Wittichenite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Wittichenite
View of Sophia Mine dump, Wittichen
Sophia Mine, Böckelsbach valley, Wittichen, Schenkenzell, Rottweil, Freiburg Region, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
Sophia Mine, Böckelsbach valley, Wittichen, Schenkenzell, Rottweil, Freiburg Region, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
Formula:
Cu3BiS3
May contain minor Ag.
Colour:
Lead grey, bronze, tin-white, steel grey, yellow
Lustre:
Metallic
Hardness:
2 - 3
Specific Gravity:
6.3 - 6.7
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Name:
Named after its discovery locality, Neuglück Mine, Wittichen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
Type Locality:
Polymorph of:
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
4300
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:4300:3
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
115da3b9-96f5-445c-863a-f70d0b6aa31a
IMA Classification of Wittichenite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
Classification of Wittichenite
2.GA.20
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
G : Sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites
A : Neso-sulfarsenites, etc. without additional S
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
G : Sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites
A : Neso-sulfarsenites, etc. without additional S
Dana 7th ed.:
3.4.8.1
3.4.8.1
3 : SULFOSALTS
4 : ø = 3
3 : SULFOSALTS
4 : ø = 3
5.1.9
5 : Sulphosalts - Sulpharsenites and Sulphobismuthites (those containing Sn, Ge,or V are in Section 6)
1 : Sulpharsenites etc. of Cu
5 : Sulphosalts - Sulpharsenites and Sulphobismuthites (those containing Sn, Ge,or V are in Section 6)
1 : Sulpharsenites etc. of Cu
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Symbol | Source | Reference |
---|---|---|
Wtc | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Wtc | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Wittichenite
Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Lead grey, bronze, tin-white, steel grey, yellow
Streak:
Black
Hardness:
2 - 3 on Mohs scale
Hardness:
VHN100=170 - 187 kg/mm2 - Vickers
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
None Observed
Density:
6.3 - 6.7 g/cm3 (Measured) 6.23 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Wittichenite
Anisotropism:
Weak, shades of dark brown
Reflectivity:
Wavelength | R1 | R2 |
---|---|---|
400nm | 35.0% | 36.9% |
440nm | 33.2% | 34.7% |
480nm | 32.6% | 34.1% |
520nm | 33.2% | 35.0% |
560nm | 33.6% | 35.3% |
600nm | 33.2% | 35.2% |
640nm | 32.8% | 35.2% |
680nm | 31.7% | 34.6% |
700nm | 30.8% | 34.0% |
Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Top of box is 100%. Peak reflectance is 36.9%.
R1 shown in black, R2 shown in red
Colour in reflected light:
White to creamy white to grayish white
Chemistry of Wittichenite
Mindat Formula:
Cu3BiS3
May contain minor Ag.
May contain minor Ag.
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Ag
Crystallography of Wittichenite
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
2 2 2 - Disphenoidal
Space Group:
P21 21 21
Cell Parameters:
a = 7.723 Å, b = 10.395 Å, c = 6.716 Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.743 : 1 : 0.646
Unit Cell V:
539.16 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0009490 | Wittichenite | Kocman V, Nuffield E W (1973) The crystal structure of wittichenite, Cu3BiS3 Acta Crystallographica B29 2528-2535 | 1973 | Daniel Mine, Wittichen, Baden, Germany | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Image Loading
Radiation - Copper Kα
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
2.85 Å | (100) |
3.08 Å | (80) |
4.55 Å | (40) |
2.66 Å | (40) |
3.83 Å | (30) |
3.19 Å | (30) |
2.39 Å | (30) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
---|---|
High-𝑇 alteration and/or metamorphism | |
33 : Minerals deposited by hydrothermal metal-rich fluids (see also [#12]) |
Type Occurrence of Wittichenite
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Canada, M23304.
Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, 82408, 82409.
Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, 82408, 82409.
Reference:
Kenngott, A. (1853) Wittichenit. in Das Mohs´sche Mineralsystem, dem gegenwärtigen Standpuncte der Wissenschaft gemäss, Verlag und Druck von Carl Gerold & Sohn (Wien): 118-118.
