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Rutile

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Rutile

Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil

Rutile, etc.

Novo Horizonte, Bahia, Brazil

Rutile

Edelschrott, Voitsberg District, Styria, Austria

Rutile

Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil

Rutile, etc.

Novo Horizonte, Bahia, Brazil

Rutile

Edelschrott, Voitsberg District, Styria, Austria

Rutile

Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil

Rutile, etc.

Novo Horizonte, Bahia, Brazil

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About RutileHide

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Formula:

TiO₂

As a Commodity:

Rutile

Colour:

Blood red, brownish yellow, brown-red, yellow, greyish-black, black, brown, bluish or violet

Lustre:

Adamantine, Metallic

Hardness:

6 - 6½

Specific Gravity:

4.23

Crystal System:

Tetragonal

Member of:

Rutile Group

Name:

The name rutile was first introduced by the German geologist Abraham Gottlob Werner in 1800 (cfr. Lampadius 1800 and Ludwig 1803). The name is from the Latin rutilus, meaning "reddish." The mineral was already known under other names, such as "red schorl" and some other names, some of them later recognized as synonyms or varieties.
I. von Born was the first who described the mineral, in his catalog (1772: 34), as Basaltes crystallisatus ruber [Red crystalline schorl, the latin Basaltes was at the time used for both "schorl" and basalt columns]. The locality given by von Born was Murán near Revúca, Slovakia (Papp 2004). Romé de Lisle (1783) used the name schorl rouge ou purpre [red or purple schorl] for a mineral found as inclusion in quartz from Madagascar. Later, in 1796, De Saussure described sagenite from St. Gothard in Switzerland. Sagenite is now recognized as a variety of rutile, see Sagenite (of Saussure). The element titanium was described by Klaproth (1795) from a specimen of hungarischen rother schörl (huangarian red schorl) from what is todays Slovakia. Richard Kirwan (1796) described the mineral under the name titanite (in Mindat see the entry titanite (of Kirwan)) and Haüy (1801) used the name titane oxydé.

Type Locality:

ⓘ Rutile type locality, Horcajuelo de la Sierra, Community of Madrid, Spain

Polymorph of:

Akaogiite, Anatase, Brookite, Riesite, UM1991-08-O:Ti, UM2000-41-O:Ti

The most common member of the Rutile Group. Rutile is one of the five forms of titanium dioxide, TiO₂, found in nature.

Sellaite (magnesium fluoride, MgF₂) also has a rutile-type structure. Compare 'UM1987-04-O:Ti'.

Note on the type locality:
Since Werner introduced rutile in 1800, Horcajuelo de la Sierra (originally erronously reported as Cajuelo) in the province of Burgos in Spain has been regarded as the type locality of rutile. A study by Papp (2004, 2007) has show that the type locality should be Revúca, Slovakia . See also the messageboard at https://www.mindat.org/mesg-7-429614.html.

Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Rutile.

Classification of RutileHide

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IMA status:

Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)

Strunz 8th ed.:

4/D.02-10

Nickel-Strunz 10th (pending) ed.:

4.DB.05

4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
D : Metal: Oxygen = 1:2 and similar
B : With medium-sized cations; chains of edge-sharing octahedra

Dana 8th ed.:

4.4.1.1

4 : SIMPLE OXIDES
4 : AX₂

Hey's CIM Ref.:

7.9.2

7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
9 : Oxides of Ti

Physical Properties of RutileHide

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Lustre:

Adamantine, Metallic

Transparency:

Transparent

Colour:

Blood red, brownish yellow, brown-red, yellow, greyish-black, black, brown, bluish or violet

Streak:

Greyish black, pale brown, light yellow

Hardness:

6 - 6½ on Mohs scale

Hardness:

VHN₁₀₀=894 - 974 kg/mm² - Vickers

Tenacity:

Brittle

Cleavage:

Distinct/Good
{110} distinct, {100} less distinct; and, {111} in traces.

Parting:

On {092} due to twin gliding; also on {011}.

Fracture:

Irregular/Uneven, Conchoidal, Sub-Conchoidal

Density:

4.23(2) g/cm³ (Measured) 4.25 g/cm³ (Calculated)

Optical Data of RutileHide

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Type:

Uniaxial (+)

RI values:

n_ω = 2.605 - 2.613 n_ε = 2.899 - 2.901

Max Birefringence:

δ = 0.294

Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.

Surface Relief:

Very High

Anisotropism:

Strong

Dispersion:

Strong

Pleochroism:

Visible

Comments:

Shades of red, brown, yellow and green.

Chemical Properties of RutileHide

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Formula:

TiO₂

Elements listed:

O, Ti - search for minerals with similar chemistry

Common Impurities:

Fe,Ta,Nb,Cr,V,Sn,W,Sb

Age distributionHide

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Recorded ages:

Neoarchean to Permian : 2665 Ma to 268 ± 30 Ma - based on 40 recorded ages.

