Rutile
This page kindly sponsored by Southeastern Mineral Specimens
About Rutile
Formula:
TiO2
As a Commodity:
Colour:
Blood red, brownish yellow, brown-red, yellow, greyish-black, black, brown, bluish or violet
Lustre:
Adamantine, Metallic
Hardness:
6 - 6½
Specific Gravity:
4.23
Crystal System:
Tetragonal
Member of:
Name:
The name rutile was first introduced by the German geologist Abraham Gottlob Werner in 1800 (cfr. Lampadius 1800 and Ludwig 1803). The name is from the Latin rutilus, meaning "reddish." The mineral was already known under other names, such as "red schorl" and some other names, some of them later recognized as synonyms or varieties.
I. von Born was the first who described the mineral, in his catalog (1772: 34), as Basaltes crystallisatus ruber [Red crystalline schorl, the latin Basaltes was at the time used for both "schorl" and basalt columns]. The locality given by von Born was Murán near Revúca, Slovakia (Papp 2004). Romé de Lisle (1783) used the name schorl rouge ou purpre [red or purple schorl] for a mineral found as inclusion in quartz from Madagascar. Later, in 1796, De Saussure described sagenite from St. Gothard in Switzerland. Sagenite is now recognized as a variety of rutile, see Sagenite (of Saussure). The element titanium was described by Klaproth (1795) from a specimen of hungarischen rother schörl (huangarian red schorl) from what is todays Slovakia. Richard Kirwan (1796) described the mineral under the name titanite (in Mindat see the entry titanite (of Kirwan)) and Haüy (1801) used the name titane oxydé.
I. von Born was the first who described the mineral, in his catalog (1772: 34), as Basaltes crystallisatus ruber [Red crystalline schorl, the latin Basaltes was at the time used for both "schorl" and basalt columns]. The locality given by von Born was Murán near Revúca, Slovakia (Papp 2004). Romé de Lisle (1783) used the name schorl rouge ou purpre [red or purple schorl] for a mineral found as inclusion in quartz from Madagascar. Later, in 1796, De Saussure described sagenite from St. Gothard in Switzerland. Sagenite is now recognized as a variety of rutile, see Sagenite (of Saussure). The element titanium was described by Klaproth (1795) from a specimen of hungarischen rother schörl (huangarian red schorl) from what is todays Slovakia. Richard Kirwan (1796) described the mineral under the name titanite (in Mindat see the entry titanite (of Kirwan)) and Haüy (1801) used the name titane oxydé.
The most common member of the Rutile Group. Rutile is one of the five forms of titanium dioxide, TiO2, found in nature.
Sellaite (magnesium fluoride, MgF2) also has a rutile-type structure. Compare 'UM1987-04-O:Ti'.
Note on the type locality:
Since Werner introduced rutile in 1800, Horcajuelo de la Sierra (originally erronously reported as Cajuelo) in the province of Burgos in Spain has been regarded as the type locality of rutile. A study by Papp (2004, 2007) has show that the type locality should be Revúca, Slovakia . See also the messageboard at https://www.mindat.org/mesg-7-429614.html.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Rutile.
Sellaite (magnesium fluoride, MgF2) also has a rutile-type structure. Compare 'UM1987-04-O:Ti'.
Note on the type locality:
Since Werner introduced rutile in 1800, Horcajuelo de la Sierra (originally erronously reported as Cajuelo) in the province of Burgos in Spain has been regarded as the type locality of rutile. A study by Papp (2004, 2007) has show that the type locality should be Revúca, Slovakia . See also the messageboard at https://www.mindat.org/mesg-7-429614.html.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Rutile.