Synonyms of Wittichenite
Other Language Names for Wittichenite
French:Bismuth sulfuré cuprifère
German:Dichtes Kupfer-Wissmutherz
Kupferwismutglanz (of Naumann)
Wittichenit
Wismuthkupfererz (in part)
Kupferwismutglanz (of Naumann)
Wittichenit
Wismuthkupfererz (in part)
Russian:Виттихенит
Simplified Chinese:硫铋铜矿
Spanish:Wittichenita
Varieties of Wittichenite
Silver-bearing Wittichenite | A silver-bearing variety of wittichenite. |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
19 photos of Wittichenite associated with Emplectite | CuBiS2 |
17 photos of Wittichenite associated with Bornite | Cu5FeS4 |
16 photos of Wittichenite associated with Baryte | BaSO4 |
14 photos of Wittichenite associated with Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
8 photos of Wittichenite associated with Chalcocite | Cu2S |
8 photos of Wittichenite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
6 photos of Wittichenite associated with Covellite | CuS |
5 photos of Wittichenite associated with Bismuthinite | Bi2S3 |
5 photos of Wittichenite associated with Roquesite | CuInS2 |
5 photos of Wittichenite associated with Pyrite | FeS2 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
2.GA. | Arsiccioite | AgHg2Tl(As,Sb)2S6 |
2.GA. | Eckerite | Ag2CuAsS3 |
2.GA. | Pyradoketosite | Ag3SbS3 |
2.GA.05 | Proustite | Ag3AsS3 |
2.GA.05 | Pyrargyrite | Ag3SbS3 |
2.GA.10 | Pyrostilpnite | Ag3SbS3 |
2.GA.10 | Xanthoconite | Ag3AsS3 |
2.GA.15 | Samsonite | Ag4MnSb2S6 |
2.GA.20 | Skinnerite | Cu3SbS3 |
2.GA.20 | Bytízite | Cu3SbSe3 |
2.GA.25 | Lapieite | NiCuSbS3 |
2.GA.25 | Mückeite | NiCu(Bi,Sb)S3 |
2.GA.25 | Malyshevite | PdCuBiS3 |
2.GA.25 | Lisiguangite | PtCuBiS3 |
2.GA.25 | Roterbärite | PdBiCuSe3 |
2.GA.30 | Aktashite | Cu6Hg3As4S12 |
2.GA.30 | Gruzdevite | Cu6Hg3Sb4S12 |
2.GA.30 | Nowackiite | Cu6Zn3As4S12 |
2.GA.30 | Zhengminghuaite | Cu6Fe3As4S12 |
2.GA.35 | Laffittite | AgHgAsS3 |
2.GA.40 | Routhierite | Tl(Cu,Ag)(Hg,Zn)2(As,Sb)2S6 |
2.GA.40 | Stalderite | Tl(Cu,Ag)(Zn,Fe,Hg)2(As,Sb)2S6 |
2.GA.40 | Ralphcannonite | AgZn2TlAs2S6 |
2.GA.40 | Ferrostalderite | CuFe2TlAs2S6 |
2.GA.40 | Unnamed (Ag-Fe endmember of Routhierite Group) | AgFe2TlAs2S6 |
2.GA.45 | Erniggliite | Tl2SnAs2S6 |
2.GA.50 | Bournonite | PbCuSbS3 |
2.GA.50 | Seligmannite | PbCuAsS3 |
2.GA.50 | Součekite | PbCuBi(S,Se)3 |
2.GA.50 | Unnamed (Pb-Cu-Bi Selenide) | PbCuBiSe3 |
2.GA.50 | Cerromojonite | CuPbBiSe3 |
2.GA.55 | Eldragónite | Cu6BiSe4(Se2) |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Wittichenite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-4300.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Wittichenite
Reference List:
Nordrum, Fred Steinar (1972) Wittichenite, Cu3BiS3, from Tokke and Fyresdal in west Telemark. Contributions to the mineralogy of Norway, no. 49. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift [Norwegian Journal of Geology], 52 (3) Norsk Geologisk Forening (Geological Society of Norway) 257-271
Kocman, V., Nuffield, E. W. (1973) The crystal structure of wittichenite, Cu3BiS3. Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry, 29 (11) 2528-2535 doi:10.1107/s0567740873006953
Oen, I. S., Kieft, C. (1976) Silver - bearing wittichenite - chalcopyrite - bornite intergrowth and associated minerals in the Mangualde pegmatite, Portugal. The Canadian Mineralogist, 14 (2) 185-193
Stanley, C. J., Criddle, A. J. (1979) Mineralization at Seathwaite Tam, near Coniston, English Lake District: The first occurrence of wittichenite in Great Britain. Mineralogical Magazine, 43 (325) 103-107 doi:10.1180/minmag.1979.043.325.06
Criddle, A. J., Stanley, C. J. (1979) New data on wittichenite. Mineralogical Magazine, 43 (325) 109-113 doi:10.1180/minmag.1979.043.325.07
Chang, Luke L. Y., Daqing Wu, , Knowles, Charles R. (1988) Phase relations in the system Ag2S-Cu2S-PbS-Bi2S3. Economic Geology, 83 (2) 405-418 doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.83.2.405
Localities for Wittichenite
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality.
Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| DE BRODTKORB +3 other references |
PUTZ +1 other reference | |
PUTZ +1 other reference | |
| DE BRODTKORB +1 other reference |
BRODTKORB +3 other references | |
| DE BRODTKORB +1 other reference |
| Cesar Menor-Salvan collection and ... |
| DE BRODTKORB +2 other references |
Dill et al. (2013) | |
| DE BRODTKORB +1 other reference |
| Testa et al. (2018) |
| February 2009 +3 other references |
| Urbina Nilda |
Armenia | |
| Kovalenker et al. (2006) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Mederer et al. (2019) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Australia | |
| McQueen et al. (1985) |
Gilligan (1975) | |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) |
| Brown et al. (1992) +1 other reference |
| Huston et al. (1993) |
Modat Mineral Occurrence database +1 other reference | |
Modat Mineral Occurrence database +1 other reference | |
Modat Mineral Occurrence database +1 other reference | |
Tf from existing Mt Samual site ( double entries for location) | |
Huston et al. (1993) | |
| Francis (2010) |
| Griessmann (2011) |
Record of Mines Summary Card No:250 | |
| [MinRec 14:50 +5 other references |
| Nikolakopoulos (2013) |
| Ehrig et al. (2012) |
| Ralph Bottrill et al in prep. +1 other reference |
Bottrill et al. (2008) | |
| Henry et al. (2022) |
Austria | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Kolitsch (2014) |
| Brandstätter et al. (1989) +1 other reference |
| Auer (2022) |
| Leikauf et al. (2018) |
| Friedrich (1933) |
| Vavtar (1986) |
Belgium | |
| Michel Blondieau. +3 other references |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
Bolivia | |
| Salomon Rivas & Federico Ahlfeld (1998) |
| Salomon Rivas y Federico Ahlfeld (1998) |
Bulgaria | |
| Cook et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| Cook et al. (2002) |
Singer et al. (2008) | |
| Cook et al. (2002) |
| Tsonev et al. (Eds.) +4 other references |
| Strashimirov et al. (2002) |
| Cook et al. (2002) |
| I. Kostov et al. (1964) |
| American Mineralogist (1966) |
| K. Bogdanov et al. (2005) +1 other reference |
| ATANASSOVA +3 other references |
| Cook et al. (2002) |
Canada | |
| Goble R J (1980) |
Goble R J (1980) | |
| Anthony et al. (1990) +1 other reference |
I.C.L. Webster (1992) | |
| Sabina (1972) |
| Dawson |
| Sutherland et al. (1969) +2 other references |
| Sparkes et al. (2016) |
| Bailey (2017) |
| O'Reilly et al. (1982) |
O'Reilly et al. (1982) | |
| Molnar |
| Ames et al. (2007) +2 other references |
| Can Mineral 1984 22: 13-21 |
| 159-161. +1 other reference |
| Dana 7:I:343. +1 other reference |
geological survey of canada paper 73-13 +1 other reference | |
| Johan et al. (1987) |
Chile | |
| Rivas-Romero +4 other references |
| Econ Geol (1987) |
| C. Ruiz Fuller/F. Peebles (1988) |
China | |
| Ruqing Ji et al. (1987) |
| Zhao et al. (1999) |
| Dianfen Chen et al. (1998) |
| Binghui Chen et al. (1994) |
| Xuehui Xia et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
| Zhenkuan Luo et al. (1990) +1 other reference |
| Zhenhuan Luo et al. (1988) |
| Jian et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
| Wei Jian et al. (2014) |
| Li et al. (2023) |
Jingqu Yao (1981) +1 other reference | |
| Shuchu Ji and Yafu Wang (1991) |
| Han et al. (2020) |
Zhao et al. (1999) | |
| Weining Zhou (1994) |
| Xiangmei Ren (1990) |
