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Lead

A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered

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Photos of Lead (183)

Lead Gallery Search Photos of Lead

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Lead

Långban Mine, Långban Ore District, Filipstad, Värmland County, Sweden

Lead, etc.

Franklin Mine, Franklin, Sussex County, New Jersey, USA

Lead

Långban Mine, Långban Ore District, Filipstad, Värmland County, Sweden

Lead

Långban Mine, Långban Ore District, Filipstad, Värmland County, Sweden

Lead, etc.

Franklin Mine, Franklin, Sussex County, New Jersey, USA

Lead

Långban Mine, Långban Ore District, Filipstad, Värmland County, Sweden

Lead

Långban Mine, Långban Ore District, Filipstad, Värmland County, Sweden

Lead, etc.

Franklin Mine, Franklin, Sussex County, New Jersey, USA

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About LeadHide

Formula:

Colour:

Grey, but often coated with white hydrocerussite or related phases

Lustre:

Metallic

Hardness:

1½

Specific Gravity:

11.37

Crystal System:

Isometric

Member of:

Nickel Group

Name:

Named plumbum nigrum by Pliny the Elder, but the name was for the chemical element and not a mineral. Native lead was probably first discovered in the Långban District in the late nineteenth century and was named for the chemical element.

Native lead is rare; lead is far more commonly found and mined as the lead sulphide mineral galena. The Romans named the refined metal 'plumbum' and used it for pipes in plumbing. Its major use today is in lead-acid batteries and for radiation shields. It is also a constituent of low-melting alloys. Native lead is somewhat ductile and very malleable.

Unique IdentifiersHide

Mindat ID:

2358

Long-form identifier:

mindat:1:1:2358:6

GUID
(UUID V4):

2162f4f9-e522-4d38-a6ab-8fc25d2bffa4

IMA Classification of LeadHide

IMA status:

Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)

Classification of LeadHide

Strunz-mindat (2024):

1.AA.05

1 : ELEMENTS (Metals and intermetallic alloys; metalloids and nonmetals; carbides, silicides, nitrides, phosphides)
A : Metals and Intermetallic Alloys
A : Copper-cupalite family

Dana 7th ed.:

1.1.21.1

Dana 8th ed.:

1.1.1.4

1 : NATIVE ELEMENTS AND ALLOYS
1 : Metals, other than the Platinum Group

Hey's CIM Ref.:

1.30

1 : Elements and Alloys (including the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au)

Mineral SymbolsHide

As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.

Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.

Symbol	Source	Reference
Pb	IMA–CNMNC	Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43
Pb	Whitney & Evans (2010)	Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371

Physical Properties of LeadHide

Lustre:

Metallic

Transparency:

Opaque

Colour:

Grey, but often coated with white hydrocerussite or related phases

Streak:

grey

Hardness:

1½ on Mohs scale

Hardness Data:

Measured

Tenacity:

Malleable

Cleavage:

None Observed
none, malleable

Fracture:

Hackly

Density:

11.37 g/cm³ (Measured) 11.341 g/cm³ (Calculated)

Optical Data of LeadHide

Reflectivity:

Wavelength	R
400nm	68.7%
440nm	69.4%
480nm	69.6%
520nm	69.8%
560nm	69.3%
600nm	69.1%
640nm	69.3%
680nm	69.5%
700nm	69.6%

Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Top of box is 100%. Peak reflectance is 69.8%.

Internal Reflections:

none

Pleochroism:

Non-pleochroic

Chemistry of LeadHide

Mindat Formula:

Elements listed:

Pb - search for minerals with similar chemistry

Crystallography of LeadHide

Crystal System:

Isometric

Class (H-M):

m3m (4/m 3 2/m) - Hexoctahedral

Space Group:

Fm3m

Cell Parameters:

a = 4.9506 Å

Unit Cell V:

121.33 Å³ (Calculated from Unit Cell)

Morphology:

Commonly as rounded masses and plates up to 60kg. Also wiry and dendritic forms. Octahedral, cubic and dodecahedral crystals up to 6 cm in size are rare.

Twinning:

Herring bone twins at 60 degrees {111}

Crystallographic forms of LeadHide

Crystal Atlas:

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Lead no.1 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)

Lead no.5 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)

Crystal StructureHide

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Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4

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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure

ID	Species	Reference	Year	Locality	Temp (K)
0011154	Lead	Wyckoff R W G (1963) Second edition. Interscience Publishers, New York, New York Cubic closest packed, ccp, structure Crystal Structures 1 7-83	1963		293
0012874	Lead	Straumanis M E (1949) The precision determination of lattice constants by the powder and rotation crystal methods and applications Journal of Applied Physics 20 726-734	1949	synthetic	298
0014949	Lead	Owen E A, Yates E L (1933) Precision measurements of crystal parameters Philosophical Magazine 15 472-488	1933	synthetic	291
0015134	Lead	Davey W P (1925) Lattice constants of twelve common metals Physical Review 25 753-761	1925	synthetic	293
0018014	Lead	Davey W (1925) Precission measurements of the lattices of 12 simple metals _cod_database_code 1011119 Physical Review 25 753-761	1925		293