Crystallography of RutileHide

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Crystal System:

Tetragonal

Class (H-M):

4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) - Ditetragonal Dipyramidal

Space Group:

P4₂/mnm

Cell Parameters:

a = 4.5937 Å, c = 2.9587 Å

Ratio:

a:c = 1 : 0.644

Unit Cell V:

62.43 Å³ (Calculated from Unit Cell)

Morphology:

Commonly prismatic, often slender to acicular [001]. Prism zone vertically striated or furrowed. Usually terminated by {101} or {111}; {001} rare. Rarely pyramidal. Granular massive.

Twinning:

On {011} common. Often geniculated; also contact twins of very varied habit. Sixlings and eightlings at times, occasionally polysynthetic. The twins are sometimes distorted by extension of a pair of faces on {011}. Twin gliding observed on this plane as well. Also on {031}, rare. On {092}, as twin gliding plane.

Crystallographic forms of RutileHide

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Crystal Atlas:

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Rutile no.26 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)

Rutile no.28 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)

Rutile no.52 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)

Rutile no.62 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)

Rutile no.107 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)

Crystal StructureHide

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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure

ID	Species	Reference	Year	Locality	Temp (K)
0001735	Rutile	Swope R J, Smyth J R, Larson A C (1995) H in rutile-type compounds: I. Single-crystal neutron and X-ray diffraction study of H in rutile American Mineralogist 80 448-453	1995		24
0001736	Rutile	Swope R J, Smyth J R, Larson A C (1995) H in rutile-type compounds: I. Single-crystal neutron and X-ray diffraction study of H in rutile American Mineralogist 80 448-453	1995		300
0001737	Rutile	Swope R J, Smyth J R, Larson A C (1995) H in rutile-type compounds: I. Single-crystal neutron and X-ray diffraction study of H in rutile American Mineralogist 80 448-453	1995		300
0005164	Rutile	Meagher E P, Lager G A (1979) Polyhedral thermal expansion in the TiO2 polymorphs: Refinement of the crystal structure of rutile and brookite at high temperature Sample at 25 degrees C The Canadian Mineralogist 17 77-85	1979		293
0005165	Rutile	Meagher E P, Lager G A (1979) Polyhedral thermal expansion in the TiO2 polymorphs: Refinement of the crystal structure of rutile and brookite at high temperature Sample at 300 degrees C The Canadian Mineralogist 17 77-85	1979		293
0005166	Rutile	Meagher E P, Lager G A (1979) Polyhedral thermal expansion in the TiO2 polymorphs: Refinement of the crystal structure of rutile and brookite at high temperature Sample at 600 degrees C The Canadian Mineralogist 17 77-85	1979		293
0005167	Rutile	Meagher E P, Lager G A (1979) Polyhedral thermal expansion in the TiO2 polymorphs: Refinement of the crystal structure of rutile and brookite at high temperature Sample at 900 degrees C The Canadian Mineralogist 17 77-85	1979		293
0009161	Rutile	Baur W H (1956) Uber die verfeinerung der kristallstrukturbestimmung einiger vertreter des rutiltyps: TiO2, SnO2, GeO2 und MgF2 Acta Crystallographica 9 515-520	1956		293
0009404	Rutile	Baur W H, Khan A A (1971) Rutile-type compounds. VI. SiO2, GeO2 and a comparison with other rutile-type structures Acta Crystallographica B27 2133-2139	1971		293
0019092	Rutile	Howard C J, Sabine T M, Dickson F (1991) Structural and thermal parameters for rutile and anatase Acta Crystallographica B47 462-468	1991	synthetic	293
0011762	Rutile	Wyckoff R W G (1963) Second edition. Interscience Publishers, New York, New York Crystal Structures 1 239-444	1963		293

