. (2019) |
| Ottens et al. (2019) | |
| Claeys (2009) |
| Lapis 29 (7/8) |
| |
| collection of Petr Gadas | |
| Rob Lavinsky |
Iran | |
| Tabbakh Shabani et al. (2019) |
Italy | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Bedognè et al. (2006) |
| Ghizzoni et al. (2005) |
| Ghizzoni et al. (2005) | |
| Ghizzoni et al. (2005) | |
| Martini et al. (2012) |
| Martini et al. (2012) | |
| Boscardin et al. (2013) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
| Milanesi D. (1998) | |
| Preite (2003) |
| Pongiluppi (1974) +1 other reference | |
| Preite (2003) |
| Preite (2003) | |
| |
| Gelosa et al. (1999) | |
| Preite (2003) | |
| Sturiale (1963) +1 other reference |
| Ferretti et al. (2015) |
| Orlandi et al. (1997) |
| G. Grattarola (1879) +1 other reference |
Japan | |
| Onuki et al (1988) |
| Gunma university Academic Information Repository et al. (2000) |
| Ibaraki et al. (1991) |
| Sadanaga et al. (1974) |
| Alfredo Petrov collection | |
| Alfredo Petrov collection | |
| Late 19th century Dr. F. Krantz ... +3 other references |
| Alfredo Petrov collection |
| Sadanaga et al. (1974) |
| Dr. Kameki Kinoshita collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| Kato (2009) |
Jersey | |
| Mineralogical Magazine 1982 46 : ... |
Jordan | |
| Khoury et al. (1985) |
Middle East | |
| Gross (1977) | |
New Zealand | |
| J. Thornton in Micro-Scope |
North America | |
| 182-183. +1 other reference | |
Norway | |
| Knut Eldjarn Collection |
| Bergstøl (1962) +1 other reference |
Poland | |
| Websky (1867) |
| Websky M. (1868) +1 other reference | |
| Kapuscinski T. (1992) |
| Ivan A. Novikov |
Slovakia | |
| Ďuďa |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (n.d.) | |
| Martin Števko-unpublished |
| Ďuďa |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
Spain | |
| Betz (2009) |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Weiß et al. (1997) +1 other reference |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
UK | |
| Day (1999) |
| |
| |
| Steve Sorrell Collection |
| |
Ukraine | |
| Tischenko A. data |
USA | |
| June 1997 +3 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 378. +2 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 372. +2 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 380. +3 other references |
| Mineral News v.14 no.9 | |
| www.mineralsocal.org (2001) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Tschernich (1992) |
| Pawloski (1965) +1 other reference |
| Januzzi et al. (1976) |
| Tschernich (1992) | |
| Cook (1978) |
| Fujishima et al. (1977) |
| White (1984) +1 other reference | |
| Tschernich (1992) | |
| Dunham (1933) | |
| R&M 79:1 p44-54 |
| Mineral Collector 15: 113-118 et al. (1908) +1 other reference |
| Jensen (1978) |
| Pough (1936) |
| Micro Probe Vol. 6 No. 5 Fall 1987 +1 other reference |
| Marshall W. Gannett and Keith E. Bargar +1 other reference |
| K. Starnes |
| Oregon Metal Mines Handbook |
| Bargar et al. (1997) |
| Bargar et al. (1997) | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| |
| Micro Probe Volume VI Number 4 | |
| Tschernich (1992) +1 other reference |
| Tschernich (1992) | |
| Tschernich (1996) | |
| Micro Probe Vol.7 No.9 Spring '94 | |
| Rudy Tschernich Zeolite Collection |
| Rudy Tschernich Zeolite Collection |
| Micro Probe Vol. 7 No. 10 |
| Micro Probe +1 other reference | |
| Cannon (1975) +1 other reference |
| Cannon (1975) +1 other reference |
| Rudy Tschernich Zeolite Collection |
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