Stilpnomelane
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Stilpnomelane
Formula:
(K,Ca,Na)(Fe,Mg,Al)8(Si,Al)12(O,OH)36 Β· nH2O
The ratio of ferric vs. ferrous iron varies greatly. An ideal end-member "ferrostilpnomelane" can be represented by K5Fe482+(Si63Al9)O165(OH)48.12H2O. An ideal end-member "ferristilpnomelane" (which is thought to result from oxidation after primary crystallization) can be represented by K5Fe483+(Si63Al9)O216.36H2O. Note that neither end-member composition has been reported yet.
Colour:
Red, brown, black, dark green, dark reddish brown, golden brown
Lustre:
Sub-Vitreous, Pearly, Sub-Metallic
Hardness:
3 - 4
Specific Gravity:
2.59 - 2.96
Crystal System:
Triclinic
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1827 by Ernst Friedrich Glocke from Greek ΟΟΞΉΞ»ΟΞ½ΞΏΞΆ "stilpnos" ("shining"), and μΡλανο΢ "melanos" ("black"), alluding to its appearance.
Type Locality:
Isostructural with:
Compare "chalcodite".
May be confused with "biotite" and other brownish mica, also with dark chlorite.
May be confused with "biotite" and other brownish mica, also with dark chlorite.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3789
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3789:7
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
908665b2-7c31-4fb1-8481-ec034d10bd93
IMA Classification of Stilpnomelane
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
Classification of Stilpnomelane
9.EG.40
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
E : Phyllosilicates
G : Double nets with 6-membered and larger rings
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
E : Phyllosilicates
G : Double nets with 6-membered and larger rings
74.1.1.1
74 : PHYLLOSILICATES Modulated Layers
1 : Modulated Layers with joined islands
74 : PHYLLOSILICATES Modulated Layers
1 : Modulated Layers with joined islands
16.20.9
16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
20 : Aluminosilicates of Fe, Mg and alkalis
16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
20 : Aluminosilicates of Fe, Mg and alkalis
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMAβCNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMAβCNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMAβCNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Symbol | Source | Reference |
---|---|---|
Stp | IMAβCNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMAβCNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Stp | Kretz (1983) | Kretz, R. (1983) Symbols of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68, 277β279. |
Stp | Siivolam & Schmid (2007) | Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download |
Stp | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185β187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
Stp | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Stp | Warr (2020) | Warr, L.N. (2020) Recommended abbreviations for the names of clay minerals and associated phases. Clay Minerals, 55, 261β264 doi:10.1180/clm.2020.30 |
Physical Properties of Stilpnomelane
Sub-Vitreous, Pearly, Sub-Metallic
Transparency:
Translucent
Comment:
Pearly to vitreous on cleavage
Colour:
Red, brown, black, dark green, dark reddish brown, golden brown
Streak:
White, grey
Hardness:
3 - 4 on Mohs scale
Cleavage:
Perfect
Perfect on {001}
imperfect {010}
Perfect on {001}
imperfect {010}
Fracture:
Micaceous
Density:
2.59 - 2.96 g/cm3 (Measured) 2.667 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Stilpnomelane
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.543 - 1.634 nβ = 1.576 - 1.745 nγ = 1.576 - 1.745
Birefringence:
0.033
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.033 - 0.111
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
none
Pleochroism:
Visible
Comments:
X- bright golden yellow to pale yellow
Y= Z= deep reddish brown, to deep green to nearly black
Y= Z= deep reddish brown, to deep green to nearly black
Comments:
The wide variation in reported optics may be due to ferric-dominant stilpnomelanes being regarded as ordinary stilpnomelanes.
Chemistry of Stilpnomelane
Mindat Formula:
(K,Ca,Na)(Fe,Mg,Al)8(Si,Al)12(O,OH)36 Β· nH2O
The ratio of ferric vs. ferrous iron varies greatly. An ideal end-member "ferrostilpnomelane" can be represented by K5Fe482+(Si63Al9)O165(OH)48.12H2O. An ideal end-member "ferristilpnomelane" (which is thought to result from oxidation after primary crystallization) can be represented by K5Fe483+(Si63Al9)O216.36H2O. Note that neither end-member composition has been reported yet.
