Olivenite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Olivenite
Formula:
Cu2(AsO4)(OH)
Colour:
Olive green to yellow or brown, gray-green, grayish white; light green in transmitted light.
Lustre:
Sub-Adamantine, Sub-Vitreous, Resinous, Silky, Pearly
Hardness:
3
Specific Gravity:
4.46
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
Originally named arseniksaures kupfererz by Martin Klaproth in 1786 in reference to the chemical composition. Named olivenerz by Abraham G. Werner in 1789 in allusion to its olive-green color. Robert Jameson changed the ending "erz" to "ite" in 1820. Synonyms include: "holzkupfererz" (Bournon, 1801) and "pharmacochalzite" (Hausmann, 1813).
Type Locality:
Olivenite Group. Adamite-Olivenite Series. Libethenite-Olivenite Series.
The copper analogue of Adamite.
May be confused with Zincolivenite which is a chemically and structurally distinct species with a defined ratio of Zn:Cu.
Note: The designations 'Zincolivenite' or 'Zinc-olivenite' were also used for Zn-bearing olivenites with unspecified Zn:Cu ratios prior to the recognition and approval of zincolivenite as a distinct species.
A relatively common, thermodynamically very stable secondary copper mineral found in the oxidized zones of copper deposits containing arsenic-bearing phases, especially Tennantite, Enargite and others.
The copper analogue of Adamite.
May be confused with Zincolivenite which is a chemically and structurally distinct species with a defined ratio of Zn:Cu.
Note: The designations 'Zincolivenite' or 'Zinc-olivenite' were also used for Zn-bearing olivenites with unspecified Zn:Cu ratios prior to the recognition and approval of zincolivenite as a distinct species.
A relatively common, thermodynamically very stable secondary copper mineral found in the oxidized zones of copper deposits containing arsenic-bearing phases, especially Tennantite, Enargite and others.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
2981
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:2981:6
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
52d1ffa9-a799-4c00-9f75-084a1cee4b8a
IMA Classification of Olivenite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
Classification of Olivenite
8.BB.30
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
B : Phosphates, etc., with additional anions, without H2O
B : With only medium-sized cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 about 1:1
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
B : Phosphates, etc., with additional anions, without H2O
B : With only medium-sized cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 about 1:1
41.6.6.1
41 : ANHYDROUS PHOSPHATES, ETC.CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
6 : A2(XO4)Zq
41 : ANHYDROUS PHOSPHATES, ETC.CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
6 : A2(XO4)Zq
20.1.2
20 : Arsenates (also arsenates with phosphate, but without other anions)
1 : Arsenates of Cu
20 : Arsenates (also arsenates with phosphate, but without other anions)
1 : Arsenates of Cu
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMAβCNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Oli | IMAβCNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMAβCNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Pronunciation of Olivenite
Pronunciation:
| Play | Recorded by | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Jolyon Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Olivenite
Sub-Adamantine, Sub-Vitreous, Resinous, Silky, Pearly
Transparency:
Translucent, Opaque
Comment:
Pearly to silky when it is fibrous.
Colour:
Olive green to yellow or brown, gray-green, grayish white; light green in transmitted light.
Comment:
Straw yellow if fibrous.
Streak:
Olive green to brown
Hardness:
3 on Mohs scale
Hardness Data:
Measured
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Poor/Indistinct
Indistinct on {101} and {110}
Indistinct on {101} and {110}
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Conchoidal
Density:
4.46 g/cm3 (Measured) 4.45 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Olivenite
Type:
Biaxial (+/-)
RI values:
nα = 1.747 - 1.780 nβ = 1.788 - 1.820 nγ = 1.829 - 1.865
2V:
Measured: 80° to 90°, Calculated: 46° to 84°
Birefringence:
0.084
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.082 - 0.085
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Very High
Dispersion:
strong r > v or r < v moderate
Optical Extinction:
Y=c
Pleochroism:
Weak
Comments:
In green and yellow.
Absorption Y > X, Z.
Absorption Y > X, Z.
Chemistry of Olivenite
Mindat Formula:
Cu2(AsO4)(OH)
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Fe,P
Crystallography of Olivenite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
P21/m
Cell Parameters:
a = 8.5844(3) Å, b = 8.2084(3) Å, c = 5.9258(2) Å
β = 90.130(3)°
β = 90.130(3)°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 1.046 : 1 : 0.722
Unit Cell V:
417.56 Γ
Β³
Z:
4
Morphology:
Crystals elongated [100]; also short prismatic to acicular [001]; tabular on {011}, {100}, or {001}, less common. Occurs as globular or reniform masses with a fibrous structure with the fibers straight and divergent, rarely irregular; curved lamellar; massive, granular to earthy; nodular.
