Mitridatite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Mitridatite
Formula:
Ca2Fe3+3(PO4)3O2 · 3H2O
Colour:
Greenish-yellow, olive green, brownish-green, etc.
Lustre:
Waxy, Greasy, Dull, Earthy
Hardness:
2½
Specific Gravity:
3.25 (Calculated)
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1914 by P. A. Dvoichenko after Mt. Mithridat in the historical part of the city of Kerch, Kerch peninsula, Ukraine.
The structure is presented by Moore & Araki (1977).
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
2728
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:2728:7
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
ce968b82-ebd8-4dcd-8e33-7ba47c90470e
IMA Classification of Mitridatite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Ca2Fe3+3O2(PO4)3 · 3H2O
Classification of Mitridatite
8.DH.30
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
D : Phosphates, etc. with additional anions, with H2O
H : With large and medium-sized cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 < 1:1
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
D : Phosphates, etc. with additional anions, with H2O
H : With large and medium-sized cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 < 1:1
42.8.4.1
42 : HYDRATED PHOSPHATES, ETC.CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
8 : (AB)5(XO4)3Zq·xH2O
42 : HYDRATED PHOSPHATES, ETC.CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
8 : (AB)5(XO4)3Zq·xH2O
19.14.17
19 : Phosphates
14 : Phosphates of Fe and other metals
19 : Phosphates
14 : Phosphates of Fe and other metals
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Mit | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Mit | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Mitridatite
Waxy, Greasy, Dull, Earthy
Transparency:
Translucent
Comment:
Highest luster seen on rare crystals
Colour:
Greenish-yellow, olive green, brownish-green, etc.
Streak:
pale green
Hardness:
2½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Very Good
{100} observed on crystals from Gap Lode Pegmatite, South Dakota
{100} observed on crystals from Gap Lode Pegmatite, South Dakota
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven
Density:
3.25 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Mitridatite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.785 nβ = 1.850 nγ = 1.850
2V:
Measured: 5° to 10°
Birefringence:
0.065
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.065
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Very High
Dispersion:
extreme
Comments:
X=greenish yellow Y, Z = deep greenish brown
Chemistry of Mitridatite
Mindat Formula:
Ca2Fe3+3(PO4)3O2 · 3H2O
Crystallography of Mitridatite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
B2/b
Cell Parameters:
a = 17.53 Å, b = 19.35 Å, c = 11.25 Å
β = 95.92°
β = 95.92°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.906 : 1 : 0.581
Unit Cell V:
3,795.71 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
12
Morphology:
Massive, as nodules, crusts, and veinlets. Earthy and powdery or friable to dense and gum-like. Rare crystals are pseudohexagonal, usually platy and with rounded edges.
Twinning:
Similar to robertsite, multiple rotation (π/3) perpendicular to {100}
Comment:
A2/a non-standard setting
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0012683 | Mitridatite | Moore P B, Araki T (1977) Mitridatite, Ca6(H2O)6[FeIII9O6(PO4)9]*3H2O. A noteworthy octahedral sheet structure Inorganic Chemistry 16 1096-1106 | 1977 | White Elephant pegmatite, Custer, South Dakota, USA | 0 | 293 | |
| 0014469 | Mitridatite | Moore P B, Araki T (1977) Mitridatite - a remarkable octahedral sheet structure Loclaity: White Elephant pegmatite, Custer, South Dakota, USA Mineralogical Magazine 41 527-528 |  | 1977 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 8.64 Å | (100) |
| 5.55 Å | (60) |
| 3.20 Å | (40) |
| 2.88 Å | (40) |
| 2.72 Å | (70) |
| 2.56 Å | (40) |
| 2.17 Å | (40) |
| 1.612 Å | (40) |
Comments:
26-1057
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 21 : Chemically precipitated carbonate, phosphate, iron formations | |
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47c : [Carbonates, phosphates, borates, nitrates] | |
| Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
| 48 : Soil leaching zone minerals | <0.6 |
| 52 : Guano- and urine-derived minerals | <0.4 |
| 53 : Other minerals with taphonomic origins | <0.4 |
Geological Setting:
Late stage mineralization in granite pegmatites.
Type Occurrence of Mitridatite
Co-Type Localities:
General Appearance of Type Material:
Earthy and compact masses of material. Pseudomorphs after other phosphate minerals.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Oolitic sedimentary iron ores.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Synonyms of Mitridatite
Other Language Names for Mitridatite
Relationship of Mitridatite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
| Arseniosiderite | Ca2Fe3+3(AsO4)3O2 · 3H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| Kolfanite | Ca2Fe3+3O2(AsO4)3 · 2H2O | Mon. |
| Robertsite | Ca2Mn3+3(PO4)3O2 · 3H2O | Mon. m : Bb |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 33 photos of Mitridatite associated with Rockbridgeite | Fe2+Fe3+4(PO4)3(OH)5 |
| 22 photos of Mitridatite associated with Strengite | FePO4 · 2H2O |
| 17 photos of Mitridatite associated with Messelite | Ca2Fe2+(PO4)2 · 2H2O |
| 17 photos of Mitridatite associated with Hydroxylapatite | Ca5(PO4)3(OH) |
| 16 photos of Mitridatite associated with Montgomeryite | Ca4MgAl4(PO4)6(OH)4 · 12H2O |
| 16 photos of Mitridatite associated with Stewartite | Mn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 13 photos of Mitridatite associated with Frondelite | Mn2+Fe3+4(PO4)3(OH)5 |
| 12 photos of Mitridatite associated with Siderite | FeCO3 |
| 11 photos of Mitridatite associated with Rhodochrosite | MnCO3 |
| 10 photos of Mitridatite associated with Whitmoreite | Fe2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 8.DH. | Ferroberaunite | Fe2+Fe3+5(PO4)4(OH)5 · 6H2O |
| 8.DH. | Rowleyite | [Na(NH4,K)9Cl4][V5+,4+2(P,As)O8]6 · n[H2O,Na,NH4,K,Cl] |
| 8.DH. | Ammoniotinsleyite | (NH4)Al2(PO4)2(OH) · 2H2O |
| 8.DH. | Thebaite-(NH4) | (NH4)3Al(C2O4)(PO3OH)2(H2O) |
| 8.DH. | Dendoraite-(NH4) | (NH4)2NaAl(C2O4)(PO3OH)2(H2O)2 |
| 8.DH. | Whiteite-(MnMnMn) | Mn2+Mn2+Mn2+2Al2(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH. | Whiteite-(CaMnFe) | CaMnFe2Al2(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH. | Hochleitnerite | Mn2Ti3(PO4)4O2(H2O)2 · 14H2O |
| 8.DH. | Regerite | KFe6(PO4)4(OH)7(H2O)6 · 4H2O |
| 8.DH.05 | Minyulite | KAl2(PO4)2F · 4H2O |
| 8.DH.10 | Leucophosphite | KFe3+2(PO4)2(OH) · 2H2O |
| 8.DH.10 | Spheniscidite | (NH4,K)(Fe3+,Al)2(PO4)2(OH) · 2H2O |
| 8.DH.10 | Tinsleyite | KAl2(PO4)2(OH) · 2H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Jahnsite-(CaMnFe) | {Ca}{Mn2+}{Fe2+2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Jahnsite-(CaMnMg) | {Ca}{Mn2+}{(Mg,Fe2+)2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Jahnsite-(CaMnMn) | {Ca}{Mn2+}{Mn2+2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Keckite | CaMn2+(Fe3+Mn2+)Fe3+2(PO4)4(OH)3 · 7H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Rittmannite | {(Mn2+,Ca)}{Mn2+}{(Fe2+,Mn2+,Mg)2}{(Al,Fe3+)2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Whiteite-(CaFeMg) | {Ca}{(Fe2+,Mn2+)}{Mg2}{Al2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Whiteite-(CaMnMg) | {Ca}{Mn2+}{Mg2}{Al2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Whiteite-(MnFeMg) | {(Mn2+,Ca)}{(Fe2+,Mn2+)}{Mg2}{Al2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Jahnsite-(MnMnMn) | {Mn2+}{Mn2+}{Mn2+2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Kaluginite | (Mn2+,Ca)MgFe3+(PO4)2(OH) · 4H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Jahnsite-(CaFeFe) | {Ca}{Fe2+}{Fe2+2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Jahnsite-(NaFeMg) | NaFe3+Mg2Fe3+2(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Jahnsite-(NaMnMg) | {(Na,Ca)}{(Mn2+,Fe3+)}{(Mg,Fe3+)2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Jahnsite-(CaMgMg) | {Ca}{Mg}{Mg2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Whiteite-(CaMnMn) | {Ca}{Mn2+}{Mn2}{Al2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Whiteite-(MnMnMg) | MnMnMg2Al2(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Jahnsite-(MnMnMg) | Mn2+Mn2+Mg2Fe3+2(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Jahnsite-(CaFeMg) | CaFe2+Mg2Fe3+2(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Jahnsite-(MnMnFe) | Mn2+Mn2+Fe2+2Fe3+2(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Whiteite-(CaMgMg) | CaMg3Al2(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Jahnsite-(MnMnZn) | Mn2+Mn2+Zn2Fe3+2(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Jahnsite-(NaMnMn) | NaMn2+(Mn2+Fe3+)Σ2Fe3+2(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.15 | Jahnsite-(CaMnZn) | CaMn2+Zn2Fe3+2(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.20 | Lun'okite | (Mn,Ca)(Mg,Fe,Mn)Al(PO4)2OH · 4H2O |
| 8.DH.20 | Manganosegelerite | (Mn2+,Ca)(Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)Fe3+(PO4)2(OH) · 4H2O |
| 8.DH.20 | Overite | CaMgAl(PO4)2(OH) · 4H2O |
| 8.DH.20 | Segelerite | Ca2 Mg2 Fe3+2(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DH.20 | Wilhelmvierlingite | CaMnFe3+(PO4)2(OH) · 2H2O |
| 8.DH.20 | Juonniite | CaMgSc(PO4)2(OH) · 4H2O |
| 8.DH.25 | Calcioferrite | Ca2Fe3+2(PO4)3(OH) · 7H2O |
| 8.DH.25 | Kingsmountite | Ca3MnFeAl4(PO4)6(OH)4 · 12H2O |
| 8.DH.25 | Montgomeryite | Ca4MgAl4(PO4)6(OH)4 · 12H2O |
| 8.DH.25 | Zodacite | Ca4Mn2+Fe3+4(PO4)6(OH)4 · 12H2O |
| 8.DH.25 | Fanfaniite | Ca4MnAl4(PO4)6(OH)4 · 12H2O |
| 8.DH.30 | Arseniosiderite | Ca2Fe3+3(AsO4)3O2 · 3H2O |
| 8.DH.30 | Kolfanite | Ca2Fe3+3O2(AsO4)3 · 2H2O |
| 8.DH.30 | Pararobertsite | Ca2Mn3+3(PO4)3O2 · 3H2O |
| 8.DH.30 | Robertsite | Ca2Mn3+3(PO4)3O2 · 3H2O |
| 8.DH.30 | Sailaufite | (Ca,Na,◻)2Mn3+3(AsO4)2(CO3)O2 · 3H2O |
| 8.DH.35 | Mantienneite | KMg2Al2Ti(PO4)4(OH)3 · 15H2O |
| 8.DH.35 | Paulkerrite | K(Mg,Mn2+)2(Fe3+,Al,Ti,Mg)2Ti(PO4)4(OH)3 · 15H2O |
| 8.DH.35 | Benyacarite | (H2O)2Mn2Ti2Fe3+(PO4)4(OF)(H2O)10 · 4H2O |
| 8.DH.35 | Hydroxylbenyacarite | (H2O)2Mn2(Ti2Fe)(PO4)4[O(OH)](H2O)10 · 4H2O |
| 8.DH.35 | Macraeite | K(H2O)Mn2(Fe2Ti)(PO4)4[O(OH)](H2O)10 · 4H2O |
| 8.DH.40 | Xanthoxenite | Ca4Fe3+2(PO4)4(OH)2 · 3H2O |
| 8.DH.45 | Mahnertite | NaCu3(AsO4)2Cl · 5H2O |
| 8.DH.50 | Andyrobertsite | KCdCu5(AsO4)4(H2AsO4) · 2H2O |
| 8.DH.50 | Calcioandyrobertsite | KCaCu5(AsO4)4(H2AsO4) · 2H2O |
| 8.DH.55 | Englishite | K3Na2Ca10Al15(PO4)21(OH)7 · 26H2O |
| 8.DH.60 | Bouazzerite | Bi6(Mg,Co)11Fe3+14(AsO4)18(OH)4O12 · 86H2O |
| 8.DH.65 | Galliskiite | Ca4Al2(PO4)2F8 · 5H2O |
| 8.DH.70 | Joteite | Ca2CuAl(AsO4)[AsO3(OH)]2(OH)2 · 5H2O |
| 8.DH.75 | Kampelite | Ba6Mg3Sc8(PO4)12(OH)6 · 7H2O |
| 8.DH.80 | Kapundaite | NaCaFe4(PO4)4(OH)3 · 5H2O |
| 8.DH.85 | Vaniniite | Ca2Mn2+3Mn3+2O2(AsO4)4 · 2H2O |
Fluorescence of Mitridatite
Not fluorescent in UV
Other Information
Notes:
Soluble in hot acids.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Mitridatite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-2728.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Mitridatite
Localities for Mitridatite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| Colombo et al. (2012) |
| Colombo et al. (2012) |
| Galliski (1983) +1 other reference |
| Galliski et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
| Hatert et al. (2012) |
| Miguel Ángel María Florencia Márquez-Zavalía (eds.) |
Australia | |
| Sorrell (n.d.) |
| Mineralogical Magazine 63 +2 other references |
| Peter Elliott |
| Peter Elliott |
| Elliott (2022) |
| |
| Bridge et al. (1974) +1 other reference |
Belgium | |
| Van Tassel R. (1982) +6 other references |
Brazil | |
| sergio varvello |
| Baijot et al. (2014) +1 other reference | |
| King (n.d.) | |
| Sergio Varvello collection |
| Cassedanne et al. (1999) |
| Cassedanne et al. (1991) |
| Sergio Varvello collection |
| Sergio Varvello collection |
| Amores et al. (2014) +1 other reference |
Canada | |
| Fabre (n.d.) |
Chile | |
| XRD by Joachim Lorenz |
Czech Republic | |
| Povondra et al. (eds.) +1 other reference |
| Č +4 other references |
| Roman Gramblička collection |
| ŠKODA R. +2 other references |
DR Congo | |
| Van Wambeke (1971) +1 other reference |
Ethiopia | |
| American Mineralogist |
Europe | |
| Berbain et al. (2012) | |
Finland | |
| Sandström et al. (2009) |
France | |
| Aubert (1969) |
| Bull. Soc. Franç. Minéralo. ... |
| Berbain et al. (2012) |
| Berbain et al. (2012) |
Germany | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Obermüller et al. (1993) | |
| Fehr et al. (1985) |
| DILL et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| Dill et al. (2011) |
| www.berthold-weber.de (2001) +1 other reference | |
| Wittern (2001) +1 other reference | |
| Pöllmann et al. (2005) |
| Blaß et al. (2010) |
| Habel (2011) |
| Witzke et al. (2013) |
Greece | |
| M.G. Stamatakis (2001) |
Italy | |
| Bracco R. (2016) |
| Vignola et al. (2011) +1 other reference |
| Bertoldi G. e Boscardin M. (1989) +1 other reference |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) | |
Japan | |
| Ohe Rikosha specimens |
| Yamada (2004) | |
| Ganko-Gakkai Koen-Yoshi (Abstracts of the Meetings of Japanese Association of Mineralogists...) | |
| Matsubara and Kato (1980) |
Madagascar | |
| Behier (1960) |
| Collection Musée National de la ... |
Morocco | |
| ČECH et al. (1972) |
| Favreau (2012) |
Namibia | |
| von Bezing (2007) |
| Keller (1974) | |
| P. Keller and O. von Knorring |
| von Bezing (2007) |
| von Bezing (2007) |
| von Bezing (2007) | |
Philippines | |
| PXRD by John Attard |
Poland | |
| Pieczka et al. (2018) |
| Pieczka et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
| Pieczka A. 2007: Beusite and an unusual ... +3 other references |
Portugal | |
| Pedro Alves collection and analytical ... |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1991) |
| Pedro Alves collection. Characterized ... | |
| Pedro Alves collection and analytical ... |
| Pedro Alves collection and analytical ... |
| Neiva et al. (2000) |
| Gramaccioli (1981) +1 other reference |
| Pedro Alves collection (p-XRD and SEM EDS analysed samples) +1 other reference | |
| Mineralien Atlas | |
| Pedro Alves collection and analytical ... |
| Rui Nunes 2010 |
Romania | |
| Exel T. & Ottner F. (2015) |
Russia | |
| Pekov (1998) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Feklichev et al. (1998) +2 other references |
| Ivan Novikov analytical data +1 other reference | |
| Ivanyuk et al. (2018) |
| Zapiski Vserossiyskogo Mineralogicheskogo Obshchestva: 121 (2) +1 other reference | |
| Pekov (1998) +1 other reference | |
Rwanda | |
| Van Wambeke (1971) |
| von Knorring (1969) +2 other references |
South Africa | |
| Martini (1978) |
Spain | |
| Roda et al. (2001) |
| Christian Rewitzer collection |
| www.foro-minerales.com (n.d.) |
| Roda-Robles et al. (1998) |
| Rosell-Riba et al. (2022) |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data of ... |
| & locality references +1 other reference |
| Bareche (2005) |
| Mineralogistes de Catalunya (1997) |
| Rosell (2014) | |
| Garate-Olave et al. (2020) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) |
Sweden | |
| Jansson (2000) +1 other reference |
Switzerland | |
| Vignola et al. (2008) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) | |
UK | |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Livingstone (1980) +1 other reference |
Ukraine | |
| Geologiya SSSR (The geology of USSR) |
| Dvoichenko (1914) |
| |
| Palache et al. (1951) +2 other references |
| Chukanov (2014) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
USA | |
| Fisher (2002) |
| Personal Collection |
| Januzzi (1994) |
| Observations of Januzzi material by ... |
| Moritz (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Schooner (circa 1985) |
| Marc V. Hurst (2012) |
| Marc V. Hurst (2012) |
| Mineralogy of Maine |
| King et al. (1994) |
| Thompson et al. (2000) |
| Falster et al. (2019) |
| King et al. (1994) +1 other reference |
| King et al. (1994) +1 other reference | |
| King et al. (1994) +1 other reference | |
| King et al. (1994) +1 other reference | |
| Mineralogical Record 22:382 +2 other references |
| Dionne et al. (2014) |
| |
| Tim Blake and Scott Soucey specimens | |
| Thompson et al. (1998) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Min News (1999) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| King (n.d.) |
| Kevin Czaja Collection |
| Tom Mortimer collection |
| King (n.d.) |
| King (n.d.) | |
| Moore (1965) +3 other references | |
| Whitmore et al. (2004) | |
| Rocks & Min. +2 other references | |
| Thompson et al. (2022) |
| Horton et al. (1981) +1 other reference |
| Seaman (1976) |
| Smith et al. (2000) | |
| Smith et al. (2000) | |
| Campbell et al. (1985) |
| Moore et al. (1976) +1 other reference |
| Smith et al. (2000) |
| Campbell et al. (1985) |
| Smith et al. (2000) | |
| Rocks & Minerals: 67 (6) |
| Smith et al. (2000) | |
| King (n.d.) |
| Joe Marty et al. (1999) |
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Gap Lode Pegmatite, Unorganized mining district [5], Pennington County, South Dakota, USA