| Zhao et al. (2023) |
| Xiangping et al. (2001) |
| Xia Ai and Zengyi Chen (1993) |
Youren Hua and Zhiguo Hu (1980) | |
| Yingchen Ren (1999) |
| Qiuming Chen (1990) |
| Chengde Kang (1990) |
| Xiang Chi (1999) |
| Liu et al. (2017) |
| Xiang-Ping Gu et al. (2003) |
| Zhaolong Li and Lianying Zhang (1999) +3 other references |
| Yongrui Zhao and Yunqing Zhen (2006) |
Yongrui Zhao and Yunqing Zhen (2006) | |
Qiu et al. (2017) | |
| Xia et al. (2021) |
| Lijuan Ying et al. (2010) +3 other references |
| Shufeng Huang et al. (2011) +1 other reference |
| Guangming Li et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| Guangming Li et al. (2006) |
| Huixia Song et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
| Zhou et al. (2016) +1 other reference |
| Xinpei Jiang (1994) |
| Kaixu Chen et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
Czech Republic | |
| Ondruš et al. (2003) |
| Sejkora et al. (2021) |
| Scharm +7 other references |
| Fojt B. |
| Pauliš P et al. (2020) |
DR Congo | |
| Deliens (1996) |
Finland | |
| Hector et al. (2023) |
| Sundblad K.L. et al. (2014) |
Cook et al. (2011) | |
France | |
| Anthony et al. (1990) +1 other reference |
| Pélisson (1989) |
| Cesbron et al. (1985) +1 other reference |
| Chauris (2014) |
| J.-L. Hohl: "Minéraux et Mines du Massif Vosgien" (Mulhouse) |
| A. Wittern et al. (Cologne) |
| J.-L. Hohl: "Minéraux et Mines du Massif Vosgien" (Mulhouse) |
| Wittern +1 other reference |
This mine worked the same vein as Gabe ... +2 other references | |
| Minéraux et mines du massif Vosgien |
Wittern et al. (Cologne) | |
| Escande et al. (1973) +6 other references |
Escande et al. (1973) +6 other references | |
| P. Cantinolle et al. |
Collection Patrice Queneau | |
| R. Pierrot |
| Pierrot et al. (1972) +1 other reference |
Germany | |
| Blaß et al. (1995) |
| Walenta (1995) +2 other references |
| |
| Kobell +1 other reference |
| Dana 7:I:362&373 +3 other references |
Weiß (1990) | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Dana 7:I:373. +1 other reference |
Dana 7:I:373. | |
| |
American Mineralogist +2 other references | |
| Information from Carsten Slotta. |
| Walenta (1992) |
| [Lapis 1992 |
| Walenta (1992) |
| |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Staude et al. (2010) |
| Aufschluss 1970 (5) |
| Lorenz et al. (2007) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| www.berthold-weber.de (2001) |
| Nickel et al. (1985) |
| |
| Collection of Steffen Michalski |
| Belendorf et al. (2022) |
| Rolf Golze +3 other references |
| Rolf Golze +3 other references |
Weiß (1990) | |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Magma 1984 (2) |
| Weiß (1990) |
Blaß et al. (1994) | |
| Rolf Golze +3 other references |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Förster et al. (2005) |
| Borchert et al. (1947) |
The Canadian Mineralogist | |
Greece | |
| Rieck et al. (2018) |
Voudouris et al. (2008) | |
Voudouris et al. (2003) | |
| Lapis et al. (1999) |
| Voudouris et al. (2018) |
Greenland | |
| Harry et al. (1964) |
| Petersen et al. (1993) |
Hungary | |
| Szakáll & Gatter: Hun. Min. Spec. +1 other reference |
Szakáll et al. (1996) | |
India | |
| Tripathi et al. (2022) |
Iran | |
| Karimpour et al. (2005) |
Ireland | |
| WEN et al. (1991) |
| Steed (1983) +1 other reference |
Italy | |
| Vergani F. (2019) |
| AA. VV. |
| Stara et al. (1999) |