Twinning:
On {010}
Crystallographic forms of Olivenite
Crystal Atlas:
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Olivenite no.9 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Olivenite no.19 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
3d models and HTML5 code kindly provided by
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0005461 | Olivenite | Burns P C, Hawthorne F C (1995) Rietveld refinement of the crystal structure of olivenite: A twinned monoclinic structure The Canadian Mineralogist 33 885-888 |  | 1995 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0005462 | Olivenite | Burns P C, Hawthorne F C (1995) Rietveld refinement of the crystal structure of olivenite: A twinned monoclinic structure The Canadian Mineralogist 33 885-888 | | 1995 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0009598 | Olivenite | Toman K (1977) The symmetry and crystal structure of olivenite Acta Crystallographica B33 2628-2631 |  | 1977 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0009599 | Olivenite | Toman K (1977) The symmetry and crystal structure of olivenite Acta Crystallographica B33 2628-2631 | | 1977 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0010486 | Olivenite | Li C, Yang H, Downs R T (2008) Redetermination of olivenite from an untwinned single-crystal Acta Crystallographica E64 i60-i61 | | 2008 | Majuba Hill, Pershing County, Nevada, USA | 0 | 293 |
| 0018015 | Olivenite | Heritsch H (1938) Die Struktur des Olivenites Cu2 O H As O4 _cod_database_code 1011121 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 99 466-479 | | 1938 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
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Radiation - Copper Kα
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 5.91 Γ | (70) |
| 4.82 Γ | (90) |
| 4.19 Γ | (60) |
| 2.98 Γ | (100) |
| 2.65 Γ | (60) |
| 2.47 Γ | (70) |
| 2.39 Γ | (70) |
Comments:
Handbook of Mineralogy, v. 4
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47d : [Arsenates, antimonates, selenates, bismuthinates] |
Geological Setting:
Commonly found in the oxidized zone of arsenic-bearing copper deposits.
Type Occurrence of Olivenite
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Oxidized zone of a copper deposit
Synonyms of Olivenite
Other Language Names for Olivenite
Catalan:Olivenita
Dutch:Oliveniet
German:Arseniksaures Kupfererz
Holzkupfererz
Laurochalcit
Olivenit
Olivenkupfer
Pharmacholzit
Pharmacochalcit
Pharmacochalzit
Pharmacolzit
Pharmakochalcit
Pharmakochalzit
Prismatischer Olivenmalachit
Olivenerz (in part)
Holzkupfererz
Laurochalcit
Olivenit
Olivenkupfer
Pharmacholzit
Pharmacochalcit
Pharmacochalzit
Pharmacolzit
Pharmakochalcit
Pharmakochalzit
Prismatischer Olivenmalachit
Olivenerz (in part)
Italian:Olivenite
Polish:Olivenit
Portuguese:Olivenite
Russian:ΠΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
Simplified Chinese:ζ©ζ¦ιηΏ
Slovak:Olivenit
Spanish:Laurochalcita
Olivenita
Olivenita
Traditional Chinese:ζ©ζ¬ι
瀦
Varieties of Olivenite
| Cobalt-bearing Olivenite | |
| Leucochalcite | Fibrous white variety of olivenite. |
| Wood Copper | A variety of olivenite showing a massive, fibrous structure, resembling wood. See also Wood Tin. |
| Zinc-bearing Olivenite | Zinc-bearing olivenite compositionally falling short of the cation-ordered, intermediate member of the Adamite-Olivenite Series, Zincolivenite. See also Adamite-Olivenite Series. |
Relationship of Olivenite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
| Adamite | Zn2(AsO4)(OH) | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnnm |
| Auriacusite | Fe3+Cu2+(AsO4)O | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnnm |
| Eveite | Mn2+2(AsO4)(OH) | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnnm |
| Libethenite | Cu2(PO4)(OH) | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnnm |
| Unnamed (Sb-analogue of Auriacusite) | Fe3+Cu2+[(Sb,As)O4]O | |
| Zincolibethenite | CuZn(PO4)(OH) | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnnm |
| Zincolivenite | CuZn(AsO4)(OH) | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnnm |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 323 photos of Olivenite associated with Azurite | Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| 246 photos of Olivenite associated with Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| 225 photos of Olivenite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 196 photos of Olivenite associated with Cornwallite | Cu5(AsO4)2(OH)4 |
| 165 photos of Olivenite associated with Conichalcite | CaCu(AsO4)(OH) |
| 95 photos of Olivenite associated with Baryte | BaSO4 |
| 87 photos of Olivenite associated with Clinoclase | Cu3(AsO4)(OH)3 |
| 63 photos of Olivenite associated with Cornubite | Cu5(AsO4)2(OH)4 |
| 62 photos of Olivenite associated with Bariopharmacosiderite | Ba0.5Fe3+4(AsO4)3(OH)4 Β· 5H2O |
| 61 photos of Olivenite associated with Pharmacosiderite | KFe3+4(AsO4)3(OH)4 Β· 6-7H2O |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 8.BB. | Tilasite | CaMg(AsO4)F |
| 8.BB.X | Arsenowagnerite | Mg2(AsO4)F |
| 8.BB. | Moabite | NiFe3+(PO4)O |
| 8.BB. | Karlditmarite | Cu9O4(PO4)2(SO4)2 |
| 8.BB. | Milkovoite | Cu4O(PO4)(AsO4) |
| 8.BB. | Paulgrothite | Cu9Fe3+O4(PO4)4Cl3 |
| 8.BB.05 | Amblygonite | LiAl(PO4)F |
| 8.BB.05 | Montebrasite | LiAl(PO4)(OH) |
| 8.BB.05 | Tavorite | LiFe3+(PO4)(OH) |
| 8.BB.10 | Triplite | Mn2+2(PO4)F |
| 8.BB.10 | Zwieselite | Fe2+2(PO4)F |
| 8.BB.15 | Sarkinite | Mn2+2(AsO4)(OH) |
| 8.BB.15 | Triploidite | Mn2+2(PO4)(OH) |
| 8.BB.15 | Wagnerite | (Mg,Fe2+)2(PO4)F |
| 8.BB.15 | Wolfeite | Fe2+2(PO4)(OH) |
| 8.BB.15 | StanΔkite | (Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)Fe3+(PO4)O |
| 8.BB.15 | Joosteite | Mn2+(Mn3+,Fe3+)(PO4)O |
| 8.BB.15 | Hydroxylwagnerite | Mg2(PO4)(OH) |
| 8.BB.15 | Unnamed (Sb-analogue of Auriacusite) | Fe3+Cu2+[(Sb,As)O4]O |
| 8.BB.20 | Holtedahlite | Mg2(PO4)(OH) |
| 8.BB.20 | Satterlyite | (Fe2+,Mg,Fe)12(PO4)5(PO3OH)(OH,O)6 |
| 8.BB.25 | Althausite | Mg4(PO4)2(OH,O)(F,β») |
| 8.BB.30 | Adamite | Zn2(AsO4)(OH) |
| 8.BB.30 | Eveite | Mn2+2(AsO4)(OH) |
| 8.BB.30 | Libethenite | Cu2(PO4)(OH) |
| 8.BB.30 | Zincolibethenite | CuZn(PO4)(OH) |
| 8.BB.30 | Zincolivenite | CuZn(AsO4)(OH) |
| 8.BB.30 | Auriacusite | Fe3+Cu2+(AsO4)O |
| 8.BB.35 | Paradamite | Zn2(AsO4)(OH) |
| 8.BB.35 | Tarbuttite | Zn2(PO4)(OH) |
| 8.BB.40 | Barbosalite | Fe2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
| 8.BB.40 | Hentschelite | CuFe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
| 8.BB.40 | Lazulite | MgAl2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
| 8.BB.40 | Scorzalite | Fe2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
| 8.BB.40 | Wilhelmkleinite | ZnFe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 |
| 8.BB.45 | Trolleite | Al4(PO4)3(OH)3 |
| 8.BB.45 | Yaroshevskite | Cu9O2(VO4)4Cl2 |
| 8.BB.45 | Dokuchaevite | Cu8O2(VO4)3Cl3 |
| 8.BB.50 | Namibite | Cu(BiO)2(VO4)(OH) |
| 8.BB.50 | Aleutite | [Cu5O2](AsO4)(VO4) Β· (Cu,K,Pb,Rb,Cs,)Cl |
| 8.BB.52a | Ericlaxmanite | Cu4O(AsO4)2 |
| 8.BB.52b | Kozyrevskite | Cu4O(AsO4)2 |
| 8.BB.55 | Phosphoellenbergerite | (Mg,β»)2Mg12(PO4,PO3OH)6(PO3OH,CO3)2(OH)6 |
| 8.BB.55 | Popovite | Cu5O2(AsO4)2 |
| 8.BB.60 | Urusovite | CuAl(AsO4)O |
| 8.BB.65 | Theoparacelsite | Cu3(As2O7)(OH)2 |
| 8.BB.70 | Turanite | Cu5(VO4)2(OH)4 |
| 8.BB.75 | Stoiberite | Cu5(VO4)2O2 |
| 8.BB.80 | Fingerite | Cu11(VO4)6O2 |
| 8.BB.85 | Averievite | Cu6(VO4)2O2Cl2 |
| 8.BB.90 | Lipscombite | Fe2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
| 8.BB.90 | Richellite | CaFe3+2(PO4)2(OH,F)2 |
| 8.BB.90 | Zinclipscombite | ZnFe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
Fluorescence of Olivenite
Not fluorescent in UV
Other Information
Notes:
Soluble in acids and in ammonia.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Olivenite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-2981.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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External Links:
References for Olivenite
Reference List:
Richard Kirwan (1794) Elements of Mineralogy - second edition Vol. 1. P. Elmsly, The Strand.p.151 - as Olive Copper Ore
Thomson, T. (1836) Outlines of Mineralogy, Geology, and Mineral Analysis. 2 volumes, London: 1: 614.
