Ferberite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Ferberite
Dr. Moritz Rudolph Ferber
Formula:
FeWO4
Colour:
Black; dark brown in transmitted light
Lustre:
Metallic
Hardness:
4 - 4½
Specific Gravity:
7.58
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
For Dr. Moritz Rudolph Ferber (1805-1875), amateur mineralogist, Gera, Germany.
Ferberite-Hübnerite Series.
Occurs in high-temperature hydrothermal veins, greisens, and granitic pegmatites; in alluvial and eluvial deposits.
In a unique situation ferberite may (experimentally) precipitate from volcanic fumarole gas, at temperature around 450oC (Africano et al., 2002).
Occurs in high-temperature hydrothermal veins, greisens, and granitic pegmatites; in alluvial and eluvial deposits.
In a unique situation ferberite may (experimentally) precipitate from volcanic fumarole gas, at temperature around 450oC (Africano et al., 2002).
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1476
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1476:8
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
8d7bdfe7-d20a-4013-9a01-0252181be69d
IMA Classification of Ferberite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Fe2+(WO4)
Classification of Ferberite
4.DB.30
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
D : Metal: Oxygen = 1:2 and similar
B : With medium-sized cations; chains of edge-sharing octahedra
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
D : Metal: Oxygen = 1:2 and similar
B : With medium-sized cations; chains of edge-sharing octahedra
48.1.1.2
48 : ANHYDROUS MOLYBDATES AND TUNGSTATES
1 : AXO4
48 : ANHYDROUS MOLYBDATES AND TUNGSTATES
1 : AXO4
27.4.14
27 : Sulphites, Chromates, Molybdates and Tungstates
4 : Tungstates
27 : Sulphites, Chromates, Molybdates and Tungstates
4 : Tungstates
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Feb | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Fbr | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Ferberite
Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Black; dark brown in transmitted light
Streak:
Brownish black to black
Hardness:
4 - 4½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
Perfect on {010}
Perfect on {010}
Parting:
On {100} and {102}
Fracture:
Sub-Conchoidal
Density:
7.58 g/cm3 (Measured) 7.6 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Ferberite
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 2.255 nβ = 2.305 nγ = 2.414
2V:
Measured: 66° , Calculated: 72°
Birefringence:
Weak
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.159
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Very High
Anisotropism:
Distinct
Bireflectance:
Weak
Dispersion:
r > v extreme
Reflectivity:
| Wavelength | R1 | R2 |
|---|---|---|
| 400nm | 16.5% | 19.5% |
| 420nm | 16.4% | 19.2% |
| 440nm | 16.3% | 18.9% |
| 460nm | 16.2% | 18.7% |
| 480nm | 15.9% | 18.5% |
| 500nm | 16.0% | 18.7% |
| 520nm | 16.0% | 18.7% |
| 540nm | 16.0% | 18.7% |
| 560nm | 16.0% | 18.7% |
| 580nm | 15.8% | 18.6% |
| 600nm | 15.8% | 18.6% |
| 620nm | 15.7% | 18.6% |
| 640nm | 15.6% | 18.5% |
| 660nm | 15.5% | 18.3% |
| 680nm | 15.4% | 18.1% |
| 700nm | 15.5% | 18.0% |
Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Top of box is 100%. Peak reflectance is 19.5%.
R1 shown in black, R2 shown in red
Colour in reflected light:
Gray to white
Internal Reflections:
Deep brownish red (less bright than Hübnerite)
Chemistry of Ferberite
Mindat Formula:
FeWO4
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Nb,Ta,Sc,Sn
Age distribution
Recorded ages:
Phanerozoic : 387 Ma to 138 Ma - based on 48 recorded ages.
Crystallography of Ferberite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
P2/b
Cell Parameters:
a = 4.72 Å, b = 5.70 Å, c = 4.96 Å
β = 90°
β = 90°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.828 : 1 : 0.87
Unit Cell V:
133.44 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
2
Morphology:
Crystals wedge-shaped, commonly flattened {100} and elongated [010] or, less commonly, along [001]. Crystal faces striated parallel {001} or {010}; as groups of bladed crystals; less often short prismatic [001] and flattened {100}. Massive.
Twinning:
Common with twin plane {100}, rarely {001}; simple contact twins with composition face (100) or, rarely (001); interpenetrant (simulating Carlsbad twins in orthoclase) or lamellar (very rare). Twin plane {023}, common, usually as simple contact twins, rarely as repeated twins or interpenetrating.
