Nickel
A valid IMA mineral species
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About Nickel
Formula:
Ni
Colour:
White, bright silver
Lustre:
Metallic
Hardness:
3½
Crystal System:
Isometric
Member of:
Name:
From the German Nickel, meaning a demon, as a contraction of Kupfernickel, Devil's copper, as it was believed to contain copper but yielded none.
Type Locality:
Dimorph of:
See also awaruite, kamacite and taenite. Compare 'UM1981-07-E:FeIrNiOsRu'.
NB: Quite likely many of the listed localities for "native" nickel in reality just refer to nickel-bearing ores and not the native element. Caveat emptor!
NB: Quite likely many of the listed localities for "native" nickel in reality just refer to nickel-bearing ores and not the native element. Caveat emptor!
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
2895
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:2895:6
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
f696c9de-f23d-4e3e-89a6-1d653b737200
IMA Classification of Nickel
Approved
Classification of Nickel
1.AA.05
1 : ELEMENTS (Metals and intermetallic alloys; metalloids and nonmetals; carbides, silicides, nitrides, phosphides)
A : Metals and Intermetallic Alloys
A : Copper-cupalite family
1 : ELEMENTS (Metals and intermetallic alloys; metalloids and nonmetals; carbides, silicides, nitrides, phosphides)
A : Metals and Intermetallic Alloys
A : Copper-cupalite family
Dana 7th ed.:
1.1.17.2
1.1.11.5
1 : NATIVE ELEMENTS AND ALLOYS
1 : Metals, other than the Platinum Group
1 : NATIVE ELEMENTS AND ALLOYS
1 : Metals, other than the Platinum Group
1.61
1 : Elements and Alloys (including the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au)
1 : Elements and Alloys (including the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au)
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Symbol | Source | Reference |
---|---|---|
Ni | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Nickel
Optical Data of Nickel
Type:
Isotropic
Colour in reflected light:
White (more bluish white than heazlewoodite).
Chemistry of Nickel
Mindat Formula:
Ni
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Fe,Co
Crystallography of Nickel
Crystal System:
Isometric
Class (H-M):
m3m (4/m 3 2/m) - Hexoctahedral
Space Group:
Fm3m
Cell Parameters:
a = 3.5238 Å
Unit Cell V:
43.76 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0011153 | Nickel | Wyckoff R W G (1963) Second edition. Interscience Publishers, New York, New York Cubic closest packed, ccp, structure Crystal Structures 1 7-83 | 1963 | 0 | 293 | ||
0011186 | Nickel | Wyckoff R W G (1963) Second edition. Interscience Publishers, New York, New York Hexagonal closest packed, hcp, structure Crystal Structures 1 7-83 | 1963 | 0 | 293 | ||
0012048 | Nickel | Lundqvist D (1947) X-ray studies on the binary system Ni-S Arkiv for Mineralogi och Geologi 24 1-12 | 1947 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0012145 | Nickel | Weik H, Hemenger P (1965) Existence of the hexagonal modification of nickel Bulletin of the American Physical Society 10 1140-1140 | 1965 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0012932 | Nickel | Jette E R, Foote F (1935) Precision determination of lattice constants Journal of Chemical Physics 3 605-616 | 1935 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0013097 | Nickel | Suh I-K, Ohta H, Waseda Y (1988) High-temperature thermal expansion of six metallic elements measured by dilatation method and X-ray diffraction Journal of Materials Science 23 757-760 | 1988 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0013098 | Nickel | Suh I-K, Ohta H, Waseda Y (1988) High-temperature thermal expansion of six metallic elements measured by dilatation method and X-ray diffraction Journal of Materials Science 23 757-760 | 1988 | synthetic | 0 | 578 | |
