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Carrollite

A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About CarrolliteHide

09007480015612507069567.jpg
Seal of Carroll County, Maryland, USA
Formula:
CuCo2S4
More specifically Cu1.2+(Co2.4+)2(S1.5-)4 (Pattrick et al., 2008).
Colour:
Bright silver color
Lustre:
Metallic
Hardness:
4½ - 5½
Specific Gravity:
4.5 - 4.8
Crystal System:
Isometric
Name:
Named in 1852 by William Leonard Faber after the type locality in Carroll County, Maryland, USA.
Isostructural with:
Thiospinel Group. Copper in carrollite was recently shown to be monovalent (Pattrick et al., 2008), confirming an earlier study (Nakai et al., 1978).

Natural samples commonly contain Ni; in samples from the Siegerand ore province, a solid solution exists between CuCo2S4 and Cu(Ni,Co)2S4 in which Ni can replace 50% of the Co (Wagner & Cook 1999).


Unique IdentifiersHide

Mindat ID:
911
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:911:3
GUID
(UUID V4):
e71d8b58-52ad-4d44-97f7-b7dd7ee94a82

IMA Classification of CarrolliteHide

Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
First published:
1852

Classification of CarrolliteHide

2.DA.05

2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
D : Metal Sulfides, M: S = 3 :4 and 2:3
A : M:S = 3:4
2.10.1.2

2 : SULFIDES
10 : AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 3:4
3.10.18

3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
10 : Sulphides etc. of Co

Mineral SymbolsHide

As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.

Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.

SymbolSourceReference
CliIMA–CNMNCWarr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43
CarThe Canadian Mineralogist (2019)The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download

Physical Properties of CarrolliteHide

Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Comment:
Very bright
Colour:
Bright silver color
Comment:
Rarely tarnishes to copper red or violet gray
Streak:
Gray black
Hardness:
4½ - 5½ on Mohs scale
Hardness:
VHN100=507 - 586 kg/mm2 - Vickers
Tenacity:
Very brittle
Cleavage:
None Observed
Parting:
poor on {001}
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Conchoidal, Sub-Conchoidal
Density:
4.5 - 4.8 g/cm3 (Measured)    4.83 g/cm3 (Calculated)

Optical Data of CarrolliteHide

Reflectivity:
WavelengthR
400nm41.4%
420nm41.5%
440nm41.6%
460nm41.8%
480nm42.0%
500nm42.3%
520nm42.6%
540nm42.9%
560nm43.1%
580nm43.3%
600nm43.5%
620nm43.9%
640nm44.3%
660nm44.7%
680nm45.0%
700nm45.3%

Reflectance graph
Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Top of box is 100%. Peak reflectance is 45.3%.
Pleochroism:
Non-pleochroic

Chemistry of CarrolliteHide

Mindat Formula:
CuCo2S4

More specifically Cu1.2+(Co2.4+)2(S1.5-)4 (Pattrick et al., 2008).
Common Impurities:
Ni

Crystallography of CarrolliteHide

Crystal System:
Isometric
Class (H-M):
m3m (4/m 3 2/m) - Hexoctahedral
Space Group:
Fd3m
Setting:
Fd3m
Cell Parameters:
a = 9.458 Å
Unit Cell V:
846.05 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
8
Morphology:
Octahedral and cubic crystals, massive, granular, compact
Twinning:
{111} polysynthetic
Comment:
JCPDS 98-003-1107

Crystal StructureHide

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IDSpeciesReferenceLinkYearLocalityPressure (GPa)Temp (K)
0017667Carrollitede Jong W, Hoog A (1928) Carrollit (Sychnodymit). _cod_database_code 1010946 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 66 168-17119280293
0013181CarrolliteWilliamson D P, Grimes N W (1974) An X-ray diffraction investigation of sulphide spinels Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 7 1-619740293
0014234CarrolliteRiedel E, Horvath E (1973) Kationen-anionen-abstande in kupfer- und chrom-thiospinellen Materials Research Bulletin 8 973-98219730293
0014235CarrolliteRiedel E, Horvath E (1973) Kationen-anionen-abstande in kupfer- und chrom-thiospinellen Materials Research Bulletin 8 973-98219730293
CIF Raw Data - click here to close

X-Ray Powder DiffractionHide

Image Loading

Radiation - Copper Kα
Data Set:
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacingIntensity
2.86 Å(100)
1.674 Å(80)
1.825 Å(60)
2.37 Å(50)
0.994 Å(50)
3.35 Å(40)
1.234 Å(30)
Comments:
Craig, J.R., and Higgins, J. B. (1973) The Carrollite-Linnaeite Series, Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, p. 586.

