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Paragenetic Mode 46 : Near-surface hydrothermal alteration of minerals (see also #22)

Return to the list of paragentic modes

Description

The formation of more than 2000 secondary minerals by near-surface “weathering, ” primarily oxidation and hydration, is by far the greatest single contributor to Earth’s mineral diversity. The majority of these minerals form in direct contact with the oxygenated atmosphere (see [#47]).

Stage

Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event - Age: <2.4 Ga
45 : Oxidized fumarolic minerals (see also [#11])
45a : [Sulfates, arsenates, selenates, antimonates]
45b : [Other oxidized fumarolic minerals]
46 : Near-surface hydrothermal alteration of minerals (see also #22)
47 : Low-𝑇 subaerial oxidative hydration, weathering (see also #16 and #23)
47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals]
47b : [Sulfates and sulfites]
47c : [Carbonates, phosphates, borates, nitrates]
47d : [Arsenates, antimonates, selenates, bismuthinates]
47e : [Vanadates, chromates, manganates]
47f : [Uranyl (U⁶⁺) minerals]
47g : [Halogen-bearing surface weathering minerals]
47h : [Near-surface oxidized, dehydrated minerals]
47i : [Terrestrial weathering of meteorites]

Minerals

Click on a button to filter by elements. Green = must include. Black = must exclude. Mineral names listed in bold are exclusively known from this paragenetic mode.

MineralFormulaCrystal System
AluniteKAl3(SO4)2(OH)6Trigonal
AngelelliteFe3+4(AsO4)2O3Triclinic
AnhydriteCaSO4Orthorhombic
BaryteBaSO4Orthorhombic
BergslagiteCaBeAsO4(OH)Monoclinic
CahniteCa2[B(OH)4](AsO4)Tetragonal
CalciolangbeiniteK2Ca2(SO4)3 Isometric
CamanchacaiteNaCaMg2[AsO4][AsO3(OH)]2Monoclinic
CanutiteNaMn3[AsO4][AsO3(OH)]2Monoclinic
CarraraiteCa3(SO4)[Ge(OH)6](CO3)·12H2OHexagonal
CastellaroiteMn2+3(AsO4)2·4H2OMonoclinic
Cervandonite-(Ce)(Ce,Nd,La)(Fe3+,Fe2+,Ti,Al)3O2(Si2O7)(As3+O3)(OH)Trigonal
CesaniteNa3Ca2(SO4)3(OH)Hexagonal
CésarferreiraiteFe2+ Fe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2·8H2OTriclinic
Chukhrovite-(Ca)Ca4.5Al2(SO4)F13·12H2OIsometric
Chukhrovite-(Ce)Ca3(Ce,Y)(AlF6)2(SO4)F·10H2OIsometric
Chukhrovite-(Nd)Ca3(Nd,Y)Al2(SO4)F13·12H2OIsometric
Chukhrovite-(Y)Ca3(Y,Ce)(AlF6)2(SO4)F·10H2OIsometric
Clinoungemachite(Na, K, Fe, SO4)Monoclinic
CranswickiteMgSO4·4H2OMonoclinic
ErikapohliteCu3(Zn,Cu,Mg)4Ca2(AsO4)6·2H2O Monoclinic
Fetiasite(Fe3+,Fe2+,Ti)3(As2O5)O2Monoclinic
Fontarnauite(Na,K)2(Sr,Ca) (SO4)[B5O8(OH)]·2H2OMonoclinic
GrandaiteSr2Al(AsO4)2(OH)Monoclinic
GrischuniteNaCa2Mn2+5Fe3+(AsO4)6·2H2OOrthorhombic
HuangiteCa0.5Al3(SO4)2(OH)6Trigonal
JarositeKFe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6Trigonal
JohanngeorgenstadtiteNi2+4.5(AsO4)3Monoclinic
JohilleriteNa(Mg,Zn)3Cu(AsO4)3Monoclinic
KaliochalciteKCu2(SO4)2[(OH)(H2O)]Monoclinic
KeyiteCu2+3Zn4Cd2(AsO4)6·2H2OMonoclinic
Kleinite(Hg2N)(Cl,SO4)·nH2OHexagonal
LudlockitePbFe3+4As3+10O22Triclinic
MagnesiocanutiteNaMnMg2[AsO4]2[AsO2(OH)2]Monoclinic
Manganostibite(Mn,Fe)7SbAsO12Orthorhombic
MansfielditeAlAsO4·2H2OOrthorhombic
Meta-alunogenAl2(SO4)3·12H2OOrthorhombic
MirabiliteNa2SO4·10H2OMonoclinic
NatroaluniteNaAl3(SO4)2(OH)6Trigonal
NatrojarositeNaFe3(SO4)2(OH)6Trigonal
O'DanieliteNa(Zn,Mg)3(AsO4)(AsO3OH)2Monoclinic
ParabrandtiteCa2Mn2+(AsO4)2·2H2OTriclinic
ParacoquimbiteFe4(SO4)6(H2O)12·6H2OTrigonal
SarabauiteCaSb3+10S6O10Monoclinic
SyngeniteK2Ca(SO4)2·H2OMonoclinic
Tobelite(NH4,K)Al2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2Monoclinic
TopazAl2(SiO4)(F,OH)2Orthorhombic
Viaeneite(Fe,Pb)4S8OMonoclinic
WoodhouseiteCaAl3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6Trigonal
YazganiteNaFe3+2(Mg,Mn2+)(AsO4)3·H2OMonoclinic
ZaheriteAl12(SO4)5(OH)26·20H2OTriclinic
Zircosulfate(Zr,Ti)(SO4)2·4H2OOrthorhombic
ElementCountPercent
HHydrogen4076.92%
BeBeryllium11.92%
BBoron23.85%
CCarbon11.92%
NNitrogen23.85%
OOxygen52100.00%
FFluorine59.62%
NaSodium1325.00%
MgMagnesium713.46%
AlAluminium1528.85%
SiSilicon35.77%
PPhosphorus11.92%
SSulfur2853.85%
ClChlorine11.92%
KPotassium815.38%
CaCalcium1936.54%
TiTitanium35.77%
MnManganese713.46%
FeIron1325.00%
NiNickel11.92%
CuCopper47.69%
ZnZinc47.69%
GeGermanium11.92%
AsArsenic2242.31%
SrStrontium23.85%
YYttrium23.85%
ZrZirconium11.92%
CdCadmium11.92%
SbAntimony23.85%
BaBarium11.92%
LaLanthanum11.92%
CeCerium35.77%
NdNeodymium23.85%
HgMercury11.92%
PbLead23.85%

References

Hazen, Robert M., Morrison, Shaunna M. (2022) On the paragenetic modes of minerals: A mineral evolution perspective. American Mineralogist, 107 (7) 1262-1287 doi:10.2138/am-2022-8099
 
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