Classification of Rutile
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
4/D.02-10
4.DB.05
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
D : Metal: Oxygen = 1:2 and similar
B : With medium-sized cations; chains of edge-sharing octahedra
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
D : Metal: Oxygen = 1:2 and similar
B : With medium-sized cations; chains of edge-sharing octahedra
4.4.1.1
4 : SIMPLE OXIDES
4 : AX2
4 : SIMPLE OXIDES
4 : AX2
7.9.2
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
9 : Oxides of Ti
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
9 : Oxides of Ti
Physical Properties of Rutile
Adamantine, Metallic
Transparency:
Transparent
Colour:
Blood red, brownish yellow, brown-red, yellow, greyish-black, black, brown, bluish or violet
Streak:
Greyish black, pale brown, light yellow
Hardness:
6 - 6½ on Mohs scale
Hardness:
VHN100=894 - 974 kg/mm2 - Vickers
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
{110} distinct, {100} less distinct; and, {111} in traces.
{110} distinct, {100} less distinct; and, {111} in traces.
Parting:
On {092} due to twin gliding; also on {011}.
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Conchoidal, Sub-Conchoidal
Density:
4.23(2) g/cm3 (Measured) 4.25 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Rutile
Type:
Uniaxial (+)
RI values:
nω = 2.605 - 2.613 nε = 2.899 - 2.901
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.294
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Very High
Type:
Anisotropic
Anisotropism:
Strong
Dispersion:
Strong
Pleochroism:
Visible
Comments:
Shades of red, brown, yellow and green.
Chemical Properties of Rutile
Formula:
TiO2
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Fe,Ta,Nb,Cr,V,Sn,W,Sb
Age distribution
Recorded ages:
Neoarchean to Carboniferous : 2665 Ma to 336.3 ± 0.8 Ma - based on 39 recorded ages.
Crystallography of Rutile
Crystal System:
Tetragonal
Class (H-M):
4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) - Ditetragonal Dipyramidal
Space Group:
P42/mnm
Cell Parameters:
a = 4.5937 Å, c = 2.9587 Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 0.644
Unit Cell V:
62.43 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
2
Morphology:
Commonly prismatic, often slender to acicular [001]. Prism zone vertically striated or furrowed. Usually terminated by {101} or {111}; {001} rare. Rarely pyramidal. Granular massive.
Twinning:
On {011} common. Often geniculated; also contact twins of very varied habit. Sixlings and eightlings at times, occasionally polysynthetic. The twins are sometimes distorted by extension of a pair of faces on {011}. Twin gliding observed on this plane as well. Also on {031}, rare. On {092}, as twin gliding plane.
Crystallographic forms of Rutile
Crystal Atlas:
Image Loading
Click on an icon to view
Rutile no.26 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Rutile no.28 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Rutile no.52 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Rutile no.62 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Rutile no.107 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
3d models and HTML5 code kindly provided by
www.smorf.nl.
Toggle
Edge Lines | Miller Indices | Axes
Transparency
Opaque | Translucent | Transparent
View
Along a-axis | Along b-axis | Along c-axis | Start rotation | Stop rotation
Toggle
Edge Lines | Miller Indices | Axes
Transparency
Opaque | Translucent | Transparent
View
Along a-axis | Along b-axis | Along c-axis | Start rotation | Stop rotation
Epitaxial Relationships of Rutile
Epitaxy Comments:
Oriented microscopic needles of rutile are frequently observed in corundum, pseudobrookite, phlogopite, and quartz.