Larsen, Esper S. (1921) The microscopic determination of the nonopaque minerals. Bulletin Vol. 679. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/b679 p.116
Jarrell, O. W. (1939) Marshite and other minerals from Chuquicamata, Chile. American Mineralogist, 24 (10) 629-635 p.632
Richmond, Wallace E. (1940) Crystal chemistry of the phosphates, arsenates and vanadates of the type A2XO4(Z) American Mineralogist, 25 (7) 441-479 p.453
Berry, L. G. (1951) Observations on conichalcite, cornwallite, euchroite, liroconite and olivenite. American Mineralogist, 36 (5-6) 484-503
Toman, K. (1978) Ordering in oliveniteβadamite solid solutions. Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry, 34 (3) 715-721 doi:10.1107/s0567740878003933
Braithwaite, R. S. W. (1983) Infrared spectroscopic analysis of the olivenite-adamite series, and of phosphate substitution in olivenite. Mineralogical Magazine, 47 (342) 51-57 doi:10.1180/minmag.1983.047.342.09
Chisholm, J. E. (1985) Cation segregation and the O-H stretching vibration of the olivenite-adamite series. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 12 (3) 185-190 doi:10.1007/bf00308212
Frost, Ray L., Martens, Wayde N., Williams, Peter A. (2002) Raman spectroscopy of the phase-related basic copper arsenate minerals olivenite, cornwallite, cornubite and clinoclase. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 33 (6). 475-484 doi:10.1002/jrs.880
Martens, Wayde N., Frost, Ray L., Kloprogge, J. Theo, Williams, Peter A. (2003) The basic copper arsenate minerals olivenite, cornubite, cornwallite, and clinoclase: An infrared emission and Raman spectroscopic study. American Mineralogist, 88 (4) 501-508 doi:10.2138/am-2003-0404
Majzlan, Juraj, Zittlau, Arne H., Grevel, Klaus-Dieter, Schliesser, Jacob, Woodfield, Brian F., Dachs, Edgar, Ε tevko, Martin, Chovan, Martin, PlΓ‘Ε‘il, Jakub, Sejkora, JiΕΓ, MilovskΓ‘, Stanislava (2015) Thermodynamic Properties and Phase Equilibria of the Secondary Copper Minerals Libethenite, Olivenite, Pseudomalachite, KrΓΆhnkite, Cyanochroite, and Devilline. The Canadian Mineralogist, 53 (5) 937-960 doi:10.3749/canmin.1400066
Tarantino, Serena C., Zema, Michele, Callegari, Athos M., Boiocchi, Massimo, Carpenter, Michael A. (2018) Monoclinic-to-orthorhombic phase transition in Cu2(AsO4)(OH) olivenite at high temperature: strain and mode decomposition analyses. Mineralogical Magazine, 82 (2) 347-365 doi:10.1180/minmag.2017.081.048
Majzlan, Juraj, Mathur, Ryan, MilovskΓ½, Rastislav, MilovskΓ‘, Stanislava (2022) Isotopic exchange of oxygen, sulfur, hydrogen and copper between aqueous phase and the copper minerals brochantite, libethenite and olivenite. Mineralogical Magazine, 86 (4) 644-651 doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.77
Localities for Olivenite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
β - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| Milka K. de Brodtkorb (2002) |
| RaΓΊl Jorge Tauber Larry |
| Brodtkorb (2006) |
| American Mineralogist (1982) +2 other references |
Australia | |
| Ashley et al. (1999) |
| Uwe Kolitsch SXRD analysis (to be published) |
| Leverett et al. (2003) |
| Birch et al. (1997) |
| Birch et al. (1997) |
| Martins da Pedra collection |
| Day et al. (1996) |
| Crane et al. (2001) +2 other references |
| Day +3 other references |
| Haupt |
| |
| Peter Keller Collection | |
| Hodkinson et al. (1989) | |
| |
| Muller (1972) +1 other reference |
| Bosworth |
| XRD confirmed at Museum of South ... |
| Collection of RJ Martin |
| Catalog of Sount Australian Minerals-1983 ("reported from the Spring Creek mine") |
| Noble et al. (1983) |
| Kolitsch et al. (1999) |
| Vera Munro-Smith (2006) |
| brokenhillmineralclub.wikispaces.com (2010) |
| Bottrill |
| Nickel et al. (1993) |
| Min. Record 24 (1993) | |
| Australian J. Mineralogy 13 (1) | |
| Min. Record 24 (1993) | |
| Grice et al. (1991) | |
| Min. Record 24 (1993) | |
| Clissold (2007) |
| Downes et al. (2006) |
| Western Mail Newspaper (Perth) +1 other reference |
| Government Chemical Laboratories. In: ... +1 other reference |
Austria | |
| Puttner (1996) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Putz (2004) |
| Kirchner et al. (2004) |
| R.Poeverlein (2016) |
| R.Poeverlein (2016) | |
| R.Poeverlein (2016) | |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| R.Poeverlein (2016) | |