The ratio of ferric vs. ferrous iron varies greatly. An ideal end-member "ferrostilpnomelane" can be represented by K5Fe482+(Si63Al9)O165(OH)48.12H2O. An ideal end-member "ferristilpnomelane" (which is thought to result from oxidation after primary crystallization) can be represented by K5Fe483+(Si63Al9)O216.36H2O. Note that neither end-member composition has been reported yet.
Common Impurities:
Ti,Mn,Ca,Na,K,H2O
Crystallography of Stilpnomelane
Crystal System:
Triclinic
Class (H-M):
1 - Pinacoidal
Space Group:
P1
Cell Parameters:
a = 21.724 Å, b = 21.724 Å, c = 17.740 Å
α = 124.14°, β = 95.86°, γ = 120°
α = 124.14°, β = 95.86°, γ = 120°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 1 : 1 : 0.817
Unit Cell V:
5,074.01 Γ
Β³ (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
6
Morphology:
Plates or scales, plumose or radiating groups.
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0001654 | Stilpnomelane | Guggenheim S, Eggleton R A (1994) Stilpnomelane and parsettensite: A distance least squares (DLS) study American Mineralogist 79 438-442 | 1994 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
12.3 Γ | (100) |
7.14 Γ | (20) |
6.26 Γ | (50) |
5.42 Γ | (40) |
4.68 Γ | (40) |
4.36 Γ | (20) |
4.16 Γ | (100) |
3.78 Γ | (10) |
3.61 Γ | (40b) |
3.36 Γ | (30) |
3.12 Γ | (60) |
2.98 Γ | (10) |
2.69 Γ | (70) |
2.55 Γ | (100) |
2.48 Γ | (20) |
2.345 Γ | (50) |
2.192 Γ | (30) |
2.117 Γ | (40) |
2.020 Γ | (20) |
1.972 Γ | (20) |
1.900 Γ | (50) |
1.828 Γ | (10) |
1.778 Γ | (20) |
1.734 Γ | (10b) |
1.704 Γ | (40) |
1.636 Γ | (10) |
1.591 Γ | (20) |
1.568 Γ | (60) |
1.554 Γ | (40) |
1.536 Γ | (20) |
1.521 Γ | (20) |
1.468 Γ | (20) |
1.436 Γ | (30) |
1.427 Γ | (20b) |
1.354 Γ | (20) |
1.336 Γ | (10) |
1.306 Γ | (20) |
1.276 Γ | (10) |
1.261 Γ | (10) |
1.210 Γ | (10) |
1.154 Γ | (40) |
1.098 Γ | (20b) |
1.058 Γ | (30) |
1.037 Γ | (20) |
1.024 Γ | (20) |
1.016 Γ | (30b) |
1.002 Γ | (20b) |
Comments:
ICDD 29-703
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
---|---|
Near-surface Processes | |
21 : Chemically precipitated carbonate, phosphate, iron formations | |
High-π alteration and/or metamorphism | |
31 : Thermally altered carbonate, phosphate, and iron formations | |
32 : Ba/Mn/Pb/Zn deposits, including metamorphic deposits | |
Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics | <3.5-2.5 |
39 : High-π metamorphism (blueschist, eclogite, ultrahigh π facies) | |
40 : Regional metamorphism (greenschist, amphibolite, granulite facies) |
Geological Setting:
Banded iron formations, blueschist and greenschist facies of metamorphic rocks, metamorphosed massive sulphide deposits.