Crystal Structure
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Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0000230 | Ferberite | Escobar C, Cid-Dresdner H, Kittl P, Dumler I (1971) The relation between "light wolframite" and common wolframite sample: light wolframite American Mineralogist 56 489-498 |  | 1971 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0000231 | Ferberite | Escobar C, Cid-Dresdner H, Kittl P, Dumler I (1971) The relation between "light wolframite" and common wolframite sample: common wolframite American Mineralogist 56 489-498 | | 1971 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0010637 | Ferberite | Ulku D (1967) Untersuchungen zur kristallstruktur und magnetischen struktur des ferberits FeWO4 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 124 192-219 | | 1967 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
Epitaxial Relationships of Ferberite
Epitaxial Minerals:
| Fluorite | CaF2 |
Epitaxy Comments:
Discrete crystals of fluorite on ferberite from Yaogangxian mine, China (White and Richards, 2010).
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Image Loading
Radiation - Copper Kα
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 2.940 Å | (100) |
| 4.69 Å | (80) |
| 3.75 Å | (60) |
| 2.476 Å | (60) |
| 2.470 Å | (60) |
| 3.65 Å | (50) |
| 2.195 Å | (50) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 26 : Hadean detrital minerals | |
| High-𝑇 alteration and/or metamorphism | |
| 31 : Thermally altered carbonate, phosphate, and iron formations | |
| Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
| 34 : Complex granite pegmatites |
Geological Setting:
High temperature hydrothermal veins, greisens, granitic pegmatites.
Type Occurrence of Ferberite
Synonyms of Ferberite
Other Language Names for Ferberite
Varieties of Ferberite
| Niobium-bearing Ferberite | |
| Reinite | Ferberite pseudomorph after scheelite. |
Relationship of Ferberite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
| Dmitryvarlamovite | Ti2(Fe3+Nb)O8 | Orth. 2 2 2 : P21 21 2 |
| Heftetjernite | ScTaO4 | Mon. 2/m : P2/b |
| Huanzalaite | MgWO4 | Mon. 2/m : P2/b |
| Hübnerite | MnWO4 | Mon. 2/m : P2/b |
| Krasnoselskite | CoWO4 | Mon. |
| Nioboheftetjernite | ScNbO4 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| Rossovskyite | (Fe3+,Ta)(Nb,Ti)O4 | Mon. 2/m : P2/b |
| Sanmartinite | (Zn,Fe)WO4 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 824 photos of Ferberite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 348 photos of Ferberite associated with Siderite | FeCO3 |
| 281 photos of Ferberite associated with Fluorite | CaF2 |
| 277 photos of Ferberite associated with Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 252 photos of Ferberite associated with Arsenopyrite | FeAsS |
| 182 photos of Ferberite associated with Fluorapatite | Ca5(PO4)3F |
