Cubanite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Cubanite
Formula:
CuFe2S3
Colour:
Brass- to bronze-yellow
Lustre:
Metallic
Hardness:
3½
Specific Gravity:
4.03 - 4.18
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Name:
Named for the country of Cuba, which includes the type locality.
Dimorph of:
Very sensitive to temperature, pressure and compositional variations.
When heated between 200 and 210°C, cubanite transforms irreversibly to isocubanite (Cabri et al. 1973; see also Sawada et al., 1962; Yund & Kullerud, 1966; Fleet, 1970; Dutrizac, 1976).
Unlike the other chemically similar, but much more common Cu-Fe-sulphide, chalcopyrite, cubanite is weakly magnetic (note that the Handbook of Mineralogy says "strongly magnetic").
When heated between 200 and 210°C, cubanite transforms irreversibly to isocubanite (Cabri et al. 1973; see also Sawada et al., 1962; Yund & Kullerud, 1966; Fleet, 1970; Dutrizac, 1976).
Unlike the other chemically similar, but much more common Cu-Fe-sulphide, chalcopyrite, cubanite is weakly magnetic (note that the Handbook of Mineralogy says "strongly magnetic").
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1168
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1168:2
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
222486ea-1836-497c-82d5-c13608fea3b9
IMA Classification of Cubanite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
First published:
1843
Classification of Cubanite
2.CB.55a
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
C : Metal Sulfides, M: S = 1: 1 (and similar)
B : With Zn, Fe, Cu, Ag, etc.
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
C : Metal Sulfides, M: S = 1: 1 (and similar)
B : With Zn, Fe, Cu, Ag, etc.
2.9.13.1
2 : SULFIDES
9 : AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 1:1
2 : SULFIDES
9 : AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 1:1
3.1.22
3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
1 : Sulphides etc. of Cu
3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
1 : Sulphides etc. of Cu
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Symbol | Source | Reference |
---|---|---|
Cbn | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Cbn | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
Cbn | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Cubanite
Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Brass- to bronze-yellow
Streak:
Gray-black
Hardness:
3½ on Mohs scale
Cleavage:
None Observed
Parting observed, however.
Parting observed, however.
Parting:
On {110} and {130}
Fracture:
Conchoidal
Density:
4.03 - 4.18 g/cm3 (Measured) 4.076 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Cubanite
Anisotropism:
Distinctive
Reflectivity:
Wavelength | R1 | R2 | imR1 | imR2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
400nm | 17.5% | 23.1% | 13.0% | 17.5% |
420nm | 21.5% | 27.0% | 14.7% | 20.0% |
440nm | 25.2% | 30.2% | 16.6% | 22.5% |
460nm | 27.7% | 33.1% | 18.4% | 24.3% |
470nm | 28.8% | 34.1% | 19.2% | 25.05% |
480nm | 29.8% | 35.1% | 20.0% | 25.8% |
500nm | 31.7% | 36.7% | 21.4% | 26.8% |
520nm | 33.3% | 38.1% | 22.5% | 27.6% |
540nm | 34.8% | 39.0% | 23.5% | 28.0% |
546nm | 35.4% | 39.4% | 23.9% | 28.2% |
560nm | 36.0% | 39.8% | 24.4% | 28.3% |
580nm | 37.1% | 40.4% | 25.2% | 28.6% |
589nm | 37.65% | 40.7% | 25.55% | 28.8% |
600nm | 38.1% | 41.0% | 25.9% | 29.0% |
620nm | 39.1% | 41.6% | 26.6% | 29.3% |
640nm | 40.0% | 42.2% | 27.3% | 29.8% |
650nm | 40.5% | 42.5% | 27.6% | 30.0% |
660nm | 40.9% | 42.8% | 27.9% | 30.2% |
680nm | 41.7% | 43.3% | 28.5% | 30.6% |
700nm | 42.3% | 43.7% | 29.0% | 31.0% |
Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Top of box is 100%. Peak reflectance is 43.7%.
R1 shown in black, R2 shown in red, imR1 shown in green, imR2 shown in blue
Chemistry of Cubanite
Mindat Formula:
CuFe2S3
Elements listed:
Crystallography of Cubanite
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) - Dipyramidal
Cell Parameters:
a = 6.467(1) Å, b = 11.117(1) Å, c = 6.231(2) Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.582 : 1 : 0.56
Unit Cell V:
447.97 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Elongated, thick tabular
Twinning:
Common on {110}. Pairs, fourlings and sixlings.
Comment:
Space group Pcmn (non-standard setting).
Crystallographic forms of Cubanite
Crystal Atlas:
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0000042 | Cubanite | Buerger M J (1947) The crystal structure of cubanite American Mineralogist 32 415-425 | 1947 | 0 | 293 | ||
0000068 | Cubanite | Azaroff L V, Buerger M J (1955) Refinement of the structure of cubanite, CuFe2S3 American Mineralogist 40 213-225 | 1955 | 0 | 293 | ||
0001533 | Cubanite | McCammon C A, Zhang J, Hazen R M, Finger L W (1992) High-pressure crystal chemistry of cubanite, CuFe2S3 American Mineralogist 77 937-944 | 1992 | 0 | 293 | ||
0001534 | Cubanite | McCammon C A, Zhang J, Hazen R M, Finger L W (1992) High-pressure crystal chemistry of cubanite, CuFe2S3 American Mineralogist 77 937-944 | 1992 | 0 | 293 | ||
0001535 | Cubanite | McCammon C A, Zhang J, Hazen R M, Finger L W (1992) High-pressure crystal chemistry of cubanite, CuFe2S3 American Mineralogist 77 937-944 | 1992 | 1.7 | 293 | ||
0001536 | Cubanite | McCammon C A, Zhang J, Hazen R M, Finger L W (1992) High-pressure crystal chemistry of cubanite, CuFe2S3 American Mineralogist 77 937-944 | 1992 | 3.6 | 293 | ||
0010719 | Cubanite | Fleet M E (1971) Refinement of the crystal structure of cubanite and polymorphism of CuFe2S3 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 132 276-287 | 1971 | 0 | 293 | ||
0010720 | Cubanite | Fleet M E (1971) Refinement of the crystal structure of cubanite and polymorphism of CuFe2S3 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 132 276-287 | 1971 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
3.49 Å | (40) |
3.22 Å | (100) |
3.00 Å | (40) |
2.79 Å | (40) |
1.867 Å | (80) |
1.750 Å | (70) |
1.165 Å | (50) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
---|---|
Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation and alteration | 4.566-4.550 |
6 : Secondary asteroid phases | 4.566-4.560 |
High-𝑇 alteration and/or metamorphism | |
33 : Minerals deposited by hydrothermal metal-rich fluids (see also [#12]) |
Geological Setting:
High-temperature hydrothermal deposits
Type Occurrence of Cubanite
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Technische Universität, Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany, number 5467.