Type Occurrence of Stilpnomelane
Synonyms of Stilpnomelane
Other Language Names for Stilpnomelane
German:MinguΓ©tit
Stilpnomelan
Stilpnomelan
Simplified Chinese:ι»η‘¬η»Ώζ³₯η³
Spanish:MinguΓ©tita
Traditional Chinese:ι»η‘¬ηΆ ζ³₯η³
Varieties of Stilpnomelane
Ekmanite | Obsolete name for a Mn-rich stilpnomelane; the name was discredited in 1954. The Mica Subcommittee (1998) regarded this as possibly Smectite. |
Ferristilpnomelane | |
Ferrostilpnomelane | A chemical variety of stilpnomelane noted for its being rich in ferrous iron, essentially a nearer to end-member stilpnomelane. |
Manganese-bearing Stilpnomelane | A Mn-bearing variety of stilpnomelane. |
Relationship of Stilpnomelane to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
Chalcodite | K(Fe3+,Mg,Fe2+)8(Si,Al)12(O,OH)27 | Tric. 1 : P1 |
Franklinphilite | (K,Na)4(Mn2+,Mg,Zn)48(Si,Al)72(O,OH)216 Β· 6H2O | Tric. |
Lennilenapeite | K6-7(Mg,Mn,Fe,Zn)48(Si,Al)72(O,OH)216 Β· 16H2O | Tric. |
Parsettensite | (K,Na,Ca)7.5(Mn,Mg)49Si72O168(OH)50 Β· nH2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
47 photos of Stilpnomelane associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
26 photos of Stilpnomelane associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
14 photos of Stilpnomelane associated with Chlorite Group | |
14 photos of Stilpnomelane associated with Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
11 photos of Stilpnomelane associated with Hematite | Fe2O3 |
9 photos of Stilpnomelane associated with Siderite | FeCO3 |
9 photos of Stilpnomelane associated with Epidote | (CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
7 photos of Stilpnomelane associated with Magnetite | Fe2+Fe3+2O4 |
6 photos of Stilpnomelane associated with Stilbite Subgroup | M6-7[Al8-9Si27-28O72] Β· nH2O |
6 photos of Stilpnomelane associated with Fluorite | CaF2 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
9.EG.05 | Cymrite | BaAl2Si2(O,OH)8 Β· H2O |
9.EG.10 | Naujakasite | (Na,K)6(Fe2+,Mn2+,Ca)(Al,Fe)4Si8O26 |
9.EG.10 | Manganonaujakasite | Na6(Mn2+,Fe2+)Al4Si8O26 |
9.EG.15 | Dmisteinbergite | Ca(Al2Si2O8) |
9.EG.20 | Kampfite | Ba12(Si11Al5)O31(CO3)8Cl5 |
9.EG.25 | StrΓ€tlingite | Ca2Al2SiO7 Β· 8H2O |
9.EG.25 | Vertumnite | Ca4Al4Si4O6(OH)24 Β· 3H2O |
9.EG.30 | Eggletonite | (Na,K,Ca)2(Mn,Fe)8(Si,Al)12O29(OH)7 Β· 11H2O |
9.EG.30 | Ganophyllite | (K,Na,Ca)2Mn8(Si,Al)12(O,OH)32 Β· 8H2O |
9.EG.30 | Tamaite | (Ca,K,Ba,Na)3-4Mn24(Si,Al)40(O,OH)112 Β· 21H2O |
9.EG.35 | Coombsite | KMn2+13(Si,Al)18O42(OH)14 |
9.EG.35 | Zussmanite | K(Fe,Mg,Mn)13(Si,Al)18O42(OH)14 |
9.EG.40 | Franklinphilite | (K,Na)4(Mn2+,Mg,Zn)48(Si,Al)72(O,OH)216 Β· 6H2O |
9.EG.40 | Lennilenapeite | K6-7(Mg,Mn,Fe,Zn)48(Si,Al)72(O,OH)216 Β· 16H2O |
9.EG.40 | Parsettensite | (K,Na,Ca)7.5(Mn,Mg)49Si72O168(OH)50 Β· nH2O |
9.EG.40 | Chalcodite | K(Fe3+,Mg,Fe2+)8(Si,Al)12(O,OH)27 |
9.EG.45 | Latiumite | (Ca,K)4(Si,Al)5O11(SO4,CO3) |
9.EG.45 | Tuscanite | KCa6(Si,Al)10O22(SO4,CO3)2(OH) Β· H2O |
9.EG.45 | Levantite | KCa3Al2(SiO4)(Si2O7)(PO4) |
9.EG.50 | Jagoite | Pb18Fe3+4[Si4(Si,Fe3+)6][Pb4Si16(Si,Fe)4]O82Cl6 |
9.EG.55 | Wickenburgite | CaPb3Al2Si10O24(OH)6 |
9.EG.60 | HyttsjΓΆite | Pb18Ba2Ca5Mn2+2Fe3+2Si30O90Cl Β· 6H2O |