| 178 photos of Ferberite associated with Pyrite | FeS2 |
| 175 photos of Ferberite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 132 photos of Ferberite associated with Scheelite | Ca(WO4) |
| 110 photos of Ferberite associated with Marcasite | FeS2 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 4.DB. | Nioboheftetjernite | ScNbO4 |
| 4.DB. | Shakhdaraite-(Y) | ScYNb2O8 |
| 4.DB. | Nioboixiolite-(Mn2+) | (Nb0.67Mn2+0.33)O2 |
| 4.DB. | Nioboixiolite-([]) | (Nb0.8◻0.2)4+O2 |
| 4.DB.05 | Argutite | GeO2 |
| 4.DB.05 | Cassiterite | SnO2 |
| 4.DB.05 | Plattnerite | PbO2 |
| 4.DB.05 | Pyrolusite | Mn4+O2 |
| 4.DB.05 | Rutile | TiO2 |
| 4.DB.05 | Tripuhyite | Fe3+Sb5+O4 |
| 4.DB.05 | Tugarinovite | MoO2 |
| 4.DB.05 | Varlamoffite | (Sn,Fe)(O,OH)2 |
| 4.DB.10 | Byströmite | MgSb2O6 |
| 4.DB.10 | Tapiolite-(Fe) | Fe2+Ta2O6 |
| 4.DB.10 | Tapiolite-(Mn) | Mn2+Ta2O6 |
| 4.DB.10 | Ordoñezite | ZnSb2O6 |
| 4.DB.10 | Tredouxite | NiSb2O6 |
| 4.DB.15b | Akhtenskite | ε-Mn4+O2 |
| 4.DB.15c | Nsutite | (Mn4+,Mn2+)(O,OH)2 |
| 4.DB.15a | Paramontroseite | V4+O2 |
| 4.DB.15a | Ramsdellite | Mn4+O2 |
| 4.DB.20 | Scrutinyite | α-PbO2 |
| 4.DB.25 | Ishikawaite | U4+Fe2+Nb2O8 |
| 4.DB.25 | Samarskite-(Y) | YFe3+Nb2O8 |
| 4.DB.25 | Srilankite | ZrTi2O6 |
| 4.DB.25 | Yttrocolumbite-(Y) | Y(U4+,Fe2+)Nb2O8 |
| 4.DB.25 | Calciosamarskite | (Ca,U4+)Fe3+(Nb,Ta,Ti)2O8 |
| 4.DB.25 | Samarskite-(Yb) | YbFe3+(Nb,Ta)2O8 |
| 4.DB.25 | Ixiolite-(Fe2+) | (Ta0.67Fe2+0.33)O2 |
| 4.DB.25 | Ixiolite-(Mn2+) | (Ta0.67Mn2+0.33)O2 |
| 4.DB.30 | Hübnerite | MnWO4 |
| 4.DB.30 | Sanmartinite | (Zn,Fe)WO4 |
| 4.DB.30 | Krasnoselskite | CoWO4 |
| 4.DB.30 | Heftetjernite | ScTaO4 |
| 4.DB.30 | Huanzalaite | MgWO4 |
| 4.DB.30 va | Wolframite Group | |
| 4.DB.30 | Rossovskyite | (Fe3+,Ta)(Nb,Ti)O4 |
| 4.DB.35 | Columbite-(Fe) | Fe2+Nb2O6 |
| 4.DB.35 | Tantalite-(Fe) | Fe2+Ta2O6 |
| 4.DB.35 | Columbite-(Mn) | Mn2+Nb2O6 |
| 4.DB.35 | Tantalite-(Mn) | Mn2+Ta2O6 |
| 4.DB.35 | Columbite-(Mg) | (Mg,Fe,Mn)(Nb,Ta)2O6 |
| 4.DB.35 | Qitianlingite | (Fe,Mn)2(Nb,Ta)2WO10 |
| 4.DB.35 | Tantalite-(Mg) | (Mg,Fe2+)(Ta,Nb)2O6 |
| 4.DB.40 | Ferrowodginite | Fe2+Sn4+Ta2O8 |
| 4.DB.40 | Lithiotantite | LiTa3O8 |
| 4.DB.40 | Lithiowodginite | LiTa3O8 |
| 4.DB.40 | Titanowodginite | Mn2+TiTa2O8 |
| 4.DB.40 | Wodginite | Mn2+Sn4+Ta2O8 |
| 4.DB.40 | Ferrotitanowodginite | Fe2+TiTa2O8 |
| 4.DB.40 | Tantalowodginite | (Mn2+0.5◻0.5)TaTa2O8 |
| 4.DB.40 | Wolframowodginite | Mn(Mn,Sn,Fe,Ta)(W,Ta,Nb)2O8 |
| 4.DB.45 | Tivanite | V3+TiO3(OH) |
| 4.DB.50 | Carmichaelite | (Ti,Cr,Fe)[O2-x(OH)x] |
| 4.DB.55 | Alumotantite | AlTaO4 |
| 4.DB.60 | Biehlite | ((Sb,As)O)2[MoO4] |
Fluorescence of Ferberite
Not fluorescent.
Other Information
Notes:
Slightly magnetic. Decomposed by aqua regia with the separation of tungstic oxide.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Industrial Uses:
Ore of tungsten.