Reference:
Breithaupt, J.F.A. (1843) Cuban, ein neuer, dem Weisskupfererz ähnlicher Kies. Annalen der Physik und Chemie: 59: 325-327.
Synonyms of Cubanite
Other Language Names for Cubanite
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
83 photos of Cubanite associated with Pyrrhotite | Fe1-xS |
74 photos of Cubanite associated with Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
69 photos of Cubanite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
65 photos of Cubanite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
39 photos of Cubanite associated with Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
35 photos of Cubanite associated with Pyrite | FeS2 |
32 photos of Cubanite associated with Siderite | FeCO3 |
27 photos of Cubanite associated with Sphalerite | ZnS |
20 photos of Cubanite associated with Mooihoekite | Cu9Fe9S16 |
18 photos of Cubanite associated with Magnetite | Fe2+Fe3+2O4 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
2.CB. | Agmantinite | Ag2MnSnS4 |
2.CB. | Richardsite | Zn2CuGaS4 |
2.CB. | Gachingite | Au(Te1-xSex) |
2.CB. | Tolstykhite | Au3S4Te6 |
2.CB. | Hanswilkeite | KFeS2 |
2.CB. | Auroselenide | AuSe |
2.CB. | Ruizhongite | (Ag2◻)Pb3Ge2S8 |
2.CB. | Okruginite | Cu2SnSe3 |
2.CB.05a | Coloradoite | HgTe |
2.CB.05a | Hawleyite | CdS |
2.CB.05a | Metacinnabar | HgS |
2.CB.05c | Polhemusite | (Zn,Hg)S |
2.CB.05b | Sakuraiite | (Cu,Zn,Fe)3(In,Sn)S4 |
2.CB.05a | Sphalerite | ZnS |
2.CB.05a | Stilleite | ZnSe |
2.CB.05a | Tiemannite | HgSe |
2.CB.05 | UM1998-15-S:CuFeZn | Cu2Fe3Zn5S10 |
2.CB.05a | Rudashevskyite | (Fe,Zn)S |
2.CB.05a | Ishiharaite | (Cu,Ga,Fe,In,Zn)S |
2.CB.07a | Shenzhuangite | NiFeS2 |
2.CB.07a | Unnamed (Cu-Mn-Sn Sulpide) | Cu2MnSnS4 |
2.CB.10a | Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
2.CB.10a | Eskebornite | CuFeSe2 |
2.CB.10a | Gallite | CuGaS2 |
2.CB.10b | Haycockite | Cu4Fe5S8 |
2.CB.10a | Lenaite | AgFeS2 |
2.CB.10b | Mooihoekite | Cu9Fe9S16 |
2.CB.10b | Putoranite | Cu1.1Fe1.2S2 |
2.CB.10a | Roquesite | CuInS2 |
2.CB.10b | Talnakhite | Cu9(Fe,Ni)8S16 |
2.CB.10a | Laforêtite | AgInS2 |
2.CB.10a | Unnamed (Cu-Zn-In Sulphide) | CuZn2InS4 |
2.CB.10a | UM1984-30-S:CuFeSn | Cu2Fe2Sn3S7 |
2.CB.10c | Omariniite | Cu8Fe2ZnGe2S12 |
2.CB.15a | Černýite | Cu2(Cd,Zn,Fe)SnS4 |
2.CB.15a | Ferrokësterite | Cu2FeSnS4 |
2.CB.15a | Hocartite | Ag2(Fe2+,Zn)SnS4 |
2.CB.15a | Idaite | Cu5FeS6 |
2.CB.15a | Kësterite | Cu2ZnSnS4 |
2.CB.15a | Kuramite | Cu3SnS4 |
2.CB.15b | Mohite | Cu2SnS3 |
2.CB.15a | Pirquitasite | Ag2ZnSnS4 |
2.CB.15a | Stannite | Cu2FeSnS4 |
2.CB.15c | Stannoidite | Cu+6Cu2+2(Fe2+,Zn)3Sn2S12 |
2.CB.15a | Velikite | Cu2HgSnS4 |
2.CB.15c | UM2006-11-S:CuFeGeZn | Cu8(Fe,Zn)3Ge2S12 (?) |
2.CB.17a v | Arsenic-bearing Renierite | Cu11GeAsFe4S16 |
2.CB.20 | Chatkalite | Cu6FeSn2S8 |
2.CB.20 | Mawsonite | Cu6Fe2SnS8 |
2.CB.30 | Argyropyrite | near Ag2Fe7S11 |
2.CB.30 | Colusite | Cu13VAs3S16 |
2.CB.30 | Germanite | Cu13Fe2Ge2S16 |
2.CB.30 | Germanocolusite | Cu26V2(Ge,As)6S32 |
2.CB.30 | Nekrasovite | Cu26V2(Sn,As,Sb)6S32 |
2.CB.30 | Stibiocolusite | Cu13V(Sb,Sn,As)3S16 |
2.CB.30 | Ovamboite | Cu20(Fe,Cu,Zn)6W2Ge6S32 |
2.CB.30 | Maikainite | Cu20(Fe,Cu)6Mo2Ge6S32 |
2.CB.30 | Frieseite | Ag2Fe5S8 (?) |
2.CB.35a | Hemusite | Cu6SnMoS8 |
2.CB.35a | Kiddcreekite | Cu6SnWS8 |
2.CB.35a | Polkovicite | (Fe,Pb)3(Ge,Fe)1-xS4 |
2.CB.35a | Renierite | (Cu1+,Zn)11Fe4(Ge4+,As5+)2S16 |
2.CB.35a | Vinciennite | Cu+7Cu2+3Fe2+2Fe3+2Sn(As,Sb)S16 |
2.CB.35a | Morozeviczite | (Pb,Fe)3Ge1-xS4 |
2.CB.35b | Catamarcaite | Cu6GeWS8 |
2.CB.40 | Lautite | CuAsS |
2.CB.42 | Lingbaoite | AgTe3 |
2.CB.45 | Cadmoselite | CdSe |
2.CB.45 | Greenockite | CdS |
2.CB.45 | Wurtzite | (Zn,Fe)S |
2.CB.45 | Rambergite | MnS |
2.CB.45 | Buseckite | (Fe,Zn,Mn)S |
2.CB.45 | Maletoyvayamite | Au3Se4Te6 |
2.CB.47 | Murchisite | Cr5S6 |
2.CB.50 | Zincselenide | ZnSe |
2.CB.50 | Wassonite | TiS |
2.CB.52 | Dzhezkazganite | ReMoCu2PbS6 ? |
2.CB.55b | Isocubanite | CuFe2S3 |
2.CB.60 | Picotpaulite | TlFe2S3 |
2.CB.60 | Raguinite | TlFeS2 |
2.CB.65 | Argentopyrite | AgFe2S3 |
2.CB.65 | Sternbergite | AgFe2S3 |
2.CB.70 | Sulvanite | Cu3VS4 |
2.CB.75 | Vulcanite | CuTe |
2.CB.80 | Empressite | AgTe |
2.CB.85 | Muthmannite | AuAgTe2 |
Other Information
Magnetism:
Ferromagnetic
Notes:
In a closed tube it produces a sulphur sublimate. Before the blowpipe on charcoal, gives sulphur fumes and fuses to a magnetic globule. The roasted ore reacts for copper and iron with the fluxes; with soda on charcoal it gives a globule of metallic iron with copper.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Cubanite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1168.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
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References for Cubanite
Reference List:
Breithaupt, August (1843) Cuban, ein neuer, dem Weisskupfererz ähnlicher Kies. Annalen der Physik und Chemie, 135. 325-327 doi:10.1002/andp.18431350610
Buerger, M. J. (1937) The unit cell and space group of cubanite. American Mineralogist, 22 (11) 1117-1120
Ramdohr, Paul (1969) The Ore Minerals and their Intergrowths. Pergamon Press, Oxford. 1174pp. doi:10.1016/c2013-0-10027-x
Fleet, M. E. (1970) Refinement of the crystal structure of cubanite and polymorphism of CuFe2S3. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials, 132 (1) 276-287 doi:10.1524/zkri.1970.132.1-6.276
