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Rutile

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Rutile

Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil

Rutile

Modriach, Koralpe, Styria, Austria

Rutile, etc.

Novo Horizonte, Bahia, Brazil

Rutile

Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil

Rutile

Modriach, Koralpe, Styria, Austria

Rutile, etc.

Novo Horizonte, Bahia, Brazil

Rutile

Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil

Rutile

Modriach, Koralpe, Styria, Austria

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About RutileHide

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Formula:

TiO₂

As a Commodity:

Rutile

Colour:

Blood red, brownish yellow, brown-red, yellow, greyish-black, black, brown, bluish or violet

Lustre:

Adamantine, Metallic

Hardness:

6 - 6½

Specific Gravity:

4.23

Crystal System:

Tetragonal

Member of:

Rutile Group

Name:

The name rutile was first introduced by the German geologist Abraham Gottlob Werner in 1800 (cfr. Lampadius 1800 and Ludwig 1803). The name is from the Latin rutilus, meaning "reddish." The mineral was already known under other names, such as "red schorl" and some other names, some of them later recognized as synonyms or varieties.
I. von Born was the first who described the mineral, in his catalog (1772: 34), as Basaltes crystallisatus ruber [Red crystalline schorl, the latin Basaltes was at the time used for both "schorl" and basalt columns]. The locality given by von Born was Murán near Revúca, Slovakia (Papp 2004). Romé de Lisle (1783) used the name schorl rouge ou purpre [red or purple schorl] for a mineral found as inclusion in quartz from Madagascar. Later, in 1796, De Saussure described sagenite from St. Gothard in Switzerland. Sagenite is now recognized as a variety of rutile, see Sagenite (of Saussure). The element titanium was described by Klaproth (1795) from a specimen of hungarischen rother schörl (huangarian red schorl) from what is todays Slovakia. Richard Kirwan (1796) described the mineral under the name titanite (in Mindat see the entry titanite (of Kirwan)) and Haüy (1801) used the name titane oxydé.

Type Locality:

ⓘ Rutile type locality, Horcajuelo de la Sierra, Madrid, Spain

Polymorph of:

Akaogiite, Anatase, Brookite, Riesite, TiO2 II, UM1991-08-O:Ti

The most common member of the Rutile Group. Rutile is one of the five forms of titanium dioxide, TiO₂, found in nature.

Sellaite (magnesium fluoride, MgF₂) also has a rutile-type structure. Compare 'UM1987-04-O:Ti'.

Note on the type locality:
Since Werner introduced rutile in 1800, Horcajuelo de la Sierra (originally erronously reported as Cajuelo) in the province of Burgos in Spain has been regarded as the type locality of rutile. A study by Papp (2004, 2007) has show that the type locality should be Revúca, Slovakia . See also the messageboard at https://www.mindat.org/mesg-7-429614.html.

Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Rutile.

Classification of RutileHide

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IMA status:

Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)

Strunz 8th ed.:

4/D.02-10

Nickel-Strunz 10th (pending) ed.:

4.DB.05

4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
D : Metal: Oxygen = 1:2 and similar
B : With medium-sized cations; chains of edge-sharing octahedra

Dana 8th ed.:

4.4.1.1

4 : SIMPLE OXIDES
4 : AX₂

Hey's CIM Ref.:

7.9.2

7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
9 : Oxides of Ti

Physical Properties of RutileHide

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Lustre:

Adamantine, Metallic

Transparency:

Transparent

Colour:

Blood red, brownish yellow, brown-red, yellow, greyish-black, black, brown, bluish or violet

Streak:

Greyish black, pale brown, light yellow

Hardness:

6 - 6½ on Mohs scale

Hardness:

VHN₁₀₀=894 - 974 kg/mm² - Vickers

Tenacity:

Brittle

Cleavage:

Distinct/Good
{110} distinct, {100} less distinct; and, {111} in traces.

Parting:

On {092} due to twin gliding; also on {011}.

Fracture:

Irregular/Uneven, Conchoidal, Sub-Conchoidal

Density:

4.23(2) g/cm³ (Measured) 4.25 g/cm³ (Calculated)

Optical Data of RutileHide

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Type:

Uniaxial (+)

RI values:

n_ω = 2.605 - 2.613 n_ε = 2.899 - 2.901

Max Birefringence:

δ = 0.294

Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.

Surface Relief:

Very High

Type:

Anisotropic

Anisotropism:

Strong

Dispersion:

Strong

Pleochroism:

Visible

Comments:

Shades of red, brown, yellow and green.

Chemical Properties of RutileHide

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Formula:

TiO₂

Elements listed:

O, Ti - search for minerals with similar chemistry

Common Impurities:

Fe,Ta,Nb,Cr,V,Sn

Age distributionHide

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Recorded ages:

Neoarchean to Carboniferous : 2665 Ma to 336.3 ± 0.8 Ma - based on 39 recorded ages.

Crystallography of RutileHide

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Crystal System:

Tetragonal

Class (H-M):

4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) - Ditetragonal Dipyramidal

Space Group:

P4₂/mnm

Cell Parameters:

a = 4.5937 Å, c = 2.9587 Å

Ratio:

a:c = 1 : 0.644

Unit Cell V:

62.43 Å³ (Calculated from Unit Cell)

Morphology:

Commonly prismatic, often slender to acicular [001]. Prism zone vertically striated or furrowed. Usually terminated by {101} or {111}; {001} rare. Rarely pyramidal. Granular massive.

Twinning:

On {011} common. Often geniculated; also contact twins of very varied habit. Sixlings and eightlings at times, occasionally polysynthetic. The twins are sometimes distorted by extension of a pair of faces on {011}. Twin gliding observed on this plane as well. Also on {031}, rare. On {092}, as twin gliding plane.

Crystallographic forms of RutileHide

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Crystal Atlas:

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Rutile no.26 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)

Rutile no.28 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)

Rutile no.52 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)

Rutile no.62 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)

Rutile no.107 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)

Epitaxial Relationships of RutileHide

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Epitaxial Minerals:

Magnetite	Fe²⁺Fe³⁺₂O₄
Ilmenite	Fe²⁺TiO₃
Hematite	Fe₂O₃
Brookite	TiO₂
Anatase	TiO₂

Epitaxy Comments:

Oriented microscopic needles of rutile are frequently observed in corundum, pseudobrookite, phlogopite, and quartz.

X-Ray Powder DiffractionHide

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Radiation - Copper Kα
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.

Type Occurrence of RutileHide

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Type Locality:

ⓘ Rutile type locality, Horcajuelo de la Sierra, Madrid, Spain

Synonyms of RutileHide

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Naumannite (of Koksharov)

Titane oxydé chromifère

Titanite (of Kirwan)

Titankalk

Titanschorl

Other Language Names for RutileHide

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German:Cajuelit
Dicksbergit
Edisonit
Gallitzinit
Paraedrit
Rutil
Rutilit

Italian:Rutilo

Russian:Рутил

Simplified Chinese:金红石

Spanish:Cajuelita
Dicksbergita
Edisonita
Gallitzinita
Paraedrita
Rutilita

Varieties of RutileHide

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Ferrian Antimonian Rutile	An Fe,Sb-variety of rutile, reported from Yadovitaya fumarole, Tolbachik volcano, Russia.
Gel-Rutile	One of the constituents of Leucoxene pseudomorps. Originally described from Lovozero Massif, Kola Peninsula, Murmanskaja Oblast', Northern Region, Russia.
Ilmenorutile	A Nb-bearing Rutile (see also Niobian Rutile); compare also the Ta-bearing variety "strüverite". Originally reported from Pit No. 59, Ilmen Mts, Chelyabinsk Oblast', Urals Region, Russia.
Iserite (of Janovsky)	Doubtful variety
Lusterite	Trade name for artificial rutile.
Nigrine	An iron-rich variety of rutile, or an intimate intergrowth of rutile and ilmenite
Niobian Chromian Rutile	Nb-V-enriched variety from DeBeers mine (kimberlites), associated, i.a., with hawthorneite.
Niobian Rutile	See also ilmenorutile.
Sagenite (of Saussure)	The original definition of the name Sagenite was made by Horace Bénédict de Saussure in 1796. "These small crystals usually cross at the same angles, so as to form a mesh-like network of parallelograms; it seemed proper to me because of this singular...
Strüverite	A Ta- and Fe-bearing variety of rutile. Compare also ilmenorutile.

Relationship of Rutile to other SpeciesHide

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Member of:

Rutile Group

Other Members of this group:

Argutite	GeO₂	Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P4₂/mnm
Cassiterite	SnO₂	Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P4₂/mnm
Paratellurite	TeO₂	Tet.
Plattnerite	PbO₂	Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m)
Pyrolusite	Mn⁴⁺O₂	Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P4₂/mnm
Stishovite	SiO₂	Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P4₂/mnm
Tripuhyite	Fe³⁺Sb⁵⁺O₄	Tet.

Common AssociatesHide

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Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:

Hematite	843 photos of Rutile associated with Hematite on mindat.org.
Quartz	751 photos of Rutile associated with Quartz on mindat.org.
Anatase	336 photos of Rutile associated with Anatase on mindat.org.
Muscovite	104 photos of Rutile associated with Muscovite on mindat.org.
Brookite	103 photos of Rutile associated with Brookite on mindat.org.
Calcite	102 photos of Rutile associated with Calcite on mindat.org.
Ilmenite	80 photos of Rutile associated with Ilmenite on mindat.org.
Siderite	71 photos of Rutile associated with Siderite on mindat.org.
Chlorite Group	65 photos of Rutile associated with Chlorite Group on mindat.org.
Smoky Quartz	55 photos of Rutile associated with Smoky Quartz on mindat.org.

Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping Hide

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4.DB.05	Argutite	GeO₂	Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P4₂/mnm
4.DB.05	Cassiterite	SnO₂	Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P4₂/mnm
4.DB.05	Plattnerite	PbO₂	Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m)
4.DB.05	Pyrolusite	Mn⁴⁺O₂	Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P4₂/mnm
4.DB.05	Tripuhyite	Fe³⁺Sb⁵⁺O₄	Tet.
4.DB.05	Tugarinovite	MoO₂	Mon.
4.DB.05	Varlamoffite	(Sn,Fe)(O,OH)₂
4.DB.10	Byströmite	MgSb₂O₆	Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P4/nmm
4.DB.10	Tapiolite-(Fe)	(Fe,Mn)(Ta,Nb)₂O₆	Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P4₂/mnm
4.DB.10	Tapiolite-(Mn)	(Mn,Fe)(Ta,Nb)₂O₆	Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P4₂/mnm
4.DB.10	Ordoñezite	ZnSb₂O₆	Tet.
4.DB.15b	Akhtenskite	ε-Mn⁴⁺O₂	Hex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P6₃/mmc
4.DB.15c	Nsutite	(Mn⁴⁺,Mn²⁺)(O,OH)₂	Hex.
4.DB.15a	Paramontroseite	V⁴⁺O₂	Orth.
4.DB.15a	Ramsdellite	Mn⁴⁺O₂	Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m)
4.DB.20	Scrutinyite	α-PbO₂	Orth.
4.DB.25	Ishikawaite	U⁴⁺Fe²⁺Nb₂O₈	Mon.
4.DB.25	Ixiolite	(Ta,Nb,Sn,Fe,Mn)₄O₈	Orth.
4.DB.25	Samarskite-(Y)	(Y,Fe³⁺,Fe²⁺,U,Th,Ca)₂(Nb,Ta)₂O₈	Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pbcn
4.DB.25	Srilankite	ZrTi₂O₆	Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pbcn
4.DB.25	Yttrocolumbite-(Y)	Y(U⁴⁺,Fe²⁺)Nb₂O₈
4.DB.25	Calciosamarskite	(Ca,Fe³⁺,Y)₂(Nb,Ta,Ti)₂O₈	Mon.
4.DB.25	Samarskite-(Yb)	(Yb,Y,Fe³⁺,Fe²⁺,U,Th,Ca)₂(Nb,Ta)₂O₈	Mon. 2/m : P2/b
4.DB.30	Ferberite	FeWO₄	Mon. 2/m : P2/b
4.DB.30	Hübnerite	MnWO₄	Mon. 2/m : P2/b
4.DB.30	Sanmartinite	(Zn,Fe)WO₄	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
4.DB.30	Krasnoselskite	CoWO₄	Mon.
4.DB.30	Heftetjernite	ScTaO₄	Mon. 2/m
4.DB.30	Huanzalaite	MgWO₄	Mon. 2/m : P2/b
4.DB.35	Columbite-(Fe)	Fe²⁺Nb₂O₆	Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pbcn
4.DB.35	Tantalite-(Fe)	Fe²⁺Ta₂O₆	Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pbcn
4.DB.35	Columbite-(Mn)	Mn²⁺Nb₂O₆	Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pbcn
4.DB.35	Tantalite-(Mn)	Mn²⁺Ta₂O₆	Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pbcn
4.DB.35	Columbite-(Mg)	(Mg,Fe,Mn)(Nb,Ta)₂O₆	Orth.
4.DB.35	Qitianlingite	(Fe,Mn)₂(Nb,Ta)₂WO₁₀	Orth.
4.DB.35	Magnocolumbite	(Mg,Fe,Mn)(Nb,Ta)₂O₆
4.DB.35	Tantalite-(Mg)	(Mg,Fe²⁺)(Ta,Nb)₂O₆	Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m)
4.DB.40	Ferrowodginite	Fe²⁺Sn⁴⁺Ta₂O₈	Mon.
4.DB.40	Lithiotantite	LiTa₃O₈	Mon.
4.DB.40	Lithiowodginite	LiTa₃O₈	Mon.
4.DB.40	Titanowodginite	Mn²⁺TiTa₂O₈	Mon.
4.DB.40	Wodginite	Mn²⁺Sn⁴⁺Ta₂O₈	Mon.
4.DB.40	Ferrotitanowodginite	Fe²⁺TiTa₂O₈	Mon.
4.DB.40	Wolframowodginite	Mn(Mn,Sn,Fe,Ta)(W,Ta,Nb)₂O₈
4.DB.45	Tivanite	V³⁺TiO₃(OH)	Mon.
4.DB.50	Carmichaelite	(Ti,Cr,Fe)[O_2-x(OH)_x]	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
4.DB.55	Alumotantite	AlTaO₄	Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pbcn
4.DB.60	Biehlite	((Sb,As)O)₂[MoO₄]	Mon.

Related Minerals - Dana Grouping (8th Ed.)Hide

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4.4.1.2	Ilmenorutile	Fe_x(Nb,Ta)_2x · 4Ti_1-xO₂	Tet.
4.4.1.3	Strüverite	(Ti,Ta,Fe)O₂
4.4.1.4	Pyrolusite	Mn⁴⁺O₂	Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P4₂/mnm
4.4.1.5	Cassiterite	SnO₂	Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P4₂/mnm
4.4.1.6	Plattnerite	PbO₂	Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m)
4.4.1.7	Argutite	GeO₂	Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P4₂/mnm
4.4.1.9	Stishovite	SiO₂	Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P4₂/mnm

Related Minerals - Hey's Chemical Index of Minerals Grouping Hide

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7.9.1	Hongquiite	TiO
7.9.3	Anatase	TiO₂	Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I4₁/amd
7.9.4	Brookite	TiO₂	Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m)
7.9.5	Geikielite	MgTiO₃	Trig. 3 : R3
7.9.6	Perovskite	CaTiO₃	Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnma
7.9.7	Kassite	CaTi₂O₄(OH)₂	Orth.
7.9.8	Tausonite	SrTiO₃	Iso. 4 3m
7.9.9	Crichtonite	Sr(Mn,Y,U)Fe₂(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)₁₈(O,OH)₃₈	Trig. 3 : R3
7.9.10	Lucasite-(Ce)	CeTi₂(O,OH)₆	Mon.
7.9.11	Hibonite	(Ca,Ce)(Al,Ti,Mg)₁₂O₁₉	Hex.
7.9.12	Yttrocrasite-(Y)	(Y,Th,Ca,U)(Ti,Fe)₂(O,OH)₆	Amor.
7.9.13	Pyrophanite	Mn²⁺TiO₃	Trig. 3 : R3
7.9.14	Iwakiite	Mn²⁺Fe³⁺₂O₄	Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I4₁/amd
7.9.15	Ilmenite	Fe²⁺TiO₃	Trig. 3 : R3
7.9.16	Pseudobrookite	Fe₂TiO₅	Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m)
7.9.17	Ulvöspinel	TiFe₂O₄	Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m
7.9.18	Pseudorutile	Fe₂Ti₃O₉	Hex.
7.9.19	Freudenbergite	Na₂(Ti,Fe)₈O₁₆	Mon.
7.9.20	Kennedyite	Fe₂TiO₅
7.9.21	Armalcolite	(Mg,Fe²⁺)Ti₂O₅	Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m)
7.9.22	Högbomite	(Mg,Fe)₂(Al,Ti)₅O₁₀	Hex.
7.9.23	Qandilite	(Mg,Fe³⁺)₂(Ti,Fe³⁺,Al)O₄
7.9.24	Cafetite	CaTi₂O₅ · H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
7.9.25	Loveringite	(Ca,Ce,La)(Zr,Fe)(Mg,Fe)₂(Ti,Fe,Cr,Al)₁₈O₃₈	Trig.
7.9.26	Lindsleyite	(Ba,Sr)(Zr,Ca)(Fe,Mg)₂(Ti,Cr,Fe)₁₈O₃₈	Trig.
7.9.27	Priderite	K(Ti⁴⁺₇Fe³⁺)O₁₆	Tet.
7.9.28	Jeppeite	(K,Ba)₂(Ti,Fe)₆O₁₃	Mon.
7.9.29	Ankangite	Ba(Ti,V³⁺,Cr)₈O₁₆	Tet. 4/m : I4/m
7.9.30	Ecandrewsite	(Zn,Fe²⁺,Mn²⁺)TiO₃	Trig. 3 : R3
7.9.31	Landauite	NaMnZn₂(Ti,Fe)₆Ti₁₂O₃₈	Trig. 3 : R3

Other InformationHide

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Health Risks:

No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

Rutile in petrologyHide

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An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.

References for RutileHide

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Reference List:

Sort by Year (asc) | by Year (desc) | by Author (A-Z) | by Author (Z-A)

Born, I. von (1772) Lithophylacium Bornianum, seu Index Fossilium. Vol. I: 34 [as Basaltes crystallisatus ruber, cited in Papp 2004]

Delamétherie, J.C. (1795) Théorie de la Terre. Paris 1795, Tome 2, p. 402-403 (2nd ed. 1797: 2: 333)[as sagenite]

Romé de Lisle, J. B. L. (1783) Cristallographie, ou description des formes propres à tous les corps de règne minéral. 2nd edition. Paris: L`impr. de Monsieur. Vol 2:421-422 [as schorl rouge ou purpre]

Haüy, H. J. (1801) Traité de minéralogie, 1.ed. Paris: Courcuier [as titane oxydé].

Lampadius, W. A. (1800) Noch ein Paar Bemertungen über den Uran- und Titangehalt einiger Fossilien. Der rothe schörl (Rutil, nach herrn Bergrath Werner), in Sammlung practisch-chemischer Abhandlungen und vermischter Bemerkungen, Volume 3, Walther Dresden

Ludwig, C. F. (1803) Rutil, in Handbuch der Mineralogie nach A. G. Werner, Volume 1 Siegfried Lebrécht Crusius Leipzig: 305-306

Miller (1840) Phil. Mag.: 17: 268.

Hidden, W.E. (1888) On edisonite, a fourth form of titanic acid. American Journal of Science: 36: 272.

Prior, G.T., Zambonini, F.Dr. (1908) On Strüverite and Its Relation to Ilmenorutile. Mineralogical Magazine: 15: 78-89.

Lacroix (1912) Bull. soc. min.: 35: 185.

Ungemach (1916) Bull. soc. min.: 39: 5.

Gliszczynski, S. (1940) Die struktur-geometrische Deutung der Rutil-, Anatas- und Brookitzwillinge. Zentralblatt für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie. Abt. A.: Mineralogie und Petrographie: 9: 181.

Palache, C., Berman, H., Frondel, C. (1944) The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana Yale University 1837-1892, Volume I: Elements, Sulfides, Sulfosalts, Oxides. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York. 7th edition, revised and enlarged: 554-561.

Meagher, E.P., Lager, G.A. (1979) Polyhedral thermal expansion in the TiO2 polymorphs; refinement of the crystal structures of rutile and brookite at high temperature. The Canadian Mineralogist: 17: 77-85.

Foord, E.E., Chirnside, W., Davis, A.M., Lichte, F.E., Esposito, K.J. (1995) A new U–Ti–Ca–HREE hydrated oxide and associated niobian rutile from Topaz Valley, Utah. Mineralogical Record: 26: 122-128.

Smith, D.C., Perseil, E.-A. (1997) Sb-rich rutile in the manganese concentrations at St. Marcel-Praborna, Aosta Valley, Italy: petrology and crystal-chemistry. Mineralogical Magazine: 61: 655-669.

Maldener, J., Rauch, F., Gavranic, M., Beran, A. (2001) OH absorption coefficients of rutile and cassiterite deduced from nuclear reaction analysis and FTIR spectroscopy. Mineralogy and Petrology: 71: 21-29.

Withers, A.C., Essene, E.J., Zhang, Y. (2003) Rutile/TiO2 II phase equilibria. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology: 145: 199-204.

Papp, G. (2004) History of minerals, rocks and fossil resins discovered in the Carpathian Region. Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest: 2004, p. 95-96

Bauer, W.H. (2007) The rutile type and its derivatives. Crystallography Reviews: 13: 65-113.

Papp, G., (2007) On the type locality of rutile (review of contemporary data about the occurrence of the “Hungarian red schorl”). In: Jancsy, P. (Ed.), Prvenstvá nerastnej ríše Slovenska — The unique minerals of Slovakia. Slovenské banské múzeum, Banská Štiavnica, pp. 51–55.

Rečnik, A., Stanković, N., Daneu, N. (2015) Topotaxial reactions during the genesis of oriented rutile/hematite intergrowths from Mwinilunga (Zambia). Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology: 169: 19. http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00410-015-1107-x.pdf

Nespolo, M. & Souvignier, B. (2015): Structural rationale for the occurrence of the elbow twins in cassiterite and rutile. Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences 110, 157-165.

Emma Hart, Craig Storey, Emilie Bruand, Hans-Peter Schertl, Bruce D. Alexander (2016): Mineral inclusions in rutile: A novel recorder of HP-UHP metamorphism. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 446, 137–148. [open access]

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Localities for RutileHide

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Locality ListShow

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- This locality has map coordinates listed.

- This locality has estimated coordinates. ⓘ - Click for further information on this occurrence. ? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.

- Good crystals or important locality for species.

- World class for species or very significant. (TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species. (FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties). ~~Struck out~~ - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality. Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (eg from pseudomorphs.)

All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.