Internet Links for Ferberite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1476.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Ferberite
Reference List:
Localities for Ferberite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Algeria | |
| |
| Suzaki et al. (2013) | |
| Bouabsa et al. (2010) |
| Suzaki et al. (2013) |
Argentina | |
| COLOMBO +1 other reference |
| Colombo et al. (2011) |
| Biglia et al. (2016) |
| Fernández et al. (Ed. E.O. Zappettini) |
| DE BRODTKORB |
| Paar et al. (2000) |
| Paar (2013) | |
| - (1998) |
| Raúl Jorge Tauber Larry +1 other reference | |
| Raúl Jorge Tauber Larry specimens. +1 other reference |
Australia | |
| Henley et al. (2001) |
| Henley et al. (2001) | |
| Henley et al. (2001) | |
| Somarin (2009) |
| Rankin et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| Henley et al. (2001) |
| Henley et al. (2001) | |
| Lawrence et al. (1962) | |
| Clissold (2007) | |
| Henley et al. (2001) | |
| Henley et al. (2001) | |
| Ryan Eagle microprobe analysis |
| Ransom (1978) |
| Qld mines dept |
| Rob Lavinsky specimen |
| Record of mines (1980) |
| SA Geodata Database - Mineral Deposit ... |
| Groves et al. (1972) |
| Sillitoe (1982) |
| Bottrill +1 other reference |
| Hajitaheri (1985) |
| Ryan Eagle field observation |
| Birch et al. (2007) |
| King (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Birch et al. (1993) |
| Museum Victoria Mineralogy Collection |
| Mock (1987) |
| Simpson (1948) | |
| Simpson (1948) |
| Simpson et al. (1948) |
Austria | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Pichler (2009) | |
| Müller (2016) |
| Niedermayr (1985) +1 other reference |
| Strasser (1989) |
Bolivia | |
| Alfredo Petrov field observations |
| Collections of Alfredo Petrov and Dr. ... | |
| Ahlfeld et al. (1964) |
| Osvaldo R. Arce Burgoa (2007) | |
| Federico Ahlfeld & Alejandro Schneider-Scherbina (1964) +1 other reference | |
| Federico Ahlfeld y Alejandro Schneider-Scherbina (1964) |
| Ahlfeld & Muñoz Reyes (1955) |
| Mineralogical Record: 32: 468. +2 other references |
| Federico Ahlfeld and Alejandro Schneider-Scherbina (1964) |
| Federico Ahlfeld and Alejandro Schneider-Scherbina (1964) |
| Federico Ahlfeld y Alejandro Schneider-Scherbina (1964) | |
| Ahlfeld et al. (1964) |
| Ahlfeld et al. (1964) | |
| Artiaga et al. (2013) | |
| Kempff et al. (La Paz, 2009) |
| Carl Davis collection |
| Federico Ahlfeld y Jorge Muñoz Reyes (1955) |
| Ahlfeld et al. (1964) |
| Osvaldo R. Arce Burgoa (2007) |
| www.mineralmundi.com | |
| Ahlfeld et al. (1964) |
| Ahlfeld et al. (1964) | |
| Ahlfeld et al. (1964) |
| Alfredo Petrov and Jaroslav Hyrsl ... | |
| Wilson (2001) +2 other references |
| Federico Ahlfeld and Alejandro Schneider-Scherbina (1964) |
| Ahlfeld et al. (1964) |
| Osvaldo R. Arce Burgoa (2007) |
| Shimada et al. (1985) | |
| Federico Ahlfeld and Alejandro Schneider-Scherbina (1964) | |
| Ing. Mateo Vlahovic collection. |
| Ahlfeld et al. (1964) |
| Ing. Mateo Vlahovic collection. |
| Federico Ahlfeld and Alejandro Schneider-Scherbina (1964) | |
| Wilson (2001) | |
| Petrov et al. (2001) | |
| Mineralogical Record (2001) |
| Federico Ahlfeld and Alejandro Schneider-Scherbina (1964) | |
| Ahlfeld et al. (1964) |
| Ahlfeld et al. (1964) | |
| Wilson (2001) +1 other reference |
| Wilson (2001) |
| Torró et al. (2019) |
| Salomon Rivas y Federico Ahlfeld (1998) | |
| Ludington et al. (1992) |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | |
| Ivan Jurković et al. (1999) |
Brazil | |
| M. Abrahao Moura et al. et al. (2) +1 other reference |
| |
| Cassedanne et al. (1981) |
| King (n.d.) |
| Villas et al. (2001) |
| Grainger et al. (2008) |
| Tallarico et al. (2004) +1 other reference | |
| Bull. Soc. Franç. Minéralo. ... |
| Souza Neto et al. (2008) +1 other reference | |
| Luiz Englert Museum minerals collection |
Bulgaria | |
| Spisanie na Bulgarskoto Geologichesko Druzhestvo (1964) |
| www.mgu.bg (2021) |
Canada | |
| www.em.gov.bc.ca (2022) |
| Montgomery (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| Parrish (1977) |
| Northwest Territories Geoscience Office ... |
| C. Lemanski (re-entry of lost Mindat data) |
| Ronnie Van Dommelen collection |