9.EG.65 | Armbrusterite | K5Na7Mn15[(Si9O22)4](OH)10 Β· 4H2O |
9.EG.70 | Britvinite | [Pb7(OH)3F(BO3)2(CO3)][Mg4.5(OH)3(Si5O14)] |
9.EG.70 | Roymillerite | Pb24Mg9(Si10O28)(CO3)10(BO3)(SiO4)(OH)13O5 |
9.EG.75 | Bannisterite | (Ca,K,Na)(Mn2+,Fe2+)10(Si,Al)16O38(OH)8 Β· nH2O |
9.EG.75 | UM1989-30-SiO:AlBaCaFeHKMgMn | (Ba,Ca)(Mn,Fe,Mg)22(Si,Al)32O76(OH)16 Β· 12H2O |
9.EG.75 | Kayupovaite | Na2Mn10[(Si14Al2)O38(OH)8] Β· 7H2O |
Fluorescence of Stilpnomelane
Not fluorescent in UV
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Stilpnomelane
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3789.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Stilpnomelane
Localities for Stilpnomelane
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
β - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality.
Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Australia | |
| Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 19 (1981) |
| Fitzherbert et al. (2017) |
| Gilligan et al. (1995) |
Loidl (2012) | |
Gilligan et al. (1995) | |
| Worner et al. (et al) |
L.Lawrence +1 other reference | |
| Skirrow (1993) |
| Knights |
Fan et al. (2014) | |
| Bottrill |
| R. Bottrill |
Bottrill | |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Geol. Soc. of Australia Abstr. 53:248-249 (Feb, 1999) |
| Econ Geol (1994) +1 other reference |
| |
| Thorne (2014) |
| Barley et al. (1999) +1 other reference |
Miyano et al. (1983) | |
Miyano et al. (1982) | |
| Grubb (1971) +1 other reference |
| Marston (1984) |
| Gole (1982) |
| Fetherston (2010) |
| Ferguson (1999) |
Angerer et al. (2022) | |
Fetherston et al. (2013) | |
| Lascelles (2006) |
| Orth (2002) |
| Gole (1981) |
| Hassan (2014) |
| Pirajno et al. (2002) |
| Lascelles (2006) |
| Meinert +1 other reference |
Austria | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Hackenberg 2003 |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Meixner (1978) +1 other reference |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Kolitsch (2020) |
| - (n.d.) +1 other reference |
Strasser (1989) | |
| Strasser (1989) |
Strasser (1989) | |
| Exel (1993) |
| Exel (1993) |
Bolivia | |
| GEOBOL-PNUD |
Brazil | |
| Lobato et al. (2001) +1 other reference |
| da Costa et al. (2021) |
| Silva et al. (2022) |
Lobato et al. (2001) | |
| Grainger et al. (2008) |
| Villas et al. (2001) |
| Villas et al. (2001) +2 other references |
| Tazava (1999) +2 other references |
Grainger et al. (2008) | |
| Vlach (2012) |
Canada | |
| the world's largest besshi-type ... +3 other references |
| Econ Geol (1994) |
| Ghent et al. (1990) |
| Schetselaar et al. (2018) |
Syme et al. (1993) | |
| western Flin Flon Domain +1 other reference |
| Heinrich (1962) |
| Peter et al. (1996) |
Peter et al. (1996) | |
| Examination of Micro-Scale Inter- and ... +1 other reference |
| C. Klein +2 other references |
| Swinden et al. (1990) |
| Landry et al. (2022) |
Landry et al. (2022) | |
| Hoffmann (1896) |
| Econ Geol (1997) |
| Thurston et al. (2014) |
| Econ Geol (1984) |
| Hannington et al. (1999) |
| Econ Geol. (1995) |
| Canadian Mineralogist 45 |
| MDI31C12SE00016 |
| Econ Geol (1997) |