CIF Raw Data - click here to close

data_global
_chemical_name_mineral 'Lead'
loop_
_publ_author_name
'Wyckoff R W G'
_journal_name_full 'Crystal Structures'
_journal_volume 1 
_journal_year 1963
_journal_page_first 7
_journal_page_last 83
_publ_section_title
;
 Second edition. Interscience Publishers, New York, New York
 Cubic closest packed, ccp, structure
;
_database_code_amcsd 0011154
_chemical_formula_sum 'Pb'
_cell_length_a 4.9505
_cell_length_b 4.9505
_cell_length_c 4.9505
_cell_angle_alpha 90
_cell_angle_beta 90
_cell_angle_gamma 90
_cell_volume 121.324
_exptl_crystal_density_diffrn     11.344
_symmetry_space_group_name_H-M 'F m 3 m'
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loop_
_atom_site_label
_atom_site_fract_x
_atom_site_fract_y
_atom_site_fract_z
Pb   0.00000   0.00000   0.00000

X-Ray Powder DiffractionHide

Powder Diffraction Data:

d-spacing	Intensity
2.855 Å	(100)
2.475 Å	(50)
1.493 Å	(32)
1.750 Å	(31)
1.1359 Å	(10)
1.429 Å	(9)
0.8369 Å	(9)

Comments:

Synthetic

Geological EnvironmentHide

Paragenetic Mode(s):

Paragenetic Mode	Earliest Age (Ga)
Near-surface Processes
26 : Hadean detrital minerals
29 : Lightning-generated minerals
High-𝑇 alteration and/or metamorphism
33 : Minerals deposited by hydrothermal metal-rich fluids (see also [#12])
Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks	>3.0
36 : Carbonatites, kimberlites, and related igneous rocks
Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics	<3.5-2.5
38 : Ophiolites
Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event	<2.4
47h : [Near-surface oxidized, dehydrated minerals]
Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere	<0.6
50 : Coal and/or oil shale minerals	<0.36
53 : Other minerals with taphonomic origins	<0.4
Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals	<10 Ka
54 : Coal and other mine fire minerals (see also #51 and #56)

Geological Setting:

hydrothermal; also in placers, authigenic, replacing tree roots.

Synonyms of LeadHide

Aabam

Load

Native Lead

Other Language Names for LeadHide

Afrikaans:Lood

Arabic:رصاص

Armenian:Կապար

Azeri:Qurğuşun

Basque:Berun

Belarusian:Свінец

Bengali:সীসা

Bosnian:Olovo

Catalan:Plom

Chuvash:Хура тăхлан

Corsican:Piombu

Croatian:Olovo

Czech:Olovo

Danish:Bly

Dutch:Lood

Esperanto:Plumbo

Estonian:Plii

Farsi/Persian:سرب

Finnish:Lyijy

French:Plomb

Friulian:Plomp

Galician:Chumbo

Georgian:ტყვია

German:Blei
Gediegen Blei

Greek:Μόλυβδος

Haitian:Plon

Hebrew:עופרת

Hungarian:Ólom

Icelandic:Blý

Ido:Plombo

Indonesian:Timbal

Irish Gaelic:Luaidhe

Italian:Piombo

Japanese:自然鉛

Korean:납

Kurdish (Latin Script):Sirb

Latin:Plumbum

Latvian:Svins

Lithuanian:Švinas

Lojban:Cnisa

Low Saxon/Low German:Blie

Luxembourgish:Bläi

Maori:Matā

Marathi:शिसे

Mongolian:Хартугалга

Nahuatl:Temētztli

Norwegian:Bly

Norwegian (Nynorsk):Bly

Occitan:Plomb

Polish:Ołów

Portuguese:Chumbo

Quechua:Titi

Ripuarian:Blëij

Romanian:Plumb

Russian:Свинец

Sanskrit:सीसम्

Scots:Leid

Serbo-Croatian:Olovo

Sicilian:Chiummu

Simplified Chinese:自然铅

Slovak:Olovo

Slovenian:Svinec

Spanish:Plomo

Swahili:Risasi

Swedish:Bly

Tajik (Cyrillic Script):Сурб

Telugu:సీసము

Thai:ตะกั่ว

Traditional Chinese:自然鉛

Turkish:Kurşun

Ukrainian:Свинець

Urdu:رصاص

Vietnamese:Chì

Welsh:Plwm

Yiddish:בליי

Relationship of Lead to other SpeciesHide

Member of:

Nickel Group

Other Members of this group:

Aluminium	Al	Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fm3m
Nickel	Ni	Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fm3m

Common AssociatesHide

Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:

43 photos of Lead associated with Hydrocerussite	Pb₃(CO₃)₂(OH)₂
43 photos of Lead associated with Pyrochroite	Mn(OH)₂
33 photos of Lead associated with Willemite	Zn₂SiO₄
31 photos of Lead associated with Litharge	PbO
28 photos of Lead associated with Calcite	CaCO₃
20 photos of Lead associated with Andradite	Ca₃Fe³⁺₂(SiO₄)₃
17 photos of Lead associated with Allactite	Mn²⁺₇(AsO₄)₂(OH)₈
15 photos of Lead associated with Copper	Cu
15 photos of Lead associated with Rhodonite	CaMn₃Mn[Si₅O₁₅]
15 photos of Lead associated with Cerussite	PbCO₃

Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping Hide

1.AA.05	Aluminium	Al	Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fm3m
1.AA.05	Copper	Cu	Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fm3m
1.AA.05	Gold	Au	Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fm3m
1.AA.05	Nickel	Ni	Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fm3m
1.AA.05	Silver	Ag	Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fm3m
1.AA.05	UM2004-08-E:AuCuPd	Cu₂PdAu
1.AA.05	UM1991-06-E:AuCu	Au₃Cu
1.AA.05	Copper Group
1.AA.05	Steinhardtite	Al_0.38Ni_0.32Fe_0.30	Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Im3m
1.AA.05a	Auricupride Subgroup
1.AA.10a	Auricupride	Cu₃Au	Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Pm3m
1.AA.10b	Tetra-auricupride	AuCu	Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P4/mmm
1.AA.10a	Cuproauride	Cu₃Au
1.AA.10	Nickel Group
1.AA.15	Anyuiite	AuPb₂	Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I4/mcm
1.AA.15	Khatyrkite	(Cu,Zn)Al₂	Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I4/mcm
1.AA.15	Novodneprite	AuPb₃	Tet. 4 2m : I4 2m
1.AA.15	UM1985-02-E:AlZn	(Zn,Cu)Al₂
1.AA.20	Cupalite	(Cu,Zn)Al	Orth.
1.AA.25	Hunchunite	Au₂Pb	Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m)
1.AA.30	Stolperite	AlCu	Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Pm3m
1.AA.35	Hollisterite	Al₃Fe	Mon. 2/m : B2/m
1.AA.40	Icosahedrite	Al₆₃Cu₂₄Fe₁₃	Icos. 5 3m : Fm 3 5
1.AA.45	Kryachkoite	(Al,Cu)₆(Fe,Cu)	Orth. mm2 : Cmc2₁
1.AA.50	Proxidecagonite	Al₃₄Ni₉Fe₂	Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnma

Other InformationHide

Health Risks:

No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

Internet Links for LeadHide

mindat.org URL:

https://www.mindat.org/min-2358.html
Please feel free to link to this page.

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Look for Lead in the Rock H. Currier Digital Library

External Links:

Look for Lead on Webmineral

Look for Lead on Wikipedia

Look for Lead on Mineralien Atlas

Raman and XRD data at RRUFF project

References and PDF downloads at RRUFF project

American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database

Handbook of Mineralogy page PDF

Mineral Dealers:

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The Arkenstone - Fine Minerals

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References for LeadHide

Reference List:

Palache, C., Berman, H., Frondel, C. (1944) The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana Yale University 1837-1892, Seventh edition, Volume I: 102-103.

Damman, Arend H., Lustenhouwer, Willem (1991) Native lead and tin from the Gåsborn area, Filipstad, Sweden. Geologiska Föreningen i Stockholm Förhandlingar, 113 (1) 35-37 doi:10.1080/11035899109453801

Dekov, V.M., Hålenius, U., Billström, K., Kamenov, G.D., Munnik, F., Eriksson, L., Dyer, A., Schmidt, M., Botz, R. (2009) Native Sn–Pb droplets in a zeolitic amygdale (Isle of Mull, Inner Hebrides). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta: 73: 2907-2919.

(2023) Lead. Handbook of Mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America

Localities for LeadHide

This map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the

symbol to view information about a locality. The

symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.

Locality ListHide

- This locality has map coordinates listed.

- This locality has estimated coordinates. ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence. ? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.

- Good crystals or important locality for species.

- World class for species or very significant. (TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species. (FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties). ~~Struck out~~ - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality. Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).

All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.


Argentina
Jujuy Province Humahuaca Department El Aguilar ⓘ Aguilar Mine	Econ Geol (1992) +1 other reference
ⓘ Esperanza prospect	Milka K. de Brodtkorb (2002) +1 other reference
Salta Province Iruya Department ⓘ La Esperanza Mine	Brodtkorb (2002)

Atlantic Ocean
Mid-Atlantic Ridge complex Sierra Leone fracture zone ⓘ Markov deep	Bortnikov et al. (2006, July)
ⓘ Northeastern rim	Sharkov et al. (2007)
Trans-Atlantic Geotraverse hydrothermal field (TAG) ⓘ Mir mound	Dekov et al. (2001)

Australia
New South Wales Yancowinna Co. Broken Hill district ⓘ Broken Hill	Birch (1999) +1 other reference
North Mine Block 39 ⓘ Junction Mine	Museum Victoria collection
ⓘ Southern operations mine (Pasminco mine; Perilya mine; Consolidated Zinc Mine; CRA mine; New Broken Hill Consolidated Mine; NBHC Mine)	Carr et al. (2008)
South Australia Flinders Ranges North Flinders Ranges Paralana High Plains ⓘ Beverley Mine	Wuelser-Pierre-Alain +4 other references
Mt Lofty Ranges South Mt Lofty Ranges (Adelaide Hills) Callington ⓘ Pioneer Mine (Century; Raisbeck; Raisbeck's)	SARIG Mineral Deposit Information
ⓘ Wheal Margaret (Scott's Creek; Scotts Creek Mine)	SARIG Mineral Deposit Information
Tasmania Break O'Day municipality ⓘ New Henbury Mine	Bottrill et al. (2008)
West Coast municipality Rosebery district Rosebery ⓘ Rosebery Mine	Zaw et al. (1997)
Zeehan mining district Zeehan mineral field Tasmanian Smelting Company site ⓘ Slag dumps	M Latham Collection