CIF Raw Data - click here to close

data_global
_chemical_name_mineral 'Rutile'
loop_
_publ_author_name
'Swope R J'
'Smyth J R'
'Larson A C'
_journal_name_full 'American Mineralogist'
_journal_volume 80 
_journal_year 1995
_journal_page_first 448
_journal_page_last 453
_publ_section_title
;
 H in rutile-type compounds: I. Single-crystal neutron and X-ray diffraction
 study of H in rutile
 Sample: neutron; natural, T = 24 K
;
_database_code_amcsd 0001735
_chemical_formula_sum 'Ti.96 Nb.011 Cr.012 Al.011 Fe.008 O2 H.108'
_cell_length_a 4.587
_cell_length_b 4.587
_cell_length_c 2.954
_cell_angle_alpha 90
_cell_angle_beta 90
_cell_angle_gamma 90
_cell_volume 62.154
_exptl_crystal_density_diffrn      4.299
_symmetry_space_group_name_H-M 'P 42/m n m'
loop_
_space_group_symop_operation_xyz
  'x,y,z'
  '-y,-x,z'
  'y,x,-z'
  '1/2+y,1/2-x,1/2-z'
  '1/2-y,1/2+x,1/2+z'
  '1/2+x,1/2-y,1/2+z'
  '1/2-x,1/2+y,1/2-z'
  'x,y,-z'
  '-x,-y,z'
  'y,x,z'
  '-y,-x,-z'
  '1/2-y,1/2+x,1/2-z'
  '1/2+y,1/2-x,1/2+z'
  '1/2-x,1/2+y,1/2+z'
  '1/2+x,1/2-y,1/2-z'
  '-x,-y,-z'
loop_
_atom_site_label
_atom_site_fract_x
_atom_site_fract_y
_atom_site_fract_z
_atom_site_occupancy
_atom_site_U_iso_or_equiv
Ti   0.00000   0.00000   0.00000   0.96000 ?
Nb   0.00000   0.00000   0.00000   0.01100 ?
Cr   0.00000   0.00000   0.00000   0.01200 ?
Al   0.00000   0.00000   0.00000   0.01100 ?
Fe   0.00000   0.00000   0.00000   0.00800 ?
O   0.30450   0.30450   0.00000   1.00000 ?
H   0.42000   0.50000   0.00000   0.02700   0.45000
loop_
_atom_site_aniso_label
_atom_site_aniso_U_11
_atom_site_aniso_U_22
_atom_site_aniso_U_33
_atom_site_aniso_U_12
_atom_site_aniso_U_13
_atom_site_aniso_U_23
Ti 0.00060 0.00060 0.00050 -0.00090 0.00000 0.00000
Nb 0.00060 0.00060 0.00050 -0.00090 0.00000 0.00000
Cr 0.00060 0.00060 0.00050 -0.00090 0.00000 0.00000
Al 0.00060 0.00060 0.00050 -0.00090 0.00000 0.00000
Fe 0.00060 0.00060 0.00050 -0.00090 0.00000 0.00000
O 0.00280 0.00280 0.00300 -0.00150 0.00000 0.00000

Epitaxial Relationships of RutileHide

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Epitaxial Minerals:

Magnetite	Fe²⁺Fe³⁺₂O₄
Ilmenite	Fe²⁺TiO₃
Hematite	Fe₂O₃
Brookite	TiO₂
Anatase	TiO₂

Epitaxy Comments:

Oriented microscopic needles of rutile are frequently observed in corundum, pseudobrookite, phlogopite, and quartz.

X-Ray Powder DiffractionHide

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Radiation - Copper Kα
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.

Geological EnvironmentHide

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Geological Setting:

As an accessory mineral in high-pressure, high-temperature igneous rocks, in placers.

Type Occurrence of RutileHide

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Type Locality:

ⓘ Rutile type locality, Horcajuelo de la Sierra, Community of Madrid, Spain

Synonyms of RutileHide

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Naumannite (of Koksharov)

Red Schorl (in part)

Titane oxydé chromifère

Titanite (of Kirwan)

Titankalk

Titanschorl

Acide titanique (in part)

Rutilite (in part)

Other Language Names for RutileHide

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German:Cajuelit
Dicksbergit
Edisonit
Gallitzinit
Paraedrit
Rutil
Rutilit

Italian:Rutilo

Russian:Рутил

Simplified Chinese:金红石

Spanish:Rutilo
Acerillo
Cajuelita
Chorlo Rojo

Varieties of RutileHide

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Edisonite	A crystallographic variety of rutile.
Ferrian Antimonian Rutile	An Fe- and Sb-bearing variety of rutile. Originally reported from Yadovitaya fumarole, Tolbachik volcano, Russia.
Gel-Rutile	One of the constituents of leucoxene pseudomorphs.
Ilmenorutile	A Nb-bearing rutile (see also Niobian Rutile); compare also the Ta-bearing variety "strüverite".
Iserite (of Janovsky)	Doubtful variety
Lusterite	Trade name for artificial rutile.
Nigrine	An iron-rich variety of rutile, or an intimate intergrowth of rutile and ilmenite
Niobium and Chromium-bearing Rutile	Nb-V-enriched variety from DeBeers mine (kimberlites), associated, i.a., with hawthorneite.
Niobium-bearing Rutile	A Nb-bearing variety of rutile. See also ilmenorutile.
Sagenite (of Saussure)	The original definition of the name Sagenite was made by Horace Bénédict de Saussure in 1796.
Strüverite	A Ta- and Fe-bearing variety of rutile. Compare also ilmenorutile.

