Digenite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
This page is currently not sponsored. Click here to sponsor this page.
About Digenite
Formula:
Cu9S5
Colour:
Grey to greyish black, turning bluish on exposure to air
Lustre:
Metallic
Hardness:
2½ - 3
Specific Gravity:
5.546
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1844 by August Breithaupt from Greek διγΡνη΢ digenus = of two origins, because it is related to chalcocite and covellite
Note: Many of the reported associations of digenite and djurleite, identified by powder diffraction, could be anilite and djurleite, as anilite transforms to digenite during grinding.
A recent study showed the existence of a complete solid-solution series between high digenite [cubic, high-temperature digenite] and berzelianite (Pirard & Hatert, 2008).
A recent study showed the existence of a complete solid-solution series between high digenite [cubic, high-temperature digenite] and berzelianite (Pirard & Hatert, 2008).
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1291
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1291:7
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
221e9fc3-3f1c-43d6-ae11-ee28b0219322
IMA Classification of Digenite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Cu1.8S
Classification of Digenite
2.BA.10
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
B : Metal Sulfides, M: S > 1: 1 (mainly 2: 1)
A : With Cu, Ag, Au
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
B : Metal Sulfides, M: S > 1: 1 (mainly 2: 1)
A : With Cu, Ag, Au
2.4.7.3
2 : SULFIDES
4 : AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 2:1
2 : SULFIDES
4 : AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 2:1
3.1.3
3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
1 : Sulphides etc. of Cu
3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
1 : Sulphides etc. of Cu
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMAβCNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMAβCNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMAβCNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Symbol | Source | Reference |
---|---|---|
Dg | IMAβCNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMAβCNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Dg | Kretz (1983) | Kretz, R. (1983) Symbols of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68, 277β279. |
Dg | Siivolam & Schmid (2007) | Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download |
Dg | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185β187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
Dg | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Digenite
Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Grey to greyish black, turning bluish on exposure to air
Streak:
Greyish black
Hardness:
2½ - 3 on Mohs scale
Hardness:
VHN100=86 - 106 kg/mm2 - Vickers
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
{111} on synthetic material
{111} on synthetic material
Fracture:
Conchoidal
Density:
5.546 g/cm3 (Measured) 5.706 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Digenite
Anisotropism:
Mostly isotropic.
Reflectivity:
Wavelength | R |
---|---|
400nm | 29.6% |
420nm | 28.8% |
440nm | 28.0% |
460nm | 27.0% |
480nm | 25.9% |
500nm | 24.8% |
520nm | 23.5% |
540nm | 22.2% |
560nm | 21.0% |
580nm | 19.9% |
600nm | 18.9% |
620nm | 18.0% |
640nm | 17.2% |
660nm | 16.3% |
680nm | 15.5% |
700nm | 14.8% |
Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Top of box is 100%. Peak reflectance is 29.6%.
Colour in reflected light:
Bluish grey
Chemistry of Digenite
Mindat Formula:
Cu9S5
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Fe
Crystallography of Digenite
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Class (H-M):
3m (3 2/m) - Hexagonal Scalenohedral
Space Group:
R3m
Setting:
R3 2/m
Cell Parameters:
a = 3.919 Å, c = 48.00 Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 12.248
Unit Cell V:
638.44 Γ
Β³ (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
3
Morphology:
Pseudocubic crystals (rare) to 3 cm, usually as intergrowths with other copper sulphides. At temperatures below 81Β°C, digenite is trigonal R3m; above that temperature, digenite is isometric.
Comment:
Above 73Β°C, cubic with space group Fm-3m, a = 5.57 Γ
, Z = 4.
Crystal Structure
Load
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
Show
Big Balls | Small Balls | Just Balls | Spacefill
Polyhedra Off | Si Polyhedra | All Polyhedra
Remove metal-metal sticks
Big Balls | Small Balls | Just Balls | Spacefill
Polyhedra Off | Si Polyhedra | All Polyhedra
Remove metal-metal sticks
Display Options
Black Background | White Background
Perspective On | Perspective Off
2D | Stereo | Red-Blue | Red-Cyan
Black Background | White Background
Perspective On | Perspective Off
2D | Stereo | Red-Blue | Red-Cyan
View
CIF File Best | x | y | z | a | b | c
CIF File Best | x | y | z | a | b | c
Rotation
Stop | Start
Stop | Start
Labels
Console Off | On | Grey | Yellow
Console Off | On | Grey | Yellow
Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0000082 | Digenite | Donnay G, Donnay J D H, Kullerud G (1958) Crystal and twin structure of digenite, Cu9S5 American Mineralogist 43 228-242 | 1958 | 0 | 293 | ||
0000121 | Digenite | Morimoto N, Kullerud G (1963) Polymorphism in digenite American Mineralogist 48 110-123 | 1963 | 0 | 353 | ||
0006937 | Digenite | Will G, Hinze E, Abdelrahman A R M (2002) Crystal structure analysis and refinement of digenite, Cu1.8S, in the temperature range 20 to 500 C under controlled sulfur partial pressure European Journal of Mineralogy 14 591-598 | 2002 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0006939 | Digenite | Will G, Hinze E, Abdelrahman A R M (2002) Crystal structure analysis and refinement of digenite, Cu1.8S, in the temperature range 20 to 500 C under controlled sulfur partial pressure European Journal of Mineralogy 14 591-598 | 2002 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0006940 | Digenite | Will G, Hinze E, Abdelrahman A R M (2002) Crystal structure analysis and refinement of digenite, Cu1.8S, in the temperature range 20 to 500 C under controlled sulfur partial pressure European Journal of Mineralogy 14 591-598 | 2002 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0019150 | Digenite | Yamamoto K, Kashida S (1991) X-ray study of the average structures of Cu2Se and Cu1.8S in the room temperature and the high temperature phases Journal of Solid State Chemistry 93 202-211 | 1991 | synthetic | 0 | 300 | |
0019151 | Digenite | Yamamoto K, Kashida S (1991) X-ray study of the average structures of Cu2Se and Cu1.8S in the room temperature and the high temperature phases Journal of Solid State Chemistry 93 202-211 | 1991 | synthetic | 0 | 393 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
5.333 Γ | (6) |
4.000 Γ | (5) |
3.385 Γ | (4) |
3.200 Γ | (30) |
3.042 Γ | (24) |
2.954 Γ | (31) |
2.771 Γ | (22) |
2.697 Γ | (16) |
2.499 Γ | (12) |
2.412 Γ | (12) |
2.248 Γ | (23) |
2.171 Γ | (7) |
2.027 Γ | (6) |
1.9594 Γ | (100) |
1.7778 Γ | (5) |
1.7597 Γ | (2) |
1.6710 Γ | (14) |
1.6472 Γ | (2) |
1.6329 Γ | (3) |
1.6217 Γ | (3) |
1.5999 Γ | (3) |
1.5815 Γ | (2) |
1.5790 Γ | (2) |
1.5419 Γ | (2) |
1.5208 Γ | (2) |
1.4770 Γ | (4) |
1.4086 Γ | (2) |
1.3856 Γ | (5) |
1.3720 Γ | (3) |
1.3166 Γ | (6) |
1.2544 Γ | (2) |
1.2393 Γ | (2) |
1.1795 Γ | (2) |
1.1313 Γ | (9) |
Comments:
ICDD 26-476 (synthetic). See also ICDD 23-962 (isometric) 3.35 (4), 3.21 (35), 3.01 (14), 2.779 (45), 2.553 (4), 2.141 (10), 1.967 (100), 1.814 (2), 1.752 (6), 1.678 (20), 1.607 (4), 1.392 (10). See also ICDD 24-61 (isometric) 3.216 (40), 3.05 (10), 2.785 (68), 1.9693 (100), 1.6794 (14), 1.3925 (3), 1.1370 (2), 1.0719 (2), 0.9415 (2).