| Bennett G. (1978) |
| Sabina (1991) |
| 159-161. +2 other references |
| Can Mineral December 1971 v. 11 no. 1 ... |
| Econ Geol. (1995) +1 other reference |
Sabina (2003) +1 other reference | |
Boucher (2011) | |
| Feininger (1984) |
| Carl M. Lesher (1978) |
Klein et al. (1976) | |
| MinRec 20 (3) |
| HorvΓ‘th et al. (2013) |
| McMillan (1973) |
| CΓ΄tΓ©-Mantha et al. (2012) |
| McMillan (1973) |
| Canadian Mineralogist 31 +3 other references |
Chile | |
| Massonne et al. (1998) |
China | |
| Xikun Chen (1987) |
| Jinhai Yu et al. (2001) |
| Zeng et al. (1999) |
| McQueen et al. (1995) |
| Qiu et al. (2019) |
| Qiu et al. (2019) |
| Chuanshi Xu and Jianzhen Zhang (1987) |
Feng Xiancan et al. (1986) | |
| Jinhai Yu et al. (2001) |
| Jinhai Yu et al. (2001) |
| wrgis.wr.usgs.gov (2004) |
| Jinchu Zhu and Fusheng Zhang (1987) |
| Iwao (1969) |
| Lifei Zhang et al. (1999) |
| Jun Gao et al. (1995) |
Cuba | |
| Litsarev et al. (1998) |
Czech Republic | |
| SidorinovΓ‘ T. |
| Beran (Ag, Au, Co) +2 other references |
| Fojt B.: Ba-minerΓ‘ly ΕΎeleznorudnΓ© ... +1 other reference |
KruΕ₯a | |
| Sejkora (1994) |
Kuttna +1 other reference | |
| |
| MinerΓ‘lnΓ a horninovΓ‘ asociace z ... +2 other references |
| Prachař +6 other references |
Czech Republic/Poland | |
Lis et al. (1986) | |
Wieser (1978) +2 other references | |
Finland | |
| Paakkola |
| Vartiainen |
| Mutanen +1 other reference |
France | |
| Chauris (2014) |
| Audren et al. (1993) |
Audren et al. (1993) | |
Chauris (2014) | |
| Briggs (1975) |
Briggs (1975) | |
| Briggs (1975) |
| C. DerrΓ© |
| Le Règne Minéral 47: 5-21 |
| Brugger et al. (1999) |
| Ragu (1994) +1 other reference |
| Dubru. M (1986) |
| Guitard (2010) |
| De Ascenção Guedes (2005) |
| Grelaud et al. (2001) |
| M.S. self collected in 2014 |
| Pusztaszeri (1969) |
| Self collected by S. MAURY |
| Les inclusions fluides dans les minéraux du métamorphisme à laumontite - prehnite - pumpellyite des grès du Champsaur (Alpes du Dauphiné) |
Germany | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| 90. +1 other reference |
WeiΓ (1990) | |
| Rost et al. (1969) |
Rost et al. (1969) | |
| www.berthold-weber.de (2001) |
| WeiΓ (1990) |
| Dana 6:659. |
| WeiΓ (1990) |
| WeiΓ (1990) |
| Sandmann et al. (2015) |
| Lapis 30 (7/8) |
| Sandmann et al. (2015) |
Greece | |
| Ioannis BAZIOTIS (2009) |
| Michailidis (1990) |
Michailidis (1990) | |
Michailidis (1990) | |
| Hoffman et al. (1979) |
Greenland | |
| Petersen et al. (1991) |
| DK Bird et al. (1985) |
India | |
| Econ Geol. (1995) |
| Saravanan et al. (2009) |
Indonesia | |
| Schwartz (1990) |
Ireland | |
| Schultz (1966) +1 other reference |
Italy | |
| Dal Piaz et al. (1968) |
| Dal Piaz et al. (1968) +1 other reference |
| Debenedetti (1961) +1 other reference |
| Dal Piaz et al. (1968) |
Dal Piaz et al. (1968) | |
| Laurita +1 other reference |
| Gazzi (1961) +1 other reference |
| Adorni F. (1997) |
| R. Lefèvre and A. Michard |
| Andreoli et al. (1978) |
| Martin et al. (1984) +3 other references |
| Gioda et al. (1978) |
| Eur. J. Mineral. |
| Eur. J. Mineral (1989) |
Pognante (1989) | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
| Eur. J. Mineral. |