Relationship of Rutile to other SpeciesHide

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Member of:

Rutile Group

Other Members of this group:

Argutite	GeO₂	Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P4₂/mnm
Cassiterite	SnO₂	Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P4₂/mnm
Paratellurite	TeO₂	Tet.
Plattnerite	PbO₂	Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P4₂/mnm
Pyrolusite	Mn⁴⁺O₂	Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P4₂/mnm
Stishovite	SiO₂	Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P4₂/mnm
Tripuhyite	Fe³⁺Sb⁵⁺O₄	Tet.
UM2000-35-O:FeNbScTaTi	(Sc,Fe²⁺,Fe³⁺,Mn)(Ti,Sn,Zr)_1.5(Nb,Ta,W)_1.33O₈

Common AssociatesHide

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Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:

843 photos of Rutile associated with Hematite	Fe₂O₃
751 photos of Rutile associated with Quartz	SiO₂
336 photos of Rutile associated with Anatase	TiO₂
104 photos of Rutile associated with Muscovite	KAl₂(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
103 photos of Rutile associated with Brookite	TiO₂
102 photos of Rutile associated with Calcite	CaCO₃
80 photos of Rutile associated with Ilmenite	Fe²⁺TiO₃
71 photos of Rutile associated with Siderite	FeCO₃
65 photos of Rutile associated with Chlorite Group
55 photos of Rutile associated with Smoky Quartz	SiO₂

Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping Hide

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4.DB.05	Argutite	GeO₂	Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P4₂/mnm
4.DB.05	Cassiterite	SnO₂	Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P4₂/mnm
4.DB.05	Plattnerite	PbO₂	Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P4₂/mnm
4.DB.05	Pyrolusite	Mn⁴⁺O₂	Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P4₂/mnm
4.DB.05	Tripuhyite	Fe³⁺Sb⁵⁺O₄	Tet.
4.DB.05	Tugarinovite	MoO₂	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
4.DB.05	Varlamoffite	(Sn,Fe)(O,OH)₂
4.DB.10	Byströmite	MgSb₂O₆	Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P4/nmm
4.DB.10	Tapiolite-(Fe)	Fe²⁺Ta₂O₆	Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P4₂/mnm
4.DB.10	Tapiolite-(Mn)	Mn²⁺Ta₂O₆	Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P4₂/mnm
4.DB.10	Ordoñezite	ZnSb₂O₆	Tet.
4.DB.15b	Akhtenskite	ε-Mn⁴⁺O₂	Hex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P6₃/mmc
4.DB.15c	Nsutite	(Mn⁴⁺,Mn²⁺)(O,OH)₂	Hex.
4.DB.15a	Paramontroseite	V⁴⁺O₂	Orth.
4.DB.15a	Ramsdellite	Mn⁴⁺O₂	Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m)
4.DB.20	Scrutinyite	α-PbO₂	Orth.
4.DB.25	Ishikawaite	U⁴⁺Fe²⁺Nb₂O₈	Mon.
4.DB.25	Ixiolite	(Ta,Nb,Sn,Fe,Mn)₄O₈	Orth.
4.DB.25	Samarskite-(Y)	YFe³⁺Nb₂O₈	Mon. 2/m : P2/b
4.DB.25	Srilankite	ZrTi₂O₆	Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pbcn
4.DB.25	Yttrocolumbite-(Y)	Y(U⁴⁺,Fe²⁺)Nb₂O₈
4.DB.25	Calciosamarskite	(Ca,Fe³⁺,Y)₂(Nb,Ta,Ti)₂O₈	Mon.
4.DB.25	Samarskite-(Yb)	(Yb,Y,U,Th,Ca,Fe)(Nb,Ta)₂O₈	Mon. 2/m : P2/b
4.DB.30	Ferberite	FeWO₄	Mon. 2/m : P2/b
4.DB.30	Hübnerite	MnWO₄	Mon. 2/m : P2/b
4.DB.30	Sanmartinite	(Zn,Fe)WO₄	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
4.DB.30	Krasnoselskite	CoWO₄	Mon.
4.DB.30	Heftetjernite	ScTaO₄	Mon. 2/m
4.DB.30	Huanzalaite	MgWO₄	Mon. 2/m : P2/b
4.DB.35	Columbite-(Fe)	Fe²⁺Nb₂O₆	Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pbcn
4.DB.35	Tantalite-(Fe)	Fe²⁺Ta₂O₆	Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pbcn
4.DB.35	Columbite-(Mn)	Mn²⁺Nb₂O₆	Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pbcn
4.DB.35	Tantalite-(Mn)	Mn²⁺Ta₂O₆	Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pbcn
4.DB.35	Columbite-(Mg)	(Mg,Fe,Mn)(Nb,Ta)₂O₆	Orth.
4.DB.35	Qitianlingite	(Fe,Mn)₂(Nb,Ta)₂WO₁₀	Orth.
4.DB.35	Magnocolumbite	(Mg,Fe,Mn)(Nb,Ta)₂O₆
4.DB.35	Tantalite-(Mg)	(Mg,Fe²⁺)(Ta,Nb)₂O₆	Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m)
4.DB.40	Ferrowodginite	Fe²⁺Sn⁴⁺Ta₂O₈	Mon.
4.DB.40	Lithiotantite	LiTa₃O₈	Mon.
4.DB.40	Lithiowodginite	LiTa₃O₈	Mon.
4.DB.40	Titanowodginite	Mn²⁺TiTa₂O₈	Mon.
4.DB.40	Wodginite	Mn²⁺Sn⁴⁺Ta₂O₈	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
4.DB.40	Ferrotitanowodginite	Fe²⁺TiTa₂O₈	Mon.
4.DB.40	Wolframowodginite	Mn(Mn,Sn,Fe,Ta)(W,Ta,Nb)₂O₈
4.DB.45	Tivanite	V³⁺TiO₃(OH)	Mon.
4.DB.50	Carmichaelite	(Ti,Cr,Fe)[O_2-x(OH)_x]	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
4.DB.55	Alumotantite	AlTaO₄	Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pbcn
4.DB.60	Biehlite	((Sb,As)O)₂[MoO₄]	Mon.