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
---|---|
Stage 3a: Earthβs earliest Hadean crust | >4.50 |
8 : Mafic igneous rocks | |
11 : Volcanic fumarole minerals; reduced phases (see also #45) | |
Stage 3b: Earthβs earliest hydrosphere | >4.45 |
12 : Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits (see also #33) | |
15 : Black/white smoker minerals and other seafloor hydrothermal minerals | |
Near-surface Processes | |
28 : Photo-alteration, pre-biotic | |
High-π alteration and/or metamorphism | |
33 : Minerals deposited by hydrothermal metal-rich fluids (see also [#12]) | |
Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
34 : Complex granite pegmatites | |
Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
47h : [Near-surface oxidized, dehydrated minerals] | |
Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals | <10 Ka |
57 : Other minerals formed by human processes |
Geological Setting:
Hydrothermal copper deposits - both as primary and secondary mineral, mafic intrusives, exhalation product, pegmatites.
Type Occurrence of Digenite
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Technische UniversitΓ€t, Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany, number 1893 (holotype).
Synonyms of Digenite
Other Language Names for Digenite
Relationship of Digenite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
Chalcocite | Cu2S | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
Djurleite | Cu31S16 | Mon. 2/m |
Roxbyite | Cu9S5 | Tric. 1 : P1 |
Yarrowite | Cu9S8 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : P3m1 |
Structurally related to group(s):
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
96 photos of Digenite associated with Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
68 photos of Digenite associated with Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
65 photos of Digenite associated with Bornite | Cu5FeS4 |
60 photos of Digenite associated with Chalcocite | Cu2S |
40 photos of Digenite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
39 photos of Digenite associated with Pyrite | FeS2 |
35 photos of Digenite associated with Covellite | CuS |
33 photos of Digenite associated with Cuprite | Cu2O |
30 photos of Digenite associated with Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
29 photos of Digenite associated with Cuprosklodowskite | Cu(UO2)2(SiO3OH)2 Β· 6H2O |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
2.BA. | Orileyite | (Fe,Cu)2As |
2.BA. | Alburnite | Ag8GeTe2S4 |
2.BA. | DzierΕΌanowskite | CaCu2S2 |
2.BA. | Makotoite | Ag12(Cu3Au)S8 |
2.BA. | Xuwenyuanite | Ag9Fe3+Te2S4 |
2.BA.05 | Chalcocite | Cu2S |
2.BA.05 | Djurleite | Cu31S16 |
2.BA.05 | Geerite | Cu8S5 |
2.BA.05 | Roxbyite | Cu9S5 |
2.BA.10 | Anilite | Cu7S4 |
2.BA.15 | Bornite | Cu5FeS4 |
2.BA.20 | Bellidoite | Cu2Se |
2.BA.20 | Berzelianite | Cu2-xSe (x β 0.12) |
2.BA.25 | Athabascaite | Cu5Se4 |
2.BA.25 | Umangite | Cu3Se2 |
2.BA.30 | Rickardite | Cu7Te5 |
2.BA.30 | Weissite | Cu2-xTe |
2.BA.35 | Acanthite | Ag2S |
2.BA.35 | Spryite | Ag8(As3+0.5As5+0.5)S6 |
2.BA.40 | Mckinstryite | Ag5-xCu3+xS4 |
2.BA.40 | Stromeyerite | AgCuS |
2.BA.40d | UM2003-13-S:AgAuCu | Ag6AuCu2S5 |
2.BA.42 | Honeaite | Au3TlTe2 |
2.BA.45 | Jalpaite | Ag3CuS2 |
2.BA.45 | Kurilite | Ag8Te3Se |
2.BA.45 | Selenojalpaite | Ag3CuSe2 |
2.BA.47 | Spiridonovite | (Cu1-xAgx)2Te |
2.BA.50 | Eucairite | AgCuSe |
2.BA.50 | Wuyanzhiite | Cu2S |
2.BA.52 | Argentite | Ag2S |
2.BA.55 | Aguilarite | Ag4SeS |
2.BA.55 | Naumannite | Ag2Se |
2.BA.60 | Cervelleite | Ag4TeS |
2.BA.60 | Hessite | Ag2Te |
2.BA.60 | Chenguodaite | Ag9Fe3+Te2S4 |
2.BA.65 | Henryite | (Cu,Ag)3+xTe2 , with x ~ 0.40 |
2.BA.65 | StΓΌtzite | Ag5-xTe3, x = 0.24-0.36 |
2.BA.70 | Argyrodite | Ag8GeS6 |
2.BA.70 | Canfieldite | Ag8SnS6 |
2.BA.70 | Putzite | (Cu4.7Ag3.3)GeS6 |
2.BA.75 | Fischesserite | Ag3AuSe2 |
2.BA.75 | Penzhinite | (Ag,Cu)4Au(S,Se)4 |
2.BA.75 | Petrovskaite | AuAgS |
2.BA.75 | Petzite | Ag3AuTe2 |
2.BA.75 | Uytenbogaardtite | Ag3AuS2 |
2.BA.80 | Bezsmertnovite | (Au,Ag)4Cu(Te,Pb) |
2.BA.80 | Bilibinskite | PbCu2Au3Te2 |
2.BA.80 | Bogdanovite | (Au,Te,Pb)3(Cu,Fe) |
Fluorescence of Digenite
Not fluorescent in UV
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Industrial Uses:
Copper ore
Internet Links for Digenite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1291.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Digenite
Reference List:
Posfai, Mihaly, Buseck, Peter R. (1994) Djurleite, digenite, and chalcocite: Intergrowths and transformations. American Mineralogist, 79 (3-4) 308-315
Localities for Digenite
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
β - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality.
Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Angola | |
| Milesi et al. (2006) |
Arctic Ocean | |
| Snook +4 other references |
Argentina | |
| FRANCHINI (27ΒΊ26'S-66ΒΊ16'O) +2 other references |
Proffett (2003) +1 other reference | |
Marquez ZavalΓa | |
PUTZ +1 other reference | |
Marquez-Zavalia et al. (2020) | |
Marquez-Zavalia et al. (2020) | |
| Marquez-Zavalia et al. (2007) |
| MΓ‘rquez-ZavalΓa et al. (2016) |
| Leal et al. (2011) |
| BRODTKORB |
| Bouhier et al. (2016) |
| Sureda (1978) |
| Dina (1993) |
Mr. Nelson Valenzuela. | |
| R. Lira (2005) |
| LΓ³pez et al. (2022) |
Paar et al. (2016) | |
| Brodtkorb (2002) |
de Brodtkorb +2 other references | |
| Brodtkorb (2002) |
| Ana Cecilia Mugas Lobos et al. (2012) |
| Crosta et al. (2015) |
| Herrmann et al. (2007) |
Dill et al. (2013) | |
| American Mineralogist (1978) +1 other reference |
| Paar et al. (2005, January) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Di Giuseppe et al. (2016) |
| American Mineralogist (1982) +3 other references |
| Brodtkorb (2002) |
| Gallard-Esquivel et al. (2018) |
| Sosa Graciela +1 other reference |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| PΓ‘ez et al. (2016) |
Armenia | |
| Mederer et al. (2014) +1 other reference |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Atlantic Ocean | |
| Firstova et al. (2016) |
Mozgova et al. (2007) | |
Canadian Mineralogist: 34: 23-28. +1 other reference | |
Earth and Planetary Science Letters 48 (1997) | |
Gablina et al. (2017) | |
Maslennikov et al. (2023) | |
Gablina et al. (2018) | |
| Bortnikov et al. (2001) +2 other references |
| Firstova et al. (2019) |
| Sharkov et al. (2007) |
Fouquet et al. (1993) | |
| Canadian Mineralogist Vol.26 (1988) +1 other reference |
Gablina et al. (2017) | |
Australia | |
| McQueen +2 other references |
| Singer et al. (2005) |
| Singer et al. (2005) |
| Gilligan et al. (1993) |
| Gilligan et al. (1993) |
| Degeling (1982) |
| Wagga Wagga Mine Data Sheets |
Wagga Wagga Mine Data Sheets | |
| Henley et al. (2001) |
| Gilligan et al. (1995) |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) |
| Byrnes (1993) |
| Gilligan et al. (1993) |
| Econ Geol (1976) |
| Brown et al. (1992) |
| Henley et al. (2001) |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) |
| Gilligan et al. (1995) |
| Singer et al. (2005) |
| Vickery et al. (2010) |
| L. McClatchie |
Gilligan et al. (1993) | |
Gilligan et al. (1993) | |
Gilligan et al. (1993) | |
| Narromine 1:250 000 Mine Data Sheets |
| Australian Jour. Mineralogy 10:2 pp ... +1 other reference |
| Narromine 1:250 000 Mine Data Sheets |
Narromine 1:250 000 Mine Data Sheets | |
| JR Chapman - Geological Survey of NSW ... |
| Chapman et al. (2005) +3 other references |
Suppel et al. (1972) | |
| Gilligan et al. (1995) |
| Degeling (1982) |
| Skirrow (1993) |
Modat Mineral Occurrence database +1 other reference | |
| Economic Geology 99 (2004) +1 other reference |
D.A.Berkman (1968) | |
Fleminig +1 other reference | |
| Dehne McLaughlin and Ray Grant (2012) |
| Hein (1994) |
Hein (1994) | |
| www.portergeo.com.au and ... |
| Econ Geol (1987) |
| Orr et al. (2004) |
| Jun Lei (2001) |
| Richardson et al. (1997) +1 other reference |
Rob Lavinsky | |
| Sielecki (1988) |
AIMM mong.1965 | |
Sielecki (1988) | |
| Crane et al. (2001) |
| Vera Munro-Smith (2006) |
| Queensland Government Department of ... |
| Lehrmann (2012) |
| Lehrmann (2012) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Lawrence (2000) |
| Francis (2010) |
| Australian Mineralogist (5) |
| |
| SA Geodata Database - Mineral Deposit ... |
| Brugger et al. (2006) |
| Pring et al. (1994) +1 other reference |
Am Min 59:307-313 | |
| Record of Mines - Summary Card |
| Sorrell (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Noble et al. (1983) |
| Gov't.Geol.Recon.Map (1954) |
| SA Geodata Database - Mineral Deposit ... |
Noble R.J. +1 other reference | |
minerals.sarig.sa.gov.au (n.d.) | |
| USGS Open File Report 81-1666 +4 other references |
| Keeling et al. (2003) |
RB94/00041 +1 other reference | |
| CallaghanβResource +1 other reference |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
Bottrill & Taheri | |
| Anderson et al. (2002) |
| Ralph Bottrill et al in prep. +1 other reference |
R Bottrill | |
Bottrill R. and Olubas P | |
Bottrill et al. (2008) | |
Bottrill et al. (2008) | |
Bottrill et al. (2008) | |
| |
| |
| Ferguson (1999) |
Nickel et al. (1993) | |
| Ferguson (1999) |
| Ferguson (1999) |
| Marston (1979) |
| Ferguson (1999) |
| Marshall (2000) |
| MacLeod (1991) |
| Mueller et al. (2019) |
| Parker et al. (1990) |
| Bridge et al. (1979) +1 other reference |
| Grguric et al. (2018) |
| Downes et al. (2017) |
| Clarke et al. (1986) |
Clarke et al. (1986) | |
| Bottrill (2022) |
| Downes et al. (2011) |
| Stephen J Godden (2008) |
Austria | |
| H. Meixner: Carinthia II 146./66.:25-26 (1956) |
| |
| J. Taucher: Carinthia II 188./108.:477-490 (1998) |
| |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| BrandstΓ€tter et al. (2005) |
| Hackenberg 2003 +1 other reference |
Hackenberg (2003) | |
| Tufar (1966) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Meixner (1978) |
| Horner et al. (1997) |
| R.Poeverlein (2016) |
| Strasser (1989) |
Leblhuber (2000) | |
| R.Poeverlein (2016) |
| Pichler (2009) |
| Gerald Gesselbauer (06.2010) +1 other reference |
| - (n.d.) |
Melcher+Mali (1998) | |
| Haditsch (1967) |
| Leitner (2013) |
Raith et al. (2015) | |
Paar et al. (1979) +1 other reference | |
| Raith et al. (2015) |
| Moser & Postl (1990) +1 other reference |
| LADURNER et al. (1969) |
| Vavtar (1986) |
| Vavtar (1977) |
| Schulz et al. (1970) |
| Vavtar (1977) |
| MΓΌller (1979) +1 other reference |
| 58. +1 other reference |
| Putz et al. (2007) |
| KRAINER (1982) +1 other reference |
| Vavtar (1979) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Exel (1993) |
Belgium | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Hatert et al. (2014) | |
| Hatert (1996) +1 other reference |
| Michel Blondieau. +3 other references |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
du Ry et al. (1976) +3 other references | |
du Ry et al. (1976) +4 other references | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Lannoy (1979) +1 other reference |
| Blondieau (1997) |
Bolivia | |
| Salomon Rivas & Federico Ahlfeld (1998) |
| Salomon Rivas & Federico Ahlfeld (1998) |
Botswana | |
| Piestrzynski et al. (2015) |
Brazil | |
| Econ Geol (1995) |
| Bello (1986) |
| MΓ‘rcia AbrahΓ£o Moura (2007) +1 other reference |
| Craveiro et al. (2019) |
| Monteiro et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| Huang et al. (2022) |
