Valentinite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Valentinite
Basil Valentine
Formula:
Sb2O3
Colour:
Colourless, white, light gray, light yellow
Lustre:
Adamantine, Pearly
Hardness:
2½ - 3
Specific Gravity:
5.76
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Name:
Named after Basilius Valentinus (Basil Valentine) [1394 Mainz, Germany - 1450 "Germany?"], who wrote about the properties of antimony. Valentinus may have been a real 15th-century chemist but some historians argue that it was a pseudonym used by one or more 16th-century German authors.
Dimorph of:
This page provides mineralogical data about Valentinite.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
4135
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:4135:1
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
f1f5417a-eabb-4d38-9428-de242096c945
IMA Classification of Valentinite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
Classification of Valentinite
4.CB.55
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
C : Metal: Oxygen = 2: 3,3: 5, and similar
B : With medium-sized cations
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
C : Metal: Oxygen = 2: 3,3: 5, and similar
B : With medium-sized cations
4.3.11.1
4 : SIMPLE OXIDES
3 : A2X3
4 : SIMPLE OXIDES
3 : A2X3
7.13.4
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
13 : Oxides of As, Sb and Bi
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
13 : Oxides of As, Sb and Bi
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Vln | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Valentinite
Adamantine, Pearly
Transparency:
Transparent
Colour:
Colourless, white, light gray, light yellow
Streak:
White
Hardness:
2½ - 3 on Mohs scale
Hardness Data:
Measured
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
on {110}, imperfect on {010}
on {110}, imperfect on {010}
Density:
5.76 g/cm3 (Measured) 5.76 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Valentinite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 2.180 nβ = 2.350 nγ = 2.350
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.170
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Very High
Dispersion:
extreme
Chemistry of Valentinite
Mindat Formula:
Sb2O3
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
As
Crystallography of Valentinite
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) - Dipyramidal
Space Group:
Pccn
Cell Parameters:
a = 4.91 Å, b = 12.46 Å, c = 5.42 Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.394 : 1 : 0.435
Unit Cell V:
331.59 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Morphology:
Commonly prismatic either [001] or [100]; also tabular {010}. Prism faces often rounded by striations parallel to [001], and the brachydomes are striated [100]. Fan-shaped or stellate aggregates, in bundles and druses and as aggregates of thin plates. Massive, with lamellar, columnar, or granular structure.
Crystal Structure
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2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0000015 | Valentinite | Buerger M J (1936) The crystal structure of valentinite American Mineralogist 21 206-207 | 1936 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0009500 | Valentinite | Svensson C (1974) The crystal structure of orthorhombic antimony trioxide, Sb2O3 Acta Crystallographica B30 458-461 |  | 1974 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0010568 | Valentinite | Buerger M J, Hendricks S B (1938) The crystal structure of valentinite Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 98 1-30 |  | 1938 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0012431 | Valentinite | Whitten A E, Dittrich B, Spackman M A, Turner P, Brown T C (2004) Charge density analysis of two polymorphs of antimony(III) oxide Dalton Transactions 2004 23-29 | 2004 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Image Loading