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Image Loading
Radiation - Copper Kα
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Type Occurrence of Rutile
Synonyms of Rutile
Other Language Names for Rutile
Varieties of Rutile
| Edisonite | A crystallographic variety of rutile. |
| Ferrian Antimonian Rutile | An Fe- and Sb-bearing variety of rutile. Originally reported from Yadovitaya fumarole, Tolbachik volcano, Russia. Sb-rich rutile is reported from metamorphosed Mn deposits. In all cases the coupled substitution Ti4+ Sb5+ + (Fe,Al,Cr,Mn)3+ is observe... |
| Gel-Rutile | One of the constituents of leucoxene pseudomorphs. Originally described from Lovozero Massif, Kola Peninsula, Murmanskaja Oblast', Northern Region, Russia. |
| Ilmenorutile | A Nb-bearing rutile (see also Niobian Rutile); compare also the Ta-bearing variety "strüverite". Originally reported from Pit No. 59, Ilmen Mts, Chelyabinsk Oblast', Urals Region, Russia. |
| Iserite (of Janovsky) | Doubtful variety |
| Lusterite | Trade name for artificial rutile. |
| Nigrine | An iron-rich variety of rutile, or an intimate intergrowth of rutile and ilmenite |
| Niobian Chromian Rutile | Nb-V-enriched variety from DeBeers mine (kimberlites), associated, i.a., with hawthorneite. |
| Niobian Rutile | A Nb-bearing variety of rutile. See also ilmenorutile. |
| Sagenite (of Saussure) | The original definition of the name Sagenite was made by Horace Bénédict de Saussure in 1796. "These small crystals usually cross at the same angles, so as to form a mesh-like network of parallelograms; it seemed proper to me because of this singular... |
| Strüverite | A Ta- and Fe-bearing variety of rutile. Compare also ilmenorutile. |
Relationship of Rutile to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
| Argutite | GeO2 | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P42/mnm |
| Cassiterite | SnO2 | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P42/mnm |
| Paratellurite | TeO2 | Tet. |
| Plattnerite | PbO2 | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) |
| Pyrolusite | Mn4+O2 | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P42/mnm |
| Stishovite | SiO2 | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P42/mnm |
| Tripuhyite | Fe3+Sb5+O4 | Tet. |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| Hematite | 843 photos of Rutile associated with Hematite on mindat.org. |
| Quartz | 751 photos of Rutile associated with Quartz on mindat.org. |
| Anatase | 336 photos of Rutile associated with Anatase on mindat.org. |
| Muscovite | 104 photos of Rutile associated with Muscovite on mindat.org. |
| Brookite | 103 photos of Rutile associated with Brookite on mindat.org. |
| Calcite | 102 photos of Rutile associated with Calcite on mindat.org. |
| Ilmenite | 80 photos of Rutile associated with Ilmenite on mindat.org. |
| Siderite | 71 photos of Rutile associated with Siderite on mindat.org. |
| Chlorite Group | 65 photos of Rutile associated with Chlorite Group on mindat.org. |
| Smoky Quartz | 55 photos of Rutile associated with Smoky Quartz on mindat.org. |
Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping
| 4.DB.05 | Argutite | GeO2 | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P42/mnm |