Tazava (1999) +2 other references | |
| Dressel et al. (2022) |
| Robinson et al. (1998) |
Bulgaria | |
| Bogdanov et al. (1997) |
| Petko Popov et al. (2012) |
Singer et al. (2008) | |
| Moritz et al. (2004) |
| American Mineralogist (1966) |
| ATANASSOVA +3 other references |
Canada | |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
the world's largest besshi-type ... +2 other references | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Blann et al. (2006) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Government of British Columbia | |
Singer et al. (2008) | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Singer et al. (2008) | |
Singer et al. (2008) | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Singer et al. (2008) | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Wilton et al. (1988) | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Singer et al. (2008) | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| BC Minfile |
Minfile Database (2017) | |
| Singer et al. (2005) |
| Amer. Mineral. (1969) +1 other reference |
| Grammatikopoulos et al. (2007) |
| Sabina (2015) +1 other reference |
| Badham et al. (1980) |
| Blackadar (1981) |
Badham et al. (1980) | |
Badham et al. (1980) | |
Badham et al. (1980) | |
Badham | |
| Econ Geol (1985) |
| Mesh Environmental (2008) |
| Sabina (2015) +1 other reference |
| MacMichael (1975) |
| Farley (1978) |
| Lougheed +4 other references |
| Richard Gunter specimen +1 other reference |
| Thorpe et al. (1976) +1 other reference |
| K. Szentpeteri et al. (2003) |
| Ontario Dept.of Mines |
Ontario Ministry of Northern ... | |
| Ames et al. (2017) |
| 5th International Platinum Symposium ... +1 other reference |
| Sabina (2003) +1 other reference |
| Sillitoe +4 other references |
| evidence for metamorphic remobilization of gold (in Microbeam techniques in the earth sciences) +1 other reference |
| Econ Geology (1993) |
| Girard (1971) |
| Cabral et al. (2007) |
| HORVΓTH et al. (2000) |
| Zdenek et al. (1987) |
Economic Geology (1996) +2 other references | |
| McMillan (1973) |
| www.ir.gov.sk.ca (2003) |
| Dieng et al. (2015) |
Dieng et al. (2015) | |
Stylianos Augustithis (1995) | |
| Watson et al. (1996) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Tenney et al. (1967-1980) |
Chile | |
| Econ Geol (1985) |
BΓ‘rbara Romero et al. (2011) | |
Gibbons (2018) +1 other reference | |
Oliveros et al. (2008) | |
| Maskaev et al. (2007) |
Camus et al. (1991) | |
| Maskaev et al. (2007) |
Oliveros et al. (2008) | |
Maskaev et al. (2007) | |
| Maskaev et al. (2007) |
| Cook (1978) +1 other reference |
Rivas-Romero +4 other references | |
Singer et al. (2008) | |
Singer et al. (2008) | |
Sapiains et al. (2021) | |
Singer et al. (2008) | |
| C. Ruiz Fuller/F. Peebles (1988) |
| Flint (1986) |
| C. Ruiz Fuller/F. Peebles (1988) |
| C. Ruiz Fuller/F. Peebles (1988) |
Maskaev et al. (2007) | |
| Schira et al. (1990) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| " GeologΓa de los distritos mineros Checo de Cobre (provincia de Atacama) +2 other references |
| GonzΓ‘lez et al. (2018) |
Cisternas et al. (2006) | |
Cisternas et al. (2006) | |
Cisternas et al. (2006) | |
Sernageomin database 2005 +1 other reference | |
Cisternas et al. (2006) | |
Sample in the I. Domeyko Museum | |
| Econ Geol (1987) |
| C. Ruiz Fuller/F. Peebles (1988) |
C. Ruiz Fuller/F. Peebles (1988) | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
"Faja de mineralizaciΓ³n de oro +2 other references | |
| Cucurella J. |
Rojas et al. (2018) | |
| Oyarzun et al. (1998) |
Oyarzun et al. (1998) | |
Sernageomin database 2007 +1 other reference | |
| Analysed material from CopiapΓ³ School ... |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Singer et al. (2008) | |
China | |
| Wenya Zhou and Deming Xu (1990) +1 other reference |
| LIU et al. (2021) |
Ruqing Ji et al. (1987) | |
| Zhao et al. (1999) |
| Duan et al. (2022) |
Tianjun Gao and Rensheng Huang (1998) | |
Tianjun Gao and Rensheng Huang (1998) | |
Jinzhang Zhang (2013) | |
Tianjun Gao and Rensheng Huang (1998) | |
Tianjun Gao and Rensheng Huang (1998) +4 other references | |
| Jinyan Yao (1994) +1 other reference |
Jinzhang Zhang (2013) | |
| Fengjun Nie et al. (2002) |
| Boling Pan et al. (1989) |
| Yunhua Liu et al. (2011) |
| Xiaodong Mao et al. (2007) |
| Jinyan Yao (1994) |
| Feng et al. (2022) |
| Wei Zheng et al. (2013) |
| Bilun Luo (1979) |
| Yingfu Zhao and Zengyao Lu (2004) |
| Jianmin Zheng et al. (2007) |
| Guanxiang Song (1991) |
| Guanghui Li et al. (2010) |
| Yanjing Chen et al. (2004) |
| Li et al. (2013) |
| Zhijun Wang (2001) |
| Jian et al. (2022) |
| preprint |
| Guofeng Xu et al. (1989) |
| Zhao et al. (1999) |
| Lin Zhang (2001) |
Zhao et al. (1999) | |
Jiannian Ceng et al. (1991) | |
| Siwei He and Minyun Sun (1986) |
| Guogao Yang and Qijin Li (1992) |
| Xinquan Xie and Henglong Zhang (2005) |
| Huanmin Guan and Yuxue Cui (1991) |
| Zhaolong Li et al. (1981) |
Zhaolong Li et al. (1981) | |
| Tai Zhang and Yunji Liu (2002) |
| Qifeng Gao et al. (2007) |
| Danyang Liu (1991) |
| Jidong Guan and Xiaohong Chai (2004) +1 other reference |
| Hongli Liu et al. (2011) |
| Liangsheng Ge et al. (2012) |
| Jiyue Xue et al. (2000) |
| Wenxue Zhou and Wenliang Gao (1987) |
| Zhongling Wang (1987) |
Qiuming Chen (1990) | |
| Bangsheng Tian and Buyun Yuan (2008) |
| Chunsheng Lin and Hualong Xia (2003) |
| Chengde Kang (1990) |
| Dafa Mao (2002) +1 other reference |
| Li et al. (2022) |
| Guangcheng Chi and Ailin Zhao (2006) |
| Hongyu Li et al. (2009) |
| Li Wenming et al. (2008) |
| Zhiyong Liu et al. (2006) |
| Kai Zhang and Yongdong Shi (2000) |
| Wen Zhijian and Tang Jigang (1999) |
| Jun Zhang et al. (2008) |
Licheng Tang (1989) | |
| Jian Zhang (1987) |
| Yu et al. (2019) |
Yu et al. (2019) | |
| Xiang-Ping Gu et al. (2003) |
| Xiumei Xiao (1992) +2 other references |
| Jiannian Zeng (1991) |
| Chenglu Li et al. (2011) |
| Yongrui Zhao and Yunqing Zhen (2006) |
Yongrui Zhao and Yunqing Zhen (2006) | |
pubs.usgs.gov (2006) | |
| Qingmin Jin et al. (1992) |
| Quan Liu (2003) |
| Jianbin Zheng et al. (2006) |
| Kaixuan Tan et al. (1999) |
| Guangdi Zhang et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
Zhimin et al. (2013) +1 other reference | |
Zhimin Zhu et al. (2009) | |
Dingmao Chou (1989) | |
Zhi Li et al. (1973) +1 other reference | |
| Lizhu Li et al. (2006) |
| Wenbao Zheng et al. (2010) +2 other references |
| Liu et al. (2024) |
| Zhenghua Hu et al. (2012) |
Zhi Zhang et al. (2013) | |
Liu et al. (2024) | |
Liu et al. (2024) | |
| Liu et al. (2024) |
WANG et al. (2014) +2 other references | |
Yang et al. (2024) | |