Radiation - Copper Kα
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 4.571 Å | (18) |
| 3.494 Å | (25) |
| 3.174 Å | (20) |
| 3.142 Å | (100) |
| 3.118 Å | (75) |
| 2.650 Å | (14) |
| 1.8046 Å | (20) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47d : [Arsenates, antimonates, selenates, bismuthinates] | |
| 47h : [Near-surface oxidized, dehydrated minerals] | |
| Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals | <10 Ka |
| 55 : Anthropogenic mine minerals | |
| 56 : Slag and smelter minerals (see also #51 and #55) |
Type Occurrence of Valentinite
Synonyms of Valentinite
Other Language Names for Valentinite
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 181 photos of Valentinite associated with Stibnite | Sb2S3 |
| 93 photos of Valentinite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 86 photos of Valentinite associated with Kermesite | Sb2S2O |
| 75 photos of Valentinite associated with Pyrite | FeS2 |
| 46 photos of Valentinite associated with Galena | PbS |
| 46 photos of Valentinite associated with Stibiconite | Sb3+Sb5+2O6(OH) |
| 45 photos of Valentinite associated with Senarmontite | Sb2O3 |
| 37 photos of Valentinite associated with Antimony | Sb |
| 24 photos of Valentinite associated with Sulphur | S8 |
| 17 photos of Valentinite associated with Metastibnite | Sb2S3 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 4.CB. | Ferrohögbomite-2N2S | [(Fe2+,Mg,Zn,Al)3(Al,Ti,Fe3+)8O15(OH)]2 |
| 4.CB. | Magnesiohögbomite-6N12S | Mg5Al11TiO23(OH) |
| 4.CB. | Zhenruite | (MoO3)2 · H2O |
| 4.CB. | Pengite | (Pb8Sb3+3)Σ11Sb5+9O35 |
| 4.CB. | Virgilluethite | MoO3 · H2O |
| 4.CB.05 | Brizziite | NaSb5+O3 |
| 4.CB.05 | Corundum | Al2O3 |
| 4.CB.05 | Ecandrewsite | (Zn,Fe2+,Mn2+)TiO3 |
| 4.CB.05 | Eskolaite | Cr2O3 |
| 4.CB.05 | Geikielite | MgTiO3 |
| 4.CB.05 | Hematite | Fe2O3 |
| 4.CB.05 | Ilmenite | Fe2+TiO3 |
| 4.CB.05 | Karelianite | V3+2O3 |
| 4.CB.05 | Melanostibite | Mn2+2Fe3+Sb5+O6 |
| 4.CB.05 | Pyrophanite | Mn2+TiO3 |
| 4.CB.05 | Akimotoite | (Mg,Fe2+)SiO3 |
| 4.CB.05 | Auroantimonate | AuSbO3 |
| 4.CB.05 | UM1998-11-O-AuHSb | Au+2Sb3+O2(OH) |
| 4.CB.05 | Tistarite | Ti3+2O3 |
| 4.CB.05 | Unnamed (Fe-Cr Oxide) | FeCrO3 |
| 4.CB.05 | Hemleyite | (Fe2+0.48Mg0.37Ca0.04Na0.04Mn2+0.03Al0.03Cr3+0.01)sum=1.00Si1.00O3 |
| 4.CB.10 | Avicennite | Tl2O3 |
| 4.CB.10 | Bixbyite-(Mn) | Mn3+2O3 |
| 4.CB.10 | Bixbyite-(Fe) | (Fe,Mn)2O3 |
| 4.CB.15 | Armalcolite | (Mg,Fe2+)Ti2O5 |
| 4.CB.15 | Sassite | Ti3+2Ti4+O5 |
| 4.CB.15 | Pseudobrookite | Fe2TiO5 |
| 4.CB.15 | Ferropseudobrookite | Fe2+Ti2O5 |
| 4.CB.15 | Griffinite | Al2TiO5 |
| 4.CB.15 | Pseudobrookite Group | |
| 4.CB.20 | Zincohögbomite-2N2S | [(Zn,Al,Fe2+)3(Al,Fe3+,Ti)8O15(OH)]2 |
| 4.CB.20 | Zincohögbomite-2N6S | [(Zn,Mg)7(Al,Fe3+,Ti)16O31(OH)]2 |
| 4.CB.20 | Magnesiohögbomite-6N6S | [(Mg,Fe2+)3(Al,Ti,Fe3+)8O15(OH)]6 |
| 4.CB.20 | Magnesiohögbomite-2N3S | [(Mg,Fe2+,Zn)4(Al,Ti,Fe3+)10O19(OH)]2 |
| 4.CB.20 | Magnesiohögbomite-2N2S | [(Mg,Fe2+)3[Al7(Ti,Fe3+)]O15(OH)]2 |
| 4.CB.20 | Ferrohögbomite-6N12S | [(Fe2+,Mg,Zn)5(Al,Ti,Fe3+)12O23(OH)]6 |
| 4.CB.20 | Magnesiohögbomite-2N4S | (Mg8.43Fe2+1.57)sum=10Al22Ti4+2O46(OH)2 |
| 4.CB.20 | Magnesiobeltrandoite-2N3S | (Mg6Al2)(Al18Fe3+2)O38(OH)2 |
| 4.CB.20 | Zincovelesite-6N6S | Zn3(Fe3+,Mn3+,Al,Ti)8O15(OH) |
| 4.CB.25 | Pseudorutile | Fe2Ti3O9 |
| 4.CB.25 | Kleberite | FeTi6O11(OH)5 |
| 4.CB.30 | Berdesinskiite | V3+2TiO5 |
| 4.CB.30 | Oxyvanite | V3+2V4+O5 |
| 4.CB.30 | Kaitianite | Ti3+2Ti4+O5 |
| 4.CB.35 | Olkhonskite | (Cr,V)2Ti3O9 |