Algeria
Adrar Province ⓘ Adrar 003 meteorite	Lee, M.R., Russell, S.S., Arden, J.W., & Pillinger, C.T. (1995) Nierite (Si3N4), a new mineral from ordinary and enstatite chondrites. Meteoritics 30 (4): 387-397. (July 1995).
Tamanghasset Province ⓘ Acfer 094 meteorite	Greshake, A., Bischoff, A. & Putnis, A. (1996). Pure CaO, MgO (Periclase), TiO2 (Rutile), and Al2O3 (Corundum) in Ca,Al-rich Inclusions from Carbonaceous Chondrites. Lunar and Planetary Science, vol. 27, p. 463. (March 1996).
Ahaggar Mtn (Hoggar Mtn) ⓘ Filfila	Bouabsa, L., Marignac, C., Chabbi, R., & Cuney, M. (2010). The Filfila (NE Algeria) topaz-bearing granites and their rare metal minerals: Petrologic and metallogenic implications. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 56(2), 107-113.
ⓘ Gour Oumelalen	L. Latouche : "L'orthoferrosilite et les roches associées de la région des Gour Oumeladen (N.E. Ahaggar, Algérie)", Bull. Minéral. , 1983, 106, pp. 329-339.
In Ouzzal ⓘ Khanfous	M. Guiraud, J.R. Kienast, A. Rahmani : "Petrological study of high-temperature granulites from In Ouzal, Algeria : some implications on the phase relationships in the FMASTOCr system", Eur. J. Mineral. , 1996, 8, 1375-1390.
Laouni ⓘ Laouni West intrusion	J.P. Lorand and J.Y. Cottin, Bull. Minéral. , 1987, 110, pp. 373-378.
ⓘ Tin-Amzi granite dome	Kesraoui, M., & Nedjari, S. (2002). Contrasting evolution of low-P rare metal granites from two different terranes in the Hoggar area, Algeria. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 34(3), 247-257.; Kesraoui Mokrane; Marignac Christian; Verkaeren Jean, 2000: Late magmatic evolution of rare earth granites; example of the Tin-Amzi Cupola Ahaggar, Algeria. Bulletin du Service Geologique de l'Algerie 11(2): 195-216

Angola
Cuanza Sul Province (Kwanza Sul Province) Cassongue City Council ⓘ Cassongue	G. Machairas : "Un nouveau gisement de quartz clivé à Cassongue (Angola)", Bull. Soc. Fr. Minéral. Cristallogr. , 1973, 96, 395-397.
Huambo Province Bailundo City Council ⓘ Bailundo	Beleque, A. R. C. (2010). Minerais de ETR no complexo carbonatítico de Bailundo (Mungo, Angola): ocorrência, composição e significado económico.
Longonjo City Council ⓘ Mt Chibilundo	Castellano Calvo A, Melgarejo Draper J C, Kamenetsky V, Kamenetsky M (2014) Natrocarbonatite composition of melt inclusions from Bailundo and Longonjo carbonatites (Angola). 21 st meeting of the International Mineralogical Association. p 249
Huíla Province ⓘ Bonga Carbonatite	ZHENG, L., GU, X., & ZHANG, Y. (2014). Pyrochlore Chemistry from the Bonga Carbonatite-type Nb Deposit, Huila Province, Angola: Implications for Magmatic-Hydrothermal Processes of Carbonatite. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 40, 205-226.
Lubango City Council ⓘ Mt Bonga	Orris, G.J., and Grauch, R.I. (2002): USGS Open-File Report 02-189.
Lunda Sul Province Catoca kimberlite field ⓘ Catoca Mine	Nikitina, L. P., Marin, Y. B., Skublov, S. G., Korolev, N. M., Saltykova, A. K., Zinchenko, V. N., & Chissupa, H. M. (2012). U-Pb age and geochemistry of zircon from mantle xenoliths of the Katoka and Kat-115 kimberlitic pipes (Republic of Angola). In Doklady Earth Sciences (Vol. 445, No. 1, pp. 840-844). MAIK Nauka/Interperiodica.
Namibe Province Tombwa City Council ⓘ Virulundo	L. Torró, C. Villanova, M. Castillo, M. Campeny, A. O. Gonçalves and J. C. Melgarejo (2012): Niobium and rare earth minerals from the Virulundo carbonatite, Namibe, Angola. Mineralogical Magazine 76, 393-409.

Antarctica
Eastern Antarctica Enderby Land Edward VIII Bay ⓘ Oygarden Islands	Journal of Petrology, 2004, 45 (7), pp. 1481-1512.
ⓘ Napier Complex	http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2003AM/finalprogram/abstract_60995.
Casey Bay Khmara Bay ⓘ Zircon point pegmatite	Grew, E. S. (1981). Surinamite, taafeite and beryllian saphirine from pegmatites in graulite-facies rocks of Casey Bay, Enderby Land, Antarctica. American Mineralogist, 66, 1022-1033
Tula Mts ⓘ Brusilov Nunataks	Grew, E. (1982): Osumilite in the Sapphirine-Quartz terrane of Enderby Land, Antarctica:…., American Mineralogist, Vol. 67, pp. 762-787
ⓘ Dungey Mt.	Grew, E. (1982): Osumilite in the Sapphirine-Quartz terrane of Enderby Land, Antarctica:…., American Mineralogist, Vol. 67, pp. 762-787
ⓘ Gage Ridge	Grew, E. (1982): Osumilite in the Sapphirine-Quartz terrane of Enderby Land, Antarctica:…., American Mineralogist, Vol. 67, pp. 762-787
ⓘ Hardy Mt.	Grew, E. (1982): Osumilite in the Sapphirine-Quartz terrane of Enderby Land, Antarctica:…., American Mineralogist, Vol. 67, pp. 762-787
ⓘ Reference Peak	Grew, E. (1982): Osumilite in the Sapphirine-Quartz terrane of Enderby Land, Antarctica:…., American Mineralogist, Vol. 67, pp. 762-787
Mac Robertson Land ⓘ Rayner Complex	Eur. J. Mineral. , 1991, 3, pp. 367-386.
Princess Elizabeth Land Ingrid Christensen Coast Prydz Bay ⓘ Larsemann Hills (Larseman Hills)	Wadokski, E. R. Grew, E.S. & Yates, M.G. (2011): Compositional evolution of tourmaline-supergroup minerals from granitic pegmatites in the Larsemann Hills, East Antartica. Canadian Mineralogist. 49: 382-405
ⓘ Brattnevet Peninsula	Edward S. Grew, et al (2007) European Journal of Mineralogy, 19, 29-245
ⓘ Seal Cove	C. J. Carson, M. Hand and P. H. G. M. Dirks (1995) Stable coexistence of grandidierite and kornerupine during medium pressure granulite facies metamorphism. Mineralogical Magazine 59:327-339
ⓘ Stornes Peninsula	Amer.Min. (1998) 83, 638-651
Queen Maud Land ⓘ Steingarden	Schlüter, J., Estrada, S., Lisker, F., Läufer, A., Kühn, R., Nitzsche, K. N., & Spiegel, C. (2011). First petrographical description of rock occurrences in the Steingarden area, Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica. Polarforschung, 80(3), 161-172.
Victoria Land Allan Hills ⓘ Allan Hills 85085 meteorite (ALH 85085)	Michael K. Weisberg, Marty Prinz & Cherukupalli E. Nehru (1988). ALH85085: A Unique Unequilibrated Chondrite. Abstracts of the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, vol. 19, p. 1257.
ⓘ Allan Hills A77307 meteorite (ALHA77307)	http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2011/pdf/5190.pdf
Queen Alexandra Range ⓘ Queen Alexandra Range 94201 Martian meteorite (QUE 94201)	http://curator.jsc.nasa.gov/antmet/mmc/QUE94201.pdf
Wilkes Land Clark Peninsula ⓘ Wilkes Station ?	AmMin 44:439
Western Antarctica Antarctic Peninsula ⓘ Argentine Islands	Hawkes, Donald D. and Littlefair, Michael J., 1981, An Occurrence of Molybdenum, Copper, and Ion Mineralization in the Argentine Islands, West Antarctica, Economic Geology, v 76, p. 898-904.
Palmer Land Merrick Mts ⓘ Merrick Mts Copper Deposit	Edited by Rowley, P. D.; Vennum, W. R. (1988) Studies of the geology and mineral resources of the southern Antarctic Peninsula and eastern Ellsworth Land, Antarctica. USGS Professional Paper 1351C
South Shetland Islands King George Island ⓘ Barton Peninsula	Goldschmidt Conference: Journal of Conference Abstracts Volume 5(2), 1090

Argentina
Buenos Aires Tornquist ⓘ Sierra de la Ventana	Info from Juan Carlos Lodovichi.
Catamarca Andalgalá Department ⓘ Agua Rica mine (Mi Vida prospect)	Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., and Moring, B.C. (2008): US Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1155.; FRANCHINI, Marta et al. Alterationand mineralization along the central section of the Agua Rica deposit(27º26'S-66º16'O), Catamarca. Rev. Asoc. Geol. Argent. [online]. 2009, vol.64, n.3, pp. 391-408; Econ Geol (1976) 71:849-863
ⓘ Capillitas mining district	Hubert, P., Werner, H., & Dan, T. (2009). A contribution to the knowledge of the mineralization at Mina Capillitas, Catamarca. Revista de la Asociacion Geologica Argentina, 64(3), 514-524.
ⓘ La Rosario mine (La Rosario vein)	PUTZ, Hubert; PAAR, Werner H and TOPA, Dan. A contributionto the knowledge of the mineralization at mina Capillitas, Catamarca. Rev. Asoc. Geol. Argent. [online]. 2009, vol.64, n.3, pp. 514-524.
ⓘ Nueva Esperanza vein	PUTZ, Hubert; PAAR, Werner H and TOPA, Dan. A contributionto the knowledge of the mineralization at mina Capillitas, Catamarca. Rev. Asoc. Geol. Argent. [online]. 2009, vol.64, n.3, pp. 514-524.
Antofagasta de la Sierra Department ⓘ Salar del Hombre Muerto	C. R. Cortelezzi y R. A. Argañaraz (1981). Estudio de los minerales de tantalio-niobio del Salar del Hombre Muerto, provincia de Catamarca. 8° Congreso Geológico Argentino, 4: 293-302.
Belén Department ⓘ El Portezuelo Granite	COLOMBO, Fernando; LIRA, Raúl and PANNUNZIO MINER, Elisa V.. Mineralogical Characterization Of Topaz From Miarolitic Pegmatites And W-Bearing Greisen In The A-Type El Portezuelo Granite, Papachacra (Catamarca Province). Rev. Asoc. Geol. Argent. [online]. 2009, vol.64, n.2, pp. 194-200
Papachacra ⓘ Papachacra Pegmatites	Rocks & Min. (2007) 82:234-235
Córdoba Punilla Department Tanti Cerro Blanco pegmatite district ⓘ El Criollo Mine	Mr. Nelson Valenzuela.
ⓘ SD-2 Pegmatite (Sara Dos)	Colombo, F. y Lira, R. (2006) Geología y mineralogía de algunas pegmatitas del borde oriental del distrito Punilla, Córdoba. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina 61:
Jujuy Cochinoca Department ⓘ Santa Ana	ZAPPETTINI, Eduardo O and SANTOS, Joao O. Finding of baddeleyite in Jujuy: Mineralogical data and U/Pb SHRIMP age. Rev. Asoc. Geol. Argent. [online]. 2009, vol.64, n.3, pp. 540-543.
Humahuaca Department Aguilar district ⓘ Aguilar mine	Milka K. de Brodtkorb (2002) Las Especies Minerales de la Republica Argentina. Vol. 1 (elements, sulphides and sulphosalts). (Asociacion Mineralogica Argentina)
Rinconada Department ⓘ Orosmayo River	Ian Graham, Stephen Harris, Laure Martin, Angela Lay, William Powell, Elena Belousova, Eduardo Zappettini (2018) Unusual alluvial sapphires from Orosmayo, Argentina: a multi-analytical approach to decipher their
La Rioja Arauco department ⓘ Villa Mazán	FERNANDEZ, R.R.; SCHALAMUK, I.B.A. y OMENETTO, P.. Composición del rutilo como indicador de las condiciones de formación del greisen del distrito Mazán (Sn-W), provincia de La Rioja. Rev. Asoc. Geol. Argent. [online]. 2005, vol.60, n.2, pp. 259-267
Mendoza Las Heras Department Uspallata ⓘ San Jorge Cu deposit	Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., and Moring, B.C. (2008): US Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1155.
Río Negro Valcheta department San Martin pluton ⓘ San Martín mine	GOZALVEZ, Martín Ricardo. Characterizationof San Martín pluton and associated tungsten deposits, Valcheta Department, Río Negro Province. Rev. Asoc. Geol. Argent. [online]. 2009, vol.64, n.3, pp. 409-425
Salta La Poma department Nevados de Palermo ⓘ El Quemado district	Milka K. de Brodtkorb (2002) Las Especies Minerales de la Republica Argentina. Vol. 1 (elements, sulphides and sulphosalts). (Asociacion Mineralogica Argentina); Galliski, M. A. (1983). Distrito minero El Quemado, Deptos. La Poma y Cachi, provincia de Salta. II. Geología de sus pegmatitas. Rev. Asoc. Geol. Argentina, 38, 340-380.
Los Andes department Salar de Arizaro ⓘ Taca-Taca Alto Cu deposit	Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., and Moring, B.C. (2008): US Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1155.
San Juan Calingasta department ⓘ Altar deposit	Laura Maydagán, Marta Franchini, Brian Rusk, David R. Lentz, Christopher McFarlane, Agnes Impiccini, Francisco Javier Ríos, and Roger Rey (2015) Porphyry to Epithermal Transition in the Altar Cu-(Au-Mo) Deposit, Argentina, Studied by Cathodoluminescence, LA-ICP-MS, and Fluid Inclusion Analysis. Economic Geology, June 2015, 110, 889-923.
San Luis Coronel Pringles Department Cañada Honda ⓘ Diente Verde	Nilda E. Urbina & P. Sruoga (2008) Diente Verde and Mario, Cañada Honda, San Luis, Argentina: porphyry-type deposits in the South Pampean flat-slab region of the Central Andes. 7th International Symposium on Andean Geodynamics (ISAG 2008, Nice), Extended Abstracts: 558-561
El Trapiche ⓘ Las Águilas deposit	Mineralogical Magazine 1997 61 : 861-877; FERRACUTTI, G.; BJERG, E. and MOGESSIE, A.. Precious and base metals in Las Águilas, Sierra de San Luis: Mineralogy, genesis and evolution. Rev. Asoc. Geol. Argent. [online]. 2007, vol.62, n.3, pp. 434-446.
ⓘ Virorco pegmatites	Galliski, M. Á., Márquez-Zavalía, M. F., Lira, R., Cempírek, J., & Škoda, R. (2012). Mineralogy and origin of the dumortierite-bearing pegmatites of Virorco, San Luis, Argentina. The Canadian Mineralogist, 50(4), 873-894.
Totoral pegmatitic field ⓘ Independencia Argentina pegmatite	Miguel Ángel Galliski, María Florencia Márquez-Zavalía, Petr Černý, Julio César Oyarzábal, Ana Cecilia Mugas Lobos (2015) The anatomy of an albite-type granitic pegmatite from the Totoral pegmatite field, San Luis, Argentina. Journal of Geosciences, 60:31–44
Tierra del Fuego Río Grande department Carmen Sylva ⓘ La Cristel deposit