Liu et al. (2024) | |
| pubs.usgs.gov (2006) |
| Guo et al. (2016) +1 other reference |
| Li et al. (2019) |
| Xinghai Lang et al. (2011) +1 other reference |
| Zongsheng Jiang et al. (2012) |
| Hengxiang Yu et al. (1998) |
| Linshan Song et al. (2008) |
Wei Zhang et al. (2005) | |
| pubs.usgs.gov (2006) +1 other reference |
| Mingxing Peng et al. (2006) |
Zhao et al. (2018) | |
Chunqi Wen et al. (2002) +2 other references | |
| Taide Li (2002) |
| Huiliang Xiao et al. (2002) |
| Yiqiu Yin et al. (2005) |
| Jun Zhao et al. (2012) |
He Zhang et al. (2012) | |
| Yong Cheng and Rui Zhang (2006) +1 other reference |
| Jun Zhao et al. (2012) |
| Bing Tong (1976) |
| Yunnan Metallurgical Geology Team No. 310 (1977) |
Zihua Wang et al. (2010) | |
Zihua Wang et al. (2010) | |
| Jun Gao and Yinliang Cui (2004) |
| Xinpei Jiang (1994) |
| Cox et al. (2003) |
Cox et al. (2003) | |
Cox et al. (2003) +1 other reference | |
| Longqing He et al. (2005) |
| Dongmei Tang et al. (2006) |
| Hongzhang Dai et al. (2014) |
| Bin Zhang et al. (2012) |
| Rongge Xiao and Wensheng Ge (1999) |
| Rongge Xiao and Wensheng Ge (1999) |
| Rongge Xiao and Wensheng Ge (1999) |
Rongge Xiao and Wensheng Ge (1999) | |
Rongge Xiao and Wensheng Ge (1999) | |
Colombia | |
| Duarte et al. (2012) |
Cyprus | |
| Thalhammer et al. (1986) |
| American Mineralogist (1975) |
Czech Republic | |
| Lapis 2000 (4) |
| [Lapis 1995 |
| Sejkora et al. (2021) |
| DolnΓΔek et al. (2019) |
| Sejkora (2016) |
| Kolektiv autorΕ― (1984) |
| Paar et al. (2005) |
| PauliΕ‘ et al. (2019) |
| Sejkora (1994) |
| Anthony et al. (1990) +1 other reference |
Petr PauliΕ‘ | |
Djibouti | |
| Moussa et al. (2019) |
| Moussa et al. (2019) |
Dominican Republic | |
| TorrΓ³ et al. (2016) |
DR Congo | |
| Cox et al. (2003) |
| Cailteux et al. (2005) |
| Mineralogical Record: 20: 287-288. |
www-pub.iaea.org (2023) | |
| J. Cailteux (Shaba, RΓ©publique du ZaΓ―re) |
| Mambwe et al. (Ruashi Cu-Co Deposit) |
| Kampunzu et al. (2009) |
| Haest et al. (2009) |
El Desouky et al. (2008) | |
El Desouky et al. (2008) | |
El Desouky (2008) | |
| DEJONGTE (1994) |
| Oosterbosch et al. (1964) +3 other references |
www.tenke.com (2003) | |
Ecuador | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Economic Geology Vol 96 |
| sulfide mounds et al. (3) +1 other reference |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Economic Geology Vol 96 |
Chiaradia et al. (2008) +1 other reference | |
Egypt | |
| Zoheir et al. (2013) |
Hilmy et al. (1989) +1 other reference | |
| Mineralium Deposita Volume 39 |
| Zoheir (2004) +1 other reference |
Eritrea | |
| Barrie (2007) |
Europe | |
| Ferenc et al. (2001) |
Fiji | |
| Naden +1 other reference |
| Orovan (2016) |
Finland | |
| Taipale (2015) +1 other reference |
| Canadian Mineralogist: 43: 1663-1686. |
| Nebocat et al. (2011) |
| Hector et al. (2023) |
| N. MARCOS et al. (1999) |
| Sundblad K.L. et al. (2014) |
| Joel Dyer Polarized-light microscopy |
France | |
| Picot et al. (1977) |
| J.J. Périchaud : "Les Gisements Métalliques du District à Antimoine de Brioude-Massiac (Massif-Central Français) |
| PΓ©lisson (1989) |
| PΓ©lisson (1989) |
| PΓ©lisson (1989) |
| PΓ©lisson (1989) |
| PΓ©lisson (1989) |
| |
PΓ©lisson (1989) | |
| J.J. Périchaud : "Les Gisements Métalliques du District à Antimoine de Brioude Massiac (Massif Central Français) +1 other reference |
| H. Agrinier and J. Geffroy : "Les Minéraux Séléniés du Point Uranifère de Liauzun-en-Olloix (Puy de Dôme) |
| De Ascençao Guedes (2003) |
| Chopin (1978) |
| Chopin (1978) |
| |
| |
| Chauris (2014) |
| Chauris (2014) |
| Chauris (2014) |
| Chauris (2014) |
| R.PIERROT et al. (1973) |
| Chauris (2014) |
| Pillard F. et al. (1985) |
| R. Pierrot |
| Chauris (2014) |
| Wittern et al. (Cologne) |
| A. Wittern et al. (Cologne) |
| A. Wittern et al. (Cologne) |
| Hohh (1994) |
Wittern et al. (Cologne) | |
| Wittern |
| Hohl: "MinΓ©raux et Mines du Massif Vosgien" (Mulhouse) |
| Wittern et al. (Cologne) |
Hohl: "MinΓ©raux et Mines du Massif Vosgien" (Mulhouse) | |
Wittern et al. (Cologne) | |
| Wittern et al. (Cologne) |
| Wittern et al. (Cologne) |
| Pierres et Terre |
Wittern et al. (Cologne) | |
| Escande et al. (1973) |
| Wittern et al. (Cologne) |
| Wittern et al. (Cologne) |
| M.Deliens et al. (2004) |
| Brousse (1982) |
| Inventaire Mineralogique de la France ... |
| Inventaire mineralogique de l'Ariege ( Edition BRGM 1984) |
| www.zampano.com (n.d.) |
| Simon et al. (1997) |
| Favreau et al. (2010) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
Inventaire MinΓ©ralogique de la France ... | |
Inventaire MinΓ©ralogique de la France ... +1 other reference | |
| Inventaire Mineralogique de la France ... |
| |
| Mineralogical Record 2011 42:0-32 +1 other reference |
| BERBAIN et al. (2010) |
| Le Cahier des Micromonteurs |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| PIERROT et al. (1976) |
| Galvier J. et Gautron L. (1995) |
| Y. MoΓ«lo et al. : "Homologues de la lillianite (gustavite, vikingite, heyrovskyite riche en Ag et Bi, ...) |
| R. Pierrot |
R. Pierrot | |
| R. Pierrot |
| R. Pierrot |
R. Pierrot | |
| R. Pierrot |
R. Pierrot | |
| R. Pierrot |
R. Pierrot | |
R. Pierrot | |
| R. Pierrot |
| R. Pierrot |
| R. Pierrot |
| A. Sinojmeri et al. (Hautes Alpes) |
| R. Pierrot |
| AugΓ© et al. (2015) |
| www.mine-capgaronne.fr (2003) |
Gabon | |
| Janusz Janeczek (1999) |
Germany | |
| Lapis (12) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| PΓΆllmann et al. (1990) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| WeiΓ (1990) |
| Lapis 21 (12) |
| Markl (2017) |
| Fricke (1988) +1 other reference |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Lapis 21 (12) |
| Mineralienatlas |
| Staude et al. (2010) |
| WeiΓ (1990) |
| |
| |
Lapis 12 (7/8) | |
| |
Walenta (1992) | |
| |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| www.berthold-weber.de (2001) |
Dill et al. (2010) | |
| Kopp et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| Belendorff (2021) |
| |
| Henrich et al. (2019) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
Golze +3 other references | |
| Rolf Golze +3 other references |
| Aufschluss 90 (2) |
Aufschluss 90 (2) | |
Aufschluss 90 (2) | |
| WeiΓ (1990) |
| BlaΓ et al. (1994) |
| WeiΓ (1990) |
| ScheiderhΓΆhn & Kautzsch 1936 |
| WeiΓ (1990) |
| Lapis 2001 (6) |
| Lapis (5) |
Wittern (2001) | |
Wittern (2001) | |
Wittern (2001) | |
| Lapis 33 (12) |
| Blass +1 other reference |
Blass +1 other reference | |
| Blass +1 other reference |
| Blass +1 other reference |
| Lapis (5) |
| Gerhard MΓΌller: Bergbau-PSL-Mineralogie et al. (SaarbrΓΌcken 1996) |
| D.F. Mertz et al. : "Isotopic dating of ... |