| 4.CB.35 | Schreyerite | V3+2Ti3O9 |
| 4.CB.35 | Machiite | Al2Ti3O9 |
| 4.CB.35 | Vestaite | (Ti4+Fe2+)Ti4+3O9 |
| 4.CB.40 | Kamiokite | Fe2Mo3O8 |
| 4.CB.40 | Nolanite | V3+8Fe3+2O14(OH)2 |
| 4.CB.40 | Rinmanite | Zn2Sb2Mg2Fe4O14(OH)2 |
| 4.CB.40 | Iseite | Mn2Mo3O8 |
| 4.CB.40 | Majindeite | Mg2Mo3O8 |
| 4.CB.45 | Claudetite | As2O3 |
| 4.CB.45 | Stibioclaudetite | AsSbO3 |
| 4.CB.50 | Arsenolite | As2O3 |
| 4.CB.50 | Senarmontite | Sb2O3 |
| 4.CB.60 | Bismite | Bi2O3 |
| 4.CB.65 | Sphaerobismoite | Bi2O3 |
| 4.CB.70 | Sillénite | Bi12SiO20 |
| 4.CB.75 | Kyzylkumite | V3+Ti2O5(OH) |
| 4.CB.80 | Tietaiyangite | Fe3+4Fe2+TiO9 |
| 4.CB.85 | Liuite | FeTiO3 |
| 4.CB.90 | Luogufengite | Fe2O3 |
| 4.CB.95 | Wangdaodeite | FeTiO3 |
Other Information
Thermal Behaviour:
Heated in a closed tube, it fuses and partially sublimates. Before the blowpipe, on charcoal, it fuses easily and gives a white coating.
Notes:
Soluble in HCl.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Valentinite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-4135.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
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References for Valentinite
Reference List:
Klaproth, M. H. (1802) Chemische Untersuchung des Weiß-Spießglanzerzes. In Beiträge zur chemischen Kenntniss der Mineralkörper Vol. 3. Rottmann, Berlin. p.183-186.
Ungemach, Henri (1912) Sur la valentinite. Bulletin de Minéralogie, 35 (6) 539-552 doi:10.3406/bulmi.1912.3534
Localities for Valentinite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Algeria | |
| Jean-Pierre Barral specimen |
| BARRAL (2013) |
| Bernard et al. (2004) | |
Australia | |
| Dieter Mylius collection |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) |
| www.mindat.org (2015) |
| D.McLaughlin 1988. Secondary Minerals ... +1 other reference |
| TVM Specimen |
| Ralph Bottrill collection |
| WILKINSON et al. (ed.) |
| F.Bussat 1980 |
| Bussat et al. (1980) | |
| I.M. Threadgold (1958) |
| en.wikipedia.org (2016) |
| Simpson (1952) | |
| Simpson (1948) |
| Simpson (1948) |
Austria | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2010) |
| C.Auer (2016) | |
| C.Auer (2013) |
| Blaß et al. (2002) | |
| H.Meixner (1974) |
| H. Meixner: Carinthia II 158./78.:96-101 (1968) | |
| W. Paar (1980) +1 other reference |
| Puttner (1987) | |
| Pichler (2009) |
| Pichler (2009) | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) | |
| Pichler (2009) | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Pichler (2009) | |
| Pichler (2009) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Groß (1983) |
| Christian Auer collection | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2010) |
| Taucher (1999) |
| 50 +2 other references |
| 50. +1 other reference |
| Lapis 19 (7/8) |
| Putz et al. (2007) |
| Schachinger et al. (2017) |
| Arlt et al. (1994) |
| Lapis 19 (7/8) | |
Bolivia | |
| Wilson (2001) |
| [MinRec 6:134 |
| Kempff et al. (La Paz, 2009) | |
| Wilson (2001) | |
| Wilson (2001) +1 other reference |
| Gordon (1924) | |
| Salomon Rivas & Federico Ahlfeld (1998) |
| Kempff et al. (La Paz, 2009) |
| Mineralogical Record (2001) |
| Alfredo Petrov and Jaroslav Hyrsl ... |
| Wilson (1997) +1 other reference |
| Spencer et al. (1907) | |
| Econ Geol (1997) +1 other reference |
| Smith et al. (2001) |
| Petrov (n.d.) | |
Brazil | |
| USGS Professional Paper 341B |
Canada | |
| BC Minfile data +1 other reference |
| Wilson (1991) |
| Sabina (2003) |
| Lake et al. (2006) |
| Grantham (1985) |
| Sabina (1964) +1 other reference |
| an example of gudmundite-native ... +3 other references |
Chile | |
| Sernageomin +1 other reference |
China | |
| Zhen Meng et al. (2007) |
| Guozhong Chen et al. (2013) |
| Guangxi Zhao (2007) |
| Genwen Chen et al. (2008) |
| Chunlin Yang (1993) |
| Peixi Li (1993) |
| Ottens (2006) +1 other reference |
| Wang Binghua |
| Yongke Chen et al. (2004) |
| Zhiwei Bao (2001) |
| Yu Chen et al. (1984) +2 other references |
| Yonghong Zhu et al. (2012) |
| Lin Yang et al. (2010) |
| Jihua Li et al. (2012) |
| Hanzhi Sun and Lei Lei (1988) +1 other reference |
| Zhifang Zeng and Hesheng Liu (2003) |
| Jianyan Li (1989) +2 other references |
| Guangmo Liu and Houming Jian (1983) +3 other references |
| Pengcheng Liu et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| Jianhong Zheng et al. (2009) |
| Behling et al. (2002) |
| Xiubao Huang and Quanshi Zuo (2001) |
| Leiming Xu et al. (1993) |
| Huiqin Zuo et al. (1991) |
| Lizi Chen et al. (2011) |
| Zhang Fuxin et al. (1999) +3 other references | |
| Fuxin Zhang and Jianqin Ma (1999) | |
| Gu et al. (2002) |
| Su Sun (1993) |
| Likuan Zhu et al. (2012) +2 other references |
| Hong Wang et al. (2003) +1 other reference |
| Yi Yang et al. (2006) |
Czech Republic | |
| |
| Brabec (2002) | |
| RÜSENBERG et al. (1996) |
| [Bull.N.M.Praha 2002 |
| [Bull.N.M.Praha 2002 |
| [Bull.N.M.Praha 2002 | |
| Fojt +8 other references |
| Pauliš et al. (2019) |
| Veselovský (2019) | |
| Sejkora J et al. (2020) |
| Velebil +5 other references |
Ecuador | |
| an NI 43-101 Technical Report prepared ... +1 other reference |
Finland | |
| Sandström et al. (2009) |
| Geological Survey of Finland website |
France | |
| J.-J. Périchaud: Les Minéraux d'Auvergne et al. (1985) |
| |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| R. Pierrot |
| |
| Robin Fialip | |
| R. Pierrot |
| |
| J.J. Périchaud (Massif Central Français) |
| J.J. Périchaud (Massif Central Français) | |
| J.J. Périchaud (Massif Central Français) | |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| C. Vialaron : La mine d'antimoine de Daü et al. (1999) | |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| |
| Queneau (n.d.) | |
| |
| |
| Henwood (1871) +1 other reference |
| Personally collected by Matthias Diot ... |
| T. Brunsperger collection |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Germain C. et al. (1990) |
| M. Bocianowski collection +1 other reference |
| Pierre Le Roch photo & collection |
| Pillard F. et al. (1985) |
| Wittern (1997) |
| FLUCK et al. (1992) |
| Cassian (?) |
| Une ancienne mine d'Antimoine dans le Limousin aurifère ( Georges Hyvert ) +1 other reference |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Thiery et al. (2020) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Y. Moëlo |
| BONNET Frederic collection |
| Inventaire Minéralogique de la France Numéro 14 ( Lozère ) |
| Robert Pecorini collection; EDX ... |
| Baret (1905) |
| |
| Mantienne (1974) +1 other reference |
| Jean-Luc Portes Collection |
| Self collected S. Maury |
Germany | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Meinrad Kempf Collection | |
| Walenta (1992) | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) +1 other reference |
| Walenta (1992) | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| |
| |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Meier (1995) |
| |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Lapis (6) | |
| Blaß et al. (1993) | |
| Schnorrer- Köhler et al. (1987) +1 other reference |
| Weiss: "Mineralienfundstellen et al. (Munich) |
| Blaß et al. (1993) +1 other reference |
| Henrich (2009) |
| Hucko et al. (2009) |
| Beyer (1978) |
| Weiss: "Mineralienfundstellen et al. (Munich) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| Lapis 2001 (6) |
| Lapis (3) |
| Schnorrer et al. (1993) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) | |