| 4.DB.05 | Cassiterite | SnO2 | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P42/mnm |
| 4.DB.05 | Plattnerite | PbO2 | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) |
| 4.DB.05 | Pyrolusite | Mn4+O2 | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P42/mnm |
| 4.DB.05 | Tripuhyite | Fe3+Sb5+O4 | Tet. |
| 4.DB.05 | Tugarinovite | MoO2 | Mon. |
| 4.DB.05 | Varlamoffite | (Sn,Fe)(O,OH)2 | |
| 4.DB.10 | Byströmite | MgSb2O6 | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P4/nmm |
| 4.DB.10 | Tapiolite-(Fe) | (Fe,Mn)(Ta,Nb)2O6 | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P42/mnm |
| 4.DB.10 | Tapiolite-(Mn) | (Mn,Fe)(Ta,Nb)2O6 | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P42/mnm |
| 4.DB.10 | Ordoñezite | ZnSb2O6 | Tet. |
| 4.DB.15b | Akhtenskite | ε-Mn4+O2 | Hex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P63/mmc |
| 4.DB.15c | Nsutite | (Mn4+,Mn2+)(O,OH)2 | Hex. |
| 4.DB.15a | Paramontroseite | V4+O2 | Orth. |
| 4.DB.15a | Ramsdellite | Mn4+O2 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
| 4.DB.20 | Scrutinyite | α-PbO2 | Orth. |
| 4.DB.25 | Ishikawaite | U4+Fe2+Nb2O8 | Mon. |
| 4.DB.25 | Ixiolite | (Ta,Nb,Sn,Fe,Mn)4O8 | Orth. |
| 4.DB.25 | Samarskite-(Y) | YFe3+Nb2O8 | Mon. 2/m : P2/b |
| 4.DB.25 | Srilankite | ZrTi2O6 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pbcn |
| 4.DB.25 | Yttrocolumbite-(Y) | Y(U4+,Fe2+)Nb2O8 | |
| 4.DB.25 | Calciosamarskite | (Ca,Fe3+,Y)2(Nb,Ta,Ti)2O8 | Mon. |
| 4.DB.25 | Samarskite-(Yb) | (Yb,Y,U,Th,Ca)Fe3+(Nb,Ta)2O8 | Mon. 2/m : P2/b |
| 4.DB.30 | Ferberite | FeWO4 | Mon. 2/m : P2/b |
| 4.DB.30 | Hübnerite | MnWO4 | Mon. 2/m : P2/b |
| 4.DB.30 | Sanmartinite | (Zn,Fe)WO4 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| 4.DB.30 | Krasnoselskite | CoWO4 | Mon. |
| 4.DB.30 | Heftetjernite | ScTaO4 | Mon. 2/m |
| 4.DB.30 | Huanzalaite | MgWO4 | Mon. 2/m : P2/b |
| 4.DB.35 | Columbite-(Fe) | Fe2+Nb2O6 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pbcn |
| 4.DB.35 | Tantalite-(Fe) | Fe2+Ta2O6 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pbcn |
| 4.DB.35 | Columbite-(Mn) | Mn2+Nb2O6 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pbcn |
| 4.DB.35 | Tantalite-(Mn) | Mn2+Ta2O6 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pbcn |
| 4.DB.35 | Columbite-(Mg) | (Mg,Fe,Mn)(Nb,Ta)2O6 | Orth. |
| 4.DB.35 | Qitianlingite | (Fe,Mn)2(Nb,Ta)2WO10 | Orth. |
| 4.DB.35 | Magnocolumbite | (Mg,Fe,Mn)(Nb,Ta)2O6 | |
| 4.DB.35 | Tantalite-(Mg) | (Mg,Fe2+)(Ta,Nb)2O6 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
| 4.DB.40 | Ferrowodginite | Fe2+Sn4+Ta2O8 | Mon. |
| 4.DB.40 | Lithiotantite | LiTa3O8 | Mon. |
| 4.DB.40 | Lithiowodginite | LiTa3O8 | Mon. |
| 4.DB.40 | Titanowodginite | Mn2+TiTa2O8 | Mon. |
| 4.DB.40 | Wodginite | Mn2+Sn4+Ta2O8 | Mon. |
| 4.DB.40 | Ferrotitanowodginite | Fe2+TiTa2O8 | Mon. |
| 4.DB.40 | Wolframowodginite | Mn(Mn,Sn,Fe,Ta)(W,Ta,Nb)2O8 | |
| 4.DB.45 | Tivanite | V3+TiO3(OH) | Mon. |
| 4.DB.50 | Carmichaelite | (Ti,Cr,Fe)[O2-x(OH)x] | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| 4.DB.55 | Alumotantite | AlTaO4 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pbcn |
| 4.DB.60 | Biehlite | ((Sb,As)O)2[MoO4] | Mon. |
Related Minerals - Dana Grouping (8th Ed.)