Eur. J. Mineral (1989) | |
Eur. J. Mineral. | |
Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
| Caron (1970) +2 other references |
| Grill (1935) |
Guastoni et al. (2004) | |
| Rivista Mineralogica Italiana (1) |
| Billows (1941) |
| G. Gottardi |
| Michele Dondi Collection |
Jamaica | |
| Draper (1986) |
Japan | |
| Yui (1962) |
| Petrov (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Dr. Matsuo Nambu ore collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| Dr. Matsuo Nambu ore collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| Nishio-Hamane et al. (2016) |
| M. Nakagawa et al. (2009) |
| M. Nakagawa et al. (2009) |
M. Nakagawa et al. (2009) | |
| Alfredo Petrov field collected specimens (visual ID) +1 other reference |
| Masutomi Museum specimens |
| Toshio Nozaka and Tsugio Shibata (1994) +1 other reference |
| Matsueda (1981) |
| Mem. Natn. Sci. Mus. +1 other reference |
| Professor Takashi Kitagawa (1949-2009) |
| Yamada (2004) |
| Shimazaki H. +2 other references |
Ohe Rikosya specimens. | |
Nishimura (1971) | |
Kazakhstan | |
| Jeremolenko (2002) |
Malaysia | |
| Syed Hasan et al. (2018) |
Mexico | |
| Megaw (2023) |
| Canet et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
Mongolia | |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Kartashov P.M. et al. (Mongolian Altai) |
Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) +2 other references | |
Myanmar | |
| Shi et al. (2011) +1 other reference |
New Zealand | |
| Palmer et al. (2022) |
| Pringle et al. (1980) |
| Skinner et al. (1999) |
Skinner et al. (1999) | |
| Ashley et al. (1995) |
| Henley (1975) |
| Grapes et al. (1992) |
North Korea | |
| Sudo (1944) |
North Macedonia | |
| Todor Serafimovski et al. (2012) +1 other reference |
Norway | |
| Revheim (2006) +1 other reference |
| Peter Andresen collection |
| Nordrum (2000) |
| Bonin et al. (2003) |
Johnsen (1986) | |
| Selbekk et al. (1996) |
| Heim et al. (1996) |
| Cook (1993) |
| Eldjarn et al. (1982) |
| Kvamsdal (1998) |
| Manby (1983) |
| Mineral. Pet. 75:89-99 +1 other reference |
| Nordrum (2000) |
| Knut Eldjarn Collection |
| Burvald (1993) |
| Larsen et al. (2002) |
| Salter et al. (1974) |
| Gustavson |
| WitsΓΈ (1995) |
| McQueen (1990) |
| Andersen (2017) |
| Frode Andersen & Svein Arne Berge ... |
| Berge (n.d.) |
| Larsen et al. (1992) |
Larsen et al. (2010) | |
| Larsen (2015) |
| Larsen et al. (2010) |
Larsen et al. (2010) | |
| Larsen et al. (2010) |
| Berge et al. (2011) |
Berge (2013) | |
| Knut Edvard Larsen collection # MM- ... |
| Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ... |
| Raade (2005) |
| Folvik (2005) |
| Kvamsdal (1993) |
| JarmoΕowicz-Szulc et al. (2015) |
| Berg (1990) |
Self collected by P. Andresen. | |
Berg | |
Papua New Guinea | |
| Worthing (1987) |
Worthing (1987) | |
Poland | |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Baranowski et al. (GΓ³ry Kaczawskie) |
| SZEΕΔG E. |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| |
Lis et al. (1986) | |
| KulczyΕski M. & Burliga S. 2003: EPIMETAMORPHIC COMPLEX FROM PEΕCZNICA (NE PART OF ΕWIEBODZICE DEPRESSION) |
| Wajsprych et al. (2003) |
Portugal | |
