Ruby
This page kindly sponsored by Hobart M. King
About Ruby
Formula:
Al2O3
Colour:
Red
Hardness:
9
Crystal System:
Hexagonal
A variety of Corundum
A red, gem variety of corundum. The red colour is caused by minor amounts of trivalent Cr replacing Al in the crystal structure.
In traditional gemmological terms, ruby has to be blood-red and of clear, facetable quality to justify the name, however in wider usage any corundum with a red or reddish colour has attracted the name 'ruby', and this name is usually applied in this way by mineral collectors.
Pink corundum is usually referred to in gemmological terminology as pink sapphire rather than ruby.
Pure Cr2O3 occurs in nature as the mineral eskolaite which is green.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Ruby.
A red, gem variety of corundum. The red colour is caused by minor amounts of trivalent Cr replacing Al in the crystal structure.
In traditional gemmological terms, ruby has to be blood-red and of clear, facetable quality to justify the name, however in wider usage any corundum with a red or reddish colour has attracted the name 'ruby', and this name is usually applied in this way by mineral collectors.
Pink corundum is usually referred to in gemmological terminology as pink sapphire rather than ruby.
Pure Cr2O3 occurs in nature as the mineral eskolaite which is green.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Ruby.
Pronounciation of Ruby
Pronounciation:
| Play | Recorded by | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Jolyon & Katya Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Ruby
Colour:
Red
Comment:
The substitution of Al3+ by Cr3+ results in pink to red colors, depending on the Cr content. The pink corundum variety is called “pink sapphire” or “pink ruby”, and the red variety, with higher Cr contents (0.1 < Cr2O3 < 3.0 wt %; [5]), is called “ruby”. Concentrations of 9.4 wt % Cr2O3 were measured in ruby from Karelia in Russia and up to 13 and 13.4 wt % respectively, in ruby from Westland in New Zealand, and in ruby inclusions in diamond from placers associated with the Juina kimberlite.
Hardness:
9 on Mohs scale
Chemical Properties of Ruby
Formula:
Al2O3
Elements listed:
Crystallography of Ruby
Crystal System:
Hexagonal
Synonyms of Ruby
Anthrax (in part)
Other Language Names for Ruby
Arabic:ياقوت
Basque:Errubi
Bulgarian:Рубин
Czech:Rubín
Danish:Rubin
Dutch:Robijn
Esperanto:Rubeno
Estonian:Rubiin
Farsi/Persian:یاقوت
Finnish:Rubiini
French:Rubis
Galician:Rubí
German:Rubin
Indonesian:Rubi
Italian:Rubino
Japanese:ルビー
Korean:루비
Latvian:Rubīns
Lithuanian:Rubinas
Norwegian:Rubin
Polish:Rubin
Portuguese:Rubin
Romanian:Rubin
Russian:Рубин
Serbian:Рубин
Simplified Chinese:红宝石
Slovak:Rubín
Slovenian:Rubin
Spanish:Rubí
Swedish:Rubin
Telugu:కెంపు
Thai:ทับทิม
Traditional Chinese:紅寶石
Turkish:Yakut
Ukrainian:Рубін
Vietnamese:Hồng ngọc
Varieties of Ruby
| Barklyite | A magenta-coloured variety of ruby (Corundum). Originally reported from Victoria, Australia. |
| Star Ruby | A variety of ruby exhibiting a star pattern when viewed down the c axis. The chatoyance is due to oriented microscopic inclusions (nanorods) of diaspore (Nadin, 2007). |
| Trapiche ruby | Variety showing six-spoked growth features. Compare trapiche emerald. |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 53 photos of Ruby associated with Pargasite | NaCa2(Mg4Al)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2 |
| 47 photos of Ruby associated with Zoisite | Ca2Al3[Si2O7][SiO4]O(OH) |
| 30 photos of Ruby associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 27 photos of Ruby associated with Phlogopite | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 23 photos of Ruby associated with Sapphire | Al2O3 |
| 18 photos of Ruby associated with Painite | CaZrAl9(BO3)O15 |
| 18 photos of Ruby associated with Mavinite | near (Mg,Fe)3(Al,Fe)12Si7O35 · 9H2O |
| 14 photos of Ruby associated with Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 14 photos of Ruby associated with Rhodolite | Mg3Al2(SiO4)3 |
| 11 photos of Ruby associated with Fuchsite | K(Al,Cr)3Si3O10(OH)2 |
Fluorescence of Ruby
The intensity of fluorescence is a function of Cr concentration and the Cr/Fe ratio, because the presence of Fe or an excess of Cr tends to eliminate or quench the fluorescence in ruby.
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
References for Ruby
Reference List:
Sort by Year (asc) | by Year (desc) | by Author (A-Z) | by Author (Z-A)
Edmond Frémy (1891): Synthèse du rubis. Vve. Ch. Dunod, France. [https://archive.org/details/SyntheseDuRubis]
Webster, R. & Read, P.G. (1994): Gems: Their Sources, Descriptions and Identification. 5th edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 1026 pp.
Hughes, R.W. (1997): Ruby & Sapphire. RWH Publishing, Boulder, CO, USA, 512 pp.
Ward, F. (1998): Rubies and sapphires. Gem Book Publishers, Bethesda, Maryland, USA, 64 pp.
Giuliani, G., Fallick, A.E., Garnier, V., France-Lanord, Ch., Ohnenstetter, D., and Schwarz, D. (2005): Oxygen isotope composition as a tracer for the origins of rubies and sapphires. Geology, 33, 249-252.
Giuliani, G., Ohnenstetter, D., Fallick, A.E., Groat, L., Fagan, A.J. (2014): The geology and genesis of gem corundum deposits. In: Groat, L.A. (ed.) Geology of Gem Deposits. 2nd ed., Mineralogical Association of Canada Short Course 44, pp. 29-112.
Hughes, R.W., Manorotkul, W. & Hughes, E.B. (2014): Ruby & Sapphire: A Collector's Guide. GIT, Bangkok, Thailand, 384 pp.
Giuliani, G., Groat, L.A., Fallick, A.E., Pignatelli, I., Pardieu, V. (2020) Ruby deposits: A review and geological classification. Minerals 10, 597. [https://www.mdpi.com/2075-163X/10/7/597/htm]
Internet Links for Ruby
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3473.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
Mineral Dealers:
Localities for Ruby
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Afghanistan | Gübelin, E., Wolgensinger, M. (1976) Edelstenen. Uitgeverij Artis, Brussel (in Dutch).;
Mason, A. (1976) The world of Rocks and Minerals. New York, N.Y., Larousse & Co., 108 pages.