| Farley (1978) | |
| Robert C. Smith |
| Robert C. Smith |
| Harris (1989) |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| T. S. Ercit and G. W. Robinson (1994) +1 other reference | |
| - (2002) +1 other reference |
| Barkov et al. (2008) |
China | |
| Kaiqi Zheng et al. (1989) |
| Boling Pan et al. (1989) |
| Zuoheng Zhang et al. (2002) |
| Xinyong Lei and Shucang Yue (1989) |
| Hui Li et al. (1983) |
| Pašava et al. (2003) |
| Hongyuan Xia et al. (1991) +1 other reference |
| Kanghuai Liu (1989) +2 other references | |
| Hongyuan Xia et al. (1991) | |
| Hongyuan Xia et al. (1991) | |
| Bing Wan (1983) +1 other reference |
| Field collected by Christopher Chui +1 other reference |
| Jensen (2005) |
| Shimou Chen et al. (1981) +2 other references |
| Ottens et al. (2005) +1 other reference |
| Yongfu Kang (1984) +3 other references |
| Danyang Liu (1991) |
| Xia Ai and Zengyi Chen (1993) +1 other reference |
| Youren Hua and Zhiguo Hu (1980) +1 other reference | |
| Yingchen Ren et al. (1986) |
| Ottens (2009) |
| Berthold Ottens (2009) | |
| Berthold Ottens (2009) | |
| Berthold Ottens (2009) |
| Berthold Ottens (2009) |
| Jilu Mu (1986) |
| Dongsheng Qu (1988) +1 other reference | |
| Berthold Ottens (2009) | |
| Berthold Ottens (2009) | |
| Berthold Ottens (2009) | |
| Peilan Li and Xingzhen Yu (1988) +1 other reference | |
| Ottens (2009) |
| Xiongwei Hu et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
| Berthold Ottens (2009) |
| Minqing Cheng and Cunchang Wang (1989) +2 other references |
| Ottens (2009) |
| Chengde Kang (1990) |
| Ye et al. (1998) | |
| Enkui Cao (1991) |
| Xu (1998) |
| Yuan et al. (2021) |
Colombia | |
| Overstreet |
Cuba | |
| Nelson et al. (2011) |
Czech Republic | |
| Štemprok et al. (2005) |
| Breiter (2007) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Pašava J et al. (2015) |
| Ulmanová et al. (2019) |
| Litochleb (jz. Čechy) |
| www.geocities.com/Smula.geo |
| Losertová |
| Losertová L. |
| Novák +2 other references |
| Novák +1 other reference | |
| Škoda +1 other reference |
DR Congo | |
| euromin.w3sites.net (2001) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference | |
Europe | |
| Raúl Jorge Tauber Larry |
Finland | |
| Ilkka Mikkola collection +1 other reference |
| Tuisku |
| Tuisku |
| Geological Survey of Finland 2008. ... +1 other reference |
| Geological Survey of Finland 2008. ... | |
| Al-Ani |
Finland/Russia | |
| C. Lemanski (re-entry of lost Mindat data) |
France | |
| G. Aubert : "Les coupoles granitiques de Montebras et d'Echassières (Massif Central Français) |
| J-J. Périchaud: Les Minéraux d'Auvergne et al. (1985) +1 other reference |
| |
| Aubert (1969) | |
| P.G. Pélisson (pelisson@inist.fr) |
| "Les minéraux et al. (1977) |
| R. Pierrot | |
| www.brgm.fr (2003) |
| |
| R. Pierrot | |
| R. Pierrot | |
| R. Pierrot | |
| R. Pierrot | |
| R. Pierrot | |
| R. Pierrot |
| R. Pierrot | |
| R. Pierrot | |
| www.brgm.fr (2003) |
| |
| J.J. Périchaud : "Les Gisements Métalliques du District à Antimoine de Brioude-Massiac (Massif Central Français) | |
| J.J. Périchaud : "Les Gisements Métalliques du Ditrict à Antimoine de Brioude-Massiac (Massif Central Français) | |
| Pélisson (1989) |
| P. Picot |
| J.J. Périchaud : "Les Gisements Métalliques du District à Antimoine de Brioude-Massiac (Massif Central Français) | |
| J.J. Périchaud : "Les Gisements Métalliques du District à Antimoine de Brioude-Massiac (Massif Central Français) | |
| J.J. Périchaud : "Les Gisements Métalliques du District à Antimoine de Brioude Massiac (Massif Central Français) | |
| Y. Blanc : "Datation par analyse ... |
| G. Aubert : "Les coupoles granitiques de Montebras et d'Echassières (Massif Central Français) |
| Mourey Y. (1985) |
| P. Devismes : "Atlas photographique des ... |
| P. Devismes : "Atlas photographique des ... |
| Chauris (2014) |
| Collections of Jean-Claude Leydet |
| Chauris (2014) |
| Chauris (2014) |
| "Les minéraux et al. (1977) |
| De Ascençao Guedes et al. (2001) |
| A. Wittern et al. (Cologne) |
| Wittern et al. (Cologne) +1 other reference |
| J.-L. Hohl: "Minéraux et Mines du Massif Vosgien" (Mulhouse) |
| Wittern et al. (Cologne) |