Armenia
Loṙi Province (Lori) ⓘ Tandzut deposit	Khachaturyan, E. A.; Paronikyan, V. O. (1963): Hypogene covellite in ores of the Tandzut pyritic deposit. Zap. Armyansk. Otd. Vses. Mineralog. Obshchestva, No. 2, 18-21.
Syunik' Province ⓘ Bargushatskii
ⓘ Shikahogh Cu deposit (Shikahoh)	Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., and Moring, B.C. (2008): US Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1155.
Zangezur Mountains Orubad District Paragachai ⓘ Kapudzhukh Mt (Kaputdzhukh Mt; Kaputjukh Mt)	Pavel M. Kartashov data

Atlantic Ocean
Mid-Atlantic Ridge complex ⓘ Semenov region	Vlasov E.A., Pertsev A.N., Kotova M.S., Beltenev V.E. (2010) Ore-hosting metasomatic rocks of hydrothermal fields in the ore cluster «Semenov» region (Mid-Atlantic ridge, 13°31'). Abstracts of XXVII International conference School «Geochemistry of Alkaline rocks». – Moscow-Koktebel’. pp. 240 pp.
Sierra Leone fracture zone Markov Deep ⓘ Northeastern rim	Sharkov, E.V., Abramov, S.S., Simonov, V.A., Krinov, D.I., Skolotnev, S.G., Bel’tenev, V.E., and Bortnikov, N.S. (2007): Geology of Ore Deposits 49(6), 467-486.
Trans-Atlantic Geotraverse hydrothermal field (TAG) ⓘ Mir mound	Dekov, V., Z. Damyanov, G. Kamenov, I. Bonev, I. Rajta, G. Grime. 2001. Sorosite (h-Cu6Sn5)-bearing native tin and lead assemblage from the Mir zone (Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 26oN). – Oceanologica Acta, 24, 3, 205-220.