Austria
Carinthia Sankt Veit an der Glan District Guttaring Waitschach ⓘ Slag localities	Kolitsch et al. (2013)
Hüttenberg Sankt Martin am Silberberg ⓘ Slag localities	Blaß et al. (1997)
Spittal an der Drau District Dellach im Drautal Plonalmlacke ⓘ Slag localities	Pichler (2009)
Villach Mittewald ⓘ Klamm slag locality	A.Pichler (2003)
Völkermarkt District Feistritz ob Bleiburg ⓘ Schmelz slag locality	Bergbau in Osttkärnten (Pichler 2003)
Salzburg Zell am See District Rauris Alteck - Hoher Sonnblick area Kolm-Saigurn ⓘ Slag localities	Strasser (1989)
ⓘ Astenschmiede slag locality	Niedermayr et al. (2009)
Styria Liezen District Öblarn Walchen ⓘ Slag dumps	[Lapis 1992: 2 p.19-30]

Belarus
Mogilev Region Babruysk District ⓘ Bobruisk Ring Structure	Levitskiy et al. (2018, July)

Belgium
Flanders Limburg Dilsen-Stokkem Rotem ⓘ Rotem slag locality ?
Wallonia Liège Plombières ⓘ Bleyberg zinc and lead smelter slag locality	Blaß et al. (1995b)
Namur Andenne ⓘ Sclaigneaux slag locality

Brazil
Amazonas Presidente Figueiredo Pitinga mine ⓘ Madeira pluton	A. C. Bastos Neto et al. (2009)

Canada
Alberta Whitecourt ⓘ ELP Construction Services Ltd. quarry	Alberta Geological Survey et al. (2007)
Manitoba Lac-du-Bonnet area Bernic Lake ⓘ Tanco Mine	153-155. +2 other references
Newfoundland and Labrador Newfoundland Baie Verte Peninsula ⓘ Baie Verte	Christian Bracke Collection
Northwest Territories North Slave Region ⓘ Yellowknife	Coleman (1953)
ⓘ Giant Yellowknife Mine (Giant Mine)	Coleman (1953)
Québec Montérégie La Vallée-du-Richelieu RCM Mont Saint-Hilaire ⓘ Poudrette quarry (De-Mix quarry; Demix quarry; Uni-Mix quarry; Carrière Mont Saint-Hilaire; MSH)	Horváth et al. (1990)
Yukon Dawson mining district Klondike Area (Klondyke District; Klondike District) Indian River Drainage Dominion Creek Drainage ⓘ Dominion Creek	Mark Mauthner specimens and analyses.
Mayo mining district ⓘ Keno Hill	Boyle (1976)

China
Gansu Gannan Maqu Co. Dashui Au ore field ⓘ Zhongqu Au-Hg-(As-Sb) deposit	Guanghong Wang et al. (2009)
Guizhou Zunyi Bozhou District ⓘ Houcao bauxite deposit ?	Kehua Yin (2009)
Hebei Chengde ⓘ Luanheite occurrence	Shao Dianxin et al. (1984)
Henan Nanyang Tongbai County ⓘ Liu village	Anthony et al. (1997)
Weishancheng ore field ⓘ Poshan Mine	Diankai Chen and Danshen Zhou (1984)
ⓘ Yindongpo Mine	Diankai Chen and Danshen Zhou (1984)
Pingdingshan Wugang County Wugang Fe ore field Batai Mine ⓘ Zhao'anzhuang deposit	Xingjie Jia et al. (2012)
Sanmenxia Lingbao City Xiaoqinling mining district ⓘ Tonggou Au deposit (incl. Chucha-Luanshi Au deposit)	Shuzhang Tian et al. (1993) +1 other reference
Jiangxi Jiujiang De'an Co. ⓘ Zengjialong Sn-polymetallic deposit (Zhengjialong Sn-polymetallic deposit)	Xilin Liu (1991)
Jilin Yanbian Chaoxianzu Hunchun City Shajin Mine ⓘ Jinjing placer	Extra Lapis English No. 5 Gold
Liaoning Chaoyang Jianping County ⓘ Xiaojiayingzi Cu-Mo-(Fe) deposit	Liyan Zhang (1985)
Qinghai Golog Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture Maqên Co. Dur'ngoi Ophiolite ⓘ De'erni Cu-Co-(Zn) deposit (Derni Cu-Co-(Zn) deposit)	Duan Guolian (1991) +1 other reference
Shandong Laiwu Gangcheng District ⓘ Tietonggou intrusion	Yaxiong Zhong (1980)
Laicheng District ⓘ Kuangshan intrusion	Yaxiong Zhong (1980)
Linyi Mengyin County Mengyin Kimberlite field Changma Kimberlite belt Wangcun deposit ⓘ Shengli pipes	Gorshkov et al. (2006)
Tai'an Daiyue District ⓘ Jiaoyu intrusion	Yaxiong Zhong (1980)
Shanxi Xinzhou Yuanping Co. ⓘ Hulishan Au deposit	wrgis.wr.usgs.gov (2004)
Sichuan Liangshan Yi Yanyuan County ⓘ Mofancun Cu deposit	Lizhu Li et al. (2006)
Tibet Shannan Prefecture (Lhokha Prefecture; Lhoka Prefecture) Qusum Co. (Qusong Co.) ⓘ Luobusha ophiolite ("Luobusa ophiolite")	Wenji Bai et al. (2001)
Xinjiang Changji Autonomous Prefecture (Sanji Autonomous Prefecture) Manasi Co. (Manas Co.) ⓘ Manasi river placers	Jianxun Bai (1987)
Hami Prefecture (Kumul Prefecture; Qumul Prefecture) Yizhou District ⓘ Cihai iron mine	Chunji Xue et al. (2000)
Huangshan-Jing'erquan ore belt ⓘ Huangshandong Cu-Ni-PGE deposit (Huangshan East Cu-Ni-PGE deposit)	Xiangcheng Bao (1994)
Kezilesu Autonomous Prefecture (Kizilsu Autonomous Prefecture; Qizilsu Autonomous Prefecture) Wuqia Co. (Ulugqat Co.; Ulughchat Co.) ⓘ Sawaya'erdun Au-(Sb) deposit	Minghua Zheng et al. (2002)
Yunnan Honghe Mengzi City ⓘ Bainiuchang Ag-polymetallic deposit	Xinpei Jiang (1994)