| Poeverlein (2008) | |
| C.Auer (2014) |
| Postl (1981) +1 other reference |
| Auer (2022) |
| 54. +1 other reference |
| C.Auer (2013) |
| Schnorrer et al. (2002) |
| Poeverlein et al. (2007) | |
| Exel (1993) | |
| Lapis 19 (7/8) | |
| C.Auer (2013) | |
| C.Auer (2013) | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2018) |
| 54 (in German) +1 other reference |
| 54 (in German) +1 other reference | |
| 58. +1 other reference |
| C.Auer (2015) |
| C.Auer (2015) | |
| Arlt et al. (1994) |
| Kolitsch (2014) |
| Kolitsch (2014) |
Belgium | |
| Schnorrer-KΓΆhler (1988) |
Bolivia | |
| Federico Ahlfeld y Jorge MuΓ±oz Reyes (1955) |
Brazil | |
| Lapis 32 (12) +1 other reference |
| Menezes (n.d.) |
| sergio varvello collectino | |
Bulgaria | |
| Mincheva-Stefanova (1968) |
| Minceva-Stefanova (2001) |
| Minceva-Stefanova (2001) |
| Minceva-Stefanova (2001) | |
| Minceva-Stefanova (2001) | |
Chile | |
| Uwe Kolitsch collection (XRD-analysed) |
| X-ray diffraction probed [Uwe Kolitsch] |
| OndruΕ‘ et al. (2006) | |
| V. Sapienza collection | |
| Anthony et al. (2000) | |
| Jarrell (1939) +1 other reference |
| maurizio dini collection - analysed ... |
| SEM-EDS by Joy Desor and Gerhard MΓΆhn |
| T. Kampf analysis |
| collected and analysed by french ... |
| collected and analysed by french ... |
| Various EDS and PXRD analyses. |
| Samples analysed by Tony Kampf of LAC ... +2 other references |
| Specimen collected by Bob Jenkins. In ... | |
| maurizio dini collection - quantitative ... | |
| maurizio dini collection - analysed ... |
| Samples analysed by Dr. Jochen Schluter |
| Samples analysed by Dr. Jochen Schluter |
| Maurizio Dini collection |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| maurizio dini collection - analysed ... |
China | |
| Lairen Lai and Yi Li (1988) +1 other reference |
| Hercule Shen |
| Hercule Shen | |
Czech Republic | |
| Č +5 other references |
| Lapis 2002 (7/8) |
| Lapis 2002 (7/8) | |
| Philipsburgite from KrΓ‘sno near HornΓ Slavkov (Czech Republic) +3 other references |
| Petr PauliΕ‘ (2000) +1 other reference |
| Sejkora et al. (2007) |
| Sejkora et al. (2015) |
| Sejkora (1994) |
| |
DR Congo | |
| GΓ©camines (1977) |
Ecuador | |
| Samuel MΓ‘cias Collection |
Europe | |
| Jansa et al. (Č) +4 other references |
France | |
| Coueille (1988) |
| Favreau G. et al. (1996) |
| Yves Mourey Collection |
| MOUREY Y. (2017) | |
| OLLIC Pascal Collection | |
| Wittern et al. (Cologne) |
| Th Brunsperger collection |
| P&T NΒ°23-24 et al. (Haut-Rhin) |
| T. Brunsperger collection |
| Th Brunsperger collection | |
| P&T NΒ°23-24 et al. (Haut-Rhin) +1 other reference | |
| Wittern | |
| Wittern |
| Wittern et al. (Cologne) |
| MinΓ©raux et mines du massif Vosgien |
| Wittern et al. (Cologne) | |
| Escande et al. (1973) +6 other references |
| Escande et al. (1973) +6 other references | |
| Hatert et al. (2020) |
| Club Eymoutiers MinΓ©raux (2003) |
| Berbain et al. (2000) |
| Forner et al. (1997) |
| PΓ©lisson et al. (1987) |
| Boisson et al. (2018) |
| Les Anciennes mines de Padern - Montgaillard ( Aude ) |
| BERBAIN Ch. et al. (2006) | |
| www.zampano.com (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Favreau et al. (2010) |
| Queneau (n.d.) | |
| Inventaire MinΓ©ralogique de la France ... |
| Chollet Pascal Collection |
| Caubel (1997) |
| collection bernard bouissac/antoine ... |
| erbain +2 other references |
| Berbain et al. (2005) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| François Garric collection |
| R.Pauvert |
| Mari et al. (1997) |
| Mineralogical Record 32: 312. +5 other references | |
| Jean-Marie Claude collection +4 other references |
| Jean-Marie Claude collection | |
| Pierre Monniot specimen | |
Germany | |
| WeiΓ (1990) |
| Gruber (2000) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| WeiΓ (1990) |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (2021) |
| Walenta (1992) | |
| [Wittern (1995) |
| |
| Schrenk (2000) |
| Walenta et al. (1984) +1 other reference |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| https://www.mineralienatlas.de/?l=53526 |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| |
| |
| Walenta (1992) |
| |
| Walenta (1992) | |
| [Lapis 1992 |
| Walenta (1992) | |
| |
| Walenta (1992) |
| |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| Lapis (2) |
| WeiΓ (1990) |