| Deidda et al. (2022) |
Karup-Møller (1977) | |
| Venerandi Pirri (2002) |
Japan | |
| Kitazono et al. (2003) |
| Shimada et al. (1981) |
| Soeda et al. (1979) +1 other reference |
| Soeda et al. (1979) |
| Sugaki et al. (1980) |
Sugaki et al. (1980) | |
| Takechi et al. (2003) |
| Matsueda (1981) |
| Soeda et al. (1978) |
SOEDA et al. (1982) | |
| Akasaka et al. (2007, August) +1 other reference |
| Alfredo Petrov specimens (obtained from S. Nakanishi and K. Watanabe collections) +1 other reference |
| Nakamura et al. (1973) |
| Dr. Matsuo Nambu ore collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) +2 other references |
| Uehara et al. (2014) +1 other reference |
Nagashima et al. (2021) | |
Kazakhstan | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Kovalev et al. (2018) |
| Spiridonov (1982) |
| Jeremolenko (2002) |
| Strakhovenko (1996) |
| - (2005) |
Kosovo | |
| Mederski et al. (2021) |
Kyrgyzstan | |
| Pavlova et al. (2009) |
Malaysia | |
| Hoe et al. (2003) |
| Kiong et al. (2004) |
Mexico | |
| Lapis 2001 (1) |
| Canet et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
Morocco | |
| S. Weiß: Lapis 31 (7/8) |
| Ilmen et al. (2015) |
Myanmar | |
| Sint et al. (2019) |
Sint et al. (2019) | |
Namibia | |
| Bürg et al. (1942) |
| von Bezing (2007) |
Nigeria | |
| Akande et al. (1993) |
North Korea | |
| Resource Geology |
North Macedonia | |
| Serafimovski et al. (2015) |
| Petrunov et al. (2001) |
Norway | |
| Nordrum et al. (1981) |
| Nordrum et al. (1981) |
| Larsen et al. (2020) |
| Cook et al. (2010) |
Cook et al. (2010) | |
| Nordrum (1972) |
| Nordrum (1972) |
Nordrum et al. (1981) | |
| Knut Eldjarn Collection |
Nordrum et al. (1981) | |
Nordrum (1972) | |
| Nordrum (1972) |
Nordrum (1972) | |
Nordrum et al. (1981) | |
Nordrum et al. (1981) | |
| Larsen et al. (2019) |
Nordrum (2006) | |
Nordrum (1972) | |
Nordrum et al. (1995) | |
Nordrum (1972) | |
Nordrum (1972) | |
Peru | |
| Econ Geol (1985) |
| Min.Rec. et al. (1997) +1 other reference |
Philippines | |
| Hermo et al. (2022) +1 other reference |
Poland | |
| Gołębiowska B. et al. (Ag) +1 other reference |
| Mochnacka et al. (2012) +1 other reference |
Mochnacka et al. (2012) | |
| Mochnacka et al. (2015) |
Mochnacka et al. (2000) | |
| Anthony et al. (1990) +2 other references |
Piestrzyński et al. (2012) | |
| Piestrzyński A. et al. (electrum) |
| Harańczyk C. 1972: Mineralizacja ... |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Portugal | |
| Marques de Sá et al. (2010) |
| Pinto et al. (1994) +1 other reference |
| Gustavo Pereira Fernandes |
Romania | |
| Cook et al. (2002) +2 other references |
Tămaș +2 other references | |
Tămaș +2 other references | |
| Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 40 (2002) +1 other reference |
Shimizu et al. (1998) | |
Cook et al. (2002) | |
| Cook et al. (2002) |
Cook et al. (2001) +1 other reference | |
Cook et al. (2003) | |
Mineralogical Magazine (3) | |
Cook et al. (2002) | |
Cook et al. (2002) | |
| Cook +1 other reference |
| Damian et al. (2006) |
Damian et al. (2008) | |
| Damian et al. (2023) |
| Udubaşa S.S. (2004) +1 other reference |
Russia | |
| Pekov et al. (2011) |
Eremin +3 other references | |
| Michurin et al. (2024) |
| Vikentev (2016, April) |
| Kasatkin et al. (2022) |
| Amplieva (2008) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Tolstykh et al. (2021) |