Czech Republic
Central Bohemian Region Kutná Hora District Kutná Hora Vrchlice river valley ⓘ Slag locality	Pauliš P. Mineralogické lokality ...
Příbram District Lhota u Příbramě ⓘ Lhota Smelter (Lotha Smelter) slag locality	RÜSENBERG et al. (1996)
Hradec Králové Region Trutnov District Radvanice ⓘ Kateřina Coal Mine	Žáček et al. (1998)
Prague ⓘ Na Slupi site	Ettler et al. (2015)

Ethiopia
Benishangul-Gumuz Region Asosa Zone ⓘ Tumet river	Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.)

Finland
Lapland Kittilä ⓘ Levijärvi-Loukinen deposit	Eilu (2003)
North Savo Kaavi ⓘ Luikonlahti Mine	Peltonen et al. (2008)
Pirkanmaa Orivesi ⓘ Kutemajärvi mine	Economic Geology (1996)
Sastamala Suodenniemi ⓘ Isovesi	Knauf et al. (1-2)

France
Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes Ain Belley Brégnier-Cordon ⓘ Cordon quarry	Ducluzaux B. (2022)
Loyettes ⓘ Loyettes quarry	Ducluzaux B. (2022)
Murs-et-Gélignieux ⓘ Courdan gravel pit	Ducluzaux B. (2022)
Loire Roanne Le Crozet ⓘ Les Rats Mine slag dumps	Vernay (1997) +1 other reference
Rhône Villefranche-sur-Saône Chessy Chessy copper mines ⓘ Chessy slags	Paul Poulain
Brittany Finistère Châteaulin ⓘ Poullaouen	Chauris (2014)
ⓘ La Fonderie slag locality	Germain C. et al. (1990)
Grand Est Haut-Rhin Colmar-Ribeauvillé Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines ⓘ ~~Neuenberg~~	P&T N°23-24 et al. (Haut-Rhin)
Occitanie Lozère Florac ⓘ Vialas	Belot (1978)
ⓘ Vialas smelter slag locality	Lheur et al. (1998)

Gabon
Haut-Ogooué Province Léboumbi-Leyou Department ⓘ Bangombé	Régis Mathieu et al. (Franceville basin, Gabon)
ⓘ Oklo Mine	Janusz Janeczek (1999) +1 other reference

Georgia


Germany
Baden-Württemberg Freiburg Region Ortenaukreis Seelbach Seelbach Weiler ⓘ Michael Mine ?	Walenta et al. (1961) +1 other reference
Lower Saxony Goslar District Braunlage ⓘ St Andreasberg
Langelsheim ⓘ Kanstein slag locality (Kahnstein slag locality)	Neschen (n.d.)
North Rhine-Westphalia Arnsberg Hochsauerlandkreis Arnsberg Hüsten ⓘ "An der Seilbahn" slag locality	D. Pawlowski: "Mineralfundstellen im Sauerland" (Munich)
Märkischer Kreis Iserlohn Letmathe Helmke quarry nature reserve ⓘ Genna zinc smelter slag locality	Blaß et al. (1993) +1 other reference
Cologne Aachen Eschweiler ⓘ Concordia smelter slag locality	Blaß et al. (1995)
Stolberg ⓘ Binsfeldhammer lead smelter slag locality	Blaß et al. (1995)
ⓘ Birkengang zinc smelter slag locality	Blaß et al. (1995)
ⓘ Münsterbusch zinc smelter slag locality	Blaß et al. (1995)
Euskirchen Kall ⓘ Copper smelter slag locality	Blaß et al. (1995)
Rhineland-Palatinate Rhein-Lahn-Kreis ⓘ Bad Ems-Nassau	Wittern (2001)

Greece
Attica East Attica Lavreotiki Lavrion slag localities ⓘ Agios Nikolaos Cove slag locality
ⓘ Harakas Cove slag locality	Gelaude et al. (1996)
ⓘ Lavrion Port slag locality
ⓘ Legrena Cove slag locality (Legraina Cove)	Gelaude et al. (1996)
ⓘ Oxygon Cove slag locality
ⓘ Panormos Cove slag locality
ⓘ Passa Limani Cove slag locality	Gelaude et al. (1996)
ⓘ Sounion Cove slag locality	Gelaude et al. (1996)
ⓘ Thorikos Bay slag locality	Gelaude et al. (1996)
ⓘ Tourkolimanon Cove slag locality
ⓘ Vrissaki Point slag locality	Gelaude et al. (1996)
Central Greece Euboea Istiaia-Aidipsos ⓘ Aedipsos	Kanellopoulos et al. (2024)
Peloponnese Laconia Monemvasia Molaoi ⓘ Molai deposit	M. Grossou-Valta et al. (1990)

Greenland
Kujalleq ⓘ Ilímaussaq complex	[Mineralogical Record - Vol 24 No 2] +1 other reference
ⓘ Taseq Slope	Otter (2023)
Qeqertalik ⓘ Disko Island	Ulff-Møller (1989) +1 other reference
ⓘ Kitdlît	Ulff-Møller (1985)