Related Minerals - Dana Grouping (8th Ed.)Hide

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4.4.1.2	Ilmenorutile		Tet.
4.4.1.3	Strüverite	(Ti,Ta,Fe)O₂
4.4.1.4	Pyrolusite	Mn⁴⁺O₂	Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P4₂/mnm
4.4.1.5	Cassiterite	SnO₂	Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P4₂/mnm
4.4.1.6	Plattnerite	PbO₂	Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P4₂/mnm
4.4.1.7	Argutite	GeO₂	Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P4₂/mnm
4.4.1.9	Stishovite	SiO₂	Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P4₂/mnm

Related Minerals - Hey's Chemical Index of Minerals Grouping Hide

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7.9.1	Hongquiite	TiO
7.9.3	Anatase	TiO₂	Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I4₁/amd
7.9.4	Brookite	TiO₂	Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m)
7.9.5	Geikielite	MgTiO₃	Trig. 3 : R3
7.9.6	Perovskite	CaTiO₃	Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnma
7.9.7	Kassite	CaTi₂O₄(OH)₂	Orth.
7.9.8	Tausonite	SrTiO₃	Iso. 4 3m
7.9.9	Crichtonite	Sr(Mn,Y,U)Fe₂(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)₁₈(O,OH)₃₈	Trig. 3 : R3
7.9.10	Lucasite-(Ce)	CeTi₂(O,OH)₆	Mon.
7.9.11	Hibonite	CaAl₁₂O₁₉	Hex.
7.9.12	Yttrocrasite-(Y)	(Y,Th,Ca,U)(Ti,Fe)₂(O,OH)₆	Amor.
7.9.13	Pyrophanite	Mn²⁺TiO₃	Trig. 3 : R3
7.9.14	Jacobsite-Q	Mn²⁺(Fe³⁺,Mn³⁺)₂O₄	Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I4₁/amd
7.9.15	Ilmenite	Fe²⁺TiO₃	Trig. 3 : R3
7.9.16	Pseudobrookite	Fe₂TiO₅	Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m)
7.9.17	Ulvöspinel	TiFe₂O₄	Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m
7.9.18	Pseudorutile	Fe₂Ti₃O₉	Hex.
7.9.19	Freudenbergite	Na₂(Ti,Fe)₈O₁₆	Mon.
7.9.20	Kennedyite	(Fe,Mg)₂TiO₅
7.9.21	Armalcolite	(Mg,Fe²⁺)Ti₂O₅	Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m)
7.9.22	Högbomite	(Mg,Fe)₂(Al,Ti)₅O₁₀	Hex.
7.9.23	Qandilite	(Mg,Fe³⁺)₂(Ti,Fe³⁺,Al)O₄	Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m
7.9.24	Cafetite	CaTi₂O₅ · H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
7.9.25	Loveringite	(Ca,Ce,La)(Zr,Fe)(Mg,Fe)₂(Ti,Fe,Cr,Al)₁₈O₃₈	Trig.
7.9.26	Lindsleyite	(Ba,Sr)(Zr,Ca)(Fe,Mg)₂(Ti,Cr,Fe)₁₈O₃₈	Trig.
7.9.27	Priderite	K(Ti⁴⁺₇Fe³⁺)O₁₆	Tet.
7.9.28	Jeppeite	(K,Ba)₂(Ti,Fe)₆O₁₃	Mon.
7.9.29	Ankangite	Ba(Ti,V³⁺,Cr)₈O₁₆	Tet. 4/m : I4/m
7.9.30	Ecandrewsite	(Zn,Fe²⁺,Mn²⁺)TiO₃	Trig. 3 : R3
7.9.31	Landauite	NaMnZn₂(Ti,Fe)₆Ti₁₂O₃₈	Trig. 3 : R3

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Health Risks:

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Rutile in petrologyHide

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An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.