Australia
New South Wales Argyle Co. ⓘ Bungonia deposit	Vera Munro-Smith (2006) Cobalt Mineralisation in Selected Australian Deposits. PhD thesis, University of Western Sydney.
Bathurst Co. Carcoar ⓘ Carcoar Mine (Carcoar cobalt mine; Wilsons mine; Wilsons quarry)	Vera Munro-Smith (2006) Cobalt Mineralisation in Selected Australian Deposits. PhD thesis, University of Western Sydney.
Clarke Co. Yooroonah ⓘ Wades tin lodes	Gilligan, L.B., Brownlow, J.W., Cameron, R.G., Henley, H.F. (1992) Metallogenic Study and Mineral Deposit Data Sheets: Dorrigo-Coffs Harbour 1:250 000 Metallogenic Map SH/56-10, SH/56-11. Geological Survey of New South Wales, Sydney, 509 pages.
Clive Co. Binghi ⓘ Empress shaft (Empress tin mine; Bull Camp mine; Warrens show)	Metallogenic Study and Mineral Deposit Data Sheets: Grafton-Maclean Metallogenic Map (SH/56-6, SH/56-7), Geological Survey of New South Wales, 2001: HF Henley, RE Brown, JW Brownlow, RG Barnes and WJ Stroud. Published by the Geological Survey of New South Wales.
ⓘ Grills tunnel lode	Metallogenic Study and Mineral Deposit Data Sheets: Grafton-Maclean Metallogenic Map (SH/56-6, SH/56-7), Geological Survey of New South Wales, 2001: HF Henley, RE Brown, JW Brownlow, RG Barnes and WJ Stroud. Published by the Geological Survey of New South Wales.
ⓘ Ringwing shaft	Metallogenic Study and Mineral Deposit Data Sheets: Grafton-Maclean Metallogenic Map (SH/56-6, SH/56-7), Geological Survey of New South Wales, 2001: HF Henley, RE Brown, JW Brownlow, RG Barnes and WJ Stroud. Published by the Geological Survey of New South Wales.
Bungulla ⓘ Kiernans silica pipe	H.F. Henley et al. Grafton-MacLean 1:250 000 Metallogenic Map and Mineral Deposit Data sheets, 2001; Metallogenic Study and Mineral Deposit Data Sheets: Grafton-Maclean Metallogenic Map (SH/56-10, SH/56-11), Geological Survey of New South Wales, 2001: HF Henley, RE Brown, JW Brownlow, RG Barnes and WJ Stroud. Published by the Geological Survey of New South Wales.
Silent Grove ⓘ Bailiff lode	H.F. Henley et al. Grafton-MacLean 1:250 000 Metallogenic Map and Mineral Deposit Data sheets, 2001
ⓘ Copper lode	H.F. Henley et al. Grafton-MacLean 1:250 000 Metallogenic Map and Mineral Deposit Data sheets, 2001
Cumberland Co. ⓘ Long Reef Aquatic Reserve	Branagan, D.F., Packham, G.H. (2000) Field Geology of New South Wales, Department of Mineral Resources New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (418p).
ⓘ Oatley Park	Jesse Gibson Collection
Dowling Co. Kikoira ⓘ Gibsonvale-Kikoira Deep Lead (Gibsonvale-Kikoira Mine)	Carg-Narra 1:250 000
Drake Co. Gordonbrook ⓘ Pulganbar No.1	Vera Munro-Smith (2006) Cobalt Mineralisation in Selected Australian Deposits. PhD thesis, University of Western Sydney.
Fitzroy Co. ⓘ Coffs Harbour	http://search.records.nsw.gov.au/items/255906;jsessionid=2EBFC12A3CAB1784E6EFE2C9201AEADB
ⓘ Woolgoolga	http://alluvialgprospectors.proboards.com/thread/401
Gough Co. Emmaville (Vegetable Creek) ⓘ Webbs Silver Mine (Webbs Mine; Collisons silver Mine; Bates copper lode; The Little Plant; White Rock silver Mine)	Vera Munro-Smith (2006) Cobalt Mineralisation in Selected Australian Deposits. PhD thesis, University of Western Sydney.
Tent Hill ⓘ Ottery Mine (Ottery lodes)	Barnes R.G., Brown R.E., Brownlow J.W., Henley H.F., and Stroud W.J. (2001) Metallogenic Study and Mineral Deposit Data Sheets: Grafton-Maclean Metallogenic Map (SH/56-6, SH/56-7). Published by the Geological Survey of New South Wales.
Goulburn Co. Jingellic ⓘ Mount Paynter Tin Lode (Main lode; Hillside lode; Crawfords lode)	Degeling, P.R. (1982) Wagga Wagga 1:250 000 Metallogenic Map (SI 55-15) Mine Data Sheets and Metallogenic Study. Published by the Geological Survey of New South Wales.
Hardinge Co. Tingha ⓘ Whites lead	Brown, R.E., Stroud, W.J. (1997) Metallogenic Study and Mineral Deposit Data Sheets, Inverell 1:250 000 Metallogenic Map SH/56-5. Geological Survey of New South Wales, Sydney, 576 pages.
Kennedy Co. Goonumbla ⓘ Endeavour 26 (E26 ore body)	Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., and Moring, B.C. (2005): USGS Open-File Report 05-1060
Macquarie Co. ⓘ Port Macquarie	England, B.M. (1991) The State of the Science: Scanning Electron Microscopy. Mineralogical Record, 22(2), 123-132 (BSE image of monazite, zircon, rutile, and quartz "from beach sands near Port Macquarie" on p. 130).
Richmond Co. ⓘ Broadwater Beach	Metallogenic Study and Mineral Deposit Data Sheets: Grafton-Maclean Metallogenic Map, Geological Survey of New South Wales, 2001: HF Henley, RE Brown, JW Brownlow, RG Barnes and WJ Stroud.
Evans Head ⓘ Bullock Creek lode	Metallogenic Study and Mineral Deposit Data Sheets: Grafton-Maclean Metallogenic Map, Geological Survey of New South Wales, 2001: HF Henley, RE Brown, JW Brownlow, RG Barnes and WJ Stroud.
Jerusalem Creek ⓘ Coolgardie lead	Metallogenic Study and Mineral Deposit Data Sheets: Grafton-Maclean Metallogenic Map, Geological Survey of New South Wales, 2001: HF Henley, RE Brown, JW Brownlow, RG Barnes and WJ Stroud.
Sandon Co. ⓘ Hillgrove	Ashley, P.M., Creagh, C.J., Ryan, C.G. (2000) Invisible gold in ore and mineral concentrates from the Hillgrove gold-antimony deposits, NSW, Australia. Mineralium Deposita, 35, 285-301.
Yancowinna Co. Broken Hill district Broken Hill ⓘ Broken Hill South Mine (BHS Mine; South Mine)	Ramdohr, P. (1950): Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 2(4), 291-333.
ⓘ Southern operations mine (Pasminco mine; Perilya mine; Consolidated Zinc Mine; CRA mine; New Broken Hill Consolidated Mine; NBHC Mine)	Ramdohr, P. (1950): Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 2(4), 291-333.
ⓘ Zinc Corporation Mine (ZC Mine)	Ramdohr, P. (1950): Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 2(4), 291-333.
Little Broken Hill ⓘ Melbourne Rockwell mine	Birch, W. D., Burke, E. A. J., Wall, V. J., & Etheridge, M. A. (1988). Ecandrewsite, the zinc analogue of ilmenite, from Little Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia, and the San Valentin Mine, Sierra de Cartegena, Spain. Mineralogical Magazine, 52(2), 237-240.
ⓘ Marshalls Monarch Mine (Marshalls Caledonian; White Lead Mine)	Ramdohr, P. (1950): Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 2(4), 291-333.; Vera Munro-Smith (2006) Cobalt Mineralisation in Selected Australian Deposits. PhD thesis, University of Western Sydney.
ⓘ Pinnacles Mine	Ramdohr, P. (1950): Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 2(4), 291-333.
ⓘ Huonville Station	Trevor Dart collection
ⓘ Lady Bevys Mine (Lady Bevis Mine)	Vera Munro-Smith (2006) Cobalt Mineralisation in Selected Australian Deposits. PhD thesis, University of Western Sydney.
ⓘ Thackaringa District	Chalmers, R.O. (1967) Australian Rocks, Minerals and Gemstones. Angas and Robertson, 398pp.
Young Co. ⓘ Dolo Hills (Dolo Hill)	www.minerals.nsw.gov.au/minfo/62_elinforc.html.
Yungnulgra Co. White Cliffs ⓘ Kayrunnera	Eur. J. Mineral. , 1991, 3, pp. 293-322.
Northern Territory Barkly Region Tennant Creek ⓘ Olivewood Gold Mine (Olive Wood Mine; One-Oh-Two; One-Oh-Three; Havelock; Orlando East; 102 prospect)	Archibald, D.A.C. (1993) Annual Report Presented for MLC 20 (One-Oh-Two) for 12 months to 31st July 1993, North Flinders Mines Ltd.
ⓘ West Peko Au-Cu prospect	Skirrow, R.G. (1993) The genesis of gold-copper-bismuth deposits, Tennant Creek, Northern Territory, PhD thesis (unpublished) Australian National University.
Central Desert Region ⓘ Harts Range (Harts Ranges; Hartz Range; Hartz Ranges)	[MinRec 21:571]
Ambalindum Station ⓘ Entia Valley	Sebastien Staude collection
Harding Springs ⓘ Basil Prospect	Sharrad, K.A. (2012) The Basil Cu-Co deposit, Huckitta project area, Harts Range, N.T., Australia: a possible metamorphosed volcanogenic massive sulphide deposit (thesis for honours degree at University of Adelaide).
ⓘ Lindsay 1 Mine	Zia U. Bajwah, Huckitta 1:250 000 Mineral deposit data series, Northern Territory Geological Survey, 1994
ⓘ Yambla Prospect	Drake-Brockman, J. (1995) Harts Range Project Annual Report 1994, Vol. 1, PNC Exploration (Australia) Pty Ltd. (CR 95/298A).
Spriggs Creek Bore (Spriggs Bore) ⓘ Un-named Epidote Deposit No.2	Thompson, D. (ed) (1986) A Guide to Fossicking in the Northern Territory. Northern Territory Geological Survey, Northern Territory Department of Mines and Energy, 2nd ed., 73p.
Mt Riddock Station ⓘ Harts Range Garnet Sand Mine (Harts Range Project)	Clerk, E. (2004) Public Environmental Report Abrasive Sands Quarrying Project Harts Range, Northern Territory. Prepared by Martinick Bosch Sell Pty Ltd for Olympia Resources Ltd.
ⓘ Kong Bore Area	NT Mines + personal collecting
ⓘ Mt Palmer	NT Mines + personal collecting
ⓘ Oolgarinna Mine (Ulgarna mine)	Unknown, (1970) Final Report on Authority to Prospect No.1992, Mt. Palmer, Harts Range, N.T. Placer Prospecting (Aust.) Pty Ltd.
ⓘ Rex Mine	Thompson, D. (ed) (1986) A Guide to Fossicking in the Northern Territory. Northern Territory Geological Survey, Northern Territory Department of Mines and Energy, 2nd ed., 73p. www.fossicking.com.au/fossicking_in_NT/fossicking_and_mining_07.htm
Jinka Station Elua Range (Elyuah Range) ⓘ Mt Baldwin	Warren, R.G. & McColl, D.H. (1983) Occurrences of boron-bearing kornerupine in the western Harts Range and near Mount Baldwin, Arunta Block, Central Australia. BMR Journal of Australian Geology and Geophysics, 8 pp. 93-96.
Coomalie Shire Batchelor Rum Jungle ⓘ Brown's Prospect	Vera Munro-Smith (2006) Cobalt Mineralisation in Selected Australian Deposits. PhD thesis, University of Western Sydney.
East Arnhem Region ⓘ Gove Bauxite mine	www.smenet.org/opaque-ore/ix_d49_3.htm.
Katherine ⓘ Mount Todd gold mine (Mount Todd goldfield; Yimuyn Manjerr)	Hein, K. A. A. (1994). The structure and geochemistry of gold mineralisation in the Mt. Todd goldfield, Pine Creek Inlier, Northern Territory (Doctoral dissertation, University of Tasmania).
ⓘ Quigleys deposit	Hein, K. A. A. (1994). The structure and geochemistry of gold mineralisation in the Mt. Todd goldfield, Pine Creek Inlier, Northern Territory (Doctoral dissertation, University of Tasmania).
Roper Gulf Region Gulf of Carpenteria ⓘ Unnamed sediment sample	E. H. Nickel & J. E. Temperly: Mineralogical Magazine 51:605-609 (1987)
Wollogorang Station ⓘ Sandy Flat Mine	www.portergeo.com.au and www.redbankcopper.com.au
Tiwi Islands Shire ⓘ Bathurst Island	Report by MZI Resources Limited: Kilimiraka mineral sands project - Bathurst island, NT (Feb 2103) Northern Territory Environment Protection Authority
Melville Island ⓘ Lethbridge South	Lethbridge Tiwi Islands fact sheet: MZI resources, October 2012
ⓘ Lethbridge West	Lethbridge Tiwi Islands fact sheet: MZI resources, October 2012
West Arnhem Region Kakadu ⓘ Jabiluka uranium deposit	Economic Geology of Australia and papua New Guinea pp321-326
ⓘ Nabarlek Mine	Econ Geol (1987)82:1152-1168
Queensland Charters Towers Region McBride Province ⓘ Cone No. 32	Stolz, A. J. (1987). Fluid activity in the lower crust and upper mantle: mineralogical evidence bearing on the origin of amphibole and scapolite in ultramafic and mafic granulite xenoliths. Mineralogical Magazine, 51(5), 719-732.
ⓘ Waterloo deposit	Monecke, T. (2002): Geology, host rock succession, and hydrothermal alteration of the Waterloo volcanic-hosted massive sulphide deposit (Northern Queensland, Australia). PhD thesis, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg
Cloncurry Shire Cloncurry ⓘ Desolation prospect	Vera Munro-Smith (2006) Cobalt Mineralisation in Selected Australian Deposits. PhD thesis, University of Western Sydney.
ⓘ Dugald River Zn-Pb-Ag deposit (Dugald River mine)	USGS Open-File Report 2009-1252 Sediment-hosted zinc-lead deposits of the world - Database and grade and tonnage models
ⓘ Ernest Henry Cu-Au deposit (Ernest Henry Mine)	Mark, G., Oliver, N.H.S., and Williams, P.J. (2006): Mineralium Deposita 40, 769-801.; Williams, P. J., Barton, M. D., Johnson, D. A., Fontboté, L., De Haller, A., Mark, G., ... & Marschik, R. (2005). Iron oxide copper-gold deposits: Geology, space-time distribution, and possible modes of origin. Economic Geology, 371-405.
ⓘ Lorena Gold Mine (Lorena Mine)	Vera Munro-Smith (2006) Cobalt Mineralisation in Selected Australian Deposits. PhD thesis, University of Western Sydney.
ⓘ Duchess	Edwards, A.B. and Baker, G., 1953. Scapolitisation in the Cloncurry district of northwestern Queensland. Journal of the Geological Society of Australia, 1:1-2, 1-33.
Kajabbi ⓘ Queen Sally Mine	Vera Munro-Smith (2006) Cobalt Mineralisation in Selected Australian Deposits. PhD thesis, University of Western Sydney.
Kuridala ⓘ Silver Phantom Mine	Cos Constantinides collection
Rosebud Station ⓘ Blockade mine area	Ken Stockdale collection
Selwyn District ⓘ Plume prospect	Vera Munro-Smith (2006) Cobalt Mineralisation in Selected Australian Deposits. PhD thesis, University of Western Sydney.
Gold Coast City Shire North Stradbroke Island ⓘ Enterprise Mine	Laycock, J. W. (1978). North Stradbroke Island. Papers, Department of Geology, University of Queensland, 8(2), 89-96.
Isaac Region Clermont ⓘ Black Ridge Mine (Black Ridge deposit)	Econ Geol (1994) 89:1469-1491
Mount Isa City Shire Gunpowder District Mount Gordon ⓘ Esperanza Z5 Mine (Esperanza deposit)	Vera Munro-Smith (2006) Cobalt Mineralisation in Selected Australian Deposits. PhD thesis, University of Western Sydney.
Hilton district ⓘ Handlebar Hill Open Cut	Knights, J.G., 1985, Hilton Silver-Lead-Zinc-Copper Ore Mineralogy. unpublished
ⓘ May Downs Station	Carr, P. F. (2008): Dravite from May Downs, Mount Isa, Queensland. Australian J. of Mineralogy 14, 81-87.
ⓘ Mica Creek	Costas Constantinides collection, Australian museum id
Mount Isa ⓘ Mount Isa Mines	Sielecki, R. (1988) The Mount Isa-Cloncurry mineral field. Mineralogical Record, Vol. 19, pg. 469-490.; Forsyth, B., Edraki, M., & Baumgartl, T. (2015). The Evolution of Tailings Seepage Chemistry at One of Australia’s Largest and Longest Operating Mines. In 10th International Conference on AcidRock Drainage and Annual IMWA Conference (pp. 1-11). Gecamin Digital Publications.
ⓘ Skal Mine (Skal uranium deposit)	Andy Wilde, Alex Otto, John Jory, Colin MacRae, Mark Pownceby, Nick Wilson and Aaron Torpy (2013) Geology and Mineralogy of Uranium Deposits from Mount Isa, Australia: Implications for Albitite Uranium Deposit Models. Minerals, 3(3), 258-283
ⓘ Valhalla uranium deposit (Valahalla Mine)	Andy Wilde, Alex Otto, John Jory, Colin MacRae, Mark Pownceby, Nick Wilson and Aaron Torpy (2013) Geology and Mineralogy of Uranium Deposits from Mount Isa, Australia: Implications for Albitite Uranium Deposit Models. Minerals, 3(3), 258-283
ⓘ North Burnett Region	Updated list originally distributed by University of Queensland
ⓘ Biggenden Mine (Mt Biggenden Mine; Biggenden Gold And Bismuth Mine; Mt Biggenden Bismuth Mine; Mt Biggenden Magnetite Mine; Biggenden Quarry)	part of list University of Queensland
ⓘ Coalstoun Lakes porphyry copper prospect	Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., and Moring, B.C. (2008): US Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1155.
ⓘ Mount Perry	Duggan, et al., Canadian Mineralogist 28,125-131(1990); Duggan, M. B., Jones, M. T., Richards, D. N., & Kamprad, J. L. (1990). Phosphate minerals in altered andesite from Mount Perry, Queensland, Australia. Canadian Mineralogist, 28, 125-131.
Rockhampton Region Mount Morgan ⓘ Moonmera prospect	Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., and Moring, B.C. (2008): US Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1155.
ⓘ Mount Morgan Mine	Lawrence, L.J. (2000) Mineral History of the Mount Morgan Copper-Gold Deposit, Queensland. The Royal Society of New South Wales 133:17-20
Tablelands Region Kinrara National Park ⓘ Lava Plains	Sutherland,FL, Coenraads, R, Abduriyim, A and Meffre, S., 2013. Lava Plains, NE Queensland, gem mineral suite. Abstracts, 36th Annual Seminar, Mineralogical Societies of Australasia. Sydney. p. 21-23.
Western Downs Region Moonie ⓘ Miles meteorite	Ikeda, Y. & Prinz, M. (1996) Petrology of silicate inclusions in the Miles IIE iron: Antarctic Meteorite Research. Twentieth Symposium on Antarctic Meteorites, NIPR Symposium No. 9: Editor, Kojima, H. & others: 143-173.; Ebihara, M., Ikeda, Y., & Prinz, M. (1997) Petrology and chemistry of the Miles IIE iron. II: Chemical characteristics of the Miles silicate inclusions. Antarctic Meteorite Research. Twenty first Symposium on Antarctic Meteorites, NIPR Symposium No. 10: Editor, Hirasawa, T. : 373-388.
South Australia Eyre Peninsula ⓘ Kimba	E. H. Nickel & J. E. Temperly: Mineralogical Magazine 51:605-609 (1987)
Middleback Range Iron Knob Corunna Station ⓘ Carpentarian Corunna Conglomerate	E. H. Nickel & J. E. Temperly: Mineralogical Magazine 51:605-609 (1987)
ⓘ Iron Monarch open cut	Minerals of Iron Monarch, Glyn L. Francis
Flinders Ranges North Flinders Ranges Arkaroola Region (Arkaroola Wilderness Sanctuary; Arkaroola Station) ⓘ Great Boulder Mine	Regional and Economic Geology of The Mount Painter Province
ⓘ Lively's Mine (Golden Rule Mine)	Regional and Economic Geology of The Mount Painter Province
Mt Painter area ⓘ Corundum Mine	Noble R.J., Just J. and Johnson J. E., (1983), Catalogue of South Australian Minerals-1983, Government Printer, Adelaide, South Australia.
ⓘ Mount Painter No. 8 Workings	Broughton 1925, 1926
Yudnamutana District ⓘ Daly Mine (Lyndhurst)	Noble R.J., Just J. and Johnson J. E., (1983), Catalogue of South Australian Minerals-1983, Government Printer, Adelaide, South Australia.
Paralana High Plains ⓘ Beverley Mine	Wülser, P. A., Brugger, J., Foden, J., & Pfeifer, H. R. (2011). The sandstone-hosted Beverley uranium deposit, Lake Frome Basin, South Australia: mineralogy, geochemistry, and a time-constrained model for its genesis. Economic Geology, 106(5), 835-867.
Umberatana ⓘ Tourmaline Hill granite pegmatites	mentioned references in description
South Flinders Ranges Cradock ⓘ Prince Alfred Mine (ML 4332; ML 4333; ML 4334; ML 4335; ML 4336)	Noble R.J., Just J. and Johnson J. E., (1983), Catalogue of South Australian Minerals-1983, Government Printer, Adelaide, South Australia.
Kangaroo Island Parndana ⓘ Daws Diggings	Brown, HYL, 1908, Record of the Mines of South Australia. 4th Ed., Govt. printer, Adelaide
Mt Lofty Ranges North Mt Lofty Ranges Burra ⓘ Mongolata Gold Fields	Griessmann, M. (2011). Gold mineralisation in the Adelaide fold belt. PhD Thesis University of Adelaide.
ⓘ Takati mine	Griessmann, M. (2011). Gold mineralisation in the Adelaide fold belt. PhD Thesis University of Adelaide.
Kapunda ⓘ St John's Quarry (St Johns Phosphate Quarry; Hansberrys)	Francis, G.L., Peisley, V., 2012. Minerals from Fairview and St John's phosphate deposits, South Australia. (self published).
ⓘ Tom's Quarry (Old Toms Quarry; Tom's Phosphate quarry)	Peter Elliott
Keyneton ⓘ North Rhine Mine	Ex. M.Annells collection. M.Willoughby collection. SEM-EDS performed by South Australian Museum.
Spalding ⓘ Bundaleer area	Catalogue of South Australian Minerals - 1983; Noble (1983) Catalogue of Minerals of South Australia
South Mt Lofty Ranges (Adelaide Hills) Balhannah ⓘ Balhannah Copper and Bismuth Mine	Noble R.J, Just J, Johnson J. E. (1983), Catalogue of South Australian Minerals - 1983, Govenment Printer, South Australia.
Birdwood ⓘ Blumberg (Hynes Reef; Young Bullfinch)	Natural History Museum Vienna collection
Echunga goldfield ⓘ Chapel Hill Diggings (Old Echunga diggings)	Noble R.J, Just J, Johnson J. E. (1983), Catalogue of South Australian Minerals - 1983, Government Printer, South Australia.
Fleurieu Peninsula Carrickalinga ⓘ Myponga Cliff Mine (Couch's Claim)	SARIG Record Sheet, Site No:480529
ⓘ Maslin Beach	P.A. Wulser - in the South Australian Museum collections
Mount Compass ⓘ Mount Jagged	Toma, J. (2017): Mineral news from South Australia. Australian Journal of Mineralogy 18 (1), 68.
ⓘ Mount Jagged Mine	Noble R.J, Just J, Johnson J. E. (1983), Catalogue of South Australian Minerals - 1983, Government Printer, South Australia.
ⓘ Mount Jagged Rutile Diggings	SARIG Record Sheet, Site 480493
Normanville ⓘ Little Gorge	Personal collection of Mark Willoughby, Dallow, L., 1983, Fossickers Guide to Gold, Minerals and Gemstones of South Australia, Gemcraft Publications Pty. Ltd., Victoria.
Victor Harbor The Bluff ⓘ Titanium Prospect	Record of Mines Summary Card No:16, Encounter 6626IV SI5413
Gumeracha ⓘ Gumeracha Quarry (Hundred of Talunga)	SA Geodata Database - Mineral Deposit Details Deposit Number: 5789
Mount Barker Nairne ⓘ Shepherd Hill Quarry (Brukunga Quarry)	Graham, J. (1978) Manganochromite, palladium antimonide, and some unusual mineral associations at the Nairne pyrite deposit, South Australia. American Mineralogist, Vol. 63, pp. 1166-1174.
ⓘ Mount Magnificent (Mount Monster Mine; Little Gem; Golden Nob; Golden Rock; Nicholas' Lease)	Noble R.J, Just J, Johnson J. E. (1983), Catalogue of South Australian Minerals - 1983, Government Printer, South Australia.
Mount Pleasant ⓘ Norton prospect	Hayton J.D. (1960). The Constitution of davidite. Econ Geol. 55, 1030-1038.
Palmer ⓘ Kitticoola Mine (Great Wheal Orford; Plush and Omond; PM 53; Reedy Creek; Tungkillo)	Griessmann, M. (2011). Gold mineralisation in the Adelaide fold belt. PhD Thesis University of Adelaide.
Strathalbyn ⓘ Gemmell road rutile deposit	Noble R.J., Just J. and Johnson J. E., (1983), Catalogue of South Australian Minerals-1983, Government Printer, Adelaide, South Australia.
Williamstown ⓘ Australian Industrial Minerals mine (A.I.M.; Normandy; Reservoir; Springfield; Warren; Mount Crawford Clay; PM 13)	Noble R.J., Just J. and Johnson J. E., (1983), Catalogue of South Australian Minerals-1983, Government Printer, Adelaide, South Australia.
Barossa and Para Wirra Goldfields Humbug Scrub Diggings ⓘ Lady Alice Mine	Griessmann, M. (2011). Gold mineralisation in the Adelaide fold belt. PhD Thesis University of Adelaide.
ⓘ Gordon Reward (Wayandah)	Barossa SI5409 6628I Record of mines - Summary Card No:68
ⓘ Mount Crawford Forest Reserve	Catalogue of South Australian Minerals - 1983