Italy
Lazio Metropolitan City of Rome Capital Alban Hills ⓘ Albano Lake crater	Caponera et al. (2003)
Albano Laziale ⓘ Castelli Romani bypass road (Via Appia Bis)	Caponera et al. (2003)
Lombardy Varese Province Cuasso al Monte Cavagnano ⓘ Subalpina Quarry (Mantegazza Quarry; Gebel Quarry; Bianchi Quarry)	Gentile et al. (2023)
Piedmont Vercelli Province Scopello ⓘ Scopello Village slag locality	Luigi Chiappino data
Sardinia Oristano Province Pau ⓘ Rio Naretzi	Urraci E.- Lini M. – Mattias P. (2006)
South Sardinia Province Nuxis Monte Tamara mining area ⓘ San Pietro Mine	Lecca G.C. et al. (2022)
Trentino-Alto Adige (Trentino-South Tyrol) Trento Province (Trentino) Telve ⓘ Calamento Valley	Exel (1987)
Vignola-Falesina Vignola Mine ⓘ No. 2 vein	Fabio Tosato +3 other references
Tuscany Grosseto Province Massa Marittima ⓘ Rocchette Pannocchiesi	Manasse et al. (2002)
Valpiana - Castello della Marsiliana area slag sites ⓘ Arialla slag locality	Manasse et al. (2002) +1 other reference
ⓘ Cascata slag locality	Costagliola et al. (2008)
ⓘ Forra slag locality	Costagliola et al. (2008)
ⓘ Marsiliana slag locality	Manasse et al. (2002) +1 other reference
Montieri ⓘ Campo alla Troja	A.Costantini (2015)
Livorno Province Campiglia Marittima ⓘ Madonna di Fucinaia (Madonna della Fucinaia) slag heaps	Jansen et al. (1998)
ⓘ Capattoli Valley slag locality	www.comune.pisa.it (2000)
ⓘ Rocca San Silvestro slag locality	Mascaro et al. (1995)
Piombino ⓘ Baratti slag locality	Franzini et al. (1992) +1 other reference
Sassetta Canina Valley ⓘ Podere del Cancellino (Podere dei Cancellini) slag locality	Jansen et al. (1998)
Suvereto ⓘ Suvereto slag locality	Luigi Chiappino data
Veneto Vicenza Province Torrebelvicino Mercanti Valley ⓘ Monte Trisa Mines	Pegoraro S. et al. (2009)
ⓘ Gallery no. 2	Pegoraro S. (2014)

Japan
Hokkaidō Prefecture Rumoi Subprefecture Tomamae District Haboro ⓘ Ainusawa River	NISHIO–HAMANE et al. (2022)
Shosanbetsu ⓘ Minamichiyoda	Nishio-Hamane et al. (2021)

Kazakhstan
Akmola Region ⓘ Novodneprovskoe deposit	Dyussembayeva et al. (2013)
Turkistan Region Kentau ⓘ Mirgalimsay Mine	- (2005)

Kyrgyzstan
Jalal-Abad Region Chatkal Range Kasan ore field ⓘ Dzhalama Sb deposit (Jalama)	Sabir K. Mustafin data

Mexico
Veracruz Las Minas Municipality Zomelahuacan ⓘ San Guillermo Mine	Panczner (1987)

Mongolia
Khovd Province Myangad District ⓘ Khaldzan Buragtag massif	Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.)

Namibia
Oshikoto Region Tsumeb ⓘ Tsumeb smelter slag locality	Ettler et al. (2009)
Otjozondjupa Region Otavi Constituency Kombat ⓘ Kombat Mine	Dunn (1991)

New Zealand
Waikato Region Thames-Coromandel District ⓘ Thames	Fraser (1910)

Norway
Agder Evje og Hornnes Ås ⓘ Ås 2 Feldspar Quarry	Budzyń et al. (2023)
Vestfold Larvik Tvedalen Tuften ⓘ A/S Granit Quarry	Selbekk et al. (2010) +1 other reference

Poland
Lesser Poland Voivodeship Nowy Targ County Gmina Szczawnica ⓘ Bania w Jarmucie ?	Wojciechowski J. 1955: O żyłach ...
Lower Silesian Voivodeship Głogów County Gmina Jerzmanowa Bądzów ⓘ SW-1'Jan Wyżykowski' shaft	Jadwiga PIECZONKA et al. (2008)
Kamienna Góra County Gmina Marciszów ⓘ Ciechanowice	Zagożdżon et al. (2009)
ⓘ Lubin–Głogów mining district	Piestrzyński et al. (2012)
ⓘ Lubin County	Kucha H. 1983: Precious metal-bearing shale from Zechstein copper deposits et al. (Sect. B: Applied Earth Science)
ⓘ Lubin	Kucha H. 2007: Mineralogia kruszcowa i ...
Silesian Voivodeship Dąbrowa Górnicza ⓘ Łosień	Cabała +4 other references
Katowice Wełnowiec-Józefowiec ⓘ "Alpy" dump	Pierwoła

Portugal
Madeira ⓘ Madeira Island	Conrad Malte-Brun (1826) +1 other reference

Romania
Caraş-Severin County ⓘ Sasca Montană	Szakáll (2002)