| 4.4.1.2 | Ilmenorutile | Fex(Nb,Ta)2x · 4Ti1-xO2 | Tet. |
| 4.4.1.3 | Strüverite | (Ti,Ta,Fe)O2 | |
| 4.4.1.4 | Pyrolusite | Mn4+O2 | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P42/mnm |
| 4.4.1.5 | Cassiterite | SnO2 | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P42/mnm |
| 4.4.1.6 | Plattnerite | PbO2 | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) |
| 4.4.1.7 | Argutite | GeO2 | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P42/mnm |
| 4.4.1.9 | Stishovite | SiO2 | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P42/mnm |
Related Minerals - Hey's Chemical Index of Minerals Grouping
| 7.9.1 | Hongquiite | TiO | |
| 7.9.3 | Anatase | TiO2 | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I41/amd |
| 7.9.4 | Brookite | TiO2 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
| 7.9.5 | Geikielite | MgTiO3 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| 7.9.6 | Perovskite | CaTiO3 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnma |
| 7.9.7 | Kassite | CaTi2O4(OH)2 | Orth. |
| 7.9.8 | Tausonite | SrTiO3 | Iso. 4 3m |
| 7.9.9 | Crichtonite | Sr(Mn,Y,U)Fe2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH)38 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| 7.9.10 | Lucasite-(Ce) | CeTi2(O,OH)6 | Mon. |
| 7.9.11 | Hibonite | (Ca,Ce)(Al,Ti,Mg)12O19 | Hex. |
| 7.9.12 | Yttrocrasite-(Y) | (Y,Th,Ca,U)(Ti,Fe)2(O,OH)6 | Amor. |
| 7.9.13 | Pyrophanite | Mn2+TiO3 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| 7.9.14 | Jacobsite-Q | T(Mn2+)M(Fe3+2)O4 | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I41/amd |
| 7.9.15 | Ilmenite | Fe2+TiO3 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| 7.9.16 | Pseudobrookite | Fe2TiO5 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
| 7.9.17 | Ulvöspinel | TiFe2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
| 7.9.18 | Pseudorutile | Fe2Ti3O9 | Hex. |
| 7.9.19 | Freudenbergite | Na2(Ti,Fe)8O16 | Mon. |
| 7.9.20 | Kennedyite | Fe2TiO5 | |
| 7.9.21 | Armalcolite | (Mg,Fe2+)Ti2O5 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
| 7.9.22 | Högbomite | (Mg,Fe)2(Al,Ti)5O10 | Hex. |
| 7.9.23 | Qandilite | (Mg,Fe3+)2(Ti,Fe3+,Al)O4 | |
| 7.9.24 | Cafetite | CaTi2O5 · H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| 7.9.25 | Loveringite | (Ca,Ce,La)(Zr,Fe)(Mg,Fe)2(Ti,Fe,Cr,Al)18O38 | Trig. |
| 7.9.26 | Lindsleyite | (Ba,Sr)(Zr,Ca)(Fe,Mg)2(Ti,Cr,Fe)18O38 | Trig. |
| 7.9.27 | Priderite | K(Ti4+7Fe3+)O16 | Tet. |
| 7.9.28 | Jeppeite | (K,Ba)2(Ti,Fe)6O13 | Mon. |
| 7.9.29 | Ankangite | Ba(Ti,V3+,Cr)8O16 | Tet. 4/m : I4/m |
| 7.9.30 | Ecandrewsite | (Zn,Fe2+,Mn2+)TiO3 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| 7.9.31 | Landauite | NaMnZn2(Ti,Fe)6Ti12O38 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Rutile in petrology
An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.
References for Rutile
Reference List:
Sort by Year (asc) | by Year (desc) | by Author (A-Z) | by Author (Z-A)
Born, I. von (1772) Lithophylacium Bornianum, seu Index Fossilium. Vol. I: 34 [as Basaltes crystallisatus ruber, cited in Papp 2004]
Delamétherie, J.C. (1795) Théorie de la Terre. Paris 1795, Tome 2, p. 402-403 (2nd ed. 1797: 2: 333)[as sagenite]
Romé de Lisle, J. B. L. (1783) Cristallographie, ou description des formes propres à tous les corps de règne minéral. 2nd edition. Paris: L`impr. de Monsieur. Vol 2:421-422 [as schorl rouge ou purpre]
Haüy, H. J. (1801) Traité de minéralogie, 1.ed. Paris: Courcuier [as titane oxydé].