| Dana 6: 140 +1 other reference |
| Hock et al. (1992) |
| 54. +1 other reference |
| Schwarzmeier (2015) +2 other references |
| Collection of Steffen Michalski |
| Lapis 25 (2) | |
| Belendorff et al. (1987) | |
| Collection of Steffen Michalski | |
| Emser Hefte 1988 (1) +1 other reference |
| Legner et al. (2022) |
| WeiΓ (1990) |
| Schnorrer-KΓΆhler (1988) +1 other reference | |
| Schnorrer-KΓΆhler (1988) |
| J. GrΓΆbner: Neufunde aus den Bergbaurevieren St. Andreasberg et al. (2007) |
| |
| |
| J. GrΓΆbner: Neufunde aus den Bergbaurevieren St. Andreasberg et al. (2007) |
| Schnorrer (1995) +1 other reference |
| WeiΓ (1990) |
| Schnorrer-KΓΆhler (1984) |
| WeiΓ (1990) | |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Schnorrer-KΓΆhler (1986) +1 other reference |
| Mineralien-Welt 19 (1) |
| Henrich et al. (2019) |
| Der Aufschluss 2000 (2) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Henrich (2009) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Heinrich et al. (2011) |
| WeiΓ (1990) |
| Graf et al. (1992) |
| BlaΓ et al. (1995) |
| WeiΓ (1990) |
| WeiΓ (1990) |
| Schnorrer-KΓΆhler (1988) |
| Lapis 1988 (1) |
| Marcus Voigt Collection +1 other reference |
| Wittern (2001) |
| WeiΓ (1990) |
| Lapis (5) |
| Lapis (5) | |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| Markl et al. (1990) |
| Lapis (9) |
| Weiss: "Mineralienfundstellen et al. (Munich) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Der Aufschluss Vol.55 |
| 58 (in German) +1 other reference |
| WeiΓ (1990) |
| Massanek et al. (2005) |
| Lapis (4) |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (2016) |
| Hajek (2010) |
| Kleeberg et al. (1992) |
| www.dergraul.de (2001) | |
| www.dergraul.de (2001) | |
| www.dergraul.de (2001) | |
| Massanek et al. (2005) |
| Effenberger et al. (2000) | |
| Massanek et al. (2005) | |
| Martin et al. (2001) |
| Lapis (2008) |
| Massanek et al. (2005) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| GrΓΆbner et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
| GrΓΆbner et al. (2008) |
| T. Witzke & F. RΓΌger: Lapis 1998 (7/8) | |
| Wittern (2001) |
Greece | |
| Chollet Pascal photo |
| Rieck et al. (1999) |
| Chukanov et al. (2007) | |
| LAPIS 24 (7/8) +1 other reference | |
| Heymann (1982) | |
| 62 +2 other references |
| Wendel (2000) +1 other reference | |
| Ko Jansen |
| 42. +1 other reference | |
Hungary | |
| |
| SzakΓ‘ll: Minerals of RudabΓ‘nya |
| SzakΓ‘ll: Minerals of RudabΓ‘nya | |
| SzakΓ‘ll: Minerals of RudabΓ‘nya | |
| SzakΓ‘ll: Minerals of RudabΓ‘nya | |
| SzakΓ‘ll-Gatter-Szendrei: Mineral ... |
| Mineral Species of Hungary |
Ireland | |
| |
| Ixer |
| S. MORETON et al. (1999) | |
Italy | |
| Bortolozzi et al. (2017) |
| Bortolozzi et al. (2015) |
| Pagano et al. (2001) |
| Redazionale (2005) | |
| Redazione (2005) |
| Balestra (2016) |
| Palenzona et al. (2002) |
| Vergani et al. (2020) |
| Carmagnola et al. (2019) |
| Vergani et al. (2020) |
| Bedognè +2 other references |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Boscardin M. et al. (1994) |
| RD+EDS by Franco Demartin and Italo Campostrini (Milano University) +2 other references |
| Guastoni A. et al. (2006) +2 other references | |
| Fernando Caboni et al. (2023) |
| EDX analysis by Italo Campostrini |
| Stara et al. (1996) | |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Brizzi G. et al. (1989) | |
| Stara et al. (1996) | |
| Fernando Caboni et al. (2024) | |
| Fernando Caboni et al. (2024) | |
| Ruggieri et al. (1) | |
| Ruggieri et al. (1) | |
| Brizzi et al. (1994) |
| Stara et al. (1996) | |
| Stara et al. (1993) |
| Rivista Mineralogica Italiana 4/1992-"I minerali del giacimento di Monte Tamara (Nuxis) |
| Campostrini et al. (1999) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Raman Spectroscopy |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Paolo Gasparetto et al. (2014) |
| Fabio Tosato +3 other references |
| Ferretti et al. (2019) |
| Sabelli C. et al. (GR) |
| Int. Assoc. of Collectors of Slag Minerals (2) |
| Published on LIBVRNA NΒ°1 may 2021. Analysed by Spectralab srl (SEM/EDS and Raman) |
| Cerutti et al. (1995) |
| Orlandi et al. (2009) |
| Orlandi et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
| βStudi e Ricercheβ Volume n. 26 +5 other references |
Japan | |
| Minerals in Japan (Field Best Encyclopedia V. 15, 2003) |
| Masutomi Museum specimens |