ⓘ Cromer C (Cromer C North; ML 3058; ML 3059 ML 3056; ML 3057; ML 3058)	Record of Mines Summary Card No: 44, S.I. 5409
ⓘ Great Expectations (Warren South Mica)	Personal Collection of Mark Willoughby
Murray Basin Murray Mallee Mindarie ⓘ Mindarie mine	http://www.minerals.pir.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/93785/mj50_pace_MajorMines_DevelopmentProjects.pdf
Pinnaroo ⓘ Pinnaroo meteorite	Ramdohr, P. (1973). The Opaque Minerals in Stony Meteorites. Elsevier Publishing Company: Amsterdam; London: New York. 245 pages.
Olary Province Bimbowrie Station ⓘ Alconie Hill	Lottermoser, B.G., and Lu, J. (1997): Mineralogy and Petrology 59, 1-19.
ⓘ Domenic Mine	Lottermoser, B.G., and Lu, J. (1997): Mineralogy and Petrology 59, 1-19.
Mt Victor Plumbago Station ⓘ Crocker Well (Crocker's Well)	SA Geodata Database - Mineral Deposit Details Deposit Number: 991
Glenorchy homestead area ⓘ Mount Victoria Mine (Mt Victoria copper mine)	SA Geodata Database - Mineral Deposit Details Deposit Number: 1033
ⓘ Unnamed uranium prospect	Whittle 1959, Econ Geol. 54, 64-81; Campana B. 1956, J. Geol Soc. Aust. 4/1, 1-12
ⓘ North Portia prospect	http://leme.anu.edu.au/Pubs/Advancesinregolith/Tan.pdf.
Old Boolcoomata Station ⓘ Brady Beryl (Brady Mine)	Lottermoser, B.G., and Lu, J. (1997): Mineralogy and Petrology 59, 1-19.
White Rock Feldspar Mine ⓘ White Rock No. 2 pegmatite	Lottermoser, B.G., and Lu, J. (1997): Mineralogy and Petrology 59, 1-19.
Radium Hill area ⓘ Radium Hill mine (Smith's Carnotite Mine; Radium Hill)	Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 1044.; SA Geodata Database - Mineral Deposit Details Deposit Number: 962
Wadnaminga goldfield ⓘ Carver's Claim	Personal collection of Mark Willoughby
Weekeroo Station ⓘ Weekeroo Station meteorite	Bunch, T.E., Keil, K., and Olsen, E. (1970): Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 25, 297-340.
Stuart Shelf Roxby Downs ⓘ Olympic Dam Mine	[var: Ilmenorutile] Ehrig, K., McPhie, J., Kamenetsky, V. (2012) Geology and mineralogical zonation of the Olympic Dam iron oxide Cu-U-Au-Ag deposit, South Australia. Economic Geology Special Publication 16, pg. 237-267.
Western Region Barton (Barton Siding) Lake Ifould ⓘ Jacinth Prospect	cf. Iluka Resources
Nullarbor Plain ⓘ Tripitaka Prospect	cf. Iluka Resources reports
Tasmania Central Coast municipality ⓘ Forth district	Bottrill & Baker, 2008
Ulverstone district ⓘ Claytons Rivulet	Bottrill & Baker 2008
Circular Head municipality Corinna-Savage River district ⓘ Savage River Mines	Bottrill & Taheri, 2008, Savage River mine, Unpub. Rept, Mineral Resources Tasmania
Dorset municipality Winnaleah District ⓘ Banca Mine	JACK, R., 1968. Banca Mine, Winnaleah District, Technical Report Department of Mines Tasmania, 11 , 16-19.
Huon Valley municipality Huon-Channel region ⓘ Cygnet district	Taheri, J., and Bottrill, R. S., 1998, Porphyry and Sedimentary-hosted Gold Deposits near Cygnet: New Styles of Gold Mineralisation in Tasmania: Unpub Rept, Mineral Resources Tasmania. 1999/01
Weld river district ⓘ Forster Prospect	Bottrill & Baker (in prep) Catalogue of minerals of Tasmania
King Island municipality King Island Naracoopa ⓘ Naracoopa Rutile mine (Kibuka mines; Naracoopa Mineral Sands Mine)	Bottrill & Bacon in prep
Waratah-Wynyard municipality Heazlewood district Luina ⓘ Mt Cleveland Mine	[var: Ilmenorutile] Bottrill, R. S. (2001). Rare earth, tantalum and niobium minerals reported in Tasmania. Record Tasmanian Geological Survey, 7.
Waratah district Waratah ⓘ Mount Bischoff mine (Mt Bischoff mine)	Bottrill, unpub.
West Coast municipality Collingwood River ⓘ Collingwood River eclogite	Bottrill & Baker (in prep) Catalogue of minerals of Tasmania
ⓘ Jane River goldfield	Bottrill, R. S. (2010): Alluvial gold in Tasmania. Mineral Resources of Tasmania 11, Mineral Resources Tasmania, 28 pp.
Queenstown district Darwin ⓘ Mt McCall area	Bottrill and Baker, 2008
ⓘ Mount Lyell Mines	Bottrill, R. S. (2000). A Mineralogical Field Guide for the Western Tasmania Minerals and Museums Tour.
ⓘ Prince Lyell Mine	Bottrill RS & Baker, WE (in prep) Catalogue of Minerals of Tasmania. Mineral Resources Tasmania
Rosebery district ⓘ Mt Lindsay mine (Parsons Hood)	Bottrill & Baker (in prep) Catalogue of minerals of Tasmania
Rosebery ⓘ Rosebery Mine (EZ Mine)	Brathwaite, R. L. (1969). The geology of the Rosebery ore deposit (Doctoral dissertation, University of Tasmania).
Zeehan district ⓘ Avebury Nickel Deposit (Avebury mine)	Bottrill & Sorrell 2007
North Dundas ⓘ Renison Bell Mine (Renison Mine)	Kitto, P.A., 1994, Structural and Geochemical controls on Mineralisation at Renison, Tasmania. Unpub. PhD thesis, Uni. Tas.
Zeehan mineral field ⓘ Grieves Siding prospect	Awid-Pascual, R., Kamenetsky, V. S., Goemann, K., Allen, N., Noble, T. L., Lottermoser, B. G., & Rodemann, T. (2015). The evolution of authigenic Zn–Pb–Fe-bearing phases in the Grieves Siding peat, western Tasmania. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 170(2), 1-16.
Victoria Central Goldfields Shire ⓘ Moliagul	Pat Sutton Collection
ⓘ Mount Moliagul	Steve Sorrell Collection
City of Ballarat ⓘ Ballarat East Goldfield	Elliott, P.J. (1977) Explanatory notes on the Ballarat goldfield geological maps. Geological Survey of Victoria Report 51 (1977/11), Department of Minerals & Energy, Victoria.
ⓘ Ballarat West Goldfield	Bierlein, F. P., Fuller, T., Stüwe, K., Arne, D. C., & Keays, R. R. (1998). Wallrock alteration associated with turbidite-hosted gold deposits. Examples from the Palaeozoic Lachlan Fold Belt in central Victoria, Australia. Ore Geology Reviews, 13(1), 345-380.
City of Greater Bendigo Heathcote ⓘ Commissioners Flat Barite (Old Quarry Road)	Birch, W.D. (1984) Barite Crystals from Heathcote, Victoria. The Australian Mineralogist July 1984 pg. 272-273.
East Gippsland Shire ⓘ Marlo-Mallacoota District
Omeo Mt Wills mining district Glen Wills ⓘ Knocker dyke (South Blue Jacket)	Eagle, R. M., Birch, W. D., & McKnight, S. (2015). Phosphate minerals in granitic pegmatites from the Mount Wills District, north-eastern Victoria. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, 127(2), 55-68.
ⓘ Maude and Yellow Girl mine	Eagle, R. (2009) . Petrology, petrogenesis and mineralisation of the Silurian pegmatites of the Mount Wills district, northeastern Victoria. B.Sc (Hons) thesis, University of Ballarat (unpubl.)
ⓘ Unnamed Pegmatite	[var: Ilmenorutile] Personally collected by Ryan Eagle in 2009
Sunnyside ⓘ United Brothers mine	Eagle, R. (2009) . Petrology, petrogenesis and mineralisation of the Silurian pegmatites of the Mount Wills district, northeastern Victoria. B.Sc (Hons) thesis, University of Ballarat (unpubl.)
Golden Plains Shire ⓘ Steiglitz	Museum Victoria Mineralogy Collection
Loddon Shire Brenanah Mount Kooyoora ⓘ White Swan pegmatite mine	Ryan Eagle field collected 2018
Tarnagulla ⓘ Tarnagulla Goldfield	Bierlein, F.P., and McNaughton, N.J. (1998): Mineralium Deposita 33, 633-638.
Macedon Ranges Shire Malmsbury ⓘ Rollinsons quarry	Sutton & Mills (2012)
Mansfield Shire Woods Point ⓘ Little Comet Mine	Bussat, F. (1980) Minerals from some mines in the Woods Point district, Victoria. The Australian Mineralogist No.31 July 1980, pp. 147-152.
Mount Alexander Shire Elphinstone ⓘ Granite Creek
ⓘ Maldon	Ciobanu, C. L., Birch, W. D., Cook, N. J., Pring, A., & Grundler, P. V. (2010). Petrogenetic significance of Au–Bi–Te–S associations: the example of Maldon, Central Victorian gold province, Australia. Lithos, 116(1), 1-17.
Northern Grampians Shire Carapooee ⓘ Alluvial gold mine	W.D.Birch in Australian Journal of Earth Sciences (2007) 54 (609-628); Birch, W. D. (2008): Gem corundum from the St Arnaud district, Western Victoria, Australia. Australian J. of Mineralogy 14, 73-78.
Pyrenees Shire Amphitheatre ⓘ Sedimentary Holdings alluvial gold operations
Rural City of Horsham Horsham ⓘ WIM 150 deposit
South Gippsland Shire Toora ⓘ Toora Tin Field	Spencer-Jones D. (1955) Geology of the Toora Tin-Field. Bulletins of the Geological Survey of Victoria, No.54.
Swan Hill Rural City Lake Boga ⓘ Lake Boga granite quarry	Uwe Kolitsch (SXRD-analysis); W.D. Birch & D.A.Henry 1993. Phosphate Minerals of Victoria, The Mineralogical Society of Victoria special publication No. 3, pp. 14-27; D.A.Henry & W.D.Birch 1998. Sampleite and associated minerals from Lake Boga granite quarry, Victoria, Australia. Australian Mineralogist Vol. 3 Oct.-Dec. 1988, pp. 135-148
Towong Shire Koetong ⓘ Koetong Creek
Western Australia Ashburton Shire Nanutarra Station ⓘ Globe Hill pegmatite	[var: Ilmenorutile] Calderwood, M.A., Grguric, B.A., Jacobson, M.I. (2007) Guidebook to the Pegmatites of Western Australia. Hesperian Press, Carlisle, Western Australia.
Uaroo Station ⓘ Dark Horse Mine	Simpson, E.S. (1948), Minerals of Western Australia, Vol 3, p496
Augusta-Margaret River Shire Augusta ⓘ Governor Broome mineral sands prospect	Astro Resources NL (2012), RM Research, 10/04/2012
Bridgetown-Greenbushes Shire ⓘ Donovans Find (Smithfield)	Jacobson., M., Calderwood, M., Grguric, B.(2007): Pegmatites of Western Australia
ⓘ Glenlynn prospect	Fetherston, J.M., Stocklmayer, S.M., Stocklmayer, V.C. (2013) Gemstones of Western Australia. Geological Survey of Western Australia, Mineral Resources Bulletin 25, 306 pages.
Greenbushes Tinfield ⓘ Greenbushes Mine (Greenbushes pegmatite)	Jacobson, M., Calderwood, M., Grguric, B.(2007): Pegmatites of Western Australia
Capel Shire ⓘ Capel mineral sands mines	http://www.iluka.com/
Carnamah Shire Eneabba ⓘ Drummond Crossing mineral sands prospect (North Eneabba)	http://www.sheffieldresources.com.au/projects/heavy-mineral-sands/
ⓘ Eneabba Mineral Sands Mine	Iluka Resources Limited (2012), Eneabba Mineral Sands Mine. Part IV. Referral Document. Support Document. IPL North Proposal, 2012
Coolgardie Shire Kambalda St. Ives gold camp ⓘ Bellerophon-Nelson Gold Mine	Xue, Y., Campbell, I (2014), The Mineralogy of the Bellerophon-Nelson Telluride Bearing gold Deposit St Ives Camp, Canadian Mineralogist 52 p981-1006 2014
Cue Shire Cue ⓘ Big Bell Gold Mine (Paton's Find; Murchison Bell)	Mock, C. et al (1987), Gold Deposits of Western Australia, BMR, Datafile (MINDEP), Resource Deposit 3, Dept of Primary Industries and Energy/Bur of Mineral Resources Geology and Geophysics, Commonwealth Government of Australia, 1987
Dandaragan Shire Cataby ⓘ Cataby mineral sands prospect	http://www.iluka.com/company-overview/operations/projects/cataby-perth-basin
ⓘ Cooljarloo mineral sands mine	http://www.tronox.com/
Derby-West Kimberley Shire Buccaneer Archipelago ⓘ Collier Bay	Simpson, E.S. (1948), Minerals of Western Australia, Vol 2, pp 7 1948
Ellendale ⓘ Ellendale 4	The Kimberlites and Lamproites of Western Australia, 1986.
Noonkanbah Station ⓘ Walgidee Hills	Mineralogical Magazine 1939 25 : 373-387
ⓘ Mount Abbott	The Kimberlites and Lamproites of Western Australia, 1986.
Dundas Shire Eucla ⓘ Cyclone mineral sands prospect	Hou, B., Keeling, J.L., Reed, A., Hocking, R.M. (2011), Heavy Mineral Sands in the Eucla Basin Southern Australia: deposition and province scale prospectivity, Economic Geology, 106 (4) pp687-712, June 2011