Lampadius, W. A. (1800) Noch ein Paar Bemertungen über den Uran- und Titangehalt einiger Fossilien. Der rothe schörl (Rutil, nach herrn Bergrath Werner), in Sammlung practisch-chemischer Abhandlungen und vermischter Bemerkungen, Volume 3, Walther Dresden
Ludwig, C. F. (1803) Rutil, in Handbuch der Mineralogie nach A. G. Werner, Volume 1 Siegfried Lebrécht Crusius Leipzig: 305-306
Miller (1840) Phil. Mag.: 17: 268.
Hidden, W.E. (1888) On edisonite, a fourth form of titanic acid. American Journal of Science: 36: 272.
Prior, G.T., Zambonini, F.Dr. (1908) On Strüverite and Its Relation to Ilmenorutile. Mineralogical Magazine: 15: 78-89.
Lacroix (1912) Bull. soc. min.: 35: 185.
Ungemach (1916) Bull. soc. min.: 39: 5.
Gliszczynski, S. (1940) Die struktur-geometrische Deutung der Rutil-, Anatas- und Brookitzwillinge. Zentralblatt für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie. Abt. A.: Mineralogie und Petrographie: 9: 181.
Palache, C., Berman, H., Frondel, C. (1944) The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana Yale University 1837-1892, Volume I: Elements, Sulfides, Sulfosalts, Oxides. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York. 7th edition, revised and enlarged: 554-561.
Meagher, E.P., Lager, G.A. (1979) Polyhedral thermal expansion in the TiO2 polymorphs; refinement of the crystal structures of rutile and brookite at high temperature. The Canadian Mineralogist: 17: 77-85.
Foord, E.E., Chirnside, W., Davis, A.M., Lichte, F.E., Esposito, K.J. (1995) A new U–Ti–Ca–HREE hydrated oxide and associated niobian rutile from Topaz Valley, Utah. Mineralogical Record: 26: 122-128.
Smith, D.C., Perseil, E.-A. (1997) Sb-rich rutile in the manganese concentrations at St. Marcel-Praborna, Aosta Valley, Italy: petrology and crystal-chemistry. Mineralogical Magazine: 61: 655-669.
Maldener, J., Rauch, F., Gavranic, M., Beran, A. (2001) OH absorption coefficients of rutile and cassiterite deduced from nuclear reaction analysis and FTIR spectroscopy. Mineralogy and Petrology: 71: 21-29.
Withers, A.C., Essene, E.J., Zhang, Y. (2003) Rutile/TiO2 II phase equilibria. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology: 145: 199-204.
Papp, G. (2004) History of minerals, rocks and fossil resins discovered in the Carpathian Region. Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest: 2004, p. 95-96
Bauer, W.H. (2007) The rutile type and its derivatives. Crystallography Reviews: 13: 65-113.
Papp, G., (2007) On the type locality of rutile (review of contemporary data about the occurrence of the “Hungarian red schorl”). In: Jancsy, P. (Ed.), Prvenstvá nerastnej ríše Slovenska — The unique minerals of Slovakia. Slovenské banské múzeum, Banská Štiavnica, pp. 51–55.
Rečnik, A., Stanković, N., Daneu, N. (2015) Topotaxial reactions during the genesis of oriented rutile/hematite intergrowths from Mwinilunga (Zambia). Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology: 169: 19. [http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00410-015-1107-x.pdf]
Nespolo, M. & Souvignier, B. (2015): Structural rationale for the occurrence of the elbow twins in cassiterite and rutile. Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences 110, 157-165.
Emma Hart, Craig Storey, Emilie Bruand, Hans-Peter Schertl, Bruce D. Alexander (2016): Mineral inclusions in rutile: A novel recorder of HP-UHP metamorphism. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 446, 137–148. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X16302072 (open access)]
Internet Links for Rutile
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3486.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
Specimens:
The following Rutile specimens are currently listed for sale on minfind.com.
Localities for Rutile
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
This section is currently hidden. Click the show button to view.
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil