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Thenardite

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Soda Lake, Carrizo Plain, San Luis Obispo Co., California, USA
© Charles Creekmur

Show Thenardite Photos (20)
Formula:
Na
 
2
SO
 
4
System:OrthorhombicColour:Colourless, very light ...
Hardness:2½ - 3
Name:Named after Louis Jacques Thénard (1777-1857), Professor of Chemistry, University of Paris (France).


Five polymorphs known.

Classification of Thenardite

IMA status:Valid - first described prior to 1959 (pre-IMA) - "Grandfathered"
Strunz 8th edition ID:6/A.07-10
Nickel-Strunz 10th (pending) edition ID:7.AC.25

7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
A : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) without additional anions, without H2O
C : With medium-sized and large cations
Dana 8th edition ID:28.2.3.1

28 : ANHYDROUS ACID AND NORMAL SULFATES
2 : A2XO4
Hey's CIM Ref.:25.1.1

25 : Sulphates
1 : Sulphates of the alkali metals and ammonium
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Type Occurrence of Thenardite

Type Locality:Espartinas Salt Lake, Aranjuez, Madrid, Spain
Year of Discovery:1826
Geological Setting of type material:Salt Lake.

Occurrences of Thenardite

Geological Setting:Lakes and playas in arid regions; as efflorescences on soils in arid areas, and in caliche. Also occurs around volcanic fumaroles mixed with alkali halides and sulphates and as an incrustation on recent lavas.

Physical Properties of Thenardite

Lustre:Vitreous, Resinous
Diaphaneity (Transparency):Transparent, Translucent
Colour:Colourless, very light gray, light brown; colourless in transmitted light
Hardness (Mohs):2½ - 3
Cleavage:Perfect
On {010} perfect; on {101} fair; on {100} incomplete
Fracture:Irregular/Uneven, Hackly
Density (measured):2.664 g/cm3
Density (calculated):2.674 g/cm3

Crystallography of Thenardite

Crystal System:Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) - Dipyramidal
Space Group:Fddd (F2/d 2/d 2/d)
Cell Parameters:a = 5.86Å, b = 12.3Å, c = 9.82Å
Ratio:a:b:c = 0.476 : 1 : 0.798
Unit Cell Volume:V 707.81 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Morphology:Crystals dipyramidal {111} with minor truncations; tabular {010} rough and striated, and {101} present as large faces; prismatic [100], rare. Pulverulent crusts, efflorescences.
Twinning:On {110} common, yielding cruciform groups. Also on {011}, yielding twins rather similar to gypsum "butterfly" twins.
X-Ray Powder Diffraction:
Image Loading

Radiation - Copper Kα
Data Set:
Horizontal Axis: ° to ° Vertical Axis: % Source Data: Filtered Data: Peaks:
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.

Optical Data of Thenardite

Type:Biaxial (+)
RI values: nα = 1.471 nβ = 1.477 nγ = 1.484
2V:Measured: 83° , Calculated: 86°
Maximum Birefringence:δ = 0.013

Chart shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness) and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:Moderate
Dispersion:none

Chemical Properties of Thenardite

Formula:
Na
 
2
SO
 
4
Essential elements:Na, O, S
All elements listed in formula:Na, O, S

Relationship of Thenardite to other Species

Common Associates:
NitratineNatronMirabiliteHaliteGypsum
GlauberiteEpsomiteBlödite
Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping):

- +
7.AC.05Vanthoffite
Na
 
6
Mg(SO
 
4
)
 
4
7.AC.10Efremovite
(NH
 
4
)
 
2
Mg
 
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
3
7.AC.10Langbeinite
K
 
2
Mg
 
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
3
7.AC.10Manganolangbeinite
K
 
2
Mn
 
2
(SO
 
4
)
 
3
7.AC.15Yavapaiite
KFe(SO
 
4
)
 
2
7.AC.15Eldfellite
NaFe
3+
 
(SO
 
4
)
 
2
7.AC.20Godovikovite
NH
 
4
(Al,Fe)(SO
 
4
)
 
2
7.AC.20Sabieite
NH
 
4
Fe(SO
 
4
)
 
2
7.AC.30Metathenardite
Na
 
2
SO
 
4
7.AC.35Aphthitalite
(K,Na)
 
3
Na(SO
 
4
)
 
2
Related Minerals - Hey's Index Grouping:

- +
25.1.2Matteuccite
NaHSO
 
4
·H
 
2
O
25.1.3Mirabilite
Na
 
2
SO
 
4
·10H
 
2
O
25.1.4Arcanite
K
 
2
SO
 
4
25.1.5Mercallite
KHSO
 
4
25.1.6Misenite
K
 
8
H
 
6
(SO
 
4
)
 
7
25.1.7Aphthitalite
(K,Na)
 
3
Na(SO
 
4
)
 
2
25.1.8Mascagnite
(NH
 
4
)
 
2
SO
 
4
25.1.9Letovicite
(NH
 
4
)
 
3
H(SO
 
4
)
 
2
25.1.10Ammonioalunite
(NH
 
4
)Al
 
3
[(OH)
 
3
|SO
 
4
]
 
2

Other Names for Thenardite

Synonyms:
PyrotechniteThénardite
Other Languages:
German:Anhydrisches Natronsulfat
Thenardit
Russian:Тенардит
Spanish:Thenardita

Other Information

Thermal Behaviour:Melting Point = 883° C.
Health Warning:No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

References for Thenardite

Reference List:Casaseca J.L., (1826), Annales de chimie et de physique, Paris: 32, 308.

Casaseca J.L., (1826) Annals of Philosophy, London: 12: 313.

Breithaupt, A. (1832) Vollständige Characteristik etc., 2nd. Ed.: 33 (as Anhydrisches Natronsulfat).

Scacchi (1855) Mem. Incend. Vesuvius, Naples (as Pyrotechnite).

Des Cloizeaux (1857) Annales des mines: 11: 318.

Baerwald (1882) Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie, Leipzig: 6: 36.

Dana, E.S. (1892) System of Mineralogy, 6th. Edition, New York: 895.

Görgey (1910) Mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen, Vienna: 29: 202.

Larsen, E.S. (1921) The Microscopic Determination of the Nonopaque Minerals, First edition, USGS Bulletin 679: 143.

Goldschmidt, V. (1922) Atlas der Krystallformen. 9 volumes, atlas, and text, vol. 8: 126.

Kracek (1921) Journal of Physical Chemistry: 33: 1281, 1304.

Cole (1926) Canada, Mines Branch, Ottawa, no. 646.

Doelter, C. (1926) Handbuch der Mineral-chemie (in 4 volumes divided into parts): 4[2]: 35 (see Jänecke in).

Hintze, Carl (1929) Handbuch der Mineralogie. Berlin and Leipzig. 6 volumes: 1 [3B]: 2679.

Kracek (1929) Journal of Physical Chemistry: 33: 1281.

Kracek and Gibson (1929) Journal of Physical Chemistry: 33: 1304.

Zachariasen and Ziegler (1932) Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie, Leipzig: 81: 92.

Hill and Wills (1938) Journal of the American Chemical Society: 60: 1647.

Spencer (1944) Mineralogical Magazine: 27: 29.

Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 7th edition, revised and enlarged: 404-407.

Canadian Mineralogist (1975): 13: 181-187.

Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Monatshefte (1978): 408.

Acta Chemica Scandinavica:: 27: 814-822.

Internet Links for Thenardite

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    Localities for Thenardite

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    The map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.
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    (TL) indicates type locality. ? indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. All other localities listed without reference should be considered as uncertain and unproven until references can be found.
    Antarctica
     
    • Eastern Antarctica
      • Princess Elizabeth Land
        • Ingrid Christensen Coast
    		Gore, D.B., Nichols, G.T., Lehmann, C.E.R., Burgess, J.S., Baird, A.S.&, Creagh, D.C. (2000) An atlas of surficial salts of the Vestfold Hills, East Antarctica: composition, distribution and origin ANARE Report 143. 146 pp
    Argentina
     
    • Mendoza
      • Malargüe Department
        • Pampa Amarilla District
    		C.E. Gordillo, E. Linares, R.O. Toubes, H. Winchell: Amer. Mineral. 51:1-13 (1966); American Mineralogist: 51: 1-13
    Australia
     
    • Western Australia
      • Kalgoorlie
        • Goongarrie
    		Min Mag (1979) 43, 97-98
    Austria
     
    • Salzburg
      • Golling
        • Moosegg (Grubach)
    		A. Strasser: Die Minerale Salzburgs (1989)
      • Hallein
        • Dürrnberg
    		R. Exel: Die Mineralien und Erzlagerstätten Österreichs (1993)
      • Hohe Tauern Mts
        • Gastein valley
          • Bad Gastein
    		A. Strasser: Die Minerale Salzburgs, 1989
      • Salzburg
        • Untersberg massif
    		A. Strasser: Die Minerale Salzburgs (1989)
    • Styria
      • Bad Aussee
        • Altaussee
    		R. Exel: Die Mineralien und Erzlagerstätten Österreichs (1993)
      • Ennstaler Alpen Mts
        • Admont
    		Meixner, H. (1977);
    • Tyrol
      • North Tyrol
        • Inn valley
          • Innsbruck
            • Hall
    		R. Exel: Die Mineralien und Erzlagerstätten Österreichs (1993)
    Azerbaijan
     
    Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 406.
    Bolivia
     
    • Potosí Department
      • Nor Lípez Province
    		Ahlfeld & Muñoz Reyes (1955) Las Especies Minerales de Bolivia (Banco Minero de Bolivia); Ahlfeld & Muñoz Reyes (1955) Las Especies Minerales de Bolivia (Banco Minero de Bolivia)
      • Sud Lípez Province
        • Pastos Grandes
    Canada
     
    • British Columbia
      • Similkameen Mining Division
        • Okanagan-Similkameen
    		S. J. Mills (XRD data)
    • Québec
      • Jacques Cartier Co.
        • Montréal
          • St. Michel District
    		Mineralogical Record (2006): 37: 5-60.
      • Rouville Co.
        • Mont Saint-Hilaire
    		No reference listed
    Chad
     
    • Lake Chad
      • Kanem (Khanem) Region
        • Eguéi (Eguei; Eguéï; Egai) Region
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 955.
    Chile
     
    • Antofagasta Region
      • Antofagasta Province
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 406.
      • Cuevitas
        • Chimborazo
    		British Natural History Museum online catalogue 2007
      • El Loa Province
        • Calama
          • Chuquicamata District
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 449.
    Cameron, E.M., Leybourne, M.I., and Palacios, C. (2007): Mineralium Deposita 42, 205-218.
    No reference listed
      • Tocopilla Province
        • Sierra Gorda District
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 406.
    China
     
    • Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region
      • Xilin Gol (Xilinguole) League
        • Sonid Right Banner
    		Yu, G., Harrison, S.P., and Xue, B. (2001): Lake status records from China: Data Base Documentation. MPI-BGC Technology Report No. 4, pp. 46-49.
    • Qinghai (Chinghai) Province
      • Hainan Autonomous Prefecture
    		Sun Da-peng, Li Bing-xiao, Ma Yua-hua, and Lin Qun-zhu (2002): Journal of Salt Lake Research 10(4), 1-12.
    • Tibet Autonomous Region
      • Nagchu (Naqu) Prefecture
        • Xainza (Shenzha) Co.
    		Yu, G., Harrison, S.P., and Xue, B. (2001): Lake status records from China: Data Base Documentation. MPI-BGC Technology Report No. 4, pp. 157-161.
    Czech Republic
     
    • Bohemia (Böhmen; Boehmen)
      • Hradec Králové Region
        • Trutnov (Trautenau)
          • Radvanice
    		Jirásek, J.: Thermal Changes of the Rocks in the Dump Pile of the Kateřina Colliery in Radvanice (Eastern Bohemia). Ostrava: VSB – Technical University of Ostrava, Institute of Geological Engineering - 541, 2001. 69 p.
      • Karlovy Vary Region
        • Krušné Hory Mts (Erzgebirge)
          • Ostrov
    		Lapis 2002(7/8), 63-65
        • Mariánské Lázně (Marienbad)
    		Fiala, V., Richtermoc, J., Zajíček, P.: Supergenní recentní nerosty ne ložisku Dyleň v západních Čechách. Věstník Ústředního ústavu geologického, 1990, roč. 65, č. 5, s. 257-265.
      • Liberec Region
    		Scharm, B.: Přehled minerálů nalezených v oblasti uranových koncentrací v severočeské křídě. Bulletin mineralogicko-petrografického oddělení Národního muzea v Praze, 1995, roč. 3, s. 169-172.
    Egypt
     
    • Western Desert
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 406.
    El Salvador
     
    • Sonsonate Department
    		Am Min 70:1-2 pp 193-196
    Germany
     
    • Lower Saxony
      • Lüneburg
    		Weiss: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", Weise (Munich), 1990
    • Mecklenburg-West Pomerania
      • Neubrandenburg
        • Friedland
    		A. Wittern: "Mineralfundorte in Deutschland", Schweizerbart (Stuttgart), 2001
    • North Rhine-Westphalia
      • Bergisches Land
        • Overath
          • Bensberg
            • Altenbrück
    		Weiss: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", 1990
      • Ruhr Coal Mining area
        • Recklinghausen
          • Marl-Hüls
    		Weiss: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", 1990
    • Rhineland-Palatinate
      • Eifel Mts
        • Mayen
          • Ettringen
            • Bellerberg volcano
    		Blass, G., Graf, HW., Kolitsch, U., Sebold, D., Über neue Mineralfunde aus der Vulkaneifel, MW 6/2005
        • Mendig
          • Niedermendig
            • Wingertsberg Mt.
    		Blass, G., Graf, HW., Kolitsch, U., Sebold, D., Über neue Mineralfunde aus der Vulkaneifel, Mineralien-Welt 6/2005
        • Niederzissen
          • Brenk
    		Blass, G., Graf , HW., Neue Mineralienfunde aus der Eifel..., MW 3/1999
    • Saxony
      • Erzgebirge
        • Oberwiesenthal
          • Niederschlag
    		T. Witzke (1994) Lapis 19(10), 36-39
    Greece
     
    • Aegean Islands (Aiyaíon) Department
      • Sámos Prefecture
        • Sámos Island
    		Econ Geol (1989)84:788-798
    Hungary
     
    • Bács-Kiskun Co.
      • Great Hungarian Plain
    		Szakáll-Gatter-Szendrei: Mineral Species of Hungary, 2006
        • Kecskemét
    		ACTA MIN. PETR. Suppl. Tomus XXXVIII., 1997
        • Petőfiszállás
    		Szakáll-Gatter-Szendrei: Mineral Species of Hungary, 2006
    • Baranya Co.
      • Mecsek Mts.
    		Szakáll & Jánosi: Minerals of Hungary, 1995
    • Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén Co.
      • Rudabányai Mts.
    		Szakáll & Gatter: Hungarian Mineral Species, 1993
        • Rudabánya
    		Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya, 2001
    Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya, 2001
    • Heves Co.
      • Mátra Mts.
    		ACTA MIN. PETR. Suppl. Tomus XXXVIII., 1997
        • Mátraszentimre
    		ACTA MIN. PETR. Suppl. Tomus XXXVIII., 1997
        • Recsk
    		Szakáll & Gatter: Hun. Min.Spec., 1993
    • Nógrád Co.
      • Cserhát Mts.
    		Geoda - Journal of the Hungarian Friends of Minerals, 2007 august.
      • Mátra Mts.
        • Bátonyterenye
    		Szakáll-Jánosi: Minerals of Hungary
    ACTA MIN. PETR. Suppl. Tomus XXXVIII., 1997
    Iceland
     
    • Vestmannaeyjar archipelago (Westman islands)
      • Heimaey island
        • Heimaey
    		Mitolo, D., Garavelli, A., Pedersen, L., Balić-Žunić, T., Jakobsson, S.P., Vurro, F. (2008): Mineralogy of actually forming sublimates at Eldfell Volcano, Heimaey (Vestmannaeyjar archipelago), Iceland. Plinius, 34, 322.
      • Surtsey Island
    		Jacobsson et al (1992) Encrustations from Lava Caves in Surtsey, Iceland. A Preliminary Report: Surtsey Research Progress Report X: 73-78 Reykjevik, Iceland.
    Italy
     
    • Campania
      • Naples Province
        • Somma-Vesuvius Complex
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 406, 435.
      • Phlegrean Volcanic Complex
        • Naples Province
          • Phlegrean Fields
            • Pozzuoli
    		Sinno R. – (1957) Trona, thenardite e mirabilite nei Campi Flegrei. Periodico di Mineralogia – Roma pp. 1-12.
    • Sicily
      • Catania Province
        • Etna Volcanic Complex
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 406.
    www.cse.speleo.it
      • Messina Province
        • Lipari
          • Eolie Islands (Aeolian Islands)
            • Vulcano Island
    		PALACHE, C., BERMAN, H., & FRONDEL, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 432.
    • Tuscany
      • Pisa Province
        • Pomarance
    		J.W. Anthony, R.A. Bideaux, K.W. Bladh, M.C. Nichols: Handbook of Mineralogy, Vol. V (2003)
    Japan
     
    • Hokkaido Island
      • Iburi Province
    • Honshu Island
      • Tohoku region
        • Akita prefecture
          • Odate
    		Dr. Kameki Kinoshita collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan)
    Kazakhstan
     
    • Qaraghandy Oblysy (Karaganda Oblast')
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 406.
    Kenya
     
    • Rift Valley Province
      • Turkana District
    		Am Min 66:632-635
    Mexico
     
    • Chihuahua
      • Mun. de Aquiles Serdán
        • Santa Eulalia District
          • East Camp
    		Panczner (1987): 77-395.
    • Jalisco
      • Colima volcanic complex
    		Ostrooumov, M., Arellano-Jimenez, M., Ponce, A., Taran, Y., Reyes-Gasga, J. (2008): La colimaíta, K3VS4, un nuevo mineral del volcán Colima (México). Boletín de Mineralogía, 18(1), 7-8
    Namibia
     
    Foshag, Wm. F. (1933) Sulfohalite and Other Minerals from the Otjiwalundo Salt Pan, South West Africa. American Mineralogist: 18: 431-434; Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 549.
    Netherlands
     
    • Limburg
      • Brunssum
    		T.G. Nijland, J.C. Zwaan, D. Visser, J. Leloux - De mineralen van Nederland - 2007
    Niger
     
    • Agadez Department
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 406.
    Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 406.
    Norway
     
    • Buskerud
      • Kongsberg
        • Kongsberg Silver Mining District
          • Overberget Mine-field
    		Nordrum, F.S. (2002): Nyfunn av mineraler i Norge 2001-2002. STEIN 29 (2): 4-10
    Poland
     
    • Małopolskie
      • Wieliczka
    		Wiewiórka J. 1972: Wtórny mirabilit z Wieliczki. Spraw. z Pos. Kom. PAN Oddz. w Krakowie T. 15/1
    Romania
     
    • Maramures Co.
      • Rodna (Rodnei) Mts
    Russia
     
    • Eastern-Siberian Region
      • Krasnoyarsk Territory (Krasnoyarsk Kray; Krasnoyarskii Krai)
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 406.
    • Far-Eastern Region
      • Kamchatka Oblast'
    • Northern Region
      • Murmanskaja Oblast'
        • Kola Peninsula
          • Khibiny Massif
    		Anthony, Bideaux, Bladh, Nichols: "Handbook of Mineralogy", Vol. 4, 2000
    www.koeln.netsurf.de/~w.steffens/lovo.htm
    Spain
     
    • Andalusia
      • Córdoba
        • Villanueva de Córdoba
    		Schnorrer, G. (2000): Die Minerale der ehemaligen Grube Espuela de San Miguel bei Villanueva de Cordoba, Prov. Cordoba in Spanien. Der Aufschluss, 51, 211-222. (in German)
    • Castile-La Mancha
      • Toledo
        • Ocaña
    		Collection of NHM, Vienna
    • Madrid
      • Aranjuez
    		Annal. Chim. Phys.(1826): 32, 308; Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 406.
      • Chinchon
    		http://euromin.w3sites.net/Nouveau_site/musees/barcelone/MINe.htm
    Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 406.
    Sweden
     
    • Medelpad
      • Sundsvall
    		No reference listed
    Switzerland
     
    • Aargau
      • Leuggern
        • Felsenau
    		Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): \"Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz\", Wepf (Basel), p. 401.
    • Vaud (Waadt)
      • Bex
    		Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): "Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz", Wepf (Basel), p. 401.
      • Villeneuve
    		Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): \\\"Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz\\\", Wepf (Basel), p. 401.
    Turkey
     
    • Central Anatolia Region
      • Konya Province
        • Great Konya Basin
    		Am Min 66:632-635
    Turkmenistan
     
    • Balkan Province
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 449.
    UK
     
    • England
      • Co. Durham
        • Billingham
    		Mineralogical Magazine 1959 32 : 172-175.
      • Cornwall
        • St Agnes District
          • Perranzabuloe
    		Ansermet, S. (2007): Kupfermineralien von der Hanover Cove am Cligga Head, Cornwall. Lapis 32 (2), 25-26; 50. (in German)
      • Sussex
        • Mountfield
    		Journal of Russell Society Vol 1 issue 3.
    USA
     