| G. MΓΌller |
| Lapis 15 (7/8) |
Lapis 15 (7/8) | |
| GrΓΆbner et al. (2011) |
| Siemroth |
| Andreas Gerstenberg collection |
| Breithaupt (1844) |
Clark (1993) | |
| Witzke et al. (2006) |
| T. Witzke & F. RΓΌger: Lapis 1998 (7/8) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| |
Ghana | |
| MΓΌcke et al. (1999) |
Greece | |
| |
Solomos et al. (2004) | |
| Economou-Eliopoulos et al. (2005) +1 other reference |
| Ortelli et al. (2009) |
| Kilias et al. (2001) +1 other reference |
Papavasiliou et al. (2016) | |
Greenland | |
| Harry et al. (1964) |
[Mineralogical Record - Vol 24 No 2] +1 other reference | |
| Petersen et al. (2005) |
| Anthony et al. (1990) +1 other reference |
| field et al. (5) +1 other reference |
| Petersen et al. (1993) |
Bishop et al. (1980) | |
Mineralogical Magazine et al. (4) | |
Holwell et al. (2015) +1 other reference | |
Haiti | |
| Harnish et al. (1986) |
Econ Geol (1986) | |
Hungary | |
| Society of Economic Geologists Student Chapter University of Miskolc (2018) |
SzakΓ‘ll: Minerals of RudabΓ‘nya +1 other reference | |
SzakΓ‘ll: Minerals of RudabΓ‘nya | |
| Zajzon N et al. (2014) |
| SzakΓ‘ll: Minerals of SzΓ‘r Hill |
India | |
www.dae.gov.in/ni/nijul03/cudapah.pdf. | |
| S. G. Tenainkai et al. (1991) |
| Panigrahi et al. (1997) |
| Current Science |
Indian Ocean | |
| Wang et al. (2017) |
| Wang et al. (2018) |
| Halbach et al. (1998) |
| Wang et al. (2014) +1 other reference |
Indonesia | |
| Mulja et al. (2022) |
Van Leeuwen et al. (1987) | |
| Tumpangpitu porphyry-high sulphidation epithermal deposit et al. (Trans. Inst. Min. Metall. B) +1 other reference |
| Davies (2008) |
| Adi (2013) |
Singer et al. (2008) | |
| Rubin et al. (1997) |
Prendergast (2003) | |
Pollard et al. (2002) | |
New (2006) | |
| BoΕΎidar Zalokar (1990) |
| The Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 41 (2003) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Verdiansyah et al. (2022) |
| Singer et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
Iran | |
| Soughi et al. (2023) |
| Sadati et al. (2016) |
| Nezafati et al. (2017) |
Nezafati et al. (2017) | |
| Moradiani et al. (2024) |
| Kouhestani et al. (2008) |
| www.min-eng.com (2004) |
| Mousivand et al. (2018) |
| Tarkian et al. (1983) |
| Rastad et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| Derakhshani et al. (2009) |
Singer et al. (2008) | |
| USGS database |
| Nezafati et al. (2005) |
| an example of Manto type copper ... +1 other reference |
| Hassan-Nezhad et al. (2006) |
| AN EXAMPLE OF MANTO TYPE COPPER ... +1 other reference |
| Jiba et al. (2021) |
| Mousavi Motlagh et al. (2024) |
Ireland | |
| de Haller +1 other reference |
| Silva et al. (2021) |
| WEN et al. (1991) |
| Ixer |
| Steed et al. (1986) |
Israel | |
| Shugar et al. (eds.) |
| Shlomovitch et al. (1999) |
Italy | |
| Toffolo (2012-13) |
| Castello et al. (1980) |
| Biagioni et al. (2020) |
| Giuseppe Pipino - L'antica miniera di ... |
Pagano et al. (2001) | |
| Redazione (2005) |
| De Capitani et al. (1981) +1 other reference |
| Bedognè et al. (1993) |
| AA. VV. |
| Raccagni (2018) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
| De Michele (1974) |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Brizzi G. et al. (1989) |
Stara et al. (1996) | |
Fernando Caboni et al. (2024) | |
Fernando Caboni et al. (2024) +1 other reference | |
Ruggieri et al. (1) | |
Ruggieri et al. (1) | |
| Triscari (1985) |
| Exel (1987) |
| Exel (1987) |
| Folie et al. (2010) |
| Conedera M. et al. (2016) |
| Bortolozzi et al. (2013) |
| Dill (1979) |
| Costagliola et al. (2008) |
Costagliola et al. (2008) | |
| Dini A. et al. (2013) |
Dini A. et al. (2013) | |
| Benvenuti et al. (2000) |
| Nannucci M. S. (Zn) |
| Orlandi et al. (1980) +3 other references |
| Morino et al. (2016) |
| Morino et al. (2016) |
| Morino et al. (2016) |
Orlandi et al. (2009) | |
| Morino et al. (2016) |
Orlandi et al. (2009) | |
Orlandi et al. (2002) | |
| Capperi M. et al. (FI) |
| Dini et al. (2024) +1 other reference |
Japan | |
| Suzuki et al. (1976) +1 other reference |
| Sugaki (1981) |
| Kitazono et al. (2003) |
Matsueda (2000) | |
www.mineralmundi.com/japan.htm (USGS) +1 other reference | |
| TAKEUCHI et al. (1956) |
| Matsubara et al. (1996) |
| Murao et al. (2008) |
| Matsubara Satoshi et al. (1980) +1 other reference |
| Imai et al. (1975) +1 other reference |
| Dr. Kameki Kinoshita collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| Nambu ore collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
Geological Survey of Japan (1960) | |
| Matsueda (1981) |
| Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Seltmann et al. (2005) |
| Pavlova +7 other references |
Laos | |
| Tate (2005) |
Luxembourg | |
| Philippo et al. (2007) |
Madagascar | |
| Wolfgang Hampel |
Malaysia | |
| Teh (1981) +1 other reference |
Mauritania | |
| Marsh et al. (2015) |
Mexico | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Gray |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Valencia et al. (2008) |
Panczner (1987) | |
Morocco | |
| S. WeiΓ: Lapis 31 (7/8) |
| Benchekroun et al. (2004) |
| Asladay et al. (2012) |
| www.onhym.com (n.d.) |
| Fabre (n.d.) |
El Basbas et al. (2011) | |
Myanmar | |
| Thu et al. (2020) |
| Mitchell et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
Mitchell et al. (2008) | |
| Barber et al. (2017) |
Namibia | |
| von Bezing (2007) |
| Cox et al. (2003) |
| von Seckendorff et al. (2000) |
| Gauert (2005) |
| Cox et al. (2003) |
Kitt (2017) | |
| Gebhard (1999) |
Ettler et al. (2009) | |
| Dunn (1991) |
Markham (1959) | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
New Zealand | |
| Coombs et al. (1993) |
| Rabone et al. (1989) +1 other reference |
Rabone | |
Niger | |
| Personally collected by Wolfgang Hampel ... +1 other reference |
North Macedonia | |
| Serafimovski et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
| Serafimovski et al. (2003) +2 other references |
Norway | |
| Nordrum et al. (1981) |
| Nordrum et al. (1981) |
| Nilsen (2002) |
| Kvamsdal (1999) |
| Schulze (1969) |
| Cook et al. (2008) |
| Cook et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| Nordrum (2006) |
Geological Survey of Norway (NGU) | |
| Dons (1963) |
Dons (1963) | |
| Norges Geologiske UndersΓΈkelse. ... |
| Larsen et al. (2010) |
Larsen et al. (2010) | |
| Cook et al. (2010) |
Cook et al. (2010) | |
| Nordrum et al. (1981) |
Geological Survey of Norway (NGU) | |
| Dons (1963) |
| - (2007) |
Vokes (1957) | |
| Viola et al. (2008) |
aps.ngu.no (n.d.) | |
| Vokes (1957) |
| Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ... |
| Crowder (1959) |