Hall, C. (1998) Identifying Gems & Precious Stones (The new compact study guide and identifier). Chartwell Books, Inc., 80 pp. (p. 20). |
| Orris, G.J., and Bliss, J.D. (2002): Mines and Mineral Occurrences of Afghanistan. United States Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-110 |
| Garnier, V., Giuliani, G., Ohnenstetter, D., Fallick, A.E., Dubessy, J., Banks, D., Vinh, H.Q., Lhomme, T., Maluski, H., Pêcher, A., Bakhsh, K.A., Long, P.V., Trinh, P.T., and Schwarz, D. (2008): Ore Geology Reviews 34, 169-191.; Krebs, M.Y.; Hardman, M.F.; Pearson, D.G.; Luo, Y.; Fagan, A.J.; Sarkar, C. (2020) An Evaluation of the Potential for Determination of the Geographic Origin of Ruby and Sapphire Using an Expanded Trace Element Suite Plus Sr–Pb Isotope Compositions. Minerals 10, 447. |
| Orris, G.J., and Bliss, J.D. (2002): Mines and Mineral Occurrences of Afghanistan. United States Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-110 | |
| Orris, G.J., and Bliss, J.D. (2002): Mines and Mineral Occurrences of Afghanistan. United States Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-110 | |
| Orris, G.J., and Bliss, J.D. (2002): Mines and Mineral Occurrences of Afghanistan. United States Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-110 | |
| Orris, G.J., and Bliss, J.D. (2002): Mines and Mineral Occurrences of Afghanistan. United States Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-110 | |
| Orris, G.J., and Bliss, J.D. (2002): Mines and Mineral Occurrences of Afghanistan. United States Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-110 | |
| Orris, G.J., and Bliss, J.D. (2002): Mines and Mineral Occurrences of Afghanistan. United States Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-110 | |
| Orris, G.J., and Bliss, J.D. (2002): Mines and Mineral Occurrences of Afghanistan. United States Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-110 | |
| Orris, G.J., and Bliss, J.D. (2002): Mines and Mineral Occurrences of Afghanistan. United States Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-110 | |
| Orris, G.J., and Bliss, J.D. (2002): Mines and Mineral Occurrences of Afghanistan. United States Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-110 | |
| Orris, G.J., and Bliss, J.D. (2002): Mines and Mineral Occurrences of Afghanistan. United States Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-110 | |
Antarctica | |
| Kawakami, T., Grew, E. S., Motoyoshi, Y., Shearer, C. K., Ikeda, T., Burger, P. V., & Kusachi, I. (2008). Kornerupine sensu stricto associated with mafic and ultramafic rocks in the Lützow-Holm Complex at Akarui Point, East Antarctica: what is the source of boron?. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 308(1), 351-375. |
Asia | |
| [MinRec 32:42] | |
Australia | Hall, C. (1998) Identifying Gems & Precious Stones (The new compact study guide and identifier). Chartwell Books, Inc., 80 pp. (p. 20). |
| Mason, A. (1976) The world of Rocks and Minerals. New York, N.Y., Larousse & Co., 108 pages. | |
| Gilligan, L.B. (1975) Part 1. Mine Data Sheets to accompany Metallogenic Map, Canberra 1:250 000 Sheet. Geological Survey of New South Wales, Department of Mines, 297 pages. |
| |
| Wagga Wagga Mine Data Sheets, 1982 |
| [var: Barklyite] Liversidge, A. (1896) On some New South Wales and other minerals. The Chemical News and Journal of Physical Science, Volume 74:113-114 Sept. 4. |
| [MinRec 11:271]; Giuliani, G., Fallick, A., Rakotondrazafy, M., Ohnenstetter, D., Andriamamonjy, A., Ralantoarison, T., ... & Ralison, B. (2007). Oxygen isotope systematics of gem corundum deposits in Madagascar: relevance for their geological origin. Mineralium Deposita, 42(3), 251-270.; Zia U. Bajwah, Huckitta 1:250 000 Mineral deposit data series, Northern Territory Geological Survey, 1994 |
| McColl, D.H., Warren, R.G. (1979): The first discovery of ruby in Australia. The Australian Mineralogist, 26, 121-125. |
| Mason, A. (1976) The world of Rocks and Minerals. New York, N.Y., Larousse & Co., 108 pages. | |
| (1907) Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland XX:p64-78 |
| Barossa SI5409 6628I Record of mines - Summary Card No:68 |
| [var: Barklyite] Liversidge, A. (1896) On some New South Wales and other minerals. The Chemical News and Journal of Physical Science, Volume 74:113-114 Sept. 4. |
| Birch, W. D. and Henry, D. A. (1997): Gem Minerals of Victoria |
| GHF Ulrich (1870) Contributions to the Mineralogy of Victoria | |
| |
| |
| David Sheumack collection |
| Groat, L.A., Giuliani, G., Marshall, D.D., and Turner, D. (2008): Ore Geology Reviews 34, 87-112. |
| Fetherston, J., Stocklmayer, S., Stocklmayer, V(2013): Gemstones of WA, Geological Survey of WA | |
| Tom Kapitany collections |
Austria | |
| Harald Schillhammer collection |
Brazil | Sauer, J.R. (1982) Brazil, Paradise of Gemstones. Gemological Institute of America, 135 pp. (p. 124).;
Hall, C. (1998) Identifying Gems & Precious Stones (The new compact study guide and identifier). Chartwell Books, Inc., 80 pp. (p. 20). |
| Rui Nunes collection | |
| Watt, G. R., Harris, J. W., Harte, B., & Boyd, S. R. (1994). A high-chromium corundum (ruby) inclusion in diamond from the Sao Luiz alluvial mine, Brazil. Mineralogical Magazine, 58(392), 490-493. |
| Sauer, J.R. (1982) Brazil, Paradise of Gemstones. Gemological Institute of America, 135 pp. (p. 124). | |
Cambodia | Gübelin, E., Wolgensinger, M. (1976) Edelstenen. Uitgeverij Artis, Brussel (in Dutch).;
Mason, A. (1976) The world of Rocks and Minerals. New York, N.Y., Larousse & Co., 108 pages.;
United States Geological Survey Minerals yearbook (1994) The mineral industry of Cambodia.;
Hall, C. (1998) Identifying Gems & Precious Stones (The new compact study guide and identifier). Chartwell Books, Inc., 80 pp. (p. 20). |
| Mason, A. (1976) The world of Rocks and Minerals. New York, N.Y., Larousse & Co., 108 pages. | |
| Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (1993) Atlas of Mineral Resources for the Escap Region Cambodia Vol 10 UN. |
| Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (1993) Atlas of Mineral Resources for the Escap Region Cambodia Vol 10 UN. | |
| Eldridge M. Moores, Rhodes Whitmore Fairbridge (1997) Encyclopedia of European and Asian regional geology |
| Gübelin, E. and Wolgensinger, M. (1976) Edelstenen. Uitgeverij Artis, Brussel (in Dutch).; O'Neil, P. (1983) Planet Earth - Gemstones. Time-Life Books, Arlington, Virginia, USA, 176 pages.; Cristofono, Peter, Moores, Eldridge M., and Whitmore Fairbridge, Rhodes (1997) Encyclopedia of European and Asian regional geology.; Barr, S. M., & James, D. E. (1990). Trace element characteristics of Upper Cenozoic basaltic rocks of Thailand, Kampuchea and Vietnam. Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences, 4(3), 233-242. Barr, S. M., & MacDonald, A. S. (1981). Geochemistry and geochronology of late Cenozoic basalts of Southeast Asia. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 92(8_Part_II), 1069-1142. |