0013099 | Nickel | Suh I-K, Ohta H, Waseda Y (1988) High-temperature thermal expansion of six metallic elements measured by dilatation method and X-ray diffraction Journal of Materials Science 23 757-760 | 1988 | synthetic | 0 | 676 | |
0013100 | Nickel | Suh I-K, Ohta H, Waseda Y (1988) High-temperature thermal expansion of six metallic elements measured by dilatation method and X-ray diffraction Journal of Materials Science 23 757-760 | 1988 | synthetic | 0 | 825 | |
0013101 | Nickel | Suh I-K, Ohta H, Waseda Y (1988) High-temperature thermal expansion of six metallic elements measured by dilatation method and X-ray diffraction Journal of Materials Science 23 757-760 | 1988 | synthetic | 0 | 1007 | |
0013102 | Nickel | Suh I-K, Ohta H, Waseda Y (1988) High-temperature thermal expansion of six metallic elements measured by dilatation method and X-ray diffraction Journal of Materials Science 23 757-760 | 1988 | synthetic | 0 | 1123 | |
0013103 | Nickel | Suh I-K, Ohta H, Waseda Y (1988) High-temperature thermal expansion of six metallic elements measured by dilatation method and X-ray diffraction Journal of Materials Science 23 757-760 | 1988 | synthetic | 0 | 1256 | |
0013104 | Nickel | Suh I-K, Ohta H, Waseda Y (1988) High-temperature thermal expansion of six metallic elements measured by dilatation method and X-ray diffraction Journal of Materials Science 23 757-760 | 1988 | synthetic | 0 | 1345 | |
0013105 | Nickel | Suh I-K, Ohta H, Waseda Y (1988) High-temperature thermal expansion of six metallic elements measured by dilatation method and X-ray diffraction Journal of Materials Science 23 757-760 | 1988 | synthetic | 0 | 1433 | |
0013106 | Nickel | Suh I-K, Ohta H, Waseda Y (1988) High-temperature thermal expansion of six metallic elements measured by dilatation method and X-ray diffraction Journal of Materials Science 23 757-760 | 1988 | synthetic | 0 | 1553 | |
0013107 | Nickel | Suh I-K, Ohta H, Waseda Y (1988) High-temperature thermal expansion of six metallic elements measured by dilatation method and X-ray diffraction Journal of Materials Science 23 757-760 | 1988 | synthetic | 0 | 1676 | |
0014953 | Nickel | Owen E A, Yates E L (1936) X-ray measurement of the thermal expansion of pure nickel Philosophical Magazine 21 809-819 | 1936 | synthetic | 0 | 285 | |
0014954 | Nickel | Owen E A, Yates E L (1936) X-ray measurement of the thermal expansion of pure nickel Philosophical Magazine 21 809-819 | 1936 | synthetic | 0 | 286 | |
0014955 | Nickel | Owen E A, Yates E L (1936) X-ray measurement of the thermal expansion of pure nickel Philosophical Magazine 21 809-819 | 1936 | synthetic | 0 | 287 | |
0014956 | Nickel | Owen E A, Yates E L (1936) X-ray measurement of the thermal expansion of pure nickel Philosophical Magazine 21 809-819 | 1936 | synthetic | 0 | 288 | |
0014957 | Nickel | Owen E A, Yates E L (1936) X-ray measurement of the thermal expansion of pure nickel Philosophical Magazine 21 809-819 | 1936 | synthetic | 0 | 289 | |
0014958 | Nickel | Owen E A, Yates E L (1936) X-ray measurement of the thermal expansion of pure nickel Philosophical Magazine 21 809-819 | 1936 | synthetic | 0 | 291 | |