| WitsΓΈ (1994) |
WitsΓΈ (1994) | |
WitsΓΈ (1995) | |
WitsΓΈ (1995) | |
Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ... | |
| StΓΈrseth (2016) |
| Andersen et al. (1996) |
| Larsen et al. (2010) |
| Pinet et al. (1985) |
| Norges geologiske undersΓΈkelse. Malmdatabasen. SveltΓ₯sen skjerp. Forekomst nr.6 i BΓ¦rum (0219) |
Geological Survey of Norway. The ore ... | |
Pacific Ocean | |
| Econ Geol (1985) |
| Peng Xiaotong (2005) |
| Haymon (1983) |
Pakistan | |
| AKHTER et al. (2014) |
Panama | |
| Gray +1 other reference |
Papua New Guinea | |
| Yeats et al. (2014) |
| Noku et al. (2012) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Petersen et al. (2002) |
| Espi et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
Peru | |
| Econ Geol (1985) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Bin Wu et al. (2013) |
| Biagioni et al. (2022) |
| Gibson (1992) |
| Ye et al. (2023) |
| Davies et al. (2005) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
Singer et al. (2008) | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Huayong Chen (2011) |
| Luis M. Cerpa et al. (2011) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Hulse (2015) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Economic Geology November 2009 vol. 104 ... +1 other reference |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| SteinmΓΌller et al. (2000) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Philippines | |
| Hermo et al. (2022) +1 other reference |
| Claveria (2001) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| David Braxton and Ryan Mathur (2011) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
Poland | |
| Czerny J. 1992: Hydrothermal ... |
| Oszczepalski (1999) |
| PiestrzyΕski A. +1 other reference |
Lis et al. (1986) | |
| Mochnacka et al. (2015) |
| Pieczka et al. (2011) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
Mochnacka et al. (2012) | |
Mochnacka et al. (2012) | |
| Pieczka et al. (1988) |
Mochnacka et al. (2013) | |
Mochnacka et al. (2012) | |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| BiaΕowolska A. (1977) |
BiaΕowolska A. (1977) | |
PiestrzyΕski et al. (2012) | |
| Kucha H. 2007: Mineralogia kruszcowa i ... +2 other references |
Piestrzynski et al. (2000) | |
| Kucha (2021) +1 other reference |
Oszczepalski (1999) | |
Piestrzynski et al. (2000) | |
Duczmal-Czernikiewicz et al. (2021) | |
| Oszczepalski et al. (2017) |
| Galuskin E. & SzeΕΔg E. 2003: The first finding of Ag-amalgamates in rodingites (NasΕawice, Lower Silesia, Poland) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Oszczepalski et al. (2017) |
| Krzeminski (2015, August) |
| Lenik et al. (2019) |
Portugal | |
| Marques de SΓ‘ et al. (2010) |
| Reiser et al. (2011) |
| Orlando da Cruz Gaspar - O Jazigo de ... |
Prof. Marques de SΓ‘ | |
| |
| Gustavo Pereira Fernandes |
| Oliveira et al. (1998) |
| Bowles (1987) |
Romania | |
| www.gl.rhbnc.ac.uk (2003) +1 other reference |
| www.minerals-of-the carpathians.eu (2009) |
TΔmaΘ +1 other reference | |
TΔmaΘ +1 other reference | |
| Mineralogical Magazine (3) |
Constantinescu et al. (1982) +1 other reference | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Russia | |
| [Lapis 1993:4 p.13-20] +1 other reference |
Konev et al. (1996) | |
| Kepezhinskas et al. (2023) +1 other reference |
| Maslennikov et al. (2013) |
Maslennikov et al. (2013) | |
Maslennikov et al. (2013) | |
Michurin et al. (2024) | |
| Spiridonov (2020, September) |
| Kasatkin et al. (2022) |
Barkov et al. (2018) | |
| Plotinskaya et al. (2014) |
O.Yu. Plotinskaya data +2 other references | |
| Maslennikov et al. (2013) |
| Nagornaya et al. (2021) |
| Kaneva et al. (2020) |
| Mekhonoshin et al. (2013) |
| Zelenski et al. (2020) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Groshev +6 other references |
Chernyavsky et al. (2012) +1 other reference | |
| Vikent'ev et al. (2006) |
| Simonov et al. (2006) |
| Kuleshevich et al. (2007) |
| Valkama et al. (2013) |
Ivashchenko et al. (2011, September) | |
| Valkama et al. (2013) |
| Ivashchenko et al. (2018, June) |
| Nenasheva et al. (2011) |
| Yarosh et al. (1955) |
| Mikhailov et al. (2021) |
| Sharygin et al. (2022) |
Mikhailov et al. (2021) | |
| Gasβkov (2008) |
| Palyanova et al. (2018) |
| Shmelev V.R. et al. (2014) |
| Gongalsky et al. (2019) |
| Gongalsky et al. (2019) |
Rwanda | |
| De Clercq (2012) |
Saudi Arabia | |
| Hakim et al. (1992) |
Serbia | |
| Albrecht von Quadt et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
Albrecht von Quadt et al. (2007) | |
| Albrecht von Quadt et al. (2007) |
| Aleksandar Pacevski (2007) |
Slovakia | |
| OnaΔila D. et al. (in Slovak) |
Lexa et al. (1999) | |
OnaΔila D. et al. (in Slovak) | |
| KodΔra (1986) |
| Kozub G. et al. (2011) |
Kozub et al. (2011) | |
| ΔuΔa R. et al. ( Kotterbach ) |
| KodΔra (1986) |
| KodΔra |
| Ferenc et al. (2020) |
| KodΔra (1986) |
| KodΔra (1986) |
| RojkoviΔ I. (1998) |
Slovenia | |
| Scopolia - Journal of the Slovenian ... |
| Ε½orΕΎ et al. (2002) |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross (1991) +1 other reference |
Cairncross (1991) +1 other reference | |
| Cairncross et al. (1992) +1 other reference |
| genetic implications. Economic Geology: ... +1 other reference |
| Econ Geol (1981) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
South Korea | |
| Econ Geol (1984) |
Spain | |
| Navarro et al. (2009) |
| ARANA CASTILLO (1972) |
| A. Arribas et al. (2005) |
G. Leal et al. (2005) | |
| Carmona Ruiz +2 other references |
| J. GrΓΆbner and M. A. FernΓ‘ndez PΓ©riz (2006) |
| Romero Silva JC (2003) |
| Menor-SalvΓ‘n +1 other reference |
| Cepedal et al. (2004) |
| GutiΓ©rrez et al. (2000) |
| Jordi IbÑñez (2019) |
| A. Paniagua et al. |
| Revista de minerales (Mars) |
Pascua et al. (1997) | |
| Castillo-Oliver et al. (2019) |
| Joan Abella i Creus (2008) |
| Vindel (1980) |
| Vindel |
| Menor et al. (2010) |
| Castroviejo (1990) |
| Juan M Casanova +1 other reference |
Sweden | |
| Pieslinger (2023) |
| Wahlstrom (1985) |
| |
| Wilke (1976) |
found UG during geol mapping 1980 | |
| DenisovΓ‘ (2013) |
| Gatedal (1997) |
| Dobbe (1991) |
Dobbe (1991) | |
| www.geology.neab.net (n.d.) |
| Oen et al. (1984) +1 other reference |
| |
Holtstam et al. (1999) | |
Gatedal et al. (2003) | |
Jonsson et al. (2013) | |
| Nysten (2004) |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Beda Hofmann (1986) |
| Schweizer Strahler |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Roth (2007) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
Schmutz et al. (1986) | |
| Ansermet (2012) |
Thailand | |