Russia
Amur Oblast Tyndinsky district ⓘ Ildeus intrusion	Kepezhinskas et al. (2023)
Bashkortostan Beloretsk district ⓘ Uluelga-Kudashman zone	Kovalev et al. (2017)
Buryatia Yeravninsky District Ozernoe ore cluster ⓘ Kamenny Stream placers	Zhmodik et al. (2023)
Chelyabinsk Oblast Karabash Karabash ophiolite massif Soimon Valley ⓘ Zolotaya Gora Au deposit	maurice.strahlen.org (2004) +2 other references
ⓘ Miass River	Pekov (1998)
Sosnovsky District Bereznyakovskoe ore field ⓘ Bereznyakovskoe Au deposit (Central Bereznyakovskoe)	Spiridonov et al. (the South Urals)
Chukotka Autonomous Okrug Bilibinsky District Kolyma area ⓘ Bol'shoi Anyui River Basin	Pekov (1998)
Baimka River Aluchinskii Massif (Aluchin horst) ⓘ Baimka placer deposit	Barkov et al. (1998)
Irkutsk Oblast Bodaybinsky District Bodaibo Lena Gold District ⓘ Chertovo Koryto deposit	Yudovskaya et al. (2015)
Kropotkinsky ore cluster ⓘ Sukhoi Log deposit	Keren Tan (1998) +1 other reference
Kamchatka Krai Milkovsky District ⓘ Tolbachik Volcanic field
Ust-Kamchatsky District ⓘ Olkhovaya–1 River placer	Sandimirova et al. (2014)
Khabarovsk Krai Ayan-Maya district ⓘ Konder alkaline-ultrabasic massif	Lennikov et al. (2004)
Krasnoyarsk Krai Maimecha and Kotui Rivers Basin ⓘ Gulinskii massif (Guli)	Dvorani (2016)
Magadan Oblast Omsukchansky District Ducat ore field ⓘ Ducat Mine (Dukat Mine)
Susumansky District ⓘ Burkand'ya	Pavel M. Kartashov data
Murmansk Oblast Khibiny Massif ⓘ Kukisvumchorr Mt	Pekov et al. (2004) +1 other reference
Kirovskii apatite mine ⓘ Vein No. 46	American Mineralogist
Monchegorsk ⓘ Monchegorsk Cu-Ni Deposit	Grokhovskaya et al. (2003)
Orenburg Oblast ⓘ Kumak ore field	M.I. Novgorodova Doklady AN SSSR
Primorsky Krai Dalnerechensky District Dalnerechensk area ⓘ Ariadnoe (Ariadnenskoe) Ti deposit	Ханчук А.И. et al. (Приморье)
Mikhaylovsky District ⓘ Pavlovskoe REE-coal deposit	V.V. Seredin data
Republic of Karelia Suojärvi District Jalonvaara ore field ⓘ Hatunoja-2 massive sulphide deposit	Ivashchenko et al. (2006)
ⓘ Roikonkoski	V. I. Ivashchenko et al. (2007)
ⓘ Sakha	[World of Stones 12:49]
ⓘ Billeekh Intrusion	Anthony et al. (2016)
Mirninsky District Vilyui River Basin Lower Khann'ya River ⓘ Ust'-Khann'ya Intrusion	Pekov (1998)
Northern Yakutia Olenyok (Olenek) river basin West Ukukit kimberlite field ⓘ "Leningrad" kimberlite pipe	Koval'skii et al. (1985) +1 other reference
Sverdlovsk Oblast ⓘ Bogomol Deposit	Azovskova et al. (2013, January)
ⓘ Gumeshki Deposit	Azovskova et al. (2013, January)
Ivdelsky Urban Okrug Ivdel ⓘ Shamsha river	Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data of ...
Zabaykalsky Krai Kalarsky District ⓘ Katugin Ta-Nb deposit	P.M. Karashov data +1 other reference
Khiloksky District Orlovskoye ⓘ Orlovskoye mine	Pekov (1998)

Serbia
Boranja orefield ⓘ Mlakva deposit	Radosavljević-Mihajlović et al. (2017)

Slovenia
Litija ⓘ Sitarjevec mine	NTF collection

South Africa
Mpumalanga Nkangala District Municipality Victor Khanye Local Municipality Delmas ⓘ Argent	Atanasova et al. (2016)

Spain
Castile-La Mancha Guadalajara ⓘ Hiendelaencina	Geominero Museum (Instituto Geologico y Minero de España)

Sweden
Dalarna County Hedemora Garpenberg ⓘ Garpenberg Norra Mine	Grensman et al. (2001)
Örebro County Hällefors Grythyttan ⓘ Sjögruvan
Värmland County Filipstad ⓘ Gåsborn	Damman et al. (1990)
ⓘ Gåsborn area Sn-bearing skarn	Damman et al. (1991)
ⓘ Långban Ore District	Rock Currier
ⓘ Långban Mine	Holtstam et al. (1999) +1 other reference
ⓘ Bolivia stope	Adolfsson (1979)
ⓘ Bulgarien stope	Adolfsson (1979)
ⓘ Garden dump	- (2012)
Nordmark mining district Jakobsberg ore field ⓘ Jakobsberg Mine	Gatedal (n.d.)
Nordmark Odal Field ⓘ Kitteln Mine	Holtstam et al. (1998) +1 other reference
Persberg ore district Pajsberg ⓘ Harstigen Mine	Dana 7: I: 103 +2 other references
ⓘ Stora Pajsberg Mine