| Rocks & Min.: 20:467. | |
| Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (1993) Atlas of Mineral Resources for the Escap Region Cambodia Vol 10 UN. | |
| Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (1993) Atlas of Mineral Resources for the Escap Region Cambodia Vol 10 UN. | |
| Concise Field Report Volume 1: Pailin, Cambodia (Dec 2008 – Feb 2009) Vincent Pardieu GIA Laboratory, Bangkok | |
| Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (1993) Atlas of Mineral Resources for the Escap Region Cambodia Vol 10 UN. |
China | |
| Jiazhen Li (1994): Mineral Resources and Geology 8(2), 33-40 |
| Wang Furui (1988): Gems & Gemology 24(3), 155-160. |
| Yanling Tang (2005): Non-metallic deposits of Xinjiang, China [Zhongguo Xinjiang Fei Jinshu Kuangchuang]. Geological Publishing House (Beijing), 289 pp. |
| Yanling Tang (2005): Non-metallic deposits of Xinjiang, China [Zhongguo Xinjiang Fei Jinshu Kuangchuang]. Geological Publishing House (Beijing), 289 pp. |
| Yunkui Qian (2004): Yunnan Geology 23(3), 337-342; Dong Ye and Xueliang Liu (2006): Journal of Gems and Gemmmology 8(3), 21-24. |
Colombia | |
| Sutherland, F.L., Duroc-Danner, J.M., and Meffre, S. (2008): Ore Geology Reviews 34, 155-168. |
Czech Republic | |
| Kotrlý, M., Malíková, P., Holub F. X. (1997) Malá Jizerská louka, klasické naleziště drahokamové asociace. Bulletin mineralogicko-petrografického oddělení Národního muzea v Praze, 1997, roč. 4-5, s. 25-40. Kotrlý, M., Malíková, P. (2002) Klasická lokalita Malá Jizerská louka. Minerál, 2002, roč. 10, č. 4, s. 251 - 262. |
France | |
| FORESTIER F. H., LASNIER B. (1969) – Découverte de niveaux d’amphibolites à pargasite, anorthite, corindon et saphirine dans les schistes cristallins de la vallée du Haut-Allier – Existence du faciès granulite dans la massif Central Français, Contr. Mineral. And Petrol. 23, pp. 194-235. |
| collected by Guy Pégère and François Périnet. |
| Collected by Guy Pégère |
| PERINET F., PEGERE G. (2009) – Les sables éluvionnaires à rubis et sapphirine du secteur de Peygerolles, St-Privat-du-Dragon, Haute-Loire – Le Cahier des Micromonteurs, n° 104, pp. 35-41. | |
| Jean Brun collection |
| collected by François Périnet |
| Collected by François Périnet |
| BAISSIERES D. (2010) – Ma vallée des rubis… Viala-du-Tarn, Aveyron. Le Règne Minéral n°93, pp 67-69. |
| BAISSIERES D. (2010) – Ma vallée des rubis… Viala-du-Tarn, Aveyron. Le Règne Minéral n°93, pp 67-69. |
Germany | |
| H. Vollstädt, R. Baumgärtel: "Einheimische Edelsteine", 2nd. ed., Steinkopff (Dresden), 1977 |
Greece | |
| Christos Spiromitros collected specimens. |
| Wang et al. (2017), The Origin of a new Pargasite-Schist Hosted Ruby Deposit from Paranesti, Northern Greece. The Canadian Mineralogist, Vol. 55, pp. 535-560.; Voudouris, P., Mavrogonatos, C., Graham, I., Giuliani, G., Tarantola, A., Melfos, V., ... & Magganas, A. (2019) Gemstones of Greece: Geology and Crystallizing Environments. Minerals, 9(8), 461. | |
Greenland | |
| Petersen, O. V. & Secher, K. (1993): The Minerals of Greenland. Mineralogical Record 24 (2): 1-67 |
| https://gem-a.com/news-publications/media-centre/news-blogs/gems-from-gem-a/gem/greenland-ruby-the-mighty-aappaluttoq-arises | |
| Petersen, O.V & Johnsen, O. (1980): Giant crystals of Kornerupine. Mineralogical Record 11,93-96 |
| Friend, C.R.L. (1982): A1-Cr substitution in peraluminous sapphirines from the Bjoernesund area, Fiskenaesset region, southern West Greenland. Mineralogical Magazine. 46, 323-328 | |
India | Mason, A. (1976) The world of Rocks and Minerals. New York, N.Y., Larousse & Co., 108 pages. |
| specimen in the collection of Rock Currier |
| [www.johnbetts-fineminerals.com] |
| http://www.conventus.de/fileadmin/media/2012/mm7/Poster/PS1-P04_R.Schumacher.pdf |
| Smeeth, W.F. and Sampat Iyengar, P. (1916) Mineral Resources of Mysore. Mysore (India: State). Dept. of Mines and Geology Bulletin 7.; Hall, C. (1998) Identifying Gems & Precious Stones (The new compact study guide and identifier). Chartwell Books, Inc., 80 pp. (p. 20).; Rob Lavinsky | |
| Martins da Pedra collection |
| https://www.knowyourcrystals.com/stones-found-in-india/ https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2014-gemnews-indian-ruby-mining http://www.d4uweb.com/magazine/bk_gems/issue0906.html |
Israel | |
| Howard Coopersmith, Vered Toledo, John Ward, Michiel De Wit, R Spaggiari, Emmanuel Fritsch: "Geology and Exploration of Gem Deposits at Mt. Carmel, Northern Israel: Natural Moissanite, Sapphire, Ruby & Diamond." |
| J. Hattingh (2019) Updated Competent Person’s Report on the Shefa Gems Ltd Gemstone Assets. | |
| Griffin, W. L., Gain, S. E. M., Adams, D. T., Huang, J. X., Saunders, M., Toledo, V., ... & O’Reilly, S. Y. (2016). First terrestrial occurrence of tistarite (Ti2O3): Ultra-low oxygen fugacity in the upper mantle beneath Mount Carmel, Israel. Geology, 44(10), 815-818. |
Italy | |
| Panebianco R. (1886-87): Berillo e altre gemme di Lonedo. Atti R. Ist. Ven. Sci. Lett. Arti, ser. 6, 5, 387-396; Boscardin M., Girardi A., Violati Tescari O. (1975): Minerali nel Vicentino. Club Alpino Italiano, Sezione di Vicenza, 144 pp.; Boscardin M., Violati Tescari O. (1996): Gemme del Vicentino. Comune di Montecchio Maggiore, Museo Civico "G. Zannato", Montecchio Maggiore (Vicenza), 114 pp.; Zordan A. (2014): Provincia di Vicenza. In: Zorzi F., Boscardin M. (eds.), Minerali del Veneto. Alla scoperta dei tesori della nostra regione. Museo di Storia Naturale e Archeologia di Montebelluna - Treviso, Cierre Edizioni, Sommacampagna, 173-246. |
Japan | |
| Chishitsu Chousajo (1902) |
Kenya | |
| Bulletin of the Imperial Institute - Geology and Mineral Resources of Kenya (1948) p297 |
| Mercier A., Debat P. & Saul J.M. (1999): Exotic origin of the ruby deposits of the Mangari area in SE Kenya. Ore Geology Reviews, 14, 83-104. |
| Mercier A., Debat P. & Saul J.M. (1999): Exotic origin of the ruby deposits of the Mangari area in SE Kenya. Ore Geology Reviews, 14, 83-104. | |
| Levitski, A.G., Sims, D.H.R. (1997) Surface geochemical techniques in gemstone exploration at the Rockland Ruby Mine, Mangare area, SE Kenya. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 59(2), 87-98. |
| A. Mercier, P. Debat, John M. Saul, Exotic origin of the ruby deposits of the Mangari area in SE Kenya, Ore Geology Reviews, Volume 14, Issue 2, March 1999, Pages 83-104, | |
| [www.johnbetts-fineminerals.com] | |
Madagascar | Mason, A. (1976) The world of Rocks and Minerals. New York, N.Y., Larousse & Co., 108 pages. |
| Giuliani, G., Fallick, A., Rakotondrazafy, M., Ohnenstetter, D., Andriamamonjy, A., Ralantoarison, T., Rakotosamizanany, S., Razanatseheno, M., Offant, Y., Garnier, V., Dunaigre, C., Schwarz, D., Mercier, A., Ratrimo, V., and Ralison, B. (2007): Mineralium Deposita 42, 251-270.; Peretti, A., FGG, F., & Hahn, L. (2012). Record-breaking discovery of ruby and sapphire at the Didy mine in Madagascar: Investigating the source. InColor Fall/Winter, 22-35. |
| Giuliani, G., Fallick, A., Rakotondrazafy, M., Ohnenstetter, D., Andriamamonjy, A., Ralantoarison, T., Rakotosamizanany, S., Razanatseheno, M., Offant, Y., Garnier, V., Dunaigre, C., Schwarz, D., Mercier, A., Ratrimo, V., and Ralison, B. (2007): Mineralium Deposita 42, 251-270.; Krebs, M.Y.; Hardman, M.F.; Pearson, D.G.; Luo, Y.; Fagan, A.J.; Sarkar, C. (2020) An Evaluation of the Potential for Determination of the Geographic Origin of Ruby and Sapphire Using an Expanded Trace Element Suite Plus Sr–Pb Isotope Compositions. Minerals 10, 447. |
| T.R.Yager: The Mineral Industry of Madagascar. US.Geological Survey Yearbook 2001, 201-204. | |
| Vincent Pardieu, Supharart Sangsawong, and Stanislas Detroyat (2015)Rubies from a New Deposit in Zahamena National Park, Madagascar, Gems & Gemology, Winter 2015, Vol. 51, No. 4. |
| Martins da Pedra photo |
| Giuliani, G., Fallick, A., Rakotondrazafy, M., Ohnenstetter, D., Andriamamonjy, A., Ralantoarison, T., Rakotosamizanany, S., Razanatseheno, M., Offant, Y., Garnier, V., Dunaigre, C., Schwarz, D., Mercier, A., Ratrimo, V., and Ralison, B. (2007): Mineralium Deposita 42, 251-270. |
| Krebs, M.Y.; Hardman, M.F.; Pearson, D.G.; Luo, Y.; Fagan, A.J.; Sarkar, C. (2020) An Evaluation of the Potential for Determination of the Geographic Origin of Ruby and Sapphire Using an Expanded Trace Element Suite Plus Sr–Pb Isotope Compositions. Minerals 10, 447. |
| Giuliani, G., Fallick, A., Rakotondrazafy, M., Ohnenstetter, D., Andriamamonjy, A., Ralantoarison, T., Rakotosamizanany, S., Razanatseheno, M., Offant, Y., Garnier, V., Dunaigre, C., Schwarz, D., Mercier, A., Ratrimo, V., and Ralison, B. (2007): Mineralium Deposita 42, 251-270. |
| Giuliani, G., Fallick, A., Rakotondrazafy, M., Ohnenstetter, D., Andriamamonjy, A., Ralantoarison, T., Rakotosamizanany, S., Razanatseheno, M., Offant, Y., Garnier, V., Dunaigre, C., Schwarz, D., Mercier, A., Ratrimo, V., and Ralison, B. (2007): Mineralium Deposita 42, 251-270.; Giuliani, G., Fallick, A., Rakotondrazafy, M., Ohnenstetter, D., Andriamamonjy, A., Ralantoarison, T., ... & Ralison, B. (2007). Oxygen isotope systematics of gem corundum deposits in Madagascar: relevance for their geological origin. Mineralium Deposita, 42(3), 251-270. |
| Giuliani, G., Fallick, A., Rakotondrazafy, M., Ohnenstetter, D., Andriamamonjy, A., Ralantoarison, T., Rakotosamizanany, S., Razanatseheno, M., Offant, Y., Garnier, V., Dunaigre, C., Schwarz, D., Mercier, A., Ratrimo, V., and Ralison, B. (2007): Mineralium Deposita 42, 251-270. |
| Giuliani, G., Fallick, A., Rakotondrazafy, M., Ohnenstetter, D., Andriamamonjy, A., Ralantoarison, T., ... & Ralison, B. (2007). Oxygen isotope systematics of gem corundum deposits in Madagascar: relevance for their geological origin. Mineralium Deposita, 42(3), 251-270. |
| Gem News.Gems & Gemmology 39 (3): 222-249 |
| Pezzotta F. (2005): Rubini e zaffiri. Corindoni policromi di Amboarohy, Ihosy, Madagascar. Rivista Mineralogica Italiana,30 (2): 116-124 |
| Giuliani, G., Fallick, A., Rakotondrazafy, M., Ohnenstetter, D., Andriamamonjy, A., Ralantoarison, T., Rakotosamizanany, S., Razanatseheno, M., Offant, Y., Garnier, V., Dunaigre, C., Schwarz, D., Mercier, A., Ratrimo, V., and Ralison, B. (2007): Mineralium Deposita 42, 251-270.; Giuliani, G.; Groat, L.A.; Fallick, A.E.; Pignatelli, I.; Pardieu, V. (2020) Ruby Deposits: A Review and Geological Classification. Minerals 10, 597. |
| Rakotondrazafy, A.F.M., Giuliani, G., Ohnenstetter, D., Fallick, A.E., Rakotosamizanany, S., Andriamamonjy, A., Ralantoarison, T., Razanatseheno, M., Offant, Y., Garnier, V., Maluski, H., Dunaigre, C., Schwarz, D., and Ratrimo, V. (2008): Ore Geology Reviews 34, 134-154. | |
Malawi | Mason, A. (1976) The world of Rocks and Minerals. New York, N.Y., Larousse & Co., 108 pages.;
Hall, C. (1998) Identifying Gems & Precious Stones (The new compact study guide and identifier). Chartwell Books, Inc., 80 pp. (p. 20). |
| H.G. Dill, A review of mineral resources in Malawi: With special reference to aluminium variation in mineral deposits, Journal of African Earth Sciences, Volume 47, Issue 3, March 2007, Pages 153-173, ISSN 1464-343X, 10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2006.12.006.; Dill, H. G., & Ludwig, R. R. (2008). Geomorphological-sedimentological studies of landform types and modern placer deposits in the savanna (Southern Malawi). Ore Geology Reviews, 33(3), 411-434.; Henn, U., Bank, H., & Bank, F. H. (1990). Red and orange corundum (ruby and padparadscha) from Malawi. Journal of Gemmology, 22(2), 83-89. |
| |
Mozambique | |
| António Joaquim Monteiro Photo, photo ID: 792608 | |
| Pardieu, V., Sangsawong, S., Muyal,J.,Chauviré, B., Massi, L. and N. Sturman (2013) Rubies from the Montepuez area (Mozambique). GIA News from Research October 12, 2013. | |
| Pardieu, V., Sangsawong, S., Muyal,J.,Chauviré, B., Massi, L. and N. Sturman (2013) Rubies from the Montepuez area (Mozambique). GIA News from Research October 12, 2013.; Vertriest, W.; Palke, A. (2020) Identification of Opaque Sulfide Inclusions in Rubies from Mogok, Myanmar and Montepuez, Mozambique. Minerals 10, 492. | |
| Pardieu, V., Sangsawong, S., Muyal,J.,Chauviré, B., Massi, L. and N. Sturman (2013) Rubies from the Montepuez area (Mozambique). GIA News from Research October 12, 2013. | |
| Pardieu, V., Sangsawong, S., Muyal,J.,Chauviré, B., Massi, L. and N. Sturman (2013) Rubies from the Montepuez area (Mozambique). GIA News from Research October 12, 2013. | |
| Pardieu, V., Sangsawong, S., Muyal,J.,Chauviré, B., Massi, L. and N. Sturman (2013) Rubies from the Montepuez area (Mozambique). GIA News from Research October 12, 2013. | |
| Pardieu, V., Sangsawong, S., Muyal,J.,Chauviré, B., Massi, L. and N. Sturman (2013) Rubies from the Montepuez area (Mozambique). GIA News from Research October 12, 2013. | |
| Krebs, M.Y.; Hardman, M.F.; Pearson, D.G.; Luo, Y.; Fagan, A.J.; Sarkar, C. (2020) An Evaluation of the Potential for Determination of the Geographic Origin of Ruby and Sapphire Using an Expanded Trace Element Suite Plus Sr–Pb Isotope Compositions. Minerals 10, 447. | |
| http://gemexplorer.org/archives/niassa-mozambique | |
| António Manuel Ináçio Martins. |
Myanmar | Seidler, Ned (1964) Gems and jewelry. The Odyssey Press, New York, 44 pages.;
Gübelin, E., Wolgensinger, M. (1976) Edelstenen. Uitgeverij Artis, Brussel [in Dutch].;
Hall, C. (1998) Identifying Gems & Precious Stones (The new compact study guide and identifier). Chartwell Books, Inc., 80 pp. (p. 20).; |
| Han Htun & George E. Harlow. Identifying Sources among Burmese Rubies. American Museum Natural History website accessed 7/3/2013 |
| Han Htun & George E. Harlow. Identifying Sources among Burmese Rubies. American Museum Natural History website accessed 7/3/2013; Aung, H. L., & Zin, T. T. (2017, November). Some Characteristics of Nanyaseik Area Corundum and Other Assorted Gemstones in Myanmar. In International Conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computing (pp. 173-181). Springer, Singapore.; Aung, H. L., & Zin, T. T. (2017, October). Nanyaseik ruby of phakant township, Kachin state, northern Myanmar. In Consumer Electronics (GCCE), 2017 IEEE 6th Global Conference on (pp. 1-2). IEEE.; Aung, H. L., & Zin, T. T. (2017, November). Exploring Gemstones in Northern Part of Myanmar. In International Conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computing (pp. 182-188). Springer, Singapore. |
| Han Htun & George E. Harlow. Identifying Sources among Burmese Rubies. American Museum Natural History website accessed 7/3/2013 |
| Shigley, J. E., Dirlam, D. M., Laurs, B. M., Boehm, E. W., Bosshart, G., & Larson, W. F. (2000). Gem localities of the 1990s. Gems & Gemology, 36(4), 292-335. |
| http://www.ruby-sapphire.com/r-s-bk-burma4.htm | |
| Adams, F.D., Graham, R.P.D. (1926) On some minerals from the Ruby Mining District of Mogok, Upper Burma. Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, Section IV, 113-136.; Gübelin, E., Wolgensinger, M. (1976) Edelstenen. Uitgeverij Artis, Brussel (in Dutch).; Mason, A. (1976) The world of Rocks and Minerals. New York, N.Y., Larousse & Co., 108 pages.; O'Neil, P. (1983) Planet Earth - Gemstones. Time-Life Books, Arlington, Virginia, USA, 176 pages.; Hall, C. (1998) Identifying Gems & Precious Stones (The new compact study guide and identifier). Chartwell Books, Inc., 80 pp. (p. 20).; Morris, N. (2005) Diamonds and other gems. Appleseed Editions, East Sussex.; Giuliani, G., Fallick, A.E., Garnier, V., France-Lanord, Ch., Ohnenstetter, D., Schwarz, D. (2005) Oxygen isotope composition as a tracer for the origins of rubies and sapphires. Geology, 33, 249-252.; Yui, T.-F., Khin Zaw, Wu, C.-M. (2008) A preliminary stable isotope study on Mogok Ruby, Myanmar. Ore Geology Reviews 34, 192-199; Doppler, G. (2010) Petrogenese und Geochemie von ausgewählten Korund (Rubin)-lagerstätten. Master’s Thesis, University of Graz, Austria, 140 pp. (in German); Malsy, A., Klemm, L. (2010) Distinction of gem spinels from the Himalayan mountain belt. CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry, 64(10), 741-746.; Harlow, G.E., Bender, W. (2013) A study of ruby (corundum) compositions from the Mogok Belt, Myanmar: Searching for chemical fingerprints. American Mineralogist 98, 1120-1132.; Giuliani, G., Dubessy, J., Banks, D.A., Lhomme, T., Ohnenstetter, D. (2015) Fluid inclusions in ruby from Asian marble deposits: genetic implications. European Journal of Mineralogy, 27, 393-404.; Khin Zaw, Lin Sutherland, Tzen-Fu Yui, Sebastien Meffre, Kyaw Thu (2015) Vanadium-rich ruby and sapphire within Mogok Gemfield, Myanmar: implications for gem color and genesis. Mineralium Deposita, 50, 25-39.; Krzemnicki, M.S., Wang, H.A.O. (2019) Age dating on ruby set in iconic ruby necklace by Harry Winston. Facette, 25, 20-21.; Iyer, L. A. N. (1953). The geology and gem-stones of the Mogok Stone Tract, Burma. Geological Survey of India Memoir, 82, 100. Chhibber, H. L., & Ramamirtham, R. (1934). The geology of Burma. Macmillan and Company, limited.; Krebs, M.Y.; Hardman, M.F.; Pearson, D.G.; Luo, Y.; Fagan, A.J.; Sarkar, C. (2020) An Evaluation of the Potential for Determination of the Geographic Origin of Ruby and Sapphire Using an Expanded Trace Element Suite Plus Sr–Pb Isotope Compositions. Minerals 10, 447. | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok |
| [var: Star Ruby] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems and Mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems and Mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Vertriest, W.; Palke, A. (2020) Identification of Opaque Sulfide Inclusions in Rubies from Mogok, Myanmar and Montepuez, Mozambique. Minerals 10, 492. |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Harlow, G.E. & Hawthorne, F.C. (2008): Herderite from Mogok, Myanmar, and comparison with hydroxyl-herderite from Ehrenfriedersdorf, Germany. American Mineralogist, 93, 1545-1549. | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok; Vertriest, W.; Palke, A. (2020) Identification of Opaque Sulfide Inclusions in Rubies from Mogok, Myanmar and Montepuez, Mozambique. Minerals 10, 492. | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok; Kyaw Thu (2007) The Igneous Rocks of the Mogok Stone Tract: Their Distributions, Petrography, Petrochemistry, Sequence, Geochronology and Economic Geology. PhD Thesis University of Yangon, Myanmar | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok; Kyaw Thu (2007) The Igneous Rocks of the Mogok Stone Tract: Their Distributions, Petrography, Petrochemistry, Sequence, Geochronology and Economic Geology. PhD Thesis University of Yangon, Myanmar | |
| Pavel M. Kartashov data | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok; Yui, T.-F., Khin Zaw, Wu, C.-M. (2008): A preliminary stable isotope study on Mogok Ruby, Myanmar. Ore Geol. Rev. 34, 192-199. | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Gübelin, E., Wolgensinger, M. (1976) Edelstenen. Uitgeverij Artis, Brussel [in Dutch]. | |
| Rob Lavinsky | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Themelis, Ted, 2008, Gems and Mines of Mogok. | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Themelis, Ted, 2008, Gems and Mines of Mogok.; Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Sutherland, F.L., Khin Zaw, Meffre, S., Thompson, J., Goemann, K., Kyaw Thu, Than Than Nu, Zin, M.M. and Harris, S.J. (2019): Diversity in ruby geochemistry and its inclusions: Intra- and inter-continental comparisons from Myanmar and eastern Australia. Minerals 9, 28. | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Dana 6: 1031. |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems and Mines of Mogok |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems and Mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems and Mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok | |
| Ted Themelis (2008) Gems and Mines of Mogok | |
| http://www.ruby-sapphire.com/r-s-bk-burma4.htm |
| Win, T.T., Davies, R.M., Griffin, W.L., Wathanakul, P. & French, D.H. (2001). Distribution and characteristics of diamonds from Myanmar. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 19, 563-577. |
| Garnier, V., Ohnenstetter, D., Giuliani, G., Blanc, P., & Schwarz, D. (2002). Trace-element contents and cathodoluminescence of “trapiche” rubies from Mong Hsu, Myanmar (Burma): geological significance. Mineralogy and petrology, 76(3-4), 179-193; Giuliani, G., Fallick, A.E., Garnier, V., France-Lanord, Ch., Ohnenstetter, D., and Schwarz, D. (2005): Oxygen isotope composition as a tracer for the origins of rubies and sapphires. Geology, 33, 249-252. ; Doppler, G. (2010): Petrogenese und Geochemie von ausgewählten Korund (Rubin)-lagerstätten. Master’s Thesis, University of Graz, Austria, 140 pp. (in German); https://www.gemstone.org/incolor/42/17/; Giuliani, G., Dubessy, J., Pignatelli, I., Schwarz, D. (2018): Fluid inclusions study of trapiche and non-trapiche rubies from the Mong Hsu deposit, Myanmar. Canadian Mineralogist 56, 691-703.; Sutherland, F.L., Khin Zaw, Meffre, S., Thompson, J., Goemann, K., Kyaw Thu, Than Than Nu, Zin, M.M. and Harris, S.J. (2019): Diversity in ruby geochemistry and its inclusions: Intra- and inter-continental comparisons from Myanmar and eastern Australia. Minerals 9, 28. |
| Themelis, Ted, 2008, Gems and Mines of Mogok. |
| Han Htun & George E. Harlow. Identifying Sources among Burmese Rubies. American Museum Natural History website accessed 7/3/2013 | |
Nepal | J. Gemmol. 1986. V. 20. N 1. P. 3-10 |
| Garnier, V., Giuliani, G., Ohnenstetter, D., Fallick, A.E., Dubessy, J., Banks, D., Vinh, H.Q., Lhomme, T., Maluski, H., Pêcher, A., Bakhsh, K.A., Long, P.V., Trinh, P.T., and Schwarz, D. (2008): Ore Geology Reviews 34, 169-191. |
| Garnier, V., Giuliani, G., Ohnenstetter, D., Fallick, A.E., Dubessy, J., Banks, D., Vinh, H.Q., Lhomme, T., Maluski, H., Pêcher, A., Bakhsh, K.A., Long, P.V., Trinh, P.T., and Schwarz, D. (2008): Ore Geology Reviews 34, 169-191. | |
| Rob Lavinsky specimen |
New Zealand | |
| Grapes, R., Palmer, K. (1996) (Ruby—Sapphire)—Chromian Mica—Tourmaline Rocks from Westland, New Zealand. Journal of Petrology, 37(2), 293-315. |
| Christie, T., Brathwaite, B., Thompson, B. (1993) Mineral commodity report 1-aluminium. Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Ltd. | |
North Macedonia | |
| Dan Weinrich |
Norway | |
| Oftedahl, Chr. (1963): Contributions to the mineralogy of Norway No 19. Red corundum of Froland at arendal. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 43, 431-439; Eldjarn, K. (1979): Mineraler i Norge- Korund. NAGS-nytt 6 (4): 29-31 |
| Chris Clemens photo, photo id-954731 |
Pakistan | [var: Trapiche ruby] Giuliani, G.; Groat, L.A.; Fallick, A.E.; Pignatelli, I.; Pardieu, V. (2020) Ruby Deposits: A Review and Geological Classification. Minerals 10, 597. |
| Dudley Blauwet, Bill Smith and Carol Smith (2004) Table of mineral localities of the northern areas of Pakistan and other selected sites. (in "Pakistan: Minerals, Mountains & Majesty", Lapis International, East Hampton, Connecticut) |
| Dudley Blauwet, Bill Smith and Carol Smith (2004) Table of mineral localities of the northern areas of Pakistan and other selected sites. (in "Pakistan: Minerals, Mountains & Majesty", Lapis International, East Hampton, Connecticut) |
| Dudley Blauwet, Bill Smith and Carol Smith (2004) Table of mineral localities of the northern areas of Pakistan and other selected sites. (in "Pakistan: Minerals, Mountains & Majesty", Lapis International, East Hampton, Connecticut) |
| Gübelin, E. (1982) Die Edelsteinvorkommen Pakistans. 1. Teil. Die Rubine aus dem Hunzatal. Lapis, 7(5), 19-26.; Hall, C. (1998) Identifying Gems & Precious Stones (The new compact study guide and identifier). Chartwell Books, Inc., 80 pp. (p. 20). |
| E.Ya. Kievlenko (2003) Geology of gems, p. 55 | |
| E.Ya. Kievlenko (2003) Geology of gems, p. 55 | |
| Dudley Blauwet, Bill Smith and Carol Smith (2004) Table of mineral localities of the northern areas of Pakistan and other selected sites. (in "Pakistan: Minerals, Mountains & Majesty", Lapis International, East Hampton, Connecticut) | |
| Ikram Mineralogy |
| Jan, M. Q., & Khan, M. A. (1995). Potential For Ruby Mineralization In Upper Kaghan, Nw Himalaya. Journal Of Himalayan Earth Sciences, 28. |
Poland | |
| Eligiusz Szełęg "Atlas skał i minerałów". Pascal 2007. |
Russia | |
| E.Ya. Kievlenko (2003) Geology of gems, p. 50 |
| E.Ya. Kievlenko (2003) Geology of gems, p. 50 | |
| Local geolofist S.V.Kolesnichenko data; Kissin, A.; Gottman, I.; Sustavov, S.; Murzin, V.; Kiseleva, D. (2020) The First Find of Cr2O3 Eskolaite Associated with Marble-Hosted Ruby in the Southern Urals and the Problem of Al and Cr Sources. Minerals 10, 101. | |
| Pavel M. Kartashov data |
| [MinRec 28:132] |
| E.Ya. Kievlenko (2003) Geology of gems, p. 62 |
| E.Ya. Kievlenko (2003) Geology of gems, p. 62 |
| [MinRec 32:42] |
| E.Ya. Kievlenko (2003) Geology of gems, p. 57 | |
Somaliland | |
| Thomas R. Yager (2002) The Mineral Industries Of Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, And Somalia — 2002. U.S. Geological Survey Minerals Yearbook | |
Sri Lanka | Seidler, Ned (1964) Gems and jewelry. The Odyssey Press, New York, 44 pages.;
Gübelin, E., Wolgensinger, M. (1976) Edelstenen. Uitgeverij Artis, Brussel (in Dutch).
Mason, A. (1976) The world of Rocks and Minerals. New York, N.Y., Larousse & Co., 108 pages. |
| LANKA, G. (1984). State Gem Corporation, Mount Lavinia, Sri Lanka. Non-Metallic Mineral Ores, 15, 343. |
| LANKA, G. (1984). State Gem Corporation, Mount Lavinia, Sri Lanka. Non-Metallic Mineral Ores, 15, 343. |
| Gübelin, E. and Wolgensinger, M. (1976) Edelstenen. Uitgeverij Artis, Brussel (in Dutch). |
| Shigley, J. E., Dirlam, D. M., Laurs, B. M., Boehm, E. W., Bosshart, G., & Larson, W. F. (2000). Gem localities of the 1990s. Gems & Gemology, 36(4), 292-335. | |
| Shigley, J. E., Dirlam, D. M., Laurs, B. M., Boehm, E. W., Bosshart, G., & Larson, W. F. (2000). Gem localities of the 1990s. Gems & Gemology, 36(4), 292-335. | |
| Shigley, J. E., Dirlam, D. M., Laurs, B. M., Boehm, E. W., Bosshart, G., & Larson, W. F. (2000). Gem localities of the 1990s. Gems & Gemology, 36(4), 292-335. | |
| Econ Geol (1981) 76:733-738 | |
| |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): "Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz", Wepf (Basel), p. 242. |
| Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): "Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz", Wepf (Basel), p. 242. |
| Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): "Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz", Wepf (Basel), p. 242. |
| Gübelin, E. and Wolgensinger, M. (1976) Edelstenen. Uitgeverij Artis, Brussel (in Dutch). |
Tajikistan | [var: Trapiche ruby] Giuliani, G.; Groat, L.A.; Fallick, A.E.; Pignatelli, I.; Pardieu, V. (2020) Ruby Deposits: A Review and Geological Classification. Minerals 10, 597. |
| http://gemexplorer.org/archives/ruby-mines-east-tajikistan |
| Litvinenko A.K., Barnov N.G. (2010): The history of Pamirs gemstones. Izvestiya Visshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy, Geologiya Razvedka (Proceedings of Higher Educational Institutions, Geology and Prospecting), No. 4, 70–74 (in Russian). | |
| Elena S. Sorokina, Andrey K. Litvinenko, Wolfgang Hofmeister, Tobias Häger, Dorrit E. Jacob, and Zamoniddin Z. Nasriddinov (2015): Rubies and sapphires from Snezhnoe, Tajikistan. Gems & Gemology 51, 160-175. |