| Barriga et al. (1988) |
Romania | |
| D. Radulescu & R. Dimitrescu (1966) |
| HΓ’rtopanu et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
| Munteanu (1993) +1 other reference |
Russia | |
| Leech et al. (2000) |
| Savelβeva et al. (2008) |
| Berdnikov et al. (2023) |
Berdnikov et al. (2023) | |
Berdnikov et al. (2023) | |
| Bindi et al. (2003) |
Jambor et al. (1997) | |
| Kuleshov et al. (2002) |
| Burlakov (1999) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Kovalev et al. (2023) |
| - (2014) |
| ... |
... | |
| Π‘ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π° (2011) |
| Grant et al. (2001) +1 other reference |
American Mineralogist | |
| Ivashchenko et al. (2018, June) |
| Brusnitsyn et al. (2017) |
| [Mineralien Welt 6/92:62] |
Saudi Arabia | |
| Harris et al. (1980) +1 other reference |
Slovakia | |
| KodΔra (1986) |
| republika +1 other reference |
| KodΔra (1986) |
| KodΔra (1986) |
| KodΔra (1986) |
| ΔuΔa R. et al. ( Kotterbach ) |
| Uher et al. (2015) |
| OzdΓn D. & RojkoviΔ I. |
South Africa | |
| Rocks & Minerals 83:5 pp 410-421 |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Hammond et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
South Korea | |
| Kinosaki (1941) |
Sweden | |
| |
| Mineralogical Magazine (1985) |
| Dana 6: 659. |
Switzerland | |
| KrΓ€henbΓΌhl H. (1990) |
| Philipp. R. (1982) |
Philipp. R. (1982) | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Brugger J. (1996) |
| Die Mineralien der Schweiz |
| Delaloye (1962) |
| C. Lemanski (re-entry of lost Mindat data) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
Alpinisme et Mineraux | |
Erik Vercammen collection | |
| 86. (in German) +2 other references |
Tajikistan | |
| I. Pekov data pers. comm L. Horvath 2008 |
Tanzania | |
| KΓΌhn (2009) |
Turkey | |
| Tetiker et al. (2015) |
| ΓztΓΌrk (1997) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Tetiker et al. (2015) |
| ΕentΓΌrk et al. (1981-82) |
UK | |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Betterton (1997) +1 other reference |
| Stanley et al. (1982) +1 other reference |
| Bevins et al. (1993) |
| Bevins et al. (1993) |
| BMS Collection |
| [Specimen in the Natural History Museum +1 other reference |
| Bevins et al. (1993) |
Ukraine | |
| Tischenko A. data |
| Liventseva (n.d.) |
USA | |
| - (2008) |
| Econ Geol (1988) |
Econ Geol (1988) | |
| Geological Society of America 2002 Denver Annual Meeting (October 22-30, 2002) +1 other reference |
| Murdoch (1966) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 432. +3 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 432. +2 other references |
Pelletier | |
Murdoch (1966) | |
| Chesterman (1966b) +6 other references |
| Anonymous (1964) +1 other reference |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 432-433. +2 other references |
| Doebrich +2 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 432. +2 other references |
Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 488. +3 other references | |
| Joseph F. Cooper Jr. et al. (2003) +1 other reference |
| ID'd for me by Tony Kampf |