| Akira Kato (2009) |
| Okamoto collection (curated at the Geological Survey museum, Japan) +1 other reference |
| Nagashima et al. (2021) | |
| Nagashima et al. (2021) | |
Kyrgyzstan | |
| Kolesar et al. (1993) |
| Kolesar et al. (1993) | |
Mexico | |
| |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Jean des Rivieres |
| Jones et al. (2021) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Larson (2001) |
Morocco | |
| Jahn et al. (2003) |
| Favreau et al. (2006) |
| Georges Favreau collection |
| Georges FAVREAU collection + EDS | |
| JP Barral collection | |
| Georges Favreau collection | |
| Favreau et al. (2006) |
| Favreau et al. (2006) |
| Collection and Collected by (Font Philippe) |
| Favreau et al. (2006) |
| Georges Favreau collection |
| Barral (2023) | |
| Georges Favreau collection |
| Fabre (n.d.) |
| De Ascenção Guedes et al. (2015) | |
Namibia | |
| Bezing et al. (2007) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Ettler et al. (2009) | |
Norway | |
| Kjærnet (2000) |
Papua New Guinea | |
| Davies |
Poland | |
| Domań +2 other references |
| Mochnacka et al. (2012) | |
| Siuda R. et al. (Rudawy Janowickie Mts., Sudetes, Poland) |
| J. Kornaga collection |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Wieser et al. (1986) |
Portugal | |
| Marques de SΓ‘ et al. (2010) |
| |
| Artur Neves and Pedro Alves collections |
| Alves (n.d.) | |
| Alves et al. (2017) |
| Pedro Alves collection and analytical ... | |
| Rui Nunes collection |
| Martins da Pedra collection | |
| IST Lisbon collection |
| Rui Nunes September 2008 (from Christian Rewitzer) |
| Pedro Alves collection and analytical ... |
Russia | |
| Cook (2007) |
| Yarosh et al. (1955) +1 other reference | |
Slovakia | |
| Martin Ε tevko |
| Ε tevko et al. (2021) | |
| Kodě +3 other references | |
| KodΔra (1986) |
| Ε tevko M. | |
| PauliΕ‘ (1977) |
| Ε tevko M. (2022) |
| Sejkora J. |
| Ε tevko M. (2022) | |
| KodΔra (1986) |
South Africa | |
| Atanasova et al. (2016) |
| Robert O. Meyer collection +1 other reference |
| King et al. (1989) +1 other reference | |
| Cook et al. (2008) | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Jacko Schonken collection photo ID ... | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| SAMS (South African Micromount Society) |
| Species list by Dr. Hans BΓΆrner |
Spain | |
| Ko Jansen |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) | |
| Pesudo Verde Collection |
| VIΓALS et al. (2004) |
| Ko Jansen |
| gr-mulhacen.foroactivo.com (2021) |
| A. Arribas et al. (2005) |
| Calvo (2015) |
| G. Leal et al. (2005) | |
| Rewitzer et al. (part2) |
| JosΓ© Miguel Sola | |
| Jose Miguel Sola collection |
| Calvo (2015) |
| Schnorrer (2000) |
| J. GrΓΆbner and M. A. FernΓ‘ndez PΓ©riz (2006) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) |
| Calvo (2008) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) | |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) | |
| Calvo (2008) |
| A. Paniagua et al. |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) |
| Cesar Menor Salvan |
| J. GrΓΆbner und B. Sainz de Barranda (1999) | |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) |
| Joan Rosell |
| Joan Abella i Creus and Joan ViΓ±als i OliΓ (2012) |
| |
| Joan Abella i Creus (2008) |
| Jimenez R. et al. (2004) |
| PXRD by Dr Anthony Kampf |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Calvo (2015) | |
| MinRec-2003-0708-315 |
| Sainz de Baranda et al. (2003) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2006) | |
| Casanova Honrubia |
| J.C. Tarin collection |
| CASANOVA HONRUBIA | |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) |
| Casanova Honrubia |
| Juan Miguel Casanova |
| issuu.com (n.d.) +2 other references |
| Collection and photos of Adrian Pesudo | |
| Casanova Honrubia |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Meisser (1999) |
| Meisser (1999) | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| 29-56. +1 other reference | |
| GrΓΆbner (2014) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Cuchet et al. (2012) |
| Cuchet et al. (2019) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| |
| Cuchet et al. (2002) |
Taiwan | |
| James K.C.Huang Collection |
UK | |
| |
| Bernie Millington Collection |
| Hall (1868) +1 other reference | |
| Richard de Nul collection +1 other reference | |