References for RutileHide

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Reference List:

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Born, I. von (1772) Lithophylacium Bornianum, seu Index Fossilium. Vol. I: 34 [as Basaltes crystallisatus ruber, cited in Papp 2004]

Delamétherie, J.C. (1795) Théorie de la Terre. Paris 1795, Tome 2, p. 402-403 (2nd ed. 1797: 2: 333)[as sagenite]

Romé de Lisle, J. B. L. (1783) Cristallographie, ou description des formes propres à tous les corps de règne minéral. 2nd edition. Paris: L`impr. de Monsieur. Vol 2:421-422 [as schorl rouge ou purpre]

Haüy, H. J. (1801) Traité de minéralogie, 1.ed. Paris: Courcuier [as titane oxydé].

Lampadius, W. A. (1800) Noch ein Paar Bemertungen über den Uran- und Titangehalt einiger Fossilien. Der rothe schörl (Rutil, nach herrn Bergrath Werner), in Sammlung practisch-chemischer Abhandlungen und vermischter Bemerkungen, Volume 3, Walther Dresden

Ludwig, C. F. (1803) Rutil, in Handbuch der Mineralogie nach A. G. Werner, Volume 1 Siegfried Lebrécht Crusius Leipzig: 305-306

Miller (1840) Phil. Mag.: 17: 268.

Hidden, W.E. (1888) On edisonite, a fourth form of titanic acid. American Journal of Science: 36: 272.

Prior, G.T., Zambonini, F.Dr. (1908) On Strüverite and Its Relation to Ilmenorutile. Mineralogical Magazine: 15: 78-89.

Lacroix (1912) Bull. soc. min.: 35: 185.

Ungemach (1916) Bull. soc. min.: 39: 5.

Gliszczynski, S. (1940) Die struktur-geometrische Deutung der Rutil-, Anatas- und Brookitzwillinge. Zentralblatt für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie. Abt. A.: Mineralogie und Petrographie: 9: 181.

Palache, C., Berman, H., Frondel, C. (1944) The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana Yale University 1837-1892, Volume I: Elements, Sulfides, Sulfosalts, Oxides. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York. 7th edition, revised and enlarged: 554-561.

Meagher, E.P., Lager, G.A. (1979) Polyhedral thermal expansion in the TiO2 polymorphs; refinement of the crystal structures of rutile and brookite at high temperature. The Canadian Mineralogist: 17: 77-85.

Foord, E.E., Chirnside, W., Davis, A.M., Lichte, F.E., Esposito, K.J. (1995) A new U–Ti–Ca–HREE hydrated oxide and associated niobian rutile from Topaz Valley, Utah. Mineralogical Record: 26: 122-128.

Smith, D.C., Perseil, E.-A. (1997) Sb-rich rutile in the manganese concentrations at St. Marcel-Praborna, Aosta Valley, Italy: petrology and crystal-chemistry. Mineralogical Magazine: 61: 655-669.

Maldener, J., Rauch, F., Gavranic, M., Beran, A. (2001) OH absorption coefficients of rutile and cassiterite deduced from nuclear reaction analysis and FTIR spectroscopy. Mineralogy and Petrology: 71: 21-29.

Withers, A.C., Essene, E.J., Zhang, Y. (2003) Rutile/TiO2 II phase equilibria. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology: 145: 199-204.

Papp, G. (2004) History of minerals, rocks and fossil resins discovered in the Carpathian Region. Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest: 2004, p. 95-96

Bauer, W.H. (2007) The rutile type and its derivatives. Crystallography Reviews: 13: 65-113.

Papp, G., (2007) On the type locality of rutile (review of contemporary data about the occurrence of the “Hungarian red schorl”). In: Jancsy, P. (Ed.), Prvenstvá nerastnej ríše Slovenska — The unique minerals of Slovakia. Slovenské banské múzeum, Banská Štiavnica, pp. 51–55.

Rečnik, A., Stanković, N., Daneu, N. (2015) Topotaxial reactions during the genesis of oriented rutile/hematite intergrowths from Mwinilunga (Zambia). Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology: 169: 19. [http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00410-015-1107-x.pdf]

Nespolo, M. & Souvignier, B. (2015): Structural rationale for the occurrence of the elbow twins in cassiterite and rutile. Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences 110, 157-165.

Emma Hart, Craig Storey, Emilie Bruand, Hans-Peter Schertl, Bruce D. Alexander (2016): Mineral inclusions in rutile: A novel recorder of HP-UHP metamorphism. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 446, 137–148. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X16302072 (open access)]

Internet Links for RutileHide

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Localities for RutileHide

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- This locality has map coordinates listed.

- This locality has estimated coordinates. ⓘ - Click for further information on this occurrence. ? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.

- Good crystals or important locality for species.

- World class for species or very significant. (TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species. (FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties). ~~Struck out~~ - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality. Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (eg from pseudomorphs.)