| Klaproth (1802) |
| Tröger (2012) |
| 43-47 +3 other references |
Greece | |
| Fritz Schreiber collection |
| Hanke (1998) | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2014) |
| Kanellopoulos et al. (2024) |
| Tzamos +9 other references |
Greenland | |
| Petersen (2001) |
| Karup-Møller et al. (1974) +1 other reference |
Hungary | |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya |
| Koch: Minerals of Hungary |
| |
| MAMIT | |
Isle of Man | |
| [J.Russell Soc 1998:35] |
Italy | |
| Pelloux (1927) +1 other reference |
| dbami.amiminerals.it (n.d.) |
| AA. VV. |
| AA. VV. |
| Bedognè et al. (2006) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
| AA. VV. |
| Luigi Chiappino data |
| Pelloux (1904) +3 other references |
| Lovisato (1894) +2 other references |
| Del Caldo et al. (1973) +1 other reference |
| Brizzi et al. (1994) |
| Stara P. (1996) | |
| Stara et al. (1996) | |
| AA. VV. | |
| Corsi (1896) +3 other references |
| D'Achiardi (1896) +4 other references |
| Raman Spectroscopy by Ivano Rochetti |
| Brizzi G. et al. (Casal di Pari-GR) |
| Brizzi G. (1985) +1 other reference | |
| M.E. Ciriotti (Alessandro Soccidi, 2006, pers. comm.) |
| D'Achiardi (1872-73) +1 other reference | |
| Meli (2000) |
| C. Lemanski (6791CL) | |
| Bazzoni C. et al. (2011) +1 other reference |
| Bazzoni C. et al. (2011) | |
| Bazzoni et al. (2001) |
| Sitta et al. (1981) |
| Innocenti F. et al. (Semproniano, Grosseto) |
| Benvenuti M. et al. (1992/93) |
| Biagioni et al. (2015) |
| Biagioni et al. (2009) |
| Nannoni R. et al. (PI) +1 other reference |
| Min.Rec.: 15:35 +3 other references |
Japan | |
| Minakawa (1982) |
| Field collected by Dr Hidemichi Hori +1 other reference |
| Yamada (2004) |
| University of Tokyo collection |
| Yamada (2004) |
| Petrov (n.d.) | |
| University of Tokyo collection +1 other reference | |
Kyrgyzstan | |
| Kolesar et al. (1993) +1 other reference |
| Kolesar et al. (1993) | |
| Evseev (1995) |
| Il'yasova +2 other references |
Luxembourg | |
| 43-45 +5 other references |
Mexico | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Loranth |
| Rocks & Min.: 56:247. |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Pancnzer (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Richard Gunter specimen +1 other reference |
Mozambique | |
| Behier (1957) |
New Zealand | |
| Collection of Rod Martin |
| Collection of Rod Martin |
| Watson (1974) |
| R.Martin personal collection |
| Collection of RJ Martin |
North Macedonia | |
| Rieck (1993) +1 other reference |
| Mudrinic et al. (1997) |
| Đorđević et al. (2017) +1 other reference |
Norway | |
| |
Portugal | |
| Bello |
| Pedro Alves analytical data. |
| |
| |
| Pedro Alves collection and analytical ... |
Romania | |
| www.minerals-of-the-carpathians |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Carpathian Reg. |
| Gabor Koller specimens | |
| Damian +6 other references | |
| Marias Francisc | |
| Damian +6 other references | |
| Clain et al. (2006) |
Russia | |
| Silyanov et al. (2021) |
| Volkov et al. (2013) |
| webmineral.ru (n.d.) |
| Grant et al. (2001) |
| Goryachev et al. (2011) |
| Gamyanin et al. (2014) |
Serbia | |
| Slobodan A. Radosavljević et al. (2013) | |
| Slobodan A. Radosavljević +4 other references |
Slovakia | |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Čík Š. et al. (2020) |
| Koděra (1986) | |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Ferenc Š. |
| Števko et al. (2009) |
| Ďuďa (1993) |
| Sejkora J. et al. (2007) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) +2 other references |
| Ozdín D. | |
| Laco Turecky collection | |
| Števko M. et al. (2021) | |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Pauliš P. | |
| Martin Števko-unpublished | |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Števko M. (2022) |
| Ozdín D. et al. (in Slovak) +1 other reference |
| Števko M. (2022) | |
| Koděra |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Duda et. all. |
| Koděra (1986) | |
| Duda |
| Chovan et al. (1995) |
Slovenia | |
| Janez Zavašnik collection +1 other reference |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Econ Geol (1997) |
Spain | |
| Valladares et al. (2021) |
| Calvo (2009) |
| Calvo (2008) |
| Calvo (2008) |
| Calvo (2008) |
| Calvo (2009) |
| Eduardo Alonso Herrero et al. Guia ... |
| Lacasa (1934) | |
| |
| |
| Jiménez Martínez |
| Calvo (2009) |
Sweden | |
| Holtstam et al. (1999) +1 other reference |
Switzerland | |
| Romani (2000) +1 other reference |
| Bedognè et al. (2006) | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Schmutz et al. (1986) | |
| Schmutz et al. (1986) | |
| Meisser N. et al. (2020) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) | |
| Schmutz et al. (1986) | |
Thailand | |
| Dill et al. (2008) |
Turkey | |
| Aral (1989) |
| Aral (1989) | |
| Arik (2012) |
UK | |
| S. Rust collection. Ex Mike Rothwell ID ... |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Tindle (2008) |
| Steve Rust collection |
| Golley et al. (1995) | |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Kingsbury (1957) +1 other reference |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Golley et al. (1995) | |
| Norman Wilson collection |
| |
| Day (1999) |
| Day (1999) |
| Williams (1973) +1 other reference |
| Rust (2022) |
| Williams (1973) |
USA | |
| Rocks & Minerals 71:2 pp134-137 |
| Pearcy et al. (1993) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 127 +2 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 185. +2 other references |
| Stolburg (1984) |
| Stolburg (1984) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 185. +1 other reference |
| Mining and Scientific Press (1915) +2 other references |
| - (2005) |
| Murdoch (1941) +1 other reference |
| Behre et al. (1921) +1 other reference |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 185. +2 other references |
| Cooper et al. (1989) |
| Rogers (1912) +1 other reference |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
| Cooper et al. (1989) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 185. +3 other references |
| Goldsmith (1873) +1 other reference | |
| Ream (1995) |
| Ream (1995) |
| Rocks & Min. 70:262 |
| Anderson (1991) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| NBMG Bull 83 Geology and Mineral ... |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| USGS Open-File Report 76-56 |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| NBMG Bull 58 Geology and Mineral ... +1 other reference |
| NBMG Bull 58 Geology and Mineral ... +1 other reference | |
| NBMG Bull 58 Geology and Mineral ... +1 other reference | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| NBMG Bull 99B Geology and Mineral ... |
| NBMG Bull 99B Geology and Mineral ... |
| USGS Bull 723 +1 other reference |
| Ferguson (1924) +1 other reference | |
| Field collected by Daniel Evanich ... |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Wagner |
| K. Starnes |
| K. Starnes |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Tom Loomis |
| Derkey et al. (1990, November) +1 other reference |
Vietnam | |
| Shunso Ishihara and Pham Tich Xuan (2013) |
| Nevolko et al. (2019) |
| Nevolko et al. (2019) | |
| Nevolko et al. (2019) |
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Nador N'Bails Mine, Djebel Nador, Hammam N'Bails District, Guelma Province, Algeria