| Ansermet et al. (2010) |
| M.J. Pavillon : "Evolution Structurale | |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Queneau (n.d.) | |
| perso.wanadoo.fr (2004) |
| Boisson (1988) | |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| "Les minéraux et al. (1977) |
| Boisson (1988) |
| Boisson (1988) | |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| La minéralogie. Béryl Limousin +1 other reference | |
| |
| Queneau P. (2001) +1 other reference |
| C. Derré |
| Forner et al. (1997) |
| Hygen (1983) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| "Les minéraux et al. (1977) |
| Berbain et al. (2005) |
| Guitard (2010) | |
| |
| Ducluzaux (2022) |
Georgia | |
| Kekelia et al. (2008) |
| Kekelia et al. (2008) | |
| Kekelia et al. (2008) | |
| Kekelia et al. (2008) | |
Germany | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Aufschluss 71 (6) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Aufschluss 71 (3) | |
| Schmeltzer (1993) +2 other references |
| Lapis 21 (12) |
| Walenta (1992) +1 other reference |
| |
| Th.Lühr collection |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| Thomas Lühr Collection |
| Thomas Luehr collection |
| Baumann et al. (2000) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| 62. +1 other reference |
| Baumann et al. (2000) |
| T. Witzke & T. Giesler (2001) |
| Witzke et al. (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Lapis (7/8) |
| 50. +1 other reference |
| Baumann et al. (2000) |
| Wittern (2001) | |
Greece | |
| Rieck et al. (2022) |
| Triantafyllidis et al. (2024) |
Greenland | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
Hungary | |
| Szakáll & Jánosi. Minerals of Hungary |
| Zajzon N et al. (2014) | |
India | |
| Ottens et al. (2022) |
| |
| Ottens et al. (2022) |
| - (1998) |
Indonesia | |
| Marcoux et al. (1993) |
Iran | |
| Nezafatis (2006) |
Italy | |
| Fedele L. et al. (2006) |
| Della Ventura |
| analysed by Dr. Anthony Kampf et al. (Luigi Chiappino communication) |
| Romani et al. (1997) +1 other reference |
| Gentile et al. (2023) |
| Gentile et al. (2023) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Campostrini (2001) |
| Ciriotti et al. (2019) |
| Mattioli (1979) +1 other reference |
| Orlandi et al. (2013) +1 other reference |
| Sotgia T. (1921) +4 other references |
| Borghesan (1936) |
| . +1 other reference |
| Stara et al. (1996) | |
| Stara et al. (1996) | |
| Stara et al. (1996) +1 other reference | |
| Biste (1977) +1 other reference |
| Avanzini et al. (2007) |
| Campostrini et al. (2006) |
| Benvenuti et al. (2013) |
| Benvenuti et al. (2013) |
| Benvenuti et al. (2013) | |
| Benvenuti et al. (2013) | |
Japan | |
| |
| Sadanaga et al. (1974) |
| Kato et al. (1969) +1 other reference |
| Sadanaga et al. (1974) +1 other reference | |
| Geology and Mineral Resources of Japan (Geological Survey of Japan, 1960) |
| Fluorite: The Collector's Choice. Extra ... |
| Africano et al. (2002) |
| Kato et al. (1969) |
| Alfredo Petrov specimen |
| Nakamura et al. (1973) |
| Shimizu et al. (2007) |
| Sadanaga et al. (1974) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Evseev (1995) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| |
Kosovo | |
| Mederski et al. (2021) |
Kyrgyzstan | |
| homepage.usask.ca (2001) +1 other reference |
Madagascar | |
| Behier (1963) |
Mexico | |
| Prescott |
Mongolia | |
| Getmanskaya T. I. et al. (1995) |
Namibia | |
| von Bezing (2007) |
| Cairncross (2005) |
| Schnaitmann et al. (2007) | |
| Cairncross et al. (2006) |
| Cairncross et al. (2006) | |
| von Bezing (2007) | |
| Cairncross et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| analysed - EDS & general appearance +2 other references |
New Zealand | |
| Robinson (2018) |
| Lilley |
Nigeria | |
| Sakoma et al. (2002) |
Norway | |
| Dittrich (1980) |
| Heier (1955) |
| Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ... | |
| Peter Andresen collection. |
Pakistan | |
| Ikram Mineralogy |
| imported from Rondu District +1 other reference | |
Papua New Guinea | |
| Gonzalez-Alvarez et al. (2013) |
| Espi et al. (2005) +1 other reference |
Peru | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| |