Mundrabilla Roadhouse ⓘ Mundrabilla meteorite (Premier Downs meteorite)	Buchwald, V. F. (1975) Handbook of Iron Meteorites. University of California Press. 1418 pages.
Norseman ⓘ Crown Gold Mine	Pasi Eilu (2003) Exploration for orogenic gold deposits. Fennoscandian Exploration and Mining 2003 Rovaniemi, Finland December 2003
ⓘ Harlequin Gold Mine	Pasi Eilu (2003) Exploration for orogenic gold deposits. Fennoscandian Exploration and Mining 2003 Rovaniemi, Finland December 2003
East Pilbara Shire Nullagine Five Mile Creek Goldfield ⓘ Golden Eagle Gold Mine (Alexandra)	Huston, D et al (2001), The Gold Deposits of the Pilbara Craton: Results of AGSO Research 1998-2000, Commonwealth of Australia, Record 2001/10
Rudall River District ⓘ Telfer Mine	Downes, P. J., Hope, M., Bevan, A. W. R. and Henry, D. A. (2006): Chalcocite and associated secondary minerals from the Telfer gold mine, Western Australia. Australian Journal of Mineralogy 12, 25-42.
Shaw River District North Pole ⓘ Miralga Creek	Huston, D.L. et al (2007), Paleoarchean Mineral deposits of the Pilbara Craton: Genesis Tectonic Development and Comparisons with Younger Deposits, Geoscience Australia, GSWA, Moly Mines Pty Ltd, 2007
Panorama Area ⓘ Bernts prospect	Huston, D.L. et al (2007), Paleoarchean Mineral Deposits of the Pilbara Craton: Genesis Tectonic Environment and Comparisons with Younger Deposits, Geoscience Australia, GSWA, Moly Mines Pty Ltd, 2007
ⓘ Kangaroo Caves prospect	Huston, D.L. et al (2007), Paleoarchean Mineral Deposits of the Pilbara Craton: Genesis Tectonic Environment and Comparisons with Younger Deposits, Geoscience Australia, GSWA, Moly Mines Pty Ltd, 2007
ⓘ Sulphur Springs prospect	Huston, D.L. et al (2007), Paleoarchean Mineral Deposits in the Pilbara Craton: Genesis Tectonic Environment and Comparisons with Younger Deposits, Geoscience Australia, GSWA, Moly Mines Pty Ltd, 2007
Esperance Shire Cape Arid National Park ⓘ Mount Ragged	Prider, R.T. (1960) Viridine from Mt. Ragged, Western Australia. Indian Mineralogist, Vol. 1, pg. 42-47.
Gingin Shire ⓘ Boonanarring (Atlas) mineral sands prospect	http://www.imageres.com.au/
ⓘ McCalls mineral sands prospect	http://www.sheffieldresources.com.au/projects/heavy-mineral-sands/
Halls Creek Shire Alice Downs Station ⓘ Saunders Creek	Mercer, C.R., 1961. Results of diamond drilling at Saunders Creek, near Halls Creek, Western Australia. Record 1961/039. Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics, Canberra.
Koongie Park Community ⓘ Puseye prospect (Atlantis)	Ferguson, K.M. (1999) Lead, Zinc and Silver Deposits of Western Australia. Geological Survey of Western Australia, Mineral Resources Bulletin 15.
Kalgoorlie-Boulder Shire Black Flag Goldfield Mount Pleasant ⓘ Golden Kilometre Gold Mine (GK Shoot)	Pasi Eilu (2003) Exploration for orogenic gold deposits. Fennoscandian Exploration and Mining 2003 Rovaniemi, Finland December 2003
ⓘ Lady Bountiful Gold Mine	Duuring, P., Hagemann, S.G., and Groves, D.I. (2000): Mineralium Deposita 35, 402-421.; Pasi Eilu (2003) Exploration for orogenic gold deposits. Fennoscandian Exploration and Mining 2003 Rovaniemi, Finland December 2003
Broad Arrow Goldfield Paddington (Gudarra) ⓘ Paddington Gold Mine (Paddington 1; Paddington 2)	Booth, G. (1989). The Mineralogy Geology and Exploration Geochemistry of the Paddington Gold Mine Broad Arrow Western Australia, Faculty of Engineering, UNSW, 1989
Kalgoorlie-Boulder Golden Mile Mines ⓘ Golden Horseshoe Gold Mine	Simpson, E.S. (1948), Minerals of Western Australia, Vol 3, pp 500, 1948
ⓘ Great Boulder Gold Mine (Phantom Lode; Great Boulder South; Great Boulder North; Great Boulder Extended)	Simpson, E.S. (1948), Minerals of Western Australia, Vol 3, pp 433, 1948
ⓘ Hidden Secret Gold Mine (Hidden Treasure)	Simpson, E.S. (1948), Minerals of Western Australia, Vol 2, pp 576, 1948; simpson, E.S. (1948), Minerals of Western Australia, Vol 3, pp 501, 1948
ⓘ Ivanhoe Gold Mine	Simpson, E.S. (1948), Minerals of Western Australia, Vol 3, p 433
ⓘ Lake View Consols Gold Mine (Lake View and Star)	Pasi Eilu (2003) Exploration for orogenic gold deposits. Fennoscandian Exploration and Mining 2003 Rovaniemi, Finland December 2003
ⓘ Lake View Townsite	Simpson, E.S. (1948), Minerals of Western Australia, Vol 3, pp 500, 1948
ⓘ Oroya Brownhill Gold Mine (Brownhill lease; Oroya Block North; Oroya Block South)	Simpson, E.S. (1948), Minerals of Western Australia, Vol 3, pp 501, 1948
ⓘ Perseverance Gold Mine (Boulder Perseverance Mine)	Pasi Eilu (2003) Exploration for orogenic gold deposits. Fennoscandian Exploration and Mining 2003 Rovaniemi, Finland December 2003
ⓘ Hannan South deposit	Mueller, Andreas G.; Lawrance, Louisa M.; Muhling, Janet; Pooley, Gregory D. (2012): Mineralogy and PTX relationships of the Archean Hannan South Au-Cu (Co-Bi) deposit, Kalgoorlie, Western Australia: thermodynamic constraints on the formation of a zoned intrusion-related skarn. Economic Geology 107, 1-24.
ⓘ Mount Charlotte Gold Mine	Simpson, E.S. (1948), Minerals of Western Australia, Vol 3, pp 81, 1948
Mullingar ⓘ Hannans North Gold Mine	Simpson, E.S. (1948), Minerals of Western Australia, Vol 3, p 433
ⓘ Mount Percy Gold Mine	Gray, D.J., Cudahy, T.J. (1996), Pilot Spectral Study of the Mount Percey Gold Deposit Western Australia, AMIRA, Exploration and Mining report 175R, may 1996 & Butt C.R.M. (2003) The Mount Percy Gold Deposit Kalgoorlie Western Australia, CRC LEME 2003
ⓘ Mystery Gold Mine (Mystery Zone)	Gray, D.J. , Cudahy, T.J. (1996), Pilot Spectral Study of the Mount Percy Gold Deposit Western Australia, AMIRA, Exploration and MIning Report 175R, May 1996
ⓘ Sir John Gold Mine	Butt, C.R.M. (2003), Mt Percy Gold Deposit Area Western Australia, CRC LEME, 2003 / Butt C.R.M. (2003), Mystery Zone Gold Deposit Mt Percy Kalgoorlie Western Australia, CRC LEME, 2003
ⓘ Union Club Gold Mine	Butt, C.R.M. (2003), Mt Percy Gold Deposit Area Western Australia, CRC LEME, 2003 / Butt, C.R.M. (2003), Mystery Zone Gold Deposit Mt Percy Kalgoorlie Western Australia, CRC LEME, 2003
Kanowna Goldfield ⓘ Kanowna Belle Gold Mine	Pasi Eilu (2003) Exploration for orogenic gold deposits. Fennoscandian Exploration and Mining 2003 Rovaniemi, Finland December 2003
Mount Monger Goldfield Mount Monger ⓘ Lass O'Gowrie Gold Mine	Simpson, E.S. (1948), Minerals of Western Australia, Vol 3, p 502
ⓘ Loganberry East Talc Mine (Loganberry)	Fetherston, J.M., Stocklmayer, S.M., Stocklmayer, V.C. (2013) Gemstones of Western Australia. Geological Survey of Western Australia, Mineral Resources Bulletin 25, 306p.
ⓘ Sudden Jerk Gold Mine	Simpson, E.S. (1948), Minerals of Western Australia, Vol 3, p 502
Mulgabbie Goldfield ⓘ Twin Peaks Gold Mine	Pasi Eilu (2003) Exploration for orogenic gold deposits. Fennoscandian Exploration and Mining 2003 Rovaniemi, Finland December 2003
ⓘ Ora Banda Goldfield	Pasi Eilu (2003) Exploration for orogenic gold deposits. Fennoscandian Exploration and Mining 2003 Rovaniemi, Finland December 2003
ⓘ Gimlet South Gold Mine	Eilu, P. (2003), Orogenic Gold Deposits, Fennoscandian Exploration Mining, 2003
Laverton Shire Mount Weld Station ⓘ Granny Smith Gold Mine	Mueller, A.G., Hall, G.C., Nemchin, A.A., Stein, H.J., Creaser, R.A., and Mason, D.R. (2008): Mineralium Deposita 43, 337-362.; Pasi Eilu (2003) Exploration for orogenic gold deposits. Fennoscandian Exploration and Mining 2003 Rovaniemi, Finland December 2003
ⓘ Sunrise Dam Gold Mine (Sunrise; Cleo)	Sung, Y.-H., et al., "Tellurides from the Sunrise Dam gold deposit, Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia: a new occurrence of nagyagite", Mineralogy & Petrology 91, 249-270(2007); Pasi Eilu (2003) Exploration for orogenic gold deposits. Fennoscandian Exploration and Mining 2003 Rovaniemi, Finland December 2003; Sung, Y. H., Brugger, J., Ciobanu, C. L., Pring, A., Skinner, W., & Nugus, M. (2009). Invisible gold in arsenian pyrite and arsenopyrite from a multistage Archaean gold deposit: Sunrise Dam, Eastern Goldfields Province, Western Australia. Mineralium Deposita, 44(7), 765-791.; Sung, Y. H. (2008). The nature of gold mineralization in the multistage Archean Sunrise Dam gold deposit, Eastern Yilgarn craton, Western Australia (Doctoral dissertation, University of South Australia).
Leonora Shire Agnew Goldfield (Lawlers) ⓘ Redeemer Gold Mine	Pasi Eilu (2003) Exploration for orogenic gold deposits. Fennoscandian Exploration and Mining 2003 Rovaniemi, Finland December 2003
Bronzewing Goldfield (Mount McClure) ⓘ Bronzewing Mine (Bronzewing-Mount McClure Mine)	Eilu, P., Mikucki, E.J., and Dugdale, A.L. (2001): Mineralium Deposita 36, 13-31.; Pasi Eilu (2003) Exploration for orogenic gold deposits. Fennoscandian Exploration and Mining 2003 Rovaniemi, Finland December 2003
Leinster ⓘ Thunderbox Gold Mine	Du Puy, K. (2003) Descriptive hydrothermal alteration model for the Thunderbox gold deposit: insights into timing of gold mineralisation relative to deformation and metamorphism. Unpublished Honours thesis, University of Western Australia. 88pp.
Leonora ⓘ Gwalia Mine (Sons of Gwalia Gold Mine)	Pasi Eilu (2003) Exploration for orogenic gold deposits. Fennoscandian Exploration and Mining 2003 Rovaniemi, Finland December 2003
ⓘ Tower Hill Gold Mine	Simpson, E.S. (1948), Minerals of Western Australia, Vol 1, p 463
ⓘ Turkey Well	Kiviets, G. B., Phillips, D., Shee, S. R., Vercoe, S. C., Barton, E. S., Smith, C. B., & Fourie, L. F. (1998). 40Ar/39Ar dating of yimengite from Turkey Well kimberlite, Australia: the oldest and the rarest. Ext. Abstr. In 7th International Kimberlite Conference (pp. 432-434).
Meekatharra Shire Meekatharra Meekatharra Goldfield ⓘ Ingliston Extended Gold Mine (Ingliston; Ingliston Extended North; New Ingliston; Ingliston Extended East; Manchuria; Ingliston Extended South)	Clarke et al, Geology and Ore bodies at Meekatharra, GSWA, 1916
ⓘ Phar Lap Gold Mine	Eilu, Pasi. (2003) Exploration for orogenic gold deposits, Fennoscandian Exploration and Mining 2003, Rovaniemi, Finland, 72p.
ⓘ Queen of the Hills Gold Mine (Prohibition; Tidal Wave)	Simpson, E.S. (1948), Minerals of Western Australia, Vol 3, p497
Mount Padbury Station ⓘ Mount Padbury meteorite	Ramdohr, P. (1973). The Opaque Minerals in Stony Meteorites. Elsevier Publishing Company: Amsterdam; London: New York. 245 pages. ; Ikeda, Y., Ebihara, M., & Prinz, M. (1990) Enclaves in the Mt. Padbury and Vaca Muerta mesosiderites: Magmatic and residue (or cumulate) rock types. Proceedings of the NIPR Symposium, No. 3, pp. 99-131.
Menzies Shire Davyhurst Goldfield Callion ⓘ Callion Gold Mine (Corn in Egypt)	Lintern, M.J., Calcrete Sampling for Mineral Exploration, CRC LEME (date?) (there is not date listed on this source but is likely to be around 1998 when an interest was taken by the CSIRO for the site)
ⓘ Glasson Gold Mine (BC Pit)	Llorca, S.M. (1998), Mineralogy and Geochemistry of the Galsson Gold Deposit Callion Yilgarn Block Western Australia, CRC LEME, 1998
Diemals Station

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