Geological EnvironmentHide

Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic ModeEarliest Age (Ga)
High-𝑇 alteration and/or metamorphism
33 : Minerals deposited by hydrothermal metal-rich fluids (see also [#12])
Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks>3.0
37 : Layered igneous intrusions and related PGE minerals
Geological Setting:
In hydrothermal vein deposits

Type Occurrence of CarrolliteHide

General Appearance of Type Material:
Crystalline, homogenous material, but no distinct crystals.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
n.d.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
In veins of chalcopyrite in schist.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Reference:
Faber, W.L. (1852) On Carrollite, a new Cobalt Mineral, American Journal of Science, second series: 13: 418-419.

Synonyms of CarrolliteHide

Other Language Names for CarrolliteHide

Relationship of Carrollite to other SpeciesHide

Other Members of this group:
Cuproiridsite(Cu,Fe)Ir2S4Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m
CuprokalininiteCuCr2S4Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m
EzochiiteCu+(Rh3+Pt4+)S4Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m
FletcheriteCuNi2S4Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m
Florensovite(Cu,Zn)Cr1.5Sb0.5S4Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m)
MalaniteCu1+(Ir3+Pt4+)S4Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m)
RhodostanniteCu1+(Fe2+0.5Sn4+1.5)S4Tet. 4/m : I41/a
ShiranuiiteCu+(Rh3+Rh4+)S4Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m
ToyohaiteAg1+(Fe2+0.5Sn4+1.5)S4Tet. 4/m : I41/a
Unnamed (Fe3+-analogue of Fletcherite)Cu(Fe3+,Ni,Co)2S4

Common AssociatesHide

Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
193 photos of Carrollite associated with CalciteCaCO3
94 photos of Carrollite associated with ChalcopyriteCuFeS2
37 photos of Carrollite associated with BorniteCu5FeS4
25 photos of Carrollite associated with DolomiteCaMg(CO3)2
14 photos of Carrollite associated with ChalcociteCu2S
12 photos of Carrollite associated with PyriteFeS2
12 photos of Carrollite associated with MalachiteCu2(CO3)(OH)2
11 photos of Carrollite associated with DjurleiteCu31S16
11 photos of Carrollite associated with QuartzSiO2
6 photos of Carrollite associated with SpherocobaltiteCoCO3

Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat GroupingHide

2.DA.ZaykoviteRh3Se4Mon. 2/m : B2/m
2.DA.GrimmiteNiCo2S4Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m
2.DA.ZolenskyiteFeCr2S4Mon. 2/m : B2/m
2.DA.EzochiiteCu+(Rh3+Pt4+)S4Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m
2.DA.FerrodimolybdeniteFeMo2S4Mon. 2/m : B2/b
2.DA.05BornhardtiteCo2+Co3+2Se4Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m
2.DA.05Cuproiridsite(Cu,Fe)Ir2S4Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m
2.DA.05Cuprorhodsite(Cu1+0.5Fe3+0.5)Rh3+2S4Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m
2.DA.05DaubréeliteFe2+Cr3+2S4Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m
2.DA.05FletcheriteCuNi2S4Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m
2.DA.05Florensovite(Cu,Zn)Cr1.5Sb0.5S4Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m)
2.DA.05GreigiteFe2+Fe3+2S4Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m
2.DA.05InditeFeIn2S4Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m
2.DA.05KalininiteZnCr2S4Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m
2.DA.05LinnaeiteCo2+Co3+2S4Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m
2.DA.05MalaniteCu1+(Ir3+Pt4+)S4Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m)
2.DA.05PolydymiteNi2+Ni3+2S4Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m
2.DA.05SiegeniteCoNi2S4Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m
2.DA.05TrüstedtiteNi3Se4Iso.
2.DA.05TyrrelliteCu(Co3+,Ni3+)2Se4Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m
2.DA.05ViolariteFe2+Ni3+2S4Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m
2.DA.05XingzhongitePb2+Ir3+2S4Iso.
2.DA.05CadmoinditeCdIn2S4Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m
2.DA.05CuprokalininiteCuCr2S4Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m
2.DA.05JoegoldsteiniteMnCr2S4Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m
2.DA.05NickeltyrrelliteCuNi2Se4Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m
2.DA.05ShiranuiiteCu+(Rh3+Rh4+)S4Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m
2.DA.10RhodostanniteCu1+(Fe2+0.5Sn4+1.5)S4Tet. 4/m : I41/a
2.DA.10ToyohaiteAg1+(Fe2+0.5Sn4+1.5)S4Tet. 4/m : I41/a
2.DA.15BrezinaiteCr3S4Mon. 2/m
2.DA.15Heideite(Fe,Cr)1.15(Ti,Fe)2S4Mon. 2/m
2.DA.20InaglyiteCu3Pb(Ir,Pt)8S16Hex.
2.DA.20KonderiteCu3Pb(Rh,Pt,Ir)8S16Hex. 6/m : P6/m
2.DA.25Kingstonite(Rh,Ir,Pt)3S4Mon. 2/m : B2/m