| Mineralogical Magazine 1982 46 : 402-403 +1 other reference |
| Hall (1868) +3 other references |
| Mike Merry |
| Phillips (1823) +1 other reference | |
| Phillips (1823) +2 other references |
| Lapis 11 (2) |
| Golley et al. (1995) | |
| Embrey et al. (1987) | |
| Lapis 11 (2) | |
| Phillips (1823) +2 other references | |
| Hill et al. (1906) |
| Hall (1868) +1 other reference |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Ansermet S. (2007) +1 other reference |
| Hall (1868) +2 other references |
| Hall (1868) +2 other references |
| Day (1999) |
| Rollinson et al. (2017) |
| Sorrell (n.d.) |
| Virginia Maine |
| Robin Selley and Roger Eslick (2004) |
| Phillips (1823) +4 other references | |
| Phillips (1823) +1 other reference | |
| Phillips (1823) |
| |
| Steve Rust collection +1 other reference | |
| Phillips (1823) | |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Dines (1956) +1 other reference |
| Collins (1876) |
| Collection Richard De Nul |
| Smyth et al. (1864) +2 other references |
| Day (1999) |
| Kingsbury et al. (MS) +4 other references |
| Kingsbury (xxxx) +3 other references | |
| - (2006) | |
| Kingsbury et al. (MS) +2 other references |
| Kendall (1884) +1 other reference |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
| Cooper et al. (1990) +1 other reference | |
| Hall (1868) |
| |
| Kingsbury et al. (MS) +3 other references |
| Greg et al. (1858) |
| Hubbard et al. (2005) |
| Minerals of Britian and Ireland |
| |
| Wolfe (2000) +1 other reference |
USA | |
| Ron Layton self collected |
| Raman +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Bruce J. Murphy collection +1 other reference | |
| Leicht (1971) +1 other reference |
| Kiersch (1949) +2 other references |
| Jones (1980) +1 other reference |
| Merritt Stephen Enders (2000) |
| Thomas et al. (1983) +1 other reference |
| Galbraith (1959) +1 other reference |
| Wilson et al. (1950) +2 other references |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 321. +1 other reference |
| Mineralogical Record (1975) |
| Adams (2017) |
| MarekC pers. coll. 2017-2018 |
| Kampf et al. (2018) |
| MarekC pers. coll. 2017-2018 | |
| [Mineralien Welt 1/93:44] |
| Mineralogical Record 24: 381 |
| Rocks & Minerals: Sept |
| |
| Ream (1995) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Waisman (1992) +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| USGS: MRDS record M242230 | |
| Rocks & Minerals. Nov. 1999. |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Dr. William S. Wise presentation to ... +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| K. Starnes | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) +1 other reference | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Rocks & Minerals. Nov. 1999. +1 other reference | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Ameican Mineralogist +2 other references |
| - (n.d.) | |
| - (n.d.) | |
| Rocks & Minerals. Nov. 1999. |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Lasky (1947) +1 other reference |
| R&M 77:5 p298-305 |
| Eckhard Stuart +1 other reference |
| Walstrom (n.d.) | |
| R&M 71:1 p66-68 |
| Walstrom (n.d.) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Kenney Gay - North Carolina Geological ... | |
| Genth |
| Smith and Hioff (1984) |
| Dana 6: 1088 +3 other references |
| Roberts et al. (1997) |
| Dana 6:1092 & A3:45 +1 other reference | |
| Dana (1892) +2 other references |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference | |
| Rocks & Minerals: 63: 130. +3 other references | |
| Thorne (n.d.) | |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| R&M 68:6 p372-380 +1 other reference |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Kokinos et al. (1993) |
| Thorne (n.d.) | |
| Patrick Haynes. ID's via Tony Kampf | |
| Thorne (n.d.) | |
| Kokinos et al. (1993) | |
| 3 +3 other references | |
| Kokinos et al. (1993) | |
| King (n.d.) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Thorne (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Bullock (1981) |
| SEM EDS confirmed by Rob Bowell. | |
| Collection of Alex Earl |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
Zimbabwe | |
| Vetter et al. (1999) +1 other reference |
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Clara Mine, Oberwolfach, Ortenaukreis, Freiburg Region, Baden-WΓΌrttemberg, Germany