0014959 | Nickel | Owen E A, Yates E L (1936) X-ray measurement of the thermal expansion of pure nickel Philosophical Magazine 21 809-819 | 1936 | synthetic | 0 | 371 | |
0014960 | Nickel | Owen E A, Yates E L (1936) X-ray measurement of the thermal expansion of pure nickel Philosophical Magazine 21 809-819 | 1936 | synthetic | 0 | 460 | |
0014961 | Nickel | Owen E A, Yates E L (1936) X-ray measurement of the thermal expansion of pure nickel Philosophical Magazine 21 809-819 | 1936 | synthetic | 0 | 530 | |
0014962 | Nickel | Owen E A, Yates E L (1936) X-ray measurement of the thermal expansion of pure nickel Philosophical Magazine 21 809-819 | 1936 | synthetic | 0 | 548 | |
0014963 | Nickel | Owen E A, Yates E L (1936) X-ray measurement of the thermal expansion of pure nickel Philosophical Magazine 21 809-819 | 1936 | synthetic | 0 | 574 | |
0014964 | Nickel | Owen E A, Yates E L (1936) X-ray measurement of the thermal expansion of pure nickel Philosophical Magazine 21 809-819 | 1936 | synthetic | 0 | 604 | |
0014965 | Nickel | Owen E A, Yates E L (1936) X-ray measurement of the thermal expansion of pure nickel Philosophical Magazine 21 809-819 | 1936 | synthetic | 0 | 606 | |
0014966 | Nickel | Owen E A, Yates E L (1936) X-ray measurement of the thermal expansion of pure nickel Philosophical Magazine 21 809-819 | 1936 | synthetic | 0 | 609 | |
0014967 | Nickel | Owen E A, Yates E L (1936) X-ray measurement of the thermal expansion of pure nickel Philosophical Magazine 21 809-819 | 1936 | synthetic | 0 | 611 | |
0014968 | Nickel | Owen E A, Yates E L (1936) X-ray measurement of the thermal expansion of pure nickel Philosophical Magazine 21 809-819 | 1936 | synthetic | 0 | 614 | |
0014969 | Nickel | Owen E A, Yates E L (1936) X-ray measurement of the thermal expansion of pure nickel Philosophical Magazine 21 809-819 | 1936 | synthetic | 0 | 615 | |
0014970 | Nickel | Owen E A, Yates E L (1936) X-ray measurement of the thermal expansion of pure nickel Philosophical Magazine 21 809-819 | 1936 | synthetic | 0 | 616 | |
0014971 | Nickel | Owen E A, Yates E L (1936) X-ray measurement of the thermal expansion of pure nickel Philosophical Magazine 21 809-819 | 1936 | synthetic | 0 | 618 | |
0014972 | Nickel | Owen E A, Yates E L (1936) X-ray measurement of the thermal expansion of pure nickel Philosophical Magazine 21 809-819 | 1936 | synthetic | 0 | 619 | |
0014973 | Nickel | Owen E A, Yates E L (1936) X-ray measurement of the thermal expansion of pure nickel Philosophical Magazine 21 809-819 | 1936 | synthetic | 0 | 621 | |
0014974 | Nickel | Owen E A, Yates E L (1936) X-ray measurement of the thermal expansion of pure nickel Philosophical Magazine 21 809-819 | 1936 | synthetic | 0 | 622 | |
0014975 | Nickel | Owen E A, Yates E L (1936) X-ray measurement of the thermal expansion of pure nickel Philosophical Magazine 21 809-819 | 1936 | synthetic | 0 | 625 | |
0014976 | Nickel | Owen E A, Yates E L (1936) X-ray measurement of the thermal expansion of pure nickel Philosophical Magazine 21 809-819 | 1936 | synthetic | 0 | 629 | |
0014977 | Nickel | Owen E A, Yates E L (1936) X-ray measurement of the thermal expansion of pure nickel Philosophical Magazine 21 809-819 | 1936 | synthetic | 0 | 632 | |
0014978 | Nickel | Owen E A, Yates E L (1936) X-ray measurement of the thermal expansion of pure nickel Philosophical Magazine 21 809-819 | 1936 | synthetic | 0 | 635 | |
0014979 | Nickel | Owen E A, Yates E L (1936) X-ray measurement of the thermal expansion of pure nickel Philosophical Magazine 21 809-819 | 1936 | synthetic | 0 | 636 | |
