Apjohnite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Apjohnite
James Apjohn
Formula:
Mn2+Al2(SO4)4 · 22H2O
Colour:
Colourless, white, light pink, light yellow, light green
Lustre:
Silky
Hardness:
1½ - 2
Specific Gravity:
1.78 - 1.81
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
Named in honor of James Apjohn (1 September 1796, Ireland - 3 June 1886, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, Ireland), Professor of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland. His birthplace is listed from different sources as Granard, Co. Longford and Sunville, Pallasgrean, Co. Limerick. He made contributions in the areas of chemistry, electricity, and mineralogy, and first described this mineral.
Type Locality:
Halotrichite Group
At least a partial (and probably a complete ?) series toward Apjohnite exists from Pickeringite and Halotrichite.
At least a partial (and probably a complete ?) series toward Apjohnite exists from Pickeringite and Halotrichite.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
281
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:281:9
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
28d7db92-6473-4660-a8b1-161af0024746
IMA Classification of Apjohnite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
First published:
1838
Classification of Apjohnite
7.CB.85
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
C : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) without additional anions, with H2O
B : With only medium-sized cations
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
C : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) without additional anions, with H2O
B : With only medium-sized cations
29.7.3.3
29 : HYDRATED ACID AND NORMAL SULFATES
7 : AB2(XO4)4·H2O
29 : HYDRATED ACID AND NORMAL SULFATES
7 : AB2(XO4)4·H2O
25.9.7
25 : Sulphates
9 : Sulphates of Mn
25 : Sulphates
9 : Sulphates of Mn
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Apj | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Apjohnite
Silky
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Comment:
In aggregates
Colour:
Colourless, white, light pink, light yellow, light green
Streak:
White
Hardness:
1½ - 2 on Mohs scale
Density:
1.78 - 1.81 g/cm3 (Measured) 1.836 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Apjohnite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.478 nβ = 1.482 nγ = 1.482
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.004
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
none
Optical Extinction:
Y = b; Z ∧ c = 30°.
Chemistry of Apjohnite
Mindat Formula:
Mn2+Al2(SO4)4 · 22H2O
Crystallography of Apjohnite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
P21/b
Setting:
P21/c
Cell Parameters:
a = 6.19 Å, b = 24.34 Å, c = 21.26 Å
β = 100.28°
β = 100.28°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.254 : 1 : 0.873
Unit Cell V:
3,151.71 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Crystals acicular aggregated into masses and crusts; also asbestiform.
Crystal Structure
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2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0014465 | Apjohnite | Menchetti S, Sabelli C (1976) The halotrichite group: The crystal structure of apjohnite Mineralogical Magazine 40 599-608 |  | 1976 | Terlano, Bolzano, Italy | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 3.515 Å | (100) |
| 4.82 Å | (90) |
| 3.792 Å | (33) |
| 4.33 Å | (27b) |
| 3.967 Å | (23) |
| 4.13 Å | (22) |
| 6.07 Å | (20) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 45a : [Sulfates, arsenates, selenates, antimonates] | |
| Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals | <10 Ka |
| 55 : Anthropogenic mine minerals |
Type Occurrence of Apjohnite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Transparent threads or fibers, resembling satin-spar.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
No designated type material.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Efflorescences.
Reference:
Glocker, E.F. (1847) Ordo XVIII. Hydrolyti. I. Hydrolyti ametalli. 24. Halotrichites. Appendix. Apjohnites. Generum et specierum mineralium secundum ordines naturales digestorum synopsis, Apud Eduardum Anton, Halle, 288-304.
Synonyms of Apjohnite
Manganese Alum (in part)
Other Language Names for Apjohnite
Relationship of Apjohnite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
| Bílinite | Fe2+Fe3+2(SO4)4 · 22H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| Dietrichite | (Zn,Fe2+,Mn2+)Al2(SO4)4 · 22H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| Halotrichite | FeAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O | Mon. 2 : P2 |
| Pickeringite | MgAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| Redingtonite | (Fe2+,Mg,Ni)(Cr,Al)2(SO4)4 · 22H2O | Mon. 2 |
| Wupatkiite | (Co,Mg,Ni)Al2(SO4)4 · 22H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 7.CB. | Sarvodaite | Al2(SO4)3 · 5H2O |
| 7.CB.02 | Voudourisite | CdSO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Dwornikite | Ni(SO4) · H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Gunningite | ZnSO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Kieserite | MgSO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Poitevinite | (Cu,Fe)SO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Szmikite | MnSO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Szomolnokite | FeSO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Cobaltkieserite | CoSO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.07 | Sanderite | MgSO4 · 2H2O |
| 7.CB.10 | Bonattite | CuSO4 · 3H2O |