All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.


Afghanistan
Nangarhar Goshta District Ragha ⓘ Diaspore occurrence	Nicastro, I., Vertriest, W., Renfro, N., Sun, Z., Palke, A., Mattlin, P. (2020) Purplish pink diaspore reportedly from Afghanistan. Gems & Gemology 56 (2), 298-301. [https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-2020-gemnews-purplish-pink-diaspore-reportedly-from-afghanistan]

Algeria
Adrar Province Zaouiet Kounta District In Zghmir ⓘ Adrar 003 meteorite	Lee, M.R., Russell, S.S., Arden, J.W., & Pillinger, C.T. (1995) Nierite (Si3N4), a new mineral from ordinary and enstatite chondrites. Meteoritics 30 (4): 387-397. (July 1995).
In Salah Province In Salah District Foggaret Ezzaouia ⓘ Acfer 094 meteorite	Greshake, A., Bischoff, A. & Putnis, A. (1996). Pure CaO, MgO (Periclase), TiO2 (Rutile), and Al2O3 (Corundum) in Ca,Al-rich Inclusions from Carbonaceous Chondrites. Lunar and Planetary Science, vol. 27, p. 463. (March 1996).
Skikda Province Skikda District ⓘ Filfila	Bouabsa, L., Marignac, C., Chabbi, R., & Cuney, M. (2010). The Filfila (NE Algeria) topaz-bearing granites and their rare metal minerals: Petrologic and metallogenic implications. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 56(2), 107-113.
Tamanghasset Province Ahaggar Mtn (Hoggar Mtn) ⓘ Gour Oumelalen	L. Latouche : "L'orthoferrosilite et les roches associées de la région des Gour Oumeladen (N.E. Ahaggar, Algérie)", Bull. Minéral. , 1983, 106, pp. 329-339.
In Ouzzal ⓘ Khanfous	M. Guiraud, J.R. Kienast, A. Rahmani : "Petrological study of high-temperature granulites from In Ouzal, Algeria : some implications on the phase relationships in the FMASTOCr system", Eur. J. Mineral. , 1996, 8, 1375-1390.
Laouni ⓘ Laouni West intrusion	J.P. Lorand and J.Y. Cottin, Bull. Minéral. , 1987, 110, pp. 373-378.
ⓘ Tin-Amzi granite dome	Kesraoui, M., & Nedjari, S. (2002). Contrasting evolution of low-P rare metal granites from two different terranes in the Hoggar area, Algeria. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 34(3), 247-257.; Kesraoui Mokrane; Marignac Christian; Verkaeren Jean, 2000: Late magmatic evolution of rare earth granites; example of the Tin-Amzi Cupola Ahaggar, Algeria. Bulletin du Service Geologique de l'Algerie 11(2): 195-216

Angola
Cuanza Sul Province Cassongue ⓘ Quartz occurrence	G. Machairas : "Un nouveau gisement de quartz clivé à Cassongue (Angola)", Bull. Soc. Fr. Minéral. Cristallogr. , 1973, 96, 395-397.
Huambo Province Bailundo ⓘ Bailundo	Beleque, A. R. C. (2010). Minerais de ETR no complexo carbonatítico de Bailundo (Mungo, Angola): ocorrência, composição e significado económico.
Londuimbali ⓘ Monte Verde	[var: Ilmenorutile] Amores-Casals, S.; Gonçalves, A.O.; Melgarejo, J.-C.; Molist, J.M. (2020) Nb and REE Distribution in the Monte Verde Carbonatite–Alkaline–Agpaitic Complex (Angola). Minerals 10, 5.
Longonjo ⓘ Mount Chibilundo	Castellano Calvo A, Melgarejo Draper J C, Kamenetsky V, Kamenetsky M (2014) Natrocarbonatite composition of melt inclusions from Bailundo and Longonjo carbonatites (Angola). 21 st meeting of the International Mineralogical Association. p 249
Huíla Province Quilengues ⓘ Mount Bonga	[var: Ilmenorutile] Amores-Casals, S., Melgarejo, J. C., Bambi, A., Gonçalves, A. O., Morais, E. A., Manuel, J., ... & Molist, J. M. (2019). Lamprophyre-Carbonatite Magma Mingling and Subsolidus Processes as Key Controls on Critical Element Concentration in Carbonatites—The Bonga Complex (Angola). Minerals, 9(10), 601.
Lunda Sul Province Catoca kimberlite field ⓘ Catoca Mine	Nikitina, L. P., Marin, Y. B., Skublov, S. G., Korolev, N. M., Saltykova, A. K., Zinchenko, V. N., & Chissupa, H. M. (2012). U-Pb age and geochemistry of zircon from mantle xenoliths of the Katoka and Kat-115 kimberlitic pipes (Republic of Angola). In Doklady Earth Sciences (Vol. 445, No. 1, pp. 840-844). MAIK Nauka/Interperiodica.
Namibe Province Moçâmedes Giraul pegmatite field ⓘ Type IV pegmatites	Gonçalves, A. O., Melgarejo, J. C., Alfonso, P., Amores, S., Paniagua, A., Neto, A. B., ... & Camprubí, A. (2019). The Distribution of Rare Metals in the LCT Pegmatites from the Giraúl Field, Angola. Minerals, 9(10), 580.
Tombwa ⓘ Virulundo	L. Torró, C. Villanova, M. Castillo, M. Campeny, A. O. Gonçalves and J. C. Melgarejo (2012): Niobium and rare earth minerals from the Virulundo carbonatite, Namibe, Angola. Mineralogical Magazine 76, 393-409.