Fluorescence of CarrolliteHide

Not fluorescent

Other InformationHide

Notes:
May have exsolution lamellae with slightly higher Fe composition than the matrix. Riley, J.F. (1980) Ferroan carrollites, cobaltian violarites, and other members of the Linnaeite group: (Co,Ni,Fe,Cu)3S4. Mineralogical Magazine, 43:733-739.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Industrial Uses:
Cobalt ore

Carrollite in petrologyHide

An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.

Internet Links for CarrolliteHide

References for CarrolliteHide

Reference List:

Localities for CarrolliteHide

This map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.

Locality ListHide

- This locality has map coordinates listed. - This locality has estimated coordinates. ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence. ? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. - Good crystals or important locality for species. - World class for species or very significant. (TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species. (FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties). Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality. Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).

All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Atlantic Ocean
 
  • Mid-Atlantic Ridge complex
    • Ashadze hydrothermal area
Firstova et al. (2016)
Australia
 
  • Northern Territory
    • Coomalie Shire
      • Batchelor
        • Rum Jungle
D.A.Berkman (1968)
  • South Australia
    • Andamooka Ranges
Davidson (2007)
    • Pernatty Lagoon
      • Mount Gunson Copper mines
Noble R.J. +1 other reference
Hartley 1990
Hartley 1990
    • Roxby Downs
USGS Open File Report 81-1666 +1 other reference
    • Yorke Peninsula
      • Moonta
Morales-Ruano et al. (2002)
Morales-Ruano et al. (2002)
  • Western Australia
    • Coolgardie Shire
Anthony et al. (2016)
        • Kambalda Nickel mines
Ostwald (1978)
Austria
 
  • Carinthia
    • Villach-Land District
      • Finkenstein am Faaker See
        • Mallestiger Mittagskogel
A.Pichler (2003)
Taucher (1998)
  • Styria
    • Bruck-Mürzzuschlag District
      • Sankt Barbara im Mürztal
        • Veitsch
          • Kleinveitsch
Girtler et al. (2015) +1 other reference
Azerbaijan
 
  • Dashkasan District
    • Dashkasan
Singer et al. (2008)
Brazil
 
  • Pará
    • Curionópolis
Villas et al. (2001) +1 other reference
    • Marabá
deMelo et al. (2017)
Bulgaria
 
  • Pazardzhik Province
    • Panagyurishte Municipality
      • Panagyurishte
Strashimirov et al. (2002) +1 other reference
  • Sofia Province
    • Etropole Municipality
Dragov et al. (1998) +2 other references
Cameroon
 
  • East Region
    • Haut-Nyong
      • Lomié
        • Lomié Ultramafic complex
Dzemua et al. (2012)
Canada
 
  • British Columbia
    • Golden Mining Division
      • Windermere District
        • Invermere
          • Delphine Creek
Peatfield (n.d.)
    • Osoyoos Mining Division
      • Peachland
Singer et al. (2008)
  • Ontario
    • Cochrane District
      • Timmins
        • Kidd Township
Thorpe et al. (1976) +2 other references
    • Kenora District
      • Kapkichi Lake Area
Can Mineral 1984 22: 13-21
  • Yukon
    • Whitehorse mining district
      • Whitehorse Copper Belt
Tenney et al. (1967-1980)
Chile
 
  • Araucanía
    • Cautín Province
Schira et al. (1990)
  • Atacama
Anthony et al. (2016)
    • Huasco Province
Clark (1974)
A. H. Clark (1974)
China
 