Fleet, M. E. (1972) A note on the oxidation state of iron in cubanite. The Canadian Mineralogist, 11 (4) 901-902
Cabri, Louis J. (1973) New data on Phase Relations in the Cu-Fe-S System. Economic Geology, 68 (4) 443-454 doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.68.4.443
Cabri, L. J., Hall, S. R., Szymanski, J. T., Stewart, J. M. (1973) On the transformation of cubanite. The Canadian Mineralogist, 12 (1) 33-38
Szymański, T. (1974) A refinement of the structure of cubanite, CuFe2S3. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials, 140 (3) 218-239 doi:10.1524/zkri-1974-3-407
Dutrizac, J. E. (1976) Reactions in cubanite and chalcopyrite. The Canadian Mineralogist, 14 (2) 172-181
Mizota, T., Tanaka, H., Fujii, Y., Koto, K. (1985) The heat capacity of cubanite and the anomaly in cubic CuFe2S3. The Canadian Mineralogist, 23 (1) 77-82
Gibbs, G. V., Cox, D. F., Rosso, K. M., Ross, N. L., Downs, R. T., Spackman, M. A. (2007) Theoretical Electron Density Distributions for Fe- and Cu-Sulfide Earth Materials: A Connection between Bond Length, Bond Critical Point Properties, Local Energy Densities, and Bonded Interactions. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 111 (8). 1923-1931 doi:10.1021/jp065086i
Yang, H., Pinch, W. W., Downs, R. T. (2009) Crystal structure of argentopyrite, AgFe2S3, and its relationship with cubanite. American Mineralogist, 94 (11) 1727-1730 doi:10.2138/am.2009.3324
Chandra, U., Parthasarathy, G., Sharma, P. (2010) Synthetic cubanite CuFe2S3: pressure-induced transformation to isocubanite. The Canadian Mineralogist, 48 (5) 1137-1147 doi:10.3749/canmin.48.5.1137
Localities for Cubanite
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality.
Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Albania | |
| Çina (2010) |
| Çina (2012) |
Çina (2012) | |
| Aleksander Çina (2012) |
Algeria | |
| Marignac (1988) |
Antarctica | |
| Egorova et al. (2015) |
Argentina | |
| Econ Geol (1992) +2 other references |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Singer et al. (2008) | |
| Brodtkorb (2002) |
| KOSTADINOFF +1 other reference |
| Urbina Nilda |
| Mineralogical Magazine 1997 61 : 861-877 +3 other references |
Armenia | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Atlantic Ocean | |
| Vlasov E.A. et al. (2010) |
| Mazarovich et al. (2001) |
Australia | |
| Stevens (1972) |
| Stevens (1972) |
| Stevens (1972) |
| Gilligan et al. (1993) |
| Ashley et al. (1997) |
Metallogenic Study of Dubbo et al. (1975) | |
| Degeling (1982) |
| Wagga Wagga Mine Data Sheets |
| Henley et al. (2001) |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) |
| Henley et al. (2001) |
Henley et al. (2001) | |
| Brown et al. (1992) |
| Henley et al. (2001) |
| Vera Munro-Smith (2006) +1 other reference |
| McKinnon et al. (2017) +1 other reference |
Gilligan et al. (1993) +2 other references | |
| Gilligan et al. (1993) |
| Gilligan et al. (1995) |
| Gilligan et al. (1995) |
Gilligan et al. (1995) | |
Gilligan et al. (1995) | |
Gilligan et al. (1995) | |
Gilligan et al. (1995) | |
| Gilligan et al. (1995) |
| Gilligan et al. (1995) |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) |
| Hertzberger et al. (1978) |
| Ramdohr (1950) |
Ramdohr (1950) | |
Ramdohr (1950) | |
Ramdohr (1950) | |
| Ramdohr (1950) |
| Ramdohr (1950) |
McQueen (1984) | |
Teale et al. (2006) | |
| Vera Munro-Smith (2006) |
| Skwarnecki (2004) |
| C J Sullivan (1952) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Hein (1994) +1 other reference |
Hein (1994) | |
| Knights |
| Econ Geol (1984) +1 other reference |
Sielecki (1988) | |
| Ashley (1980) |
| Lawrence (2000) |
| Drexel (2009) |
| Noble et al. (1983) |
| Nenke (1972) +1 other reference |
| Pring (1988) |
| Ross |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Bottrill (2000) |
Bottrill et al. (2008) | |
| Zaw et al. (1997) |
| Stillwell |
| G.W.Cochrane 1982. Copper |
| Ryan Eagle personal observation 2016 |
| Bussat (1980) |
| Ferguson (1999) |
| Kalleske (2010) |
| Marston (1984) |
| Nepean Nickel Deposit +2 other references |
| Marston (1984) |
| Ogilvie (2014) |
| Marston (1984) |
| Marston (1984) |
| Ferguson (1999) |
| Frater (1983) |
Ferguson (1999) | |
| Copper Mineralisation in Western ... |
| Ore Petrology Chemistry and Timing of ... +2 other references |
Austria | |
| Huber et al. (1977) |
Feuerbach (1969) +1 other reference | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Pichler (2009) |
| Pichler (2003) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2018) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2019) |
| Horner et al. (1997) |
| C. Auer: Lapis 20 (11) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Unger (1969) +2 other references |
| Seemann (1993) +1 other reference |
| Archiv f.Lagerstättenforschung |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Vavtar (1986) |
| Lapis 19 (7/8) |
| Exel (1993) |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (n.d.) |
| Arlt et al. (1994) |
| Exel (1993) |
Azerbaijan | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Bangladesh | |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
Brazil | |
| Bello (1986) |
| Augustin et al. (2022) |
| Bilal (2013) +1 other reference |
| Cassedanne et al. (1982) |
| Cassedanne et al. (1981) |
| Scipioni Vial et al. (2007) |
| Villas et al. (2001) |