Antarctica
Eastern Antarctica Enderby Land Edward VIII Bay ⓘ Oygarden Islands	Journal of Petrology, 2004, 45 (7), pp. 1481-1512.
ⓘ Napier Complex	http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2003AM/finalprogram/abstract_60995.
Casey Bay Khmara Bay ⓘ Zircon point pegmatite	Grew, E. S. (1981). Surinamite, taafeite and beryllian saphirine from pegmatites in graulite-facies rocks of Casey Bay, Enderby Land, Antarctica. American Mineralogist, 66, 1022-1033
Tula Mountains Amundsen Bay ⓘ Priestley Peak	Sheraton, J. W., & England, R. N. (1980). Highly potassic mafic dykes from Antarctica. Journal of the Geological Society of Australia, 27(1-2), 129-135.
ⓘ Brusilov Nunataks	Grew, E. (1982): Osumilite in the Sapphirine-Quartz terrane of Enderby Land, Antarctica:…., American Mineralogist, Vol. 67, pp. 762-787
ⓘ Dungey Mountain	Grew, E. (1982): Osumilite in the Sapphirine-Quartz terrane of Enderby Land, Antarctica:…., American Mineralogist, Vol. 67, pp. 762-787
ⓘ Gage Ridge	Grew, E. (1982): Osumilite in the Sapphirine-Quartz terrane of Enderby Land, Antarctica:…., American Mineralogist, Vol. 67, pp. 762-787
ⓘ Hardy Mountain	Grew, E. (1982): Osumilite in the Sapphirine-Quartz terrane of Enderby Land, Antarctica:…., American Mineralogist, Vol. 67, pp. 762-787
ⓘ Reference Peak	Grew, E. (1982): Osumilite in the Sapphirine-Quartz terrane of Enderby Land, Antarctica:…., American Mineralogist, Vol. 67, pp. 762-787
Mac Robertson Land ⓘ Rayner Complex	Eur. J. Mineral. , 1991, 3, pp. 367-386.
Princess Elizabeth Land Ingrid Christensen Coast Prydz Bay ⓘ Larsemann Hills (Larseman Hills)	Wadokski, E. R. Grew, E.S. & Yates, M.G. (2011): Compositional evolution of tourmaline-supergroup minerals from granitic pegmatites in the Larsemann Hills, East Antartica. Canadian Mineralogist. 49: 382-405
ⓘ Brattnevet Peninsula	Edward S. Grew, et al (2007) European Journal of Mineralogy, 19, 29-245
ⓘ Seal Cove	C. J. Carson, M. Hand and P. H. G. M. Dirks (1995) Stable coexistence of grandidierite and kornerupine during medium pressure granulite facies metamorphism. Mineralogical Magazine 59:327-339
ⓘ Stornes Peninsula	Amer.Min. (1998) 83, 638-651
Queen Maud Land ⓘ Kjakebeinet and Muren	Luttinen, A. V., Zhang, X., & Foland, K. A. (2002). 159 Ma Kjakebeinet lamproites (Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica) and their implications for Gondwana breakup processes. Geological Magazine, 139(5), 525-539.
ⓘ Steingarden area	Schlüter, J., Estrada, S., Lisker, F., Läufer, A., Kühn, R., Nitzsche, K. N., & Spiegel, C. (2011). First petrographical description of rock occurrences in the Steingarden area, Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica. Polarforschung, 80(3), 161-172.
Victoria Land Allan Hills ⓘ Allan Hills 85085 meteorite (ALH 85085)	Michael K. Weisberg, Marty Prinz & Cherukupalli E. Nehru (1988). ALH85085: A Unique Unequilibrated Chondrite. Abstracts of the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, vol. 19, p. 1257.
ⓘ Allan Hills A77307 meteorite (ALHA77307)	http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2011/pdf/5190.pdf
Queen Alexandra Range ⓘ Queen Alexandra Range 94201 Martian meteorite (QUE 94201)	http://curator.jsc.nasa.gov/antmet/mmc/QUE94201.pdf
Wilkes Land Clark Peninsula ⓘ Wilkes Station ?	AmMin 44