  • Anhui
    • Chuzhou
      • Langya District
Li et al. (1999)
    • Tongling
      • Fenghuangshan ore field
Yi Li and Youbin Liang (1993)
  • Guangdong
    • Meizhou
      • Mei Co.
Binghui Chen et al. (1994)
  • Hainan
    • Changjiang Co.
Jinjie Yu et al. (2013)
  • Hebei
    • Baoding
      • Laiyuan County
        • Futuyu-Mujicun ore field
Qijia Zang (1984)
    • Chengde
      • Fengning County
Yu Zuxiang et al. (1974)
Yu et al. (2009)
      • Luanping County
        • Damiao complex
Yu Zuxiang (1997)
        • Tiema-Habaqin complex
Bilun Luo (1979)
      • Yingshouyingzikuang District
Yaowu Ren and Qianwen Cao (1993)
    • Tangshan
      • Zunhua Co.
        • Malan river valley
Yu Zuxiang (1981)
  • Jiangxi
    • Shangrao
      • Dexing Co.
Singer et al. (2008)
          • Dexing copper mine
Kuanglin Yan (1978)
  • Liaoning
    • Chaoyang
      • Chaoyang County
Guilin Metallurgical Institute of Geology (1976) +1 other reference
  • Qinghai
    • Haixi Mongol and Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture
      • Golmud City (Ge'ermu Co.)
Zhang Dequan et al. (2002)
  • Shanxi
    • Yuncheng
      • Yuanqu Co.
        • Zhongtiaoshan ore field
Yongrui Zhao and Yunqing Zhen (2006)
Yongrui Zhao and Yunqing Zhen (2006)
pubs.usgs.gov (2006)
  • Sichuan
    • Ya'an
      • Hanyuan County
Fan et al. (1999)
  • Tibet
    • Xigazê Prefecture (Rikaze Prefecture; Shigatse Prefecture)
      • Namling Co. (Nanmulin Co.)
Wang et al. (2022) +1 other reference
  • Xinjiang
    • Bo'ertala Autonomous Prefecture (Börtala Autonomous Prefecture)
      • Wenquan Co. (Arixang Co.; Arishang Co.)
Liu et al. (2022)
Liu et al. (2022)
    • Hami Prefecture (Kumul Prefecture; Qumul Prefecture)
      • Yizhou District
Kezhang Qin et al. (2009)
  • Yunnan
    • Chuxiong
      • Wuding County
        • Luoci Cu ore field
Yongbei Zhang et al. (2003)
Czech Republic
 
  • Central Bohemian Region
    • Příbram District
      • Příbram
        • Brod
          • Uranium Mine No. 6 (Shaft No. 6)
Sejkora et al. (2024)
  • Liberec Region
Scharm +7 other references
DR Congo
 
  • Haut-Katanga
    • Kambove Territory
      • Kambove
Deliens (1996) +1 other reference
Gauthier +1 other reference
Gauthier
        • Kamoya
King (2005)
Gauthier
      • Shinkolobwe
Lapis 17 (3)
304. +3 other references
    • Kipushi Territory
Saleem et al. (2016)
      • Kipushi
Chabu (1995) +1 other reference
      • Musoshi
Gauthier +1 other reference
    • Lubumbashi
Mambwe et al. (Ruashi Cu-Co Deposit)
    • Sakania Territory
DEJONGTE (1994)
  • Lualaba
    • Lubudi
Gauthier
      • Kisamfu
Xiangqian Li et al. (2010) +1 other reference
    • Mutshatsha
      • Kamoto
[MinRec 22:53 +1 other reference
Betts (n.d.)
Gauthier
      • Kolwezi
Anthony et al. (2016)
Lapis (1992) +2 other references
Cox et al. (2003)
      • Sicomines copper-cobalt project
www.tenke.com (2003)
Cox et al. (2003)
Rosenfels et al. (2022)
Rosenfels et al. (2022)
Fay et al. (2012)
Fay et al. (2012)
Cox et al. (2003)
Finland
 
  • Lapland
    • Ranua
Mutanen
  • North Karelia
    • Kontiolahti
Piirainen
France
 
  • Corsica
    • Haute-Corse
      • Corte
        • Ghisoni
Fiche BSS BRGM n° 11183X4002/GT
  • Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
    • Hautes-Alpes
      • Briançon
        • Saint-Véran
A. Sinojmeri et al. (Hautes Alpes)
Germany
 