Murdoch (1966) | |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 433 +2 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 432 +3 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 433 +3 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 433 +3 other references |
Wood (1979) | |
Peter Cristofono | |
| Murdoch (1966) +1 other reference |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 433 +2 other references |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| U.S. Geological Survey Professional ... |
| U.S. Geological Survey Professional ... |
U.S. Geological Survey Professional ... | |
| Schooner (1961) |
| John Burnham |
John Burnham | |
| collection of John Burnham |
| Januzzi et al. (1976) |
| Moritz (n.d.) |
| Januzzi et al. (1976) |
| Moritz (n.d.) |
| Moritz (n.d.) |
| Pavlides |
| Pavlides |
Pavlides | |
Pavlides | |
Pavlides | |
| Mineralogical Record 22:382 |
Yale Peabody Museum | |
| Harvard Mineralogical Museum |
Wiebe et al. | |
| Shannon (1920) |
| Shannon (1920) |
| Palache & Fraprie |
Wadsworth (1877) | |
| Rocks & Min.: 19:244 +2 other references |
| ... |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
... | |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
- (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
... | |
Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Morris Jr. (1983) |
Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| - (2005) |
| Am Min 50:148-169 |
| Am Min 50:148-169 |
USGS Prof Paper 407 | |
USGS Prof Paper 407 +1 other reference | |
| Institute on Lake Superior Geology ... |
| USGS Prof Paper 407 |
Schmidt (1963) | |
McSwiggen et al. (1994) | |
USGS Prof Paper 407 +1 other reference | |
| Can Mineral September 1986 v. 24 no. 3 ... |
Econ Geology (1993) | |
| Chusi Li et al. (2008) |
| - (2005) |
| 55TH INSTITUTE ON LAKE SUPERIOR GEOLOGY (2009) |
55TH INSTITUTE ON LAKE SUPERIOR GEOLOGY (2009) | |
| Hastings (2008) |
| Harvard Mineralogical Museum |
| Focus on Fort Lee - A Key and Guide to ... +1 other reference |
| Minerals of Laurel Hill et al. (published privately) |
| Ransom (1974) |
Ransom (1974) | |
| Mins. of NYC & Environs (1931) |
| |
| Dunn (1995) |
Oen (1984) | |
Peters et al. (1983) | |
RΓ©gis GUILLOTTE | |
Oen et al. (1984) +1 other reference | |
| Rocks & Min.:13:75-79. |
| [var: Ferristilpnomelane] Mineralogical Record: 15 (4) |
| Hershel Friedman collection (2007) |
| NY State Museum spec. no. 18123 |
| Rocks & Min.: 60:130-135. |
| J.Wright Horton |
J.Wright Horton | |
Genth +1 other reference | |
Genth | |
Lawrence et al. (1993) | |
| Wood (1979) +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Minerals 81:229-234 |
| Mineralogical Record (2) |
| Ronald A. Sloto (2009) |
Sloto Ronald A. The Mines and Minerals ... | |
| Roberts et al. (1965) |
| Paris (2011) |
| Paris (2011) |
| Rocks & Min. Vol. 71 (1996) |
Rocks & Min. Vol. 71 (1996) | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Micro Probe Volume VII Number 3 Spring ... |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Dutton et al. (1971) |
USGS Bul.1460:96 | |
| La Berge (1984) |
| Falster (1981) +1 other reference |
Falster (1987) | |
| Hollister (1982) |
Cordua (1998) | |
| Cordua (1998) |
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