| Kevon Conroy Collection |
| Bendezú et al. (2009) |
| Economic Geology November 2009 vol. 104 ... +1 other reference | |
| Carlson et al. (1980) |
| - (1998) |
| Permian lithophile mineralization in southeastern Peru. Economic Geology (7) +1 other reference |
Poland | |
| Piestrzyński A. et al. (The Sudety Mts., SW Poland) |
| Mochnacka et al. (2015) |
| Szełęg et al. (Karkonosze massif, Lower Silesia, Poland) |
| Mochnacka et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
| Mochnacka et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
| Piestrzyński A. et al. (1990) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Karwowski et al. (2012) |
Portugal | |
| LNEG Siorminp ID 304W |
| Pedro Alves collection. | |
| Pedro Alves collection |
| |
| |
| |
| Pedro Alves collection and analytical ... |
| |
| Sopas de Pedra |
| Alexandre Pedroso samples. |
| Alexandre Pedroso samples. |
| Cabral Pinto (2008) |
| |
| Pedro Alves collection. |
| Pedro Alves collection |
| Pedro Alves collection. Characterized ... | |
| Nuno Afonso collection | |
| Pedro Alves collection |
| LNEG Museu de Jazigos Minerais ... | |
| |
| LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia ... | |
| LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia ... | |
| Pedro Alves collection |
| Bobos et al. (2022) |
| Bull. Minéral. +1 other reference |
| Bull. Minéral. |
| Rui Nunes - 27 February |
Romania | |
| Bailly et al. (2002) |
| [www.thamesvalleyminerals.com] | |
| Costin et al. (2005) |
| Hîrtopanu |
| minerals-of-the-carpathians.eu (2008) |
Russia | |
| Cesnokov et al. (1998) |
| Evseev (1973) |
| www.igem.ru (2001) |
| Zelenski et al. (2020) |
| ... |
| Kompanchenko et al. (2019) |
| Bortnikov et al. (2008) |
| Soloviev et al. (2011) |
| Gvozdev (2007) |
| Alekseev et al. (2020, February) |
| Alekseev et al. (2020) | |
| Alekseev et al. (2023) | |
| Nazarchuk et al. (2023) |
| Sharygin et al. (2014) |
| Kasatkin et al. (2014) +1 other reference |
Rwanda | |
| M. M. Tkachev (1989) +1 other reference |
| Unpublished report | |
| Jedwab et al. (1979) +2 other references |
| Collection of Geoscience Museum | |
| - (1998) +4 other references |
| Roy Kristiansen |
Serbia | |
| Pačevski et al. (2007) |
Slovakia | |
| |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Kubiš M. et al. (Gemeric unit, Western Carpathians,Slovakia) |
| Koděra (1986) | |
| Martin Števko-unpublished |
| Števko M. et al. (Slovenská republika) |
| Koděra (1986) | |
| Slavkay M. ed. et al. (in Slovak and English) | |
| Koděra (1986) |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Econ Geol. (1995) |
| P. G. Sonhnge (1950) +1 other reference |
| Econ Geol. (1995) | |
South Korea | |
| King (n.d.) |
| Econ Geol (1977) |
Spain | |
| Neues Jahrb.Min. (1863) +1 other reference |
| Miguel Calvo and Joan Viñals (2008) | |
| Calvo et al. (2008) | |
| Rewitzer C. +2 other references |
| Calvo (2009) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2009) |
| Miguel Calvo Rebollar (2009) |
| Arribas (1980) |
| J. Mangas and A. Arribas |
| Calvo Rebollar et al. (2022) |
| Emilio Téllez Collection |
| C. Canet et al. |
| Prado-Herrero (2009) |
| Jiménez Martínez et al. (2013) |
| Jiménez R. et al. (2004) |
| Jiménez R. et al. (2004) |
| Tanago et al. (2012) |
| Calvo (2009) |
| Sainz de Baranda Graf et al. (2023) |
| Calvo (2009) |
| Weibel (1955) |
| Weibel (1955) |
| Calvo (2009) |
| Gouanvic (1985) |
| Calvo (2009) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2009) |
| Calvo (2009) +1 other reference |
| Calvo (2009) | |
| Calvo Rebollar (2009) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2009) | |
Sweden | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Langhof et al. (2002) |
Switzerland | |
| Greber et al. (2013) |
Thailand | |
| Econ Geol (1985) +1 other reference |
| - (1998) |
| Eur. J. Mineral. |
Uganda | |
| - (1977, November) |
| J. W. Anthony et al.: "Handbook of Mineralogy" (1997) | |
| J. W. Anthony et al.: "Handbook of Mineralogy" (1997) |
| O. von Knorring et al. (1972) +1 other reference | |
UK | |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Dines (1956) +1 other reference |
| Dines (1956) +1 other reference | |
| Day (1999) |