  • Lower Saxony
    • Goslar District
      • Clausthal-Zellerfeld
Cabral et al. (2018)
  • North Rhine-Westphalia
    • Arnsberg
      • Siegen-Wittgenstein
        • Siegen
          • Eiserfeld
Wittern (2001)
Mills et al. (2020)
            • Kohlenbach Valley
Dana 6: 1049 & Dana 7:I:264.
Laspeyres (1893) +2 other references
          • Eisern
Weiß (1990)
          • Gosenbach
Weiß (1990)
Weiß (1990)
          • Weidenau
Weiß (1990)
  • Rhineland-Palatinate
    • Altenkirchen
      • Betzdorf-Gebhardshain
        • Steinebach
Weiß (1990)
      • Daaden-Herdorf
        • Schutzbach
Helsper et al. (1991) +2 other references
Blaß et al. (1994)
      • Wissen
        • Hövels
          • Voßwinkel
Weiß (1990)
  • Saarland
    • Merzig-Wadern
      • Beckingen
        • Düppenweiler
Gerhard Müller: Bergbau-PSL-Mineralogie et al. (Saarbrücken 1996)
Indonesia
 
  • South Sulawesi Province
    • Tana Toraja Regency
doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.13179.41767 +1 other reference
Hakim (2017)
Italy
 
  • Piedmont
    • Cuneo Province
      • Bellino
Piccoli et al. (2020)
  • Sardinia
    • South Sardinia Province
      • Iglesias
        • Bindua
Giovanni Scapin collection. +1 other reference
      • Nuxis
        • Monte Tamara mining area
Karup-Møller (1977)
Japan
 
  • Ehime Prefecture
    • Shikokuchuo City
Tatsumi et al. (1975) +1 other reference
  • Hokkaidō Prefecture
    • Hidaka Subprefecture
      • Samani District
        • Samani-cho
          • Horoman peridotite body
Rocks & Min.: 22:223.
  • Kochi Prefecture
    • Tosa District
      • Okawa-mura
Anthony et al. (2016)
Morocco
 
  • Drâa-Tafilalet Region
S. Weiß: Lapis 31 (7/8)
    • Zagora Province
      • Zagora Cercle
        • Tinzouline Caïdat
          • Bleida Mines
Asladay et al. (2012)
  • Souss-Massa Region
    • Taroudant Province
      • Tazalaght
El Basbas et al. (2011)
Namibia
 
  • Oshikoto Region
    • Tsumeb
[MinRec 8:Tsumeb 21]
North Korea
 
  • North Hwanghae Province
    • Suan County
      • Hol Kol Mine (Holgol; Suan; Namjong)
Resource Geology
Norway
 
  • Buskerud
    • Drammen
      • Nedre Eiker
Neumann (1985)
    • Lier
      • Gjellebekk
Neumann (1985)
      • Lierskogen
Neumann (1985)
  • Telemark
    • Kragerø
      • Valberg
Nordrum (2011)
  • Troms og Finnmark
    • Alta
Vokes (1957)
  • Trøndelag
    • Indre Fosen
      • Rissa
  • Viken
    • Eidsvoll
      • Eidsvoll gold mines
Norges Geologiske Undersøkelse
        • Grasli Mines (Græsli Mines)
Norges Geologiske Undersøkelse. ...
Oman
 
  • Al Batinah North Governorate
    • Sohar
Hannington et al. (1998)
Poland
 
  • Lower Silesian Voivodeship
    • Jawor County
      • Gmina Męcinka
        • Chełmiec
Paulo A. 1970: Minerały niklu i bizmutu w żyłach kruszcowych okolicy Chełmca (Góry Kaczawskie, Dolny Śląsk)
Mochnacka et al. (2012)
Chmielewski et al. (2016)
Piestrzyński et al. (2012)
    • Lubin County
Kucha H. 2007: Mineralogia kruszcowa i ...
    • Polkowice County
      • Gmina Polkowice
        • Polkowice
    • Ząbkowice Śląskie County
      • Gmina Bardo
        • Grochowa
Wojtulek et al. (2016)
  • Silesian Voivodeship
    • Myszków County
      • Kraków-Lubliniec tectonic zone
        • Żarki-Kotowice area
Karwowski et al. (2012)
    • Zawiercie County
      • Gmina Pilica
Singer et al. (2008)
Portugal
 
  • Beja
    • Castro Verde
      • Santa Bárbara de Padrões
Pinto et al. (1994) +2 other references
Romania
 
  • Bihor County
    • Nucet
Cook et al. (2002) +1 other reference
  • Caraş-Severin County
Cook et al. (2001) +1 other reference
    • Ocna de Fier
Mineralogical Magazine (3)
Cook et al. (2002)
Russia
 