| Monteiro et al. (2008) |
Bulgaria | |
| Kerestedjian (1997) |
| I. Kostov et al. (1964) +1 other reference |
| [MinRec 22 p.439] |
Cameroon | |
| Dzemua et al. (2012) |
Canada | |
| the world's largest besshi-type ... +2 other references |
| Belik (1973) |
| www.canadianrockhound.com (2002) |
| Manor et al. (2014) |
Peatfield (n.d.) | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Mauthner (1996) |
| Montgomery (n.d.) |
| Phillips (1979) |
Phillips (1979) | |
| Syme et al. (1993) |
Healy et al. (1990) | |
| 153-155. +2 other references |
| Phillips (1979) |
| Phillips (1979) |
| Duff (2016) |
Richardson et al. (1996) | |
| GOOD et al. (1993) |
| www.canadianrockhound.com (2002) |
Mineralogical Record 22:385 | |
| Phillips (1979) |
Franchuk et al. (2016) | |
| Sabina (1967) |
| www.canadianrockhound.com (2002) |
| Kaiman +3 other references |
| American Journal of Science |
| A.J. Naldrett et al. |
| www.canadianrockhound.com (2002) |
Larry Pilgrim (2009) +2 other references | |
| Sabina (2003) |
Sabina (2003) | |
| Sabina (1972) |
| Rich et al. (1977) |
Lang (1952) +1 other reference | |
Lang (1952) | |
| Lang (1952) |
| Chamberlain et al. (1965) |
| Harris et al. (1984) |
| Grant (2009) |
| www.canadianrockhound.com (2002) |
| Hawley et al. (1962) |
| Hawley et al. (1962) |
| Ames et al. (2003) |
| Ford et al. (2011) |
Ames et al. (2003) +1 other reference | |
personal correspondence with Doug Scott | |
Kjarsgaard et al. (2010, June) | |
Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 17 (1979) +3 other references | |
Springer (1989) | |
| Ames et al. (2003) |
Ames et al. (2003) | |
| Ames et al. (2003) |
Ames et al. (2003) | |
Ames et al. (2003) | |
Am Min (1936) +3 other references | |
| Ames et al. (2003) |
| Can Mineral 1984 22: 13-21 |
| G. M. Schwartz (1924) |
| Rocks & Minerals (1997) |
157-158. +1 other reference | |
| Sabina (1991) |
| Harris (1989) |
Sabina (1991) | |
Currie (1980) +1 other reference | |
| Ontario Ministry of Northern ... +1 other reference |
| Cabri et al. (1979) |
| 5th International Platinum Symposium ... +2 other references |
| Smith et al. (2022) |
MDI Number: MDI52A04SE00026 | |
| Wilson et al. (2013) |
| Cao (2017) |
| Econ Geology (1993) |
| Smith et al. (2021) +1 other reference |
Smith (2021) | |
| 179-181. +3 other references |
| Stevenson (1934) |
| Estrie and Gaspesie +2 other references |
| Girard (1971) |
| Canadian Mineralogist vol.22 (1984) |
| McMillan (1973) |
| a possible Archean porphyry system. Economic geology (6) +1 other reference |
| |
Fig. 1 +1 other reference | |
| Sabina (1972) |
5th International Platinum Symposium ... +1 other reference | |
| Sabina (1972) |
Chile | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
China | |
| Zhao et al. (1999) |
| Yunsheng Ren et al. (2005) |
Yunsheng Ren et al. (2005) | |
Bangguo Chen et al. (2007) | |
Pan et al. (1999) +1 other reference | |
| Xiao Xinjian et al. (2002) |
Xiao Xinjian et al. (2002) | |
| Kuang Cen and Chongwen Yu (2001) +1 other reference |
| Qin Xinlong et al. (2003) |
| Xiaoming Sun et al. (1993) |
| Gang Cheng (1980) +2 other references |
| Ruiqi Wang (1977) +8 other references |
| Jie Zhang and Zhefu Shui (1995) |
| Jun Xu (1987) |
Jun Xu (1987) | |
Jun Xu (1987) | |
Lijun Zhu (1991) | |
| Xuxing Yu et al. (2012) |
| Fujun Zai et al. (1998) |
| Anthony et al. (1997) |
| Chang et al. (2022) |
| Yi Li and Youbin Liang (1991) |
| Liang (2015) |
| Xuehui Xia et al. (2003) |
| Xuehui Xia et al. (2003) |
Xuehui Xia et al. (2003) | |
| Xuehui Xia et al. (2003) |
Zhaolong Li et al. (1981) +1 other reference | |
Xuehui Xia et al. (2003) | |
| Wang et al. (2022) |
| Yan Liu et al. (2011) |
| Shigan Huang et al. (1986) +1 other reference |
| Rengui Wu and Dagan Yu (2000) |
| Rengui Wu and Dagan Yu (2000) |
| Xianchang Luo (1983) |
| Goldschmidt Conference Abstracts (2011) |
| Li Lin et al. (2006) |
| Singer et al. (2002) |
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| Fanrong Chen and Yizhuo Qiu (1995) |
| Jiuhua Xu et al. (2001) |
| Matsuda (1969) |
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| Duan Guolian (1991) |
| Jianhui Wu et al. (2010) |
| Peilin Xue et al. (2006) |
| Guoqiang Tian et al. (2006) |
| Chen et al. (2023) |
| Han et al. (2020) |
| Enkui Cao (1991) |
| Wang et al. (2022) |
| Yongrui Zhao and Yunqing Zhen (2006) |
Yongrui Zhao and Yunqing Zhen (2006) | |
| Dunn et al. (1985) |
| Yang Weihua (1996) +1 other reference |
| Zhimin et al. (2013) +1 other reference |
| www.wits.ac.za (n.d.) +1 other reference |
Linsu Lü et al. (2007) | |
| pubs.usgs.gov (2006) |
| Guofan Liu et al. (2005) |
| Zhuangzhi Qian et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
Yuwang Wang et al. (2006) +1 other reference | |
| Junchen Yang et al. (1998) |
Junchen Yang et al. (1998) | |
| Chunqi Wen et al. (2002) +2 other references |
| Jincang Hua (2006) |
| Chunming Han et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| Jun Gao and Yinliang Cui (2004) |
Costa Rica | |
| Schwarzenbach et al. (2014) +1 other reference |
Cuba (TL) | |
| Clark (1993) |
Aiglsperger et al. (Eastern Cuban Ophiolites) +2 other references | |
Cyprus | |
| Thalhammer et al. (1986) |
Thalhammer et al. (1986) | |
| Antivachis (2015) |
Czech Republic | |
| Lapis 2000 (4) |
| Ulmanová et al. (2024) |
| Beran (Ag, Au, Co) +2 other references |