    • Arizona
      • Cochise Co.
        • Bowie area
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 160, 178, 216, 243, 249, 394; Regis, A.J. & L.B. Sand (1967), Lateral gradation of chabazite to herschelite in the San Simon basin (abstract), in S.W. Baily (editor), Clays and clay minerals. Proc. 15th. National Conference Clays and Clay Minerals: 193.
      • Coconino Co.
        • San Franciscan volcanic field (San Francisco Peaks; San Francisco Mts)
          • Sunset Crater (Sunset Peak)
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 394.
      • Pima Co.
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 395.
      • Pinal Co.
    		Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 395.
      • Yavapai Co.
        • Camp Verde District
    		[MinRec 14:90]
    Tenny, J.B. (1928), The Mineral Industries of AZ, AZ Bur. of Mines Bull. 125: 115.
    Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 232.
    Grant, Raymond W., Bideaux, R.A., and Williams, S.A. (2006) Minerals Added to the Arizona List 1995-2005: 4.
    Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 300, 395; Guild, F.N. (1910), Mineralogy of Arizona; Univ. of AZ Bull. 41 (1916-17), Mineralogy of Useful Minerals in AZ: 58; Galbraith, F.W. & Brennan (1959), Minerals of AZ: 57, 59.
    • California
      • Imperial Co.
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 406; Murch, J & Webb, R (1966) Minerals of California, California Division of Mines and Geology Bulletin 189.
      • Inyo Co.
        • Death Valley
          • Furnace Creek District
            • Black Mts
    		Am Min 64:3-4 pp 369-375; American Mineralogist: 55: 349-357
    Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 406.
      • Kern Co.
        • Kramer District
    		Cal Div of Mines & Geology "Mineral Information Service" V. 22 N. 10 Oct 1969
      • San Bernardino Co.
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 406, 633; Mineralogical Record (2007): 38: 213.
      • San Luis Obispo Co.
        • Carrizo Plain
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 406.
    • Colorado
      • Jefferson Co.
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckels
      • Mesa Co.
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckel, E. B.
      • Weld Co.
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
    • Hawaii
      • Hawaii Co.
        • Hawaii Island
          • Kau Desert
    		www.routledge-ny.com/ref/caves/hawaii.pdf
    American Mineralogist (1921): 6: 121.
    Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 406.
    • Missouri
      • Jackson Co.
    		Rocks & Min., March 1998.
    • Nevada
      • Churchill Co.
        • Soda Lake District
    		NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada
      • Clark Co.
        • Muddy Mountains District
    		NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
    NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada
      • Esmeralda Co.
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 406.
      • Lyon Co.
        • Mason Valley
    		NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
      • Mineral Co.
    		NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada
    NBMG Bull 58 Geology and Mineral Resources of Mineral County, Nevada
    NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada
      • Nye Co.
    		NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada
      • Pershing Co.
        • Antelope District
    NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada
      • Washoe Co.
        • Smoke Creek Desert
    		NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada
        • Steamboat Springs District
    		NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada
    • New Mexico
      • Cibola Co.
    		10th Annual New Mexico Mineral Symposium
      • Doña Ana Co.
    		Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed.
      • Eddy Co.
    		Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed.
      • McKinley Co.
    		Northrop, Minerals of New Mexico, 3rd Rev. Ed., 1996
          • Ambrosia Lake area
    		NMBMMR Memoir 15 Geology and Technology of the Grants Uranium Region
    NMBMMR Memoir 15 Geology and Technology of the Grants Uranium Region
      • Otero Co.
    		2008 New Mexico Mineral Symposium abstracts
      • Torrance Co.
    		Northrop, Minerals of New Mexico, 3rd Rev. Ed., 1996
    Jones,Jeri,1977,Thenardite in some on the argillites in south -central North Carolina,North Carolina Office of State Archaeology
      • Stanly Co.
    		Personal Message - Jeri L Jones
    • North Dakota
      • Divide Co.
        • Alkabo
    Jay Ellis Ransom,1974,Gems and Minerals of America
    • Ohio
      • Summit Co.
        • Cuyahoga Falls
          • Cuyahoga Gorge Park
    		Minerals of Ohio Bull. 69 ODNR
    • Oklahoma
      • Blaine Co.
        • Southard
    • Utah
      • Box Elder Co.
    		UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
      • Davis Co.
    		UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
      • Grand Co.
        • Yellow Cat District (W. part of Thompsons District)
          • Cisco
    		Anthony, J. W. et al. (1997): Handbook of Mineralogy, Vol. 3, 43; Am. Min. 48 (1963), 1187-1195
      • Salt Lake Co.
    		UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
      • Tooele Co.
    		UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
    • Virginia
    		Minerals of Virginia 1990 by R. V. Dietrich
    Minerals of Virginia 1990 by R. V. Dietrich
    Minerals of Virginia 1990 by R. V. Dietrich
      • Rockbridge Co.
        • Glasgow
    		Rocks & Min.: 60:157.
    Minerals of Virginia 1990 by R. V. Dietrich
      • Wise Co.
    		Minerals of Virginia 1990 by R. V. Dietrich
    • Washington
      • Grant Co.
        • Moses Lake
    		Minerals of Washington, Bart Cannon, 1975
    www.dnr.wa.gov/geology/okanogan.htm.
    Uzbekistan
     
    • Karakalpakstan (Qaraqalpog'iston) Respublikasi
      • Lower Amu Darya (Amydar'ya) River
    		Pekov, I. (1998) Minerals First discovered on the territory of the former Soviet Union 369p. Ocean Pictures, Moscow
    Mineral and/or Locality
    Google
     
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