| Bortnikova et al. (2017) |
| Alekseev et al. (2015) |
Chikisheva et al. (2020) | |
| Soloviev et al. (2022) |
| Kuznetsov et al. (2012, January) |
| Ivanyuk et al. (2018) +1 other reference |
| [World of Stones 95:5-6 |
| Bazai et al. (2009) |
Bazai et al. (2009) | |
Chernyavsky et al. (2012) | |
| Grant et al. (2001) |
| Ivashchenko et al. (2011, September) |
| Kuleshevich et al. (2012) |
| So et al. (1995) |
| Vikent'eva et al. (2016, April) |
| Maslennikov et al. (2013) +1 other reference |
| Vikent'ev et al. (2006) |
| Vikent'eva et al. (2016, April) |
| Kuzhuget et al. (2022) |
| Redin et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
| Gongalsky et al. (2019) |
| Gongalsky et al. (2019) |
| Prokof’ev et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
Slovakia | |
| Ďuďa R. et al. (Schemnitz) |
| Am Min 56:3-4 p 633 +1 other reference |
Jeleň et al. (2012) | |
| Koděra (1986) |
Števko M. (2022) | |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Kozub G. et al. (2011) |
Kozub et al. (2011) | |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Duda et. all. |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
South Korea | |
| CHOI et al. (1985) +1 other reference |
Spain | |
| Schnorrer (2000) |
| Cepedal et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| Arcos et al. (1996) |
| Castillo et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
Sweden | |
| GFF (1984) |
| |
| Torstensson (2002) |
| Dobbe (1991) +1 other reference |
Dobbe (1991) | |
Dobbe (1991) | |
| Scherbina (1941) +2 other references |
| Holtstam et al. (1999) |
Gatedal et al. (2003) | |
Lindeberg (2013) | |
| Öhman et al. (2005) |
Öhman et al. (2005) | |
| |
Switzerland | |
| Bächtiger (1963) +1 other reference |
| Ansermet (2012) |
| Picot et al. (1977) |
| Ansermet (2012) |
Ansermet (2012) | |
Tajikistan | |
| Badalov et al. (1975) +3 other references |
| Ятимов et al. (2019) +1 other reference |
Badalov et al. (1975) | |
Badalov et al. (1975) | |
| Evseev (1995) |
Lur'ye et al. (1971) | |
Tunisia | |
| Slim-Shimi et al. (1990) |
Turkey | |
| Kines (1969) |
| ÇAĞATAY et al. (1990) |
ÇAĞATAY et al. (1990) | |
| Powell et al. (2021) |
UK | |
| Dr. Kurt Greenwall collection (Dr. Werner H. Paar analyses) |
| Carne (1822) |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| |
| LeBoutillier et al. (2003) |
| Solferino et al. (2021) |
| Stanley et al. (1979) +1 other reference |
| Steve Rust Colletion |
| Chapman +3 other references |
Ukraine | |
| Nechaev S & Pastukhov V (2001) |
USA | |
| Graeme (1981) |
Graeme (1993) +1 other reference | |
Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Hammer (1968) +2 other references |
| Mineralogical Record (1998) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Rocks & Min.:64:198. |
| Anaconda Mining Company Collection |
| Gobla (2012) |
| Anaconda Mining Company Collection |
The Mineralogy of The Butte District +1 other reference | |
The Mineralogy of The Butte District +2 other references | |
The Mineralogy of The Butte District +1 other reference | |
| Aird et al. (2021) |
| Frank K. Mazdab |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Foose |
| Brodbeck et al. (2022) |
| [MinRec 3:177 |
| Dietrich (1990) |
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Cattle Grid deposit, Mount Gunson Copper mines, Pernatty Lagoon, South Australia, Australia