| Minerální a horninová asociace z ... +2 other references |
| Knésl et al. (2005, August) |
Pašava et al. (2003) | |
| Kříbek et al. (2009) |
Egypt | |
| Sharara et al. (1999) +1 other reference |
Helmy (2005) | |
| Helmy et al. (1995) |
Ethiopia | |
| Cook et al. (2000) |
| T.L. Evstigneyeva et al. (1992) |
| Cabri et al. (1981) |
Finland | |
| Luukkonen (1994) |
| Novoselov et al. (2015) |
Aho (1975) | |
| Taipale (2015) +1 other reference |
| Kopperoinen |
| tupa.gtk.fi (n.d.) |
| Kärkkäinen et al. (2016) |
| Kojonen et al. (2007) |
| Iljina |
| Geological Survey of Finland 2008. ... +3 other references |
| 33 IGC excursion No 15 +2 other references |
Geological Survey of Finland 2008 ... | |
| Pelayo Barrón Francisco (2020) +1 other reference |
| Nebocat et al. (2011) |
| Hytönen (1999) |
Kojonen | |
Geological Survey of Finland 2008. Pampalo (Ward) +2 other references | |
Geological Survey of Finland 2008. ... | |
| Lips (2006) +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Min.: 22: 506-509. +1 other reference |
American Mineralogist (1959) | |
Geological Survey of Finland 2011. ... | |
| Geological Survey of Finland 2007 Kopsa ... +2 other references |
| Nurmi |
| Geological Survey of Finland 2006 ... +1 other reference |
| Geological Survey of Finland 2008. ... +1 other reference |
Geological Survey of Finland 2007 ... +1 other reference | |
| Peltonen et al. (2008) |
| Kojonen et al. (2002) |
| Puustinen (1971) |
| Papunen +1 other reference |
| Economic Geology (1996) |
| Peltonen et al. (1995) |
Häkli +1 other reference | |
| Eilu (2003) |
Geological Survey of Finland 2009. ... | |
| Virtasalmi-Copper Database. Geological Survey of Finland (2009) |
| Kojonen +1 other reference |
| Geological Survey of Finland Aijala - ... +1 other reference |
Sotka (1982) | |
| Cook N. J. (2011) |
Cook et al. (2011) | |
| Geological Survey of Finland 2008. ... |
France | |
| |
| R. Pierrot |
| R. Pierrot |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| J.J. Périchaud (Massif Central Français) |
J.J. Périchaud : "Les Gisements Métalliques du Ditrict à Antimoine de Brioude-Massiac (Massif Central Français) | |
| Pélisson (1989) |
| Haudour J. et Sarrot-Reynauld J. (1954) |
| De Ascençao Guedes (2003) |
| De Ascençao Guedes et al. (2000) |
| Chauris (2014) |
| Pierrot R. et al. (1975) |
| BRGM |
| Chauris (2014) |
| Inventaire minéralogique de la France-29-Finistère (1973) |
| R.PIERROT et al. (1973) |
| Pillard F. et al. (1985) |
| "Les minéraux et al. (1977) |
| R. Pierrot |
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| A. Wittern & J.-R. Journée: "Mineralien finden in den Vogesen" (Cologne) |
| P&T N°23-24 et al. (Haut-Rhin) |
| |
Bari (1982) | |
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| Thierry Brunsperger in Mindat pictures |
| P&T N°23-24 et al. (Haut-Rhin) |
| Hohh (1994) |
| Wittern et al. (Cologne) |
| Wittern et al. (Cologne) |
| Briggs (1975) |
| Gatellier et al. (1990) |
| John F. Kerridge (1979) |
| John F. Kerridge (1979) +1 other reference |
| Ph. Safa |
| R. Pierrot |
Germany | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Knauer et al. (1968) +1 other reference |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| www.berthold-weber.de (2001) |
| Rank (1985) |
| Weiß (1990) |
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| Eigenfund Manfred Groß 2005. Analyse ... +1 other reference |
Eigenfunde/Halde Manfred Gross +1 other reference | |
undefiniert +1 other reference | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
Rolf Golze +3 other references | |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Emser Hefte 1980 (3) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Krupp (1989) |
| EMPA data V. V. SHARYGIN (Novosibirsk, Ru) |
Sharygin (2012) | |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
Gröbner et al. (2011) | |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Hochleitner (1990) |
| T. Witzke & F. Rüger: Lapis 1998 (7/8) |
Greece | |
| |
Rieck et al. (1999) | |
| |
| Vavelidis et al. (1997) +1 other reference |
Greenland | |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Ulff-Møller (1989) +1 other reference |
Pauly (1958) | |
| Petersen et al. (1993) |
| Econ Geol (1997) |
| Richards et al. (1987) |
Petersen et al. (1993) | |
Bishop et al. (1980) | |
Hungary | |
| Koch: Minerals of Hungary |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) |
India | |
| Mishra et al. (1999) |
| Dora et al. (2014) |
| Canadian Mineralogist 40:277-309 |
Augé et al. (2002, July) | |
| Ahmed et al. (2018) |
| Ahmed et al. (2018) |
Deb et al. (1969) | |
| Mukherjee et al. (1998) |
Deb (1980) +1 other reference | |
Deb (1980) | |
| Mukherjee et al. (1998) |
| Seetharam (1981) +2 other references |
Indonesia | |
| Ian A Taylor (2011) |
| Idrus et al. (2015) |
Knuever et al. (2023) | |
| Prendergast (2003) |
Iran | |
| Mollai et al. (2009) |
| Mousivand (2007) |
| Mousivand et al. (2018) |
| Maleki et al. (2022) |
| Nezafatis (2006) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Shojaeddin Niroomand et al. (2011) |
Ireland | |
| Dr. David Jordan collection |
| Ixer |
Italy | |
| Fantone et al. (2014) |
| Palenzona et al. (1988) |
| Carmagnola et al. (2019) |
| De Capitani et al. (1981) +1 other reference |
| Bedognè et al. (2006) |
| Bedognè et al. (2006) |
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| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Prete (1995) |
Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
| Bibolini A. (1933) |
| Guastoni A. et al. (2016) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Revello G. (1970) |
| Venerandi Pirri (2002) |
| Saccà et al. (2006) |
| Exel (1987) |
| Exel (1987) +6 other references |
Exel (1987) | |
| Exel (1987) |
| Exel (1987) |
| Forenza et al. (2005) |
| Dessau G. |
| Exel (1987) |
| De Michele (1974) |
| Benvenuti M. et al. (1992/93) |
| · Betti et al. (2017) |
| Stoppa et al. (1997) |
Ivory Coast | |
| Coulibaly et al. (2008) |
Japan | |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) |
| USGS Bulletin 1930 |
| MARIKO et al. (1996) |
| Zohka (1972) |
| Vol.XXI +3 other references |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) |
| Bamba (1981) |
| Harada |
| Yamada (2004) |
Yamaoka (1982) +3 other references | |
Etsuo Uchida (1986) | |
Makoto Haruna specimens +2 other references | |
| Watanabe (1959) |
| Watanabe et al (1963) |
| Muramatsu et al. (1975) |
Dr. Yohachiro Okamoto collection (conserved by the Geological Survey of Japan) | |
| Dr. Matsuo Nambu ore collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) +1 other reference |
| Am Min 61:3-4 pp 260-265 +1 other reference |
| Moon Young Kim (1981) |
| Narita (1963) |
| Narita (1963) |
| Matsukuma (1962) |
| Laznicka (1981) +1 other reference |
| Dr. Kameki Kinoshita collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| Harada |
| Harada |
| Setsuo Takeno (1973) |
| Takechi et al. (2003) |
| T. Sudo and T. Nakamura (1952) |
Jersey | |
| Ixer et al. (1980) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Singer et al. (2008) | |
| Miroshnikova A. et al. (2014) +1 other reference |
| Filimonov et al (2005) +1 other reference |
Spiridonov (2014) | |
| www.portergeo.com.au (2007) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Singer et al. (2008) | |
| Baibatsha et al. (2015) |
| Seltmann et al. (2005) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
| Sharygin (2019) |
Kosovo | |
| Féraud J. (1979) |
| Hyseni et al. (2010) |
| Ministry of Mining and Energy (2002) +1 other reference |
Kyrgyzstan | |
| Soloviev (2011) |
Luxembourg | |
| Philippo Simon (éditeur) |
Madagascar | |
| Behier (1960) |
Malaysia | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Mauritania | |
| Denver Region Exploration Geologists ... +1 other reference |
Kolb et al. (2006) +2 other references | |
Mexico | |
| King (n.d.) |
| González-Partida. E. et al. (F) |
González-Partida et al. (2003) | |
| Parker (2010) |
Mongolia | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Montenegro | |
| Ivan Jurković (2007) |
Ivan Jurković (2007) | |
| Ivan Jurković (2007) |
| Ivan Jurković (2007) |
Morocco | |
| S. Weiß: Lapis 31 (7/8) |
| Barral et al. (2009) |
| Econ Geol (1990) |
Econ Geol (1990) | |
Econ Geol (1990) | |
Myanmar | |
| Zaw et al. (2014) |
Namibia | |
| Econ Geol (1987) |
| Bürg et al. (1942) |
| Gebhard (1999) |
| von Bezing (2007) |
Nepal | |
| Kalin Kouzmanov et al. (2009) |
| Kouzmanov et al. (2009) |
New Zealand | |
| crownminerals.med.govt.nz (2004) |
| Railton et al. (1990) |
Christie et al. (1995) | |
Nigeria | |
| www.smenet.org (2001) |
| www.smenet.org (2001) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
North Korea | |
| Resource Geology |
North Macedonia | |
| Peltekovski et al. (2012) |
| RMZ - Materials and Geoenvironment Vol 52 No. 3 pp 535-548 (2006) |
| Singer et al. (2008) +5 other references |
Serafimovski et al. (2016) | |
Norway | |
| Gatedal (n.d.) |
| Pedersen (1979) |
Page et al. (1964) | |
Nilsen (1978) | |
| Garmo (2006) |
| Nilsen et al. (1972) |
Nilsen et al. (1972) | |
| Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ... |
| Vogt (1935) |
Ramdohr (1938) | |
| F.M. Vokes (1963) +1 other reference |
| Lindahl (1973) |
| Saager (1967) |
Cook (2001) | |
| Flood (1964) |
| geo.ngu.no (n.d.) |
| Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ... |
| Pedersen (1975) |
| Nordrum et al. (1981) |
| Vokes (1957) |
| Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ... |
Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ... | |
Vokes (1957) | |
Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ... | |
| Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ... |
Larsen et al. (2018) | |
| Lindahl et al. (1975) |
Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ... | |
Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ... | |
Norges geologiske undersøkelse. Malmdatabasen. Moskodal gruve. Forekomst nr.44 i Nordreisa (1942) | |
Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ... | |
Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ... | |
| Lindahl et al. (1988) |
| Geological Survey of Norway. Deposit ... |
| Jøsang (1964) |
Jøsang (1964) | |
| Jøsang (1964) |
Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ... | |
Jøsang (1964) | |
Jøsang (1964) | |
| Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ... |
| Størseth (2016) |
| Strmic Palinkas et al. (2024) |
| Ihlen et al. (2015) |
Oman | |
| Ixer et al. (1984) |
Ixer et al. (1984) | |
Pacific Ocean | |
| Peng Xiaotong (2005) |
Peng Xiaotong (2005) | |
Peng Xiaotong (2005) | |
| Haymon (1983) |
| Astakhov et al. (2006) |
Pakistan | |
| Miller et al. (1991) |
Panama | |
| Singer et al. (2005) |
Papua New Guinea | |
| Yates et al. (1967) |
| Noku et al. (2011) |
| Renno et al. (2004) |
Peru | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Philippines | |
| Fournelle et al. (1996) |
Poland | |
| Janeczek et al. (1991) |
Siuda (2001) | |
| Mochnacka et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
Mederski et al. (2020) | |
Gołębiowska B. et al. (Ag) +1 other reference | |
| Natural History Museum Vienna collection (catalogued in 1866) |
| Mochnacka et al. (2015) |
| Mochnacka et al. (2015) |
| Nejbert K. 2008: Mineralogy of ... |
Morgan et al. (2000) | |
Kucha H. 1982: Haycockite and ... +1 other reference | |
Kozlowski A & Wiszniewska J: (2001) | |
Morgan et al. (2000) | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Portugal | |
| Marques de Sá et al. (2010) |
| MEMÓRIAS DO COBRE. NOTA SOBRE A CRIAÇÃO DE UM PARQUE ARQUEO-INDUSTRIAL NA MINA DA HERDADE DA MOSTARDEIRA (ESTREMOZ, PORTUGAL) |
| |
Bussink (1984) | |
| Ing Soen Oen : "Paragenetic relations of some Cu-Fe-Sn-Sulfides in the Mangualde Pegmatite et al. (Berl.) |
Red Sea | |
Lebedev et al. (1988) +1 other reference | |
Romania | |
| Ciobanu et al. (2006) |
| Ilinca (2012) |
| Singer et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
Ilinca (2012) | |
| Edited by Szakáll-Kristály (2010) |
| Szakáll et al. (2010) |
| Huber et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
| Szakáll (2002) |
| Clain et al. (2006) |
| Udubaşa S.S. (2004) |
Russia | |
| Pekov et al. (2011) |
| Potseluev et al. (2006) |
| Safina +6 other references |
| Damdinov et al. (2022) |
| Konnikov et al. (2000) +3 other references |
Spiridonov et al. (2019, April) | |
Kislov +2 other references | |
Kislov +1 other reference | |
| Safina et al. (2015) |
| Chudnenko +2 other references |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| www.igem.ru (2001) +1 other reference |
| Mazurov et al. (2007) |
| Barkov et al. (2019) |
| Kulikov et al. (1989) |
| Zelenski et al. (2018) |
| Davydova et al. (2017) |
| Lennikov et al. (2004) |
Barkov et al. (2016) +1 other reference | |
| Silyanov et al. (2022) |
Alexander V. Dedeev et al (2002) | |
| Malitch et al. (2013) +1 other reference |
| Sokol et al. (2023) |
| Institute on Lake Superior Geology ... +2 other references |
Krivolutskaya et al. (2011) | |
| Barnes et al. (2006) |
| Krivolutskaya et al. (2021) |
Amer.Mineral. (1970) | |
Anthony et al. (1990) +1 other reference | |
Yevstigneyeva et al. (1973) +7 other references | |
2014 Ultramafic-mafic intrusions +1 other reference | |
Czamanske. et al (1992) | |
Pekov (1998) | |
Kalugin et al. (2021) | |
| Shvedov et al. (2015) |
Ryabov et al. (2013) | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Groshev +6 other references |
Groshev +6 other references | |
Neradovskii et al. (1982) | |
Olga Yakovleva et al. (2009) | |
Pekov et al. (2004) | |
| Subbotin et al. (1998) +4 other references |
... | |
| Chashchin et al. (2018) |
Yury L. Voytekhovsky (2008) | |
| Kalinin (2021) |
Chernyavsky et al. (2012) | |
| Kravtsova et al. (2002) |
Abzalov et al. (1997) | |
A. N. Korobeinikov et al. (1998) | |
Chashchin et al. (2013) | |
| Gavrilenko (2001) |
| Zaikov et al. (2006) |
| ROGULINA et al. (2004) |
Grant et al. (2001) | |
Vasilenko (2001) | |
| Warren J. Nokleberg et al (1996) |
| Nokleberg et al. (2010) |
| Grishaenko et al. (2007) |
| Safonov et al. (2003) |
Ivashchenko et al. (2006) +1 other reference | |
| V.A. Gorelov (1997) |
| P.Kartashov data +1 other reference |
| Ivashchenko et al. (2006) |
V. I. Ivashchenko et al. (2007) | |
[World of Stones 12:49] | |
| USGS Open File Report 2005-1252 p26 |
Nenasheva et al. (2011) | |
| - (n.d.) |
| Pavlova et al. (2009) |
| Yudovskaya et al. (2006) |
| Antonov A.A. [Антонов А.А.] (2003) |
| Vikent'ev et al. (2006) |
| Murzin et al. (1999) |
| Murzin et al. (1999) |
| Gillen et al. (Eds.) |
| Shmelev V.R. et al. (2014) |
| Kovalev et al. (2019) +1 other reference |
| Gongalsky et al. (2019) |
| Prokofiev et al. (2010) |
Saudi Arabia | |
| C. F. Blain (1978) |
| Testard et al. (1979, June) |
Serbia | |
Slobodan A. Radosavljević et al. (2013) | |
Radosavljevic-Mihajlovic et al. (2007) | |
Radosavljević-Mihajlović et al. (2017) | |
| Cissarz et al. (1957) |
| Albrecht von Quadt et al. (2007) |
Albrecht von Quadt et al. (2007) +1 other reference | |
| Pačevski et al. (2018) |
| Ministry of Mining and Energy (2002) |
Ministry of Mining and Energy (2002) | |
- (2008) | |
Slovakia | |
| Hoppanová et al. (2023) |
| Majzlan (1996) |
| Ozdín D. & Pršek J. |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Ďuďa R. et al. ( Kotterbach ) |
| Duda et. all. |
Ďuďa R. (2001) | |
| Ozdin D. |
Ozdín D. & Chovan M. | |
South Africa | |
| Tischler et al. (1981) +1 other reference |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| McCreesh et al. (2018) |
| W. C. J. van Rensburg and L. Liebenberg (1967) +2 other references |
| Klemd +6 other references |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Günther (2013) |
| Vaughan (1969) |
| Dzvinamurungu (2012) |
| genetic implications. Economic Geology: ... +1 other reference |
| Cairncross (2004) |
Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
South Korea | |
| Yoo et al. (2011) |
| Lee et al. (1998) |
| Choi (1998) |
| IMAI et al. (1984) +2 other references |
Spain | |
| Tornos et al. (1998) |
| Álvarez-Valero et al. (2009) |
| Bocamina (4) |
| Romero Silva (2003) |
| Econ Geol (1990) |
Econ Geol (1990) | |
| Econ Geol (1990) |
| Econ Geol (1990) +1 other reference |
| Mineralogistes de Catalunya (2/3) |
| Jordá (2008) |
| Ref: Jiménez R. et al. (2004) |
| Tornos et al. (2006) |
| Weibel (1955) |
| Castroviejo (1990) |
| mineral chemistry and conditions of formation. The Canadian Mineralogist (5) +1 other reference |
Sudan | |
| www.gras-sd.com (2004) |
Sweden | |
| Eriksson |
| Grensman et al. (2001) |
Tiu (2019) +1 other reference | |
| GFF (1984) |
| Zakrzewski et al. (1986) |
| Andersen (2009) +1 other reference |
| Andersen (2009) |
| Burke et al. (1990) |
Canadian Mineralogist (1984) | |
Hellingwerf (1985) | |
| Per Geijer (1924) |
| |
| |
Dobbe et al. (1994) | |
| Damman et al. (1990) |
Damman et al. (1991) | |
| Neues Jahrb.Mineral. Monatsch. (1984) |
Holtstam et al. (1999) | |
Gatedal (n.d.) | |
| Gatedal (n.d.) +1 other reference |
Jonsson (2010) | |
Östra Värmlands Mineral Society | |
| |
Econ Geol (1984) | |
| Rincon (2022) |
Axelsson et al. (2006) | |
| Mikael Jansson () |
| Wagner et al. (2001) |
| |
| Juve (1974) |
| Kieft et al. (1987) |
| |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Volker Dietrich (1972) |
| Grünenfelder (1957) +1 other reference |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Meisser (2012) |
| 86. (in German) +2 other references |
Tajikistan | |
| Badalov et al. (1975) |
Tanzania | |
| Kerridge et al. (1979) |
| Gallagher (1941) |
Turkey | |
| Oyman (2010) |
| Yildirim (2022) |
Abdelnasser et al. (2022) | |
| Akinci (2009) |
| Sagiroglu et al. (2004) |
| Billor (2003) +1 other reference |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
UK | |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Stanley et al. (1991) |
| Ewart (1957) +3 other references |
| Ixer et al. (1997) |
Ukraine | |
| Bobrov et al. (2006, August) +1 other reference |
| Shumlyanskyy et al. (2000) |
Uruguay | |
| Prichard et al. (2004) |
USA | |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| Thakurta (2008) |
| Econ Geol (1992) |
Econ Geol (1992) | |
Econ Geol (1992) | |
Econ Geol (1992) | |
- (2008) | |
- (2008) | |
- (2008) | |
- (2008) | |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| Anthony. J.W. (1995) |
| Eastlick +2 other references |
- (2005) | |
| Granger (1962) |
| MRDS database Dep. ID file #10111429 |
| Barnes et al. (1983) +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 93 +3 other references |
| Dunning et al. (2005) |
| Plumas County copper belt +4 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 93 +2 other references |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Rocks & Min.: 64:194 +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Minerals: 64:202 +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Min: 64:202 +1 other reference |
| Econ Geol (1984) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
Ream (1995) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| MRDS 10073428 |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| King et al. (1994) |
| Rainville et al. (1976) |
| Plante (1992) |
| 2009 Portland GSA Annual Meeting (18-21 October 2009) |
| Ware +2 other references |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
- (2005) | |
George W. Robinson and S.M. Carlson (2009) | |
Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| - (2005) |
Rocks & Minerals 75:6 | |
| Moreton et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
- (2005) +1 other reference | |
P. W. Weiblen and Henry HaII (1967) | |
| Lawrence M. Zanko (1994) +1 other reference |
| Good et al. (2010) |
Econ Geol (1981) +3 other references | |
5th International Platinum Symposium ... +3 other references | |
Raič et al. (2015) | |
- (2005) | |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Ore Deposits of the Northern part of the Park (Indian Creek) +2 other references |
USGS Prof Paper 1038 +2 other references | |
| Canadian Mineralogist Vol.24 (1986) |
| Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 23 (1 985) |
| Canadian Mineralogist Vol.24 (1986) |
Canadian Mineralogist Vol.24 (1986) | |
Gobla (2012) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Jensen (1993) +1 other reference |
Jensen (1993) | |
| [Rocks & Minerals Vol 68 March/April ... |
[Rocks & Minerals Vol 68 March/April ... | |
| Minerals of the Ground Hog Mine Grant ... +2 other references |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
- (2005) | |
| Christopher P.Indorf et al. (v.76,p.1170) |
Rocks & Minerals 75:6 | |
| Espenshade et al. (1963) |
| - (2005) |
| Oregon Metal Mines Handbook |
Oregon Metal Mines Handbook | |
Oregon Metal Mines Handbook | |
- (2005) | |
| Ross (1935) |
| Bullock (1981) |
Bullock (1981) +1 other reference | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Rocks & Min. Vol. 71 (1996) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
| Cannon (1975) |
| R. Derkey +4 other references |
| - (2005) |
| Rosemeyer (1997) |
| Loucks (1976) |
Vietnam | |
| Glotov et al. (2006) |
| Can et al. (2011) +1 other reference |
Yemen | |
| Zolensky et al. (2003) |
Zimbabwe | |
| Oberthür et al. (2003) |
| Kisters et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
| Frei (2005) |
162173 Ryugu | |
Outer Space | |
Gornitz (2007) | |
| Burgess et al. (2021) |
The Moon | |
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Henderson No. 2 mine, Jamésie, Nord-du-Québec, Québec, Canada