| 7.CB.12 | Belogubite | CuZn(SO4)2 · 10H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Aplowite | (Co,Mn,Ni)SO4 · 4H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Boyleite | (Zn,Mg)SO4 · 4H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Ilesite | (Mn,Zn,Fe)SO4 · 4H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Rozenite | FeSO4 · 4H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Starkeyite | MgSO4 · 4H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Drobecite | CdSO4 · 4H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Cranswickite | MgSO4 · 4H2O |
| 7.CB.20 | Chalcanthite | CuSO4 · 5H2O |
| 7.CB.20 | Jôkokuite | MnSO4 · 5H2O |
| 7.CB.20 | Pentahydrite | MgSO4 · 5H2O |
| 7.CB.20 | Siderotil | FeSO4 · 5H2O |
| 7.CB.25 | Bianchite | Zn(SO4) · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.25 | Chvaleticeite | Mn(SO4) · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.25 | Ferrohexahydrite | FeSO4 · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.25 | Hexahydrite | MgSO4 · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.25 | Moorhouseite | Co(SO4) · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.25 | Nickelhexahydrite | Ni(SO4) · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.30 | Retgersite | NiSO4 · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Bieberite | CoSO4 · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Boothite | CuSO4 · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Mallardite | MnSO4 · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Melanterite | Fe2+(H2O)6SO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Zincmelanterite | (Zn,Cu,Fe)SO4 · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Alpersite | (Mg,Cu)(SO4) · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.40 | Epsomite | MgSO4 · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.40 | Goslarite | ZnSO4 · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.40 | Morenosite | NiSO4 · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.45 | Alunogen | Al2(SO4)3 · 17H2O |
| 7.CB.45 | Meta-alunogen | Al2(SO4)3 · 12H2O |
| 7.CB.50 | Aluminocoquimbite | Al2Fe2(SO4)6(H2O)12 · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.50 | Lazaridisite | 3CdSO4 · 8H2O |
| 7.CB.52 | Pararaisaite | CuMg[Te6+O4(OH)2] · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.55 | Coquimbite | AlFe3(SO4)6(H2O)12 · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.55 | Paracoquimbite | Fe4(SO4)6(H2O)12 · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.55 | Rhomboclase | (H5O2)Fe3+(SO4)2 · 2H2O |
| 7.CB.55 | Raisaite | CuMg[Te6+O4(OH)2] · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.57 | Caichengyunite | Fe2+3Al2(SO4)6 · 30H2O |
| 7.CB.60 | Kornelite | Fe2(SO4)3 · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.65 | Quenstedtite | Fe2(SO4)3 · 11H2O |
| 7.CB.70 | Lausenite | Fe2(SO4)3 · 5H2O |
| 7.CB.75 | Lishizhenite | ZnFe2(SO4)4 · 14H2O |
| 7.CB.75 | Römerite | Fe2+Fe3+2(SO4)4 · 14H2O |
| 7.CB.80 | Ransomite | CuFe2(SO4)4 · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Bílinite | Fe2+Fe3+2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Dietrichite | (Zn,Fe2+,Mn2+)Al2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Halotrichite | FeAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Pickeringite | MgAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Redingtonite | (Fe2+,Mg,Ni)(Cr,Al)2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Wupatkiite | (Co,Mg,Ni)Al2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 7.CB.90 | Meridianiite | MgSO4 · 11H2O |
Other Information
Notes:
Soluble in water.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Apjohnite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-281.html
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References for Apjohnite
Reference List:
Menchetti, S., Sabelli, C. (1976) The halotrichite group: the crystal structure of apjohnite. Mineralogical Magazine, 40 (314) 599-608 doi:10.1180/minmag.1976.040.314.07
Ballirano, Paolo (2006) Crystal chemistry of the halotrichite group XAl2(SO4)4·22H2O: the X = Fe-Mg-Mn-Zn compositional tetrahedron. European Journal of Mineralogy, 18 (4) 463-469 doi:10.1127/0935-1221/2006/0018-0463
Lane, M. D. (2007) Mid-infrared emission spectroscopy of sulfate and sulfate-bearing minerals. American Mineralogist, 92 (1) 1-18 doi:10.2138/am.2007.2170
Localities for Apjohnite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Bulgaria | |
| Atanassova et al. (2009) |
Chile | |
| Peter G. Seroka collection |
Costa Rica | |
| Rodríguez et al. (2017) |
| Ulloa et al. (2018) |
Czech Republic | |
| Lapis 2002 (7/8) |
| |
Greece | |
| Rieck et al. (2020) |
| Rieck et al. (2020) |
Italy | |
| Frost et al. (2007) |
| Exel (1987) | |
Mozambique (TL) | |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
Portugal | |
| Marques de Sá et al. (2010) |
Romania | |
| Onac (2003) |
| B. Onac et al (2009, July) |
| Andrei I. Apopei et al. (2014) |
| Onac (2009) |
| Ł. Kruszewski & M. Cegiełka PXRD data +2 other references |
Russia | |
| Okrugin (2004) |
| Bortnikova et al. (2009, February) | |
| Zhdanov Yu.Ya. (1998) |
Senegal | |
| Montoroi (1995) |
Slovakia | |
| Kokta (1939) +2 other references |
| Koděra (1986) |
Spain | |
| Carlos J. Rodríguez collection |
| Tony Nickischer |
| |
USA | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Scientific study done by Matt Livingood |
| Travis A. Paris (2011) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +2 other references |
| Bullock (1981) |
Quick NavTopAbout ApjohniteUnique IdentifiersIMA Classification Classification Mineral SymbolsPhysical Properties Optical Data Chemistry Crystallography Crystal StructureX-Ray Powder DiffractionGeological EnvironmentType Occurrence SynonymsOther LanguagesRelationshipsCommon AssociatesStrunz-MindatOther InformationInternet Links References Localities Locality List
Terlan, Überetsch-Unterland, South Tyrol, Trentino-Alto Adige, Italy