  • Bashkortostan
    • Baymaksky District
Melekestseva +1 other reference
  • Kamchatka Krai
    • Sobolevsky District
Подлипский et al. (1999) +1 other reference
  • Primorsky Krai
    • Dalnegorsk Urban District
Grant et al. (2001)
  • Republic of Karelia
    • Kondopozhsky District
- (2014)
[World of Stones 12:49]
    • Aldan
A.Ya. Kochetkov (2006)
Kochetkov A.Ya. (2006)
  • Sverdlovsk Oblast
    • Kachkanar
      • Kachkanar Complex
        • Kachkanarskoe
Stepanov et al. (2023)
    • Serovsky District
Murzin et al. (1999)
Murzin et al. (1999)
  • Zabaykalsky Krai
    • Gazimuro-Zavodsky District
Kovalev et al. (2019)
    • Kalarsky District
      • Kodar–Udokan ore district
Gongalsky et al. (2019)
        • Udokan
Gongalsky et al. (2019)
Slovakia
 
  • Prešov Region
Ferenc et al. (2001)
  • Žilina Region
    • Liptovský Mikuláš District
Ozdin D.
Ozdín D. & Chovan M. 1999: New ...
Spain
 
  • Andalusia
    • Almería
      • Huércal-Overa
        • Cuesta Alta
          • Cerro Minado Mines
BERTRAN-OLLER et al. (2012)
Sweden
 
  • Jönköping County
    • Vetlanda
      • Fröderyd
M.Särkinen: ...
  • Kalmar County
    • Västervik
Canadian Mineralogist 18 +1 other reference
  • Södermanland County
    • Nyköping
      • Tunaberg
        • Dammgruvan Ore Field
Dobbe (1991)
Dobbe (1991)
Dobbe (1991)
  • Värmland County
    • Filipstad
      • Nordmark mining district
        • Finnshytteberg ore field
Burke et al. (1983)
    • Säffle
  • Västmanland County
    • Skinnskatteberg
      • Riddarhyttan
Öhman et al. (2005)
Switzerland
 
  • Valais
    • Sierre
      • Anniviers
        • Grimentz
Stalder et al. (1998)
Turkey
 
  • Kastamonu Province
GÜNER (1980)
Musa Güner (1980)
GÜNER (1980)
Ukraine
 
  • Zhytomyr Oblast
    • Korosten Raion
Nechaev S & Pastukhov V (2001)
USA
 
  • Alaska
    • Northwest Arctic Borough
      • Shungnak Mining District
- (2008) +1 other reference
    • Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area
      • Amber Mining District
USGS
  • Colorado
    • Ouray County
Eckel et al. (1997)
  • Maryland
    • Baltimore County
      • Bare Hills
- (2005)
    • Carroll County
      • Finksburg
        • Patapsco Mines
Dana 7:I:264 +2 other references
Heyl et al. (1965)
      • Louisville
Mines of the Washington D.C Area
      • Sykesville
Dana 6:1071.
Dana 6: 1071 +2 other references
  • Missouri
    • Iron County
      • Bixby
Rocks & Min. Mar. 1998
    • Madison County
Sherwood et al. (1998)
    • Reynolds County
      • Ellington
Sherwood et al. (1998)
gsa.confex.com (n.d.)
  • Montana
    • Stillwater County
- (n.d.)
  • New Jersey
    • Sussex County
      • Franklin
Burke (1983) +3 other references
  • Wisconsin
    • Rusk County
      • Ladysmith-Rhinelander Metavolcanic Complex
        • Ladysmith
wgnhs.uwex.edu (n.d.)
  • Wyoming
    • Albany County
      • Lake Owen Complex
5th International Platinum Symposium ...
Zambia
 
  • Central Province
    • Mkushi District
Hendrickson (2013)
  • Copperbelt Province
    • Chililabombwe District
Econ Geol (1986) +2 other references
    • Chingola District
      • Chingola
Cox et al. (2003)
    • Kalulushi District
      • Chambishi
Cox et al. (2003)
Cox et al. (2003)
    • Kitwe District
      • Kitwe
Clemmey (1974) +1 other reference
Kamona et al. (1999)
    • Luanshya District
      • Luanshya
Kamona et al. (1999)
    • Mufulira District
      • Mufulira
Cox et al. (2003)
Zimbabwe
 
  • Mashonaland Central
    • Shamva District
Clutten et al. (1981)
 
Mineral and/or Locality  
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