| E.Ya. Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 51; Sorokina E.S., Ozhogina E.G., Jacob D.E., Hofmeister W. (2012): Some features of corundum ontogeny and the quality of ruby from Snezhnoe deposit, Tajikistan (the Eastern Pamirs). Zapiski RMO (Proceedings of the Russian Mineralogical Society), 141 (6), 100–108 (in Russian).; Elena S. Sorokina, Andrey K. Litvinenko, Wolfgang Hofmeister, Tobias Häger, Dorrit E. Jacob, and Zamoniddin Z. Nasriddinov (2015): Rubies and sapphires from Snezhnoe, Tajikistan. Gems & Gemology 51, 160-175.; Litvinenko, A.K.; Sorokina, E.S.; Häger, T.; Kostitsyn, Y.A.; Botcharnikov, R.E.; Somsikova, A.V.; Ludwig, T.; Romashova, T.V.; Hofmeister, W. (2020) Petrogenesis of the Snezhnoe Ruby Deposit, Central Pamir. Minerals 10, 478. | |
| Smith, C.P. (1998): Rubies and pink sapphires from the Pamir Mountain Range in Tajikistan, former USSR. Journal of Gemmology, 26, 103-109. | |
| E.Ya. Kievlenko (2003) Geology of gems, p. 53 | |
| Eugenii Ya. Kievlenko (2003) Geology of Gems | |
| Pavel M. Kartashov data |
Tanzania | Gübelin, E., Wolgensinger, M. (1976) Edelstenen. Uitgeverij Artis, Brussel (in Dutch).;
Mason, A. (1976) The world of Rocks and Minerals. New York, N.Y., Larousse & Co., 108 pages.;
Hall, C. (1998) Identifying Gems & Precious Stones (The new compact study guide and identifier). Chartwell Books, Inc., 80 pp. (p. 20). |
| Emeralds of the World English extraLapis Vol. 2 2002 pp24-35 |
| Gübelin, E. and Wolgensinger, M. (1976) Edelstenen. Uitgeverij Artis, Brussel (in Dutch).; Hintze, J. (2010) Safari ndjema - Afrikanisches Tagebuch (II): Rubin in Zoisit - ein Klassiker aus Longido in Tansania. Lapis, 35(12), 15-19 (in German). |
| Gübelin, E. and Wolgensinger, M. (1976) Edelstenen. Uitgeverij Artis, Brussel (in Dutch).; Hintze, J. (2010) Safari ndjema - Afrikanisches Tagebuch (II): Rubin in Zoisit - ein Klassiker aus Longido in Tansania. Lapis, 35(12), 15-19 (in German). |
| Schmetzer, K., Radl, W. & Schwarz, D. (2009): Winza ein neues Rubinvorkommen in Tansania. Lapis 34 (5), 41-46. ; Krebs, M.Y.; Hardman, M.F.; Pearson, D.G.; Luo, Y.; Fagan, A.J.; Sarkar, C. (2020) An Evaluation of the Potential for Determination of the Geographic Origin of Ruby and Sapphire Using an Expanded Trace Element Suite Plus Sr–Pb Isotope Compositions. Minerals 10, 447. |
| Mineralogical Record 35:145 |
| Thomas Krassmann Collection |
| Krebs, M.Y.; Hardman, M.F.; Pearson, D.G.; Luo, Y.; Fagan, A.J.; Sarkar, C. (2020) An Evaluation of the Potential for Determination of the Geographic Origin of Ruby and Sapphire Using an Expanded Trace Element Suite Plus Sr–Pb Isotope Compositions. Minerals 10, 447. | |
| Hintze, J. (2011): Afrikanisches Tagebuch (III): Die Spinelle von Mahenge, Tansania. Lapis 36 (7-8), 26-30. | |
| Hintze, J. (2011): Afrikanisches Tagebuch (III): Die Spinelle von Mahenge, Tansania. Lapis 36 (7-8), 26-30. | |
| Hintze, J. (2011): Afrikanisches Tagebuch (III): Die Spinelle von Mahenge, Tansania. Lapis 36 (7-8), 26-30. | |
| Hamza Kondo, 2003 Tanzanian Ruby Find Brings Hope. Colored Stone |
| USGS (2003) Minerals Yearbook - Tanzania. | |
| Lomthong, P. (2004) Characteristics of some Corundum from Songea Deposit, Tanzania. |
| http://gemexplorer.org/archives/tunduru-tanzania; Macfarlane, M., Tallontire, A., & Martin, A. (2003). Towards an Ethical Jewellery Business. Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, London. |
| Jaroslav Hyrsl specimens; Zwaan, P.C. (1974) Garnet, corundum and other gem minerals from Umba, Tanzania. Scripta Geol., 20, 1-41.; Gübelin, E. and Wolgensinger, M. (1976) Edelstenen. Uitgeverij Artis, Brussel (in Dutch).; Hanni, Henry (1987) On Corundums from Umba Valley, Tanzania. J. Gemm. 20:278-284.; |
Thailand | Seidler, Ned (1964) Gems and jewelry. The Odyssey Press, New York, 44 pages.;
Gübelin, E., Wolgensinger, M. (1976) Edelstenen. Uitgeverij Artis, Brussel (in Dutch).;
Hall, C. (1998) Identifying Gems & Precious Stones (The new compact study guide and identifier). Chartwell Books, Inc., 80 pages (p. 20).;
Sutthirat, C., Saminpanya, S., Droop, G.T.R., Henderson, C.M.B., and Manning, D.A.C. (2001) Clinopyroxene-corundum assemblages from alkali basalt and alluvium, eastern Thailand: constraints on the origin of Thai rubies. Mineralogical Magazine, 65(2), 277-295. |
| Mason, A. (1976) The world of Rocks and Minerals. New York, N.Y., Larousse & Co., 108 pages. | |
| E.Ya. Kievlenko (2003) Geology of gems, p. 44 | |
| O'Neil, P. (1983) Planet Earth - Gemstones. Time-Life Books, Arlington, Virginia, USA, 176 pages.; Kievlenko, E.Ya. (2003) Geology of gems, 66. |
| E.Ya. Kievlenko (2003) Geology of gems, p. 66 | |
| E.Ya. Kievlenko (2003) Geology of gems, p. 66 | |
USA | |
| Gems and Minerals of America- Jay Ellis Ransom-1974 |
| Shepherd, H. V. (2010, March). Zr-in-rutile Thermometry of a Ruby-bearing Metamorphic Rock, Cascade Canyon, San Bernardino County, CA. In Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, (Vol. 42, No. 1, p. 160). |
| Gems and Minerals of America-Jay Ellis Ransom-1974 |
| Gems and Minerals of America- Jay Ellis Ransom-1974 | |
| Gems and Minerals of America- Jay Ellis Ransom-1974 | |
| Frank. C. Schrader.,Ralph W. Stone and Samuel Sanford (1917) Useful Minerals of the United States : USGS Bulletin 624 |
| Schrader, F.C., Stone, R.W., Sanford, S. (1917) Useful Minerals of the United States. United States Geological Survey, USGS Bulletin 624, 412 pages. | |
| Schrader, F.C., Stone, R.W., Sanford, S. (1917) Useful Minerals of the United States. United States Geological Survey, USGS Bulletin 624, 412 pages. | |
| Gems and Minerals of America- Jay Ellis Ransom-1974 | |
| Gems and Minerals of America- Jay Ellis Ransom-1974 |
| Hall, C. (1998) Identifying Gems & Precious Stones (The new compact study guide and identifier). Chartwell Books, Inc., 80 pp. (p. 20). | |
| USGS Bull 269 |
| Jay Ellis Ransom,1974, Gems and Minerals of America | |
| [var: Star Ruby] Gobla, M.J. (2012) Montana mineral locality index. Rocks & Minerals, 87, #3, 208-240. |
| USGS Bull 269 | |
| Gems and Minerals of America- Jay Ellis Ransom -1974 |
| Gübelin, E. and Wolgensinger, M. (1976) Edelstenen. Uitgeverij Artis, Brussel (in Dutch).; Hall, C. (1998) Identifying Gems & Precious Stones (The new compact study guide and identifier). Chartwell Books, Inc., 80 pp. (p. 20). | |
| |
| Michael Streeter,2003, A Rockhounding Guide to North Carolinas Blue Ridge Mountains | |
| Michael Streeter,2003, A Rockhounding Guide to North Carolinas Blue Ridge Mountains |
| [www.johnbetts-fineminerals.com] | |
| U.S Bureau of Mines,Spatial Data Extracted from the Minerals System/Mineral Industry Location System(MAS/MILS)CD-Rom,Sep,1995 | |
| Ransom,Jay Ellis,1974,Gems and Minerals of America | |
| Rocks & Min.: 60:56. |