| Golley et al. (1995) | |
| Hogg (1825) |
| Golley et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
| Liam Schofield photo |
| Weiß et al. (2017) |
| Dines (1956) |
| S. Rust collection |
| Hogg (1825) |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Day (1999) |
| Richard de Nul |
| Collection Richard De Nul |
| Moles et al. (2012) |
Ukraine | |
| Sharygin et al. (2014) |
| Dudar +1 other reference |
USA | |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| Econ Geol (1986) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Wilson (1941) +2 other references |
| Wherry (1915) +3 other references |
| Schaller (1932) +1 other reference | |
| Wilson (1941) +2 other references |
| Wilson (1941) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Anderson et al. (1955) |
| MRDS database Dep. ID #10027539 +1 other reference | |
| MRDS database Dep. ID #10008546 | |
| Rocks and Minerals (1976) |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:110. | |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 331. +3 other references |
| Tungsten deposites of California 1969 |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 232 (map 6-5) +2 other references |
| - (2005) |
| MarekC pers. coll. 2017-2018 |
| Wright et al. (1953) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| USGS Bull 583 | |
| Lovering et al. (1950) | |
| USGS Bull 583 | |
| USGS Bull 583 +1 other reference | |
| USGS Bull 583 | |
| Lovering et al. (1950) +1 other reference | |
| Lovering et al. (1950) +1 other reference | |
| USGS Bull 583 +2 other references | |
| - (2005) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| USGS Bull 583 | |
| - (2005) +2 other references | |
| Lovering et al. (1950) +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) | |
| USGS Bull 583 +1 other reference | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| USGS Bull 583 +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Lovering et al. (1950) | |
| Lovering et al. (1950) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| - (2005) | |
| USGS Bull 583 +1 other reference | |
| Lovering et al. (1950) | |
| Lovering et al. (1950) | |
| - (2005) | |
| USGS Bull 583 | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| USGS Bull 583 +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) | |
| USGS Bull 583 | |
| Lovering et al. (1950) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| USGS Bull 583 +2 other references | |
| - (2005) |
| USGS Bull 583 | |
| - (2005) | |
| Lovering et al. (1950) +1 other reference |
| USGS Bull 583 +2 other references | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| USGS Bull 583 +1 other reference | |
| Lovering et al. (1950) +1 other reference |
| Lovering et al. (1950) |
| Rocks & Min.: 24:230. |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| USGS Bull 583 |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Betts (n.d.) |
| Betts (n.d.) | |
| - (2005) |
| Dana 6: 13 & 62 +3 other references |
| Silliman (1819c) +4 other references |
| David Busha collection. | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| King (n.d.) |
| King (n.d.) | |
| W. B. Thompson et al. (2005) |
| M.Felch et al |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| - (2005) |
| Econ Geol (1997) |
| The Mineralogy of The Butte District +2 other references |
| USGS Bull 583 | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| - (2005) | |
| USGS Bull 583 +2 other references |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) | |
| USGS Bull 583 |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Miller et al. (to be published by NCGS) |
| Specimen on display at the Museum of ... |
| Rocks & Min.:60:113. |
| Rocks & Min.: 60: 113. |
| - (2005) |
| Roberts et al. (1965) | |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference |
| Jaimy Henman specimen and SEM/EDS ... |
| George E. Becraft and Paul L. Weis (1963) +2 other references |
| Wolff et al. (2014) | |
| Cannon (1975) | |
| Rocks & Min. (2007) |
Zimbabwe | |
| Salisbury +2 other references |
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Yaogangxian Mine, Yaogangxian W-Sn ore field, Yizhang Co., Chenzhou, Hunan, China