0014980 | Nickel | Owen E A, Yates E L (1936) X-ray measurement of the thermal expansion of pure nickel Philosophical Magazine 21 809-819 | 1936 | synthetic | 0 | 638 | |
0014981 | Nickel | Owen E A, Yates E L (1936) X-ray measurement of the thermal expansion of pure nickel Philosophical Magazine 21 809-819 | 1936 | synthetic | 0 | 643 | |
0014982 | Nickel | Owen E A, Yates E L (1936) X-ray measurement of the thermal expansion of pure nickel Philosophical Magazine 21 809-819 | 1936 | synthetic | 0 | 646 | |
0014983 | Nickel | Owen E A, Yates E L (1936) X-ray measurement of the thermal expansion of pure nickel Philosophical Magazine 21 809-819 | 1936 | synthetic | 0 | 647 | |
0014984 | Nickel | Owen E A, Yates E L (1936) X-ray measurement of the thermal expansion of pure nickel Philosophical Magazine 21 809-819 | 1936 | synthetic | 0 | 651 | |
0014985 | Nickel | Owen E A, Yates E L (1936) X-ray measurement of the thermal expansion of pure nickel Philosophical Magazine 21 809-819 | 1936 | synthetic | 0 | 661 | |
0014986 | Nickel | Owen E A, Yates E L (1936) X-ray measurement of the thermal expansion of pure nickel Philosophical Magazine 21 809-819 | 1936 | synthetic | 0 | 671 | |
0014987 | Nickel | Owen E A, Yates E L (1936) X-ray measurement of the thermal expansion of pure nickel Philosophical Magazine 21 809-819 | 1936 | synthetic | 0 | 678 | |
0014988 | Nickel | Owen E A, Yates E L (1936) X-ray measurement of the thermal expansion of pure nickel Philosophical Magazine 21 809-819 | 1936 | synthetic | 0 | 683 | |
0014989 | Nickel | Owen E A, Yates E L (1936) X-ray measurement of the thermal expansion of pure nickel Philosophical Magazine 21 809-819 | 1936 | synthetic | 0 | 684 | |
0014990 | Nickel | Owen E A, Yates E L (1936) X-ray measurement of the thermal expansion of pure nickel Philosophical Magazine 21 809-819 | 1936 | synthetic | 0 | 702 | |
0014991 | Nickel | Owen E A, Yates E L (1936) X-ray measurement of the thermal expansion of pure nickel Philosophical Magazine 21 809-819 | 1936 | synthetic | 0 | 733 | |
0014992 | Nickel | Owen E A, Yates E L (1936) X-ray measurement of the thermal expansion of pure nickel Philosophical Magazine 21 809-819 | 1936 | synthetic | 0 | 774 | |
0014993 | Nickel | Owen E A, Yates E L (1936) X-ray measurement of the thermal expansion of pure nickel Philosophical Magazine 21 809-819 | 1936 | synthetic | 0 | 830 | |
0014994 | Nickel | Owen E A, Yates E L (1936) X-ray measurement of the thermal expansion of pure nickel Philosophical Magazine 21 809-819 | 1936 | synthetic | 0 | 876 | |
0014995 | Nickel | Owen E A, Yates E L (1936) X-ray measurement of the thermal expansion of pure nickel Philosophical Magazine 21 809-819 | 1936 | synthetic | 0 | 881 | |
0015113 | Nickel | Hull A W (1917) A new method of x-ray crystal analysis Physical Review 10 661-696 | 1917 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0015121 | Nickel | Davey W P (1925) Lattice constants of twelve common metals Physical Review 25 753-761 | 1925 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
2.034 Å | (100) |
1.762 Å | (42) |
1.246 Å | (21) |
1.0624 Å | (20) |
0.7880 Å | (15) |
0.8084 Å | (14) |
1.0172 Å | (7) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
---|---|
Stage 3b: Earth’s earliest hydrosphere | >4.45 |
13 : Hadean serpentinization | |
Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
36 : Carbonatites, kimberlites, and related igneous rocks | |
Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics | <3.5-2.5 |
38 : Ophiolites |
Type Occurrence of Nickel
General Appearance of Type Material:
euhedral grains and intergrown cubic crystals, up to 0.1 mm, within heazlewoodite; anhedral, “spiderlike”, irregular masses between grains of heazlewoodite; flakes, up to 0.75 mm in size.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
LT-hydrothermal in serpentinized ultramafic rocks.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Synonyms of Nickel
Other Language Names for Nickel
Afrikaans:Nikkel
Arabic:نيكل
Armenian:Նիկել
Azeri:Nikel
Basque:Nikel
Belarusian:Нікель
Bengali:নিকেল
Bosnian:Nikl
Bulgarian:Никел
Catalan:Níquel
Chuvash:Никĕль
Corsican:Nichele
Croatian:Nikal
Czech:Nikl
Danish:Nikkel
Dutch:Nikkel
Esperanto:Nikelo
Estonian:Nikkel
Farsi/Persian:نیکل
Finnish:Nikkeli
French:Nickel
Friulian:Nichel
Galician:Níquel
Georgian:ნიკელი
German:Nickel
Greek:Νικέλιο
Haitian:Nikèl
Hebrew:ניקל
Hindi:निकेल
Hungarian:Nikkel
Icelandic:Nikkel
Ido:Nikelo
Indonesian:Nikel
Italian:Nichel
Japanese:自然ニッケル
Javanese:Nikel
Korean:니켈
Kurdish (Latin Script):Nîkel
Latin:Niccolum
Latvian:Niķelis
Lithuanian:Nikelis
Lojban:Nikle
Low Saxon/Low German:Nickel
Luxembourgish:Néckel
Macedonian:Никел
Malayalam:നിക്കല്
Manx:Nickyl
Maori:Konukōreko
Marathi:निकेल
Nahuatl:Iztāctepoztli
Norwegian:Nikkel
Norwegian (Nynorsk):Nikkel
Occitan:Niquèl
Polish:Nikiel
Portuguese:Níquel
Quechua:Nikil
Romanian:Nichel
Russian:Никель
Serbian:Никл
Serbo-Croatian:Nikl
Sicilian:Nichel
Simplified Chinese:自然镍
Slovak:Nikel
Slovenian:Nikelj
Spanish:Níquel
Swahili:Nikeli
Swedish:Nickel
Tajik (Cyrillic Script):Никел
Tamil:நிக்கல்
Thai:นิกเกิล
Turkish:Nikel
Ukrainian:Нікель
Uzbek (Latin Script):Nikel
Vietnamese:Niken
Yiddish:ניקל
Varieties of Nickel
Oktibbehite | A name for meteoritic "iron" with Ni>Fe. Mixture of Awaruite, Taenite and other high Ni minerals. Originally described from Oktibbeha Co., Mississippi, USA. |
Relationship of Nickel to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
2 photos of Nickel associated with Unnamed (Ta-Mo intermetallide) | Ta2Mo |
2 photos of Nickel associated with Ruthenium | (Ru,Ir) |
1 photo of Nickel associated with IVA iron meteorite |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
1.AA.05 | Aluminium | Al |
1.AA.05 | Copper | Cu |
1.AA.05 | Gold | Au |
1.AA.05 | Lead | Pb |
1.AA.05 | Silver | Ag |
1.AA.05 | UM2004-08-E:AuCuPd | Cu2PdAu |
1.AA.05 | UM1991-06-E:AuCu | Au3Cu |
1.AA.05 | Copper Group | |
1.AA.05 | Steinhardtite | Al0.38Ni0.32Fe0.30 |
1.AA.05a | Auricupride Subgroup | |
1.AA.10a | Auricupride | Cu3Au |
1.AA.10b | Tetra-auricupride | AuCu |
1.AA.10a | Cuproauride | Cu3Au |
1.AA.10 | Nickel Group | |
1.AA.15 | Anyuiite | AuPb2 |
1.AA.15 | Khatyrkite | (Cu,Zn)Al2 |
1.AA.15 | Novodneprite | AuPb3 |
1.AA.15 | UM1985-02-E:AlZn | (Zn,Cu)Al2 |
1.AA.20 | Cupalite | (Cu,Zn)Al |
1.AA.25 | Hunchunite | Au2Pb |
1.AA.30 | Stolperite | AlCu |
1.AA.35 | Hollisterite | Al3Fe |
1.AA.40 | Icosahedrite | Al63Cu24Fe13 |
1.AA.45 | Kryachkoite | (Al,Cu)6(Fe,Cu) |
1.AA.50 | Proxidecagonite | Al34Ni9Fe2 |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Nickel
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-2895.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Nickel
Reference List:
Anthony, John W., Bideaux, Richard A., Bladh, Kenneth W., Nichols, Monte C. - Eds. (2016) Handbook of Mineralogy. https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/
Localities for Nickel
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality.
Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Atlantic Ocean | |
| Dekov (2006) |
Australia | |
| Vera Munro-Smith (2006) |
| SA Geodata Database - Mineral Deposit ... |
| Graham (1978) |
| SA Geodata Database - Mineral Deposit ... |
SA Geodata Database | |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Thebaud et al. (U.W.A) |
| Economic Geology +4 other references |
| Grguric et al. (2013) |
Austria | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2010) |
| Bojar H.P. (2022) |
| Grachev et al. (2007 b) +3 other references |
Brazil | |
| de Sá et al. (2018) |
Canada | |
| MINFILE No 082ESW055 |
| MINFILE No 092HSE038 |
| Anthony et al. (1990) |
| Chen +2 other references |
| Hulbert et al. (1998) |
China | |
| Liu Jiajun et al. (2008) |
| Khanchuk et al. (2017, March) |
| Jingsui Yang et al. (2006) |
| Guangfu Zou and Ying Mao (2006) |
| Wenji Bai et al. (2001) |
Egypt | |
| Ismail (2017) +1 other reference |
Ali et al. (2021) | |
| Kamar et al. (2022, August) |
Finland | |
| Pakkanen et al. (1995) |
France | |
| Ducluzaux B. (2022) |
| Ramdohr (1967) |
| Witzke (2023) |
Greece | |
| Kanellopoulos et al. (2024) |
| Kapsiotis (2013) |
India | |
| Gornostaeva et al. (2023) |
| Töpel-Schadt et al. (1979) |
Iraq | |
| Kettanah et al. (2017) |
Italy | |
| Montrasio et al. (1996) |
| Fernando Caboni et al. (2024) |
Fernando Caboni et al. (2024) | |
Japan | |
| Kadota et al. (2008) |
| Miura et al (2000) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Saveliev et al. (2023) |
Saveliev et al. (2023) | |
New Zealand | |
| Challis (1975) |
Dekov (2006) | |
Oman | |
| Meteoritical Bulletin et al. (2002) |
Pacific Ocean | |
| Astakhova et al. (2014) |
Poland | |
| Gurdziel et al. (2016) |
| Mazur L. 1969: Rodzimy nikiel z kopalni ... |
Portugal | |
| Minerais de Portugal Continental por Amílcar Mário de Jesus (Prof. Mineralogia IST) |
Russia | |
| - (n.d.) |
| Ma et al. (2016) |
| Sidorov et al. (2018) |
| Glavatskih S.F. (2003) |
| S. ISHIMARU (2009) |
| Kemkina et al. (2018, July) |
| Lennikov et al. (2004) |
| Kassandrov et al. (2009) |
Kassandrov et al. (2009) | |
| - (Pis'ma v Astronomicheskii Zhurnal, vol. 1, Apr. 1975, p. 43-47.) |
| Rudashevskii N S et al. (1982) +1 other reference |
Chernyavsky et al. (2012) +1 other reference | |
| V.V. Seredin data +1 other reference |
| Казаченко et al. (2018) |
| Shevko et al. (2018) |
| Kiseleva et al. (2014) |
Volokhin et al. (2016) | |
| Kozlov et al. (2011) |
| Jan Pašava et al. (2011) |
6th orogenic lherzolite conference 2014 ... +1 other reference | |
Slovakia | |
| Maťo et al. (stredné Slovensko) |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| aquariusplatinum.com (n.d.) |
| www.implats.co.za (2011) |
Sweden | |
| Jan Olov Nyström (1991) |
Turkey | |
| Akbulut et al. (2010) |
Ukraine | |
Rappenglück (2022) | |
| Sungatullin et al. (2018) |
USA | |
| - (2008) |
| San Diego Natural History Museum |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Clark (1993) |
The Moon | |
| Andrei V. Mokhov & Pavel M. Kartashov ... |
| Frondell Judith W. (1978) |
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Nouméa, Southern Province, New Caledonia, France