Turkmenistan
Balkan Province Cheleken Peninsula ⓘ Türkmenbaşy	Lebedev et al. (1983)

UK
England Cornwall Crantock ⓘ The Gannel Smelter slag locality	BMS Newsletter 79 (http://britishmicromountsociety.homestead.com/Gannell-Smelter.html)
County Durham Healeyfield ⓘ Castleside Smelting Mill slag locality	Norman Wilson collection
Stanhope ⓘ Bollihope lead smelter slag locality	Norman Wilson +3 other references
ⓘ Bollihope Smelt Mill slag locality	Norman Wilson personal collection
Devon South Hams ⓘ Ivybridge ?	[Collected by Dr. K. Banister]
Torbay Torquay ⓘ Hope's Nose	Camm (1995)
Northumberland Allendale ⓘ Dirt Pot Lead Smelt Mill slag locality	Norman Wilson collection
Scotland Argyll and Bute Isle of Mull Carsaig ⓘ Carsaig Bay	Vesselin M. Dekov et al. (2009)
Dumfries and Galloway Wanlockhead ⓘ Meadowfoot Smelter slag locality	Rust (2022)
Wales Gwynedd Llanelltyd ⓘ Vigra Mine ?	Natiom
Powys Llanidloes ⓘ Gwestyn Mine	J. Russell Smith et al. (1872)
ⓘ Hafod Feddgar Mine	J. Russell Smith et al. (1872)

Ukraine
ⓘ Bilokorovitsky structure	Rappenglück (2022)
Chernivtsi Oblast ⓘ Chornyi Cheremosh	L. Figura (2014)
Kirovohrad Oblast Kropyvnytskyi Raion ⓘ Klyntsi gold deposit	Alexander Babynin & Eugenia Slivko (1999) +1 other reference

USA
Alaska Southeast Fairbanks Census Area ⓘ Franklin Creek; Franklin Gulch Mine	- (2008)
Valdez-Cordova Census Area Prince William Sound Mining District ⓘ Long Bay No. 1 Occurrence	- (2008)
Arizona Maricopa County ⓘ Little San Domingo Creek ?	Anthony et al. (1995)
ⓘ Oxbow Creek ?	Anthony et al. (1995)
Wickenburg Mountains San Domingo Mining District San Domingo Wash ⓘ Old Woman Gulch ?	Anthony et al. (1995)
Santa Cruz County Patagonia Mountains Harshaw Mining District ⓘ Harshaw placers	Wilson (1927) +1 other reference
Patagonia ⓘ Sonoita Creek-Alum Canyon placers (Palmento placers)	Schrader (1915) +1 other reference
ⓘ Tubac ?	Anthony et al. (1995)
Yavapai County Bradshaw Mountains (Bradshaw Range) Hum Bug Mining District Hum Bug Creek ⓘ Columbia Mine (Hum Bug Creek placers)	Brian Beck Collected
ⓘ Gold Crater ?	Anthony et al. (1995)
ⓘ La Paz ?	Anthony et al. (1995)
Colorado Hinsdale County Lake City Mining District Lake City ⓘ Golden Fleece Mine	Eckel et al. (1997)
Lake County ⓘ Leadville Mining District	Eckel et al. (1997)
Summit County ⓘ Breckenridge Mining District	Eckel et al. (1997)
Idaho Blaine County ⓘ Mineral Hill Mining District	Ream (1995)
Wood River Mining District ⓘ Jay Gould Mine ?	Dana 7:I:103
Shoshone County Lelande Mining District ⓘ Standard-Mammoth Mine	Ream (2004)
Missouri ⓘ Madison County	Yale Peabody Museum 174
Nevada Clark County Spring Mountains Goodsprings Mining District ⓘ Ingomar Mine (Milford No. 2 mine)	- (2005)
Elko County Railroad Mining District Alladin group Nevada Bunker Hill Mines ⓘ Tripoli Mine	- (2005)
New Jersey Sussex County Franklin ⓘ Franklin Mine	Palache (1935) +1 other reference
ⓘ Mill site dump	FOMS Millsite Committee (1986)
ⓘ Parker shaft	Palache (1935) +1 other reference
New Mexico Eddy County ⓘ Gnome event (Project Gnome test site)	Northrop et al. (1996)
Sierra County ⓘ Wilson prospect	Northrop et al. (1996)
Socorro County ⓘ Magdalena Mining District ?	Northrop et al. (1996)
ⓘ North Carolina
ⓘ Burke County	Josiah Turner
Texas Presidio County Chinati Mountains Shafter Mining District ⓘ Sullivan Mine (Carr Mine)	BEG Min Res Circ 71
ⓘ U.S. Virgin Islands	Alminas +2 other references
ⓘ St Croix	Alminas +2 other references
Utah Iron County ⓘ Cedar City	Luetcke (n.d.)
Virginia Amelia County Winterham ⓘ Morefield Mine (Morefield pegmatite)	Kearns et al. (2004)
Buckingham County Gold-Pyrite Belt Bremo Bluff ⓘ Anaconda Mine (Eldredge Mill Mine) ?	Dietrich (1990)

Venezuela
Bolívar Sifontes Municipality ⓘ El Dorado	Bernard et al. (2004)

Zimbabwe
Matabeleland South Insiza District Pioneer village No. 2 ⓘ Zulu pegmatite	HARRISON (N.M.)

The Moon
Mare Fecunditatis ⓘ Luna 16 landing site	Mokhov A.V. et al. (2007) +1 other reference

Lead

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