| Mason, A. (1976) The world of Rocks and Minerals. New York, N.Y., Larousse & Co., 108 pages. | |
| U.S Bureau of Mines,Spatial Data Extracted from the Minerals System/Mineral Industry Location System (MAS/MILS)CD-Rom,Sep,1995 |
| U.S Bureau of Mines,Spatial Data Extracted from the Minerals System/Mineral Industry Location System(MAS/MILS)CD-Rom,Sep,1995 | |
| Wilson,W.F and McKenzie,B.J,1978,Mineral Collecting Sites in North Carolina | |
| U.S Bureau of Mines,Spatial Data Extacted from the Minerals System/Mineral Industry Location System(MAS/MILS)CD-Rom,Sep,1995. | |
| U.S Bureau of Mines, Sep, 1995 | |
| U.S Bureau of Mines, Sep, 1995 | |
| |
| Corundum and the peridotites of western North Carolina By Joseph Hyde Pratt, Joseph Volney Lewis |
| Wilson,W.F and McKenzie,B.J (1980) Mineral Collecting Sites in North Carolina : NCGS Information Circular 24 | |
| http://www.rosecreekmine.com/ | |
| U.S Bureau of Mines, Sep, 1995 | |
| Wilson,W.F and McKenzie,B.J (1980) Mineral Collecting Sites in North Carolina : NCGS Information Circular 24 | |
| U.S Bureau of Mines, Sep,1995 | |
| U.S Bureau of Mines, Sep,1995 | |
| U.S Bureau of Mines, Sep,1995 | |
| U.S Bureau of Mines, Sep,1995 | |
| Wilson,W.F and McKenzie,B.J (1980) Mineral Collecting Sites in North Carolina : NCGS Information Circular 24 | |
| Wilson,W.F and McKenzie,B.J,1978,Mineral Collecting Sites in North Carolina,Information Circular 24 | |
| Wilson,W.F and McKenzie,B.J (1980) Mineral Collecting Sites in North Carolina : NCGS Information Circular 24 | |
| Wilson,W.F and McKenzie,B.J (1980) Mineral Collecting Sites in North Carolina : NCGS Information Circular 24 | |
| Dana 6: 1077. | |
| Wilson,W.F and McKenzie,B.J (1980) Mineral Collecting Sites in North Carolina : NCGS Information Circular 24 | |
| Wilson,W.F and McKenzie,B.J (1978)Mineral Collecting Sites in North Carolina;NCGS Information Circular 24 | |
| Richard James Jacquot,Jr.2003,Rock,Gem,and Mineral Collecting Sites In Western North Carolina, pg # 144; American Mineralogist,Vol.18,No.4,April,1933 |
| Rocks & Minerals 47:645-648 (1972) |
| U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. |
| Minerals of Washington, Bart Cannon 1975 |
| Rocks & Minerals 77:5 pp334-339 |
| Rocks & Minerals 77:5 pp334-339; USGS Bull 1042G | |
| Rocks & Minerals 76:386 |
Vietnam | Gübelin, E., Wolgensinger, M. (1976) Edelstenen. Uitgeverij Artis, Brussel [in Dutch]. |
| Van Long, P., Quang Vinh, H., Garnier, V., Giuliani, G., Ohnenstetter, D., Lhomme, T., Schwarz, D., Fallick, A.E., Dubessy, J. and Trong Trinh, P. (2004): Gem corundum deposits in Vietnam. Journal of Gemmology, 29, 129-142; Pham Van Long, Gaston Giuliani, Virginie Garnier, Daniel Ohnenstetter (2004) Gemstones in Vietnam. The Australian Gemmologist Volume 22, Number 4, October–December 2004 |
| Pham Van Long, Gaston Giuliani, Virginie Garnier, Daniel Ohnenstetter (2004) Gemstones in Vietnam. The Australian Gemmologist Volume 22, Number 4, October–December 2004 | |
| Pham Van Long, Gaston Giuliani, Virginie Garnier, Daniel Ohnenstetter (2004) Gemstones in Vietnam. The Australian Gemmologist Volume 22, Number 4, October–December 2004; Nguyôn Kinh Quèc, Nguyôn Quúnh Anh () Aquamarine, Beryl And Possibility Of Finding Emerald And Alexandrite In Việt Nam. Generations, 41, 50-58. | |
| Pham Van Long, Gaston Giuliani, Virginie Garnier, Daniel Ohnenstetter (2004) Gemstones in Vietnam. The Australian Gemmologist Volume 22, Number 4, October–December 2004 | |
| Pham Van Long, Gaston Giuliani, Virginie Garnier, Daniel Ohnenstetter (2004) Gemstones in Vietnam. The Australian Gemmologist Volume 22, Number 4, October–December 2004 | |
| [www.johnbetts-fineminerals.com] |
| E.Ya. Kievlenko (2003) Geology of gems, p. 66; Pham Van Long, Gaston Giuliani, Virginie Garnier, Daniel Ohnenstetter (2004) Gemstones in Vietnam. The Australian Gemmologist Volume 22, Number 4, October–December 2004 | |
| Le Thi-Thu Huong, Laura M. Otter, Tobias Häger, Tim Ullmann, Wolfgang Hofmeister, Ulrike Weis, and Klaus Peter Jochum (2016): A New Find of Danburite in the Luc Yen Mining Area, Vietnam. Gems & Gemology, 52 (4), 393-401. | |
| Pham Van Long, Gaston Giuliani, Virginie Garnier, Daniel Ohnenstetter (2004) Gemstones in Vietnam. The Australian Gemmologist Volume 22, Number 4, October–December 2004 | |
| Pham Van Long, Gaston Giuliani, Virginie Garnier, Daniel Ohnenstetter (2004) Gemstones in Vietnam. The Australian Gemmologist Volume 22, Number 4, October–December 2004; Isabella Pignatelli, Gaston Giuliani, Christophe Morlot, Van Long Pham (2018) Trapiche ruby from Vietnam. in abstracts of the 22nd IMA Meeting Melbourne p 326 | |
| Garnier, V., Giuliani, G., Ohnenstetter, D., Fallick, A.E., Dubessy, J., Banks, D., Vinh, H.Q., Lhomme, T., Maluski, H., Pêcher, A., Bakhsh, K.A., Long, P.V., Trinh, P.T., and Schwarz, D. (2008): Marble-hosted ruby deposits from Central and Southeast Asia: Towards a new genetic model. Ore Geology Reviews 34, 169-191.; Pham Van Long, Gaston Giuliani, Virginie Garnier, Daniel Ohnenstetter (2004) Gemstones in Vietnam. The Australian Gemmologist Volume 22, Number 4, October–December 2004; Malsy, A., & Klemm, L. (2010). Distinction of gem spinels from the Himalayan mountain belt. CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry, 64(10), 741-746.; Krebs, M.Y.; Hardman, M.F.; Pearson, D.G.; Luo, Y.; Fagan, A.J.; Sarkar, C. (2020) An Evaluation of the Potential for Determination of the Geographic Origin of Ruby and Sapphire Using an Expanded Trace Element Suite Plus Sr–Pb Isotope Compositions. Minerals 10, 447. | |
| Pham Van Long, Gaston Giuliani, Virginie Garnier, Daniel Ohnenstetter (2004) Gemstones in Vietnam. The Australian Gemmologist Volume 22, Number 4, October–December 2004 | |
| Pham Van Long, Gaston Giuliani, Virginie Garnier, Daniel Ohnenstetter (2004) Gemstones in Vietnam. The Australian Gemmologist Volume 22, Number 4, October–December 2004 | |
| Pham Van Long, Gaston Giuliani, Virginie Garnier, Daniel Ohnenstetter (2004) Gemstones in Vietnam. The Australian Gemmologist Volume 22, Number 4, October–December 2004 | |
| Pham Van Long, Gaston Giuliani, Virginie Garnier, Daniel Ohnenstetter (2004) Gemstones in Vietnam. The Australian Gemmologist Volume 22, Number 4, October–December 2004; Khoi, N.N., Sutthirat, C., Tuan, D. A., Nam, N.V., Thuyet, N.T.M. and Nhung N.T. (2011) Ruby and sapphire from the Tan Huong-Truc Lau area, Yen Bai province, northern Vietnam. Gems & Gemol., 47 (3), 182–195. |
Zimbabwe | |
| MUGUMBATE, R. OESTERLEN, P.M., MASIYAMBIRI, S. & DUBE, W. (2001): Industrial Minerals and Rock Deposits of Zimbabwe.- Zimbabwe Geological Survey Mineral Resources Series No. 27., Harare; 159 pages. |
| Cairncross, B. (2004) Field Guide To Rocks & Minerals Of Southern Africa: 82. |
| Cairncross, B. (2004) Field Guide To Rocks & Minerals Of Southern Africa: 82. |
| Extra Lapis English 14:58-59 |
Mysore District, Karnataka, India