| Proceedings of the International Conference on Geology Geotechnology and Mineral Resources of Indochina (22 - 25 November 1995) +1 other reference |
Trinidad and Tobago | |
| Scott et al. (1999) |
Turkey | |
| GΓΌlyΓΌz et al. (2024) |
| Huseyin Yilmaz et al. (2010) +1 other reference |
| Akbulut et al. (2010) |
| Akinci (2009) |
| Econ Geol (1984) |
| Kines (1969) +1 other reference |
| Beih. z. Eur. J. Mineral 18 (2006) |
| Akinci (2009) |
| Uysal (2008) |
| GΓNER (1980) |
Musa GΓΌner (1980) | |
GΓNER (1980) | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Bozkir et al. (2010) +1 other reference |
| Revan et al. (2017) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
UK | |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
Golley et al. (1995) | |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| - (2006) |
| Davidson et al. (1951) +2 other references |
Stanley et al. (1991) | |
| Stanley et al. (1979) +1 other reference |
| Ford et al. (1993) |
| Brian Craik-Smith collection +1 other reference |
| Render (n.d.) |
| BMS Collection |
| Hubbard et al. (2005) |
| Ixer et al. (1993) |
| Dunham et al. (2nd Edition) |
| Day (1999) |
| Ixer et al. (2005) |
| [J.Russell Soc 1998:23] |
| Power et al. (2000) |
| Chapman +3 other references |
| N.W. & J.P. Tuck () |
| Mineralogical Magazine 1996 60 : ... +1 other reference |
Ukraine | |
| Emetz et al. (2005) |
USA | |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| Econ Geol (1992) +2 other references |
| - (2008) |
USGS PP 1760A | |
| - (2008) |
- (2008) | |
- (2008) | |
- (2008) | |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
USGS OFR 99-342 | |
- (2008) | |
- (2008) | |
- (2008) | |
| - (2008) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
Mineralogical Record 24:429 | |
| Cooper (1964) +2 other references |
Roseboom et al. (1966) +2 other references | |
| Gornitz (2004) |
| Wenrich |
| Merritt Stephen Enders (2000) |
Schumer et al. (2019) | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Galbraith (1947) |
| Short et al. (1943) +7 other references |
Manske et al. (2002) +1 other reference | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Harcourt (1942) +2 other references |
| Singer et al. (2005) |
| Dunning et al. (2005) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 98 +3 other references |
| Ronald Wynn Sheets et al. (1995) |
| www.gemandmineral.com/stewartmine.html. |
| Econ Geol (1988) |
| - (2005) |
| Huebner +3 other references |
| Mineralogical Record:18 (5) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
USGS Open-File Report 79-1615 | |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Kucera (2021) |
| Garrels et al. (1959) |
| Rocks & Min.:59:34 & 64:144. |
| Rocks & Min.:62:9 +3 other references |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Min News 20:9 pp1 |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Econ Geol (1991) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| - (2005) +1 other reference |
| Wilson (2001) |
| Econ Geol (1984) |
Singer et al. (2008) | |
| - (2005) |
Ream (1995) | |
| - (2005) |
| Economic Geology (1990) |
| Economic Geology (1990) |
| Economic Geology (1990) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Bornhorst et al. (1994) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Koerber et al. (2019) |
| Morris Jr. (1983) +1 other reference |
| ood et al. (2010) |
| - (2005) |
Lee et al. (1995) | |
| Good et al. (2010) |
RaiΔ et al. (2015) | |
| Rocks & Min.: 64:22&26. +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
gsa.confex.com (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| Econ Geol (1994) |
| Economic Geology (1996) +1 other reference |
| Szarkowski (2019) |
| Econ Geol (1986) +1 other reference |
| Gobla (2012) |
| Mineralogical Record 33:1 |
Anaconda Mining Company Collection | |
Mineralogical Record 33:1 | |
The Mineralogy of The Butte District +1 other reference | |
Singer et al. (2008) | |
Weed (1912) | |
J Lorengo collection | |
The Mineralogy of The Butte District +1 other reference | |
| Harlan (1984) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Hastings (2008) |
| John W. Norby and Michael J.T. Orobona (2002) |
| Fithian (2015) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Moore-Roth (2012) |
| Mankins (2022) |
| - (2005) |
Castor et al. (2004) +1 other reference | |
| Jensen (1993) |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Johnson (1977) +2 other references |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Jenkins +1 other reference |
| [Rocks & Minerals Vol 68 March/April ... |
| NMGS 21st Field Conference |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| NMBMGMR Open-file Report - 532 +1 other reference |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Maynard (2014) |
Maynard (2014) | |
Maynard (2014) | |
| NMGS 37th Field Conference |
| Smithsonian Institution Mineral ... |
Smithsonian institution Mineral ... | |
Smithsonian Institution Mineral ... | |
| GSA Conference North-Central Section - 37th Annual Meeting (March 24β25, 2003) |
| GSA Conference North-Central Section - 37th Annual Meeting (March 24β25, 2003) |
| Foit et al. (2001) |
| Smith and Barnes (2011) +1 other reference |
| Smith and Hioff (1984) |
| Robert C. Smit |
| Sloto (2019) |
| Mineral collecting in Pennsylvania +2 other references |
| Smith (1991) |
Smith (1991) | |
| BEG Min Res Circ 73 |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Economic Geology +4 other references |
Earth and Planetary Science Letters 235 (2005) +2 other references | |
| R&M 68:6 p372-380 |
Roland Schmidt Collection No. 2321 | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
Dietrich (1990) | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) +1 other reference |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Jackson (1986) |
| Lambe et al. (1987) +1 other reference |
| Cordua (1998) |
| Loucks (1976) |
| Loucks (1976) +1 other reference |
Uzbekistan | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Kovalenker et al. (1997) |
Zambia | |
| - (2005) +1 other reference |
| Meneghel (1981) |
| Exploration and Mining Geology +6 other references |
| Kampunzu et al. (2009) +2 other references |
Zimbabwe | |
| Cox et al. (2003) |
| Pirajno et al. (2013) |
| Frei (2005) |
| Eales (1964) |
Quick NavTopAbout DigeniteUnique IdentifiersIMA Classification Classification Mineral SymbolsPhysical Properties Optical Data Chemistry Crystallography Crystal StructureX-Ray Powder DiffractionGeological EnvironmentType Occurrence SynonymsOther LanguagesRelationshipsCommon AssociatesStrunz-MindatFluorescence Other InformationInternet Links References Localities Locality List
Leonard Mine, Butte Mining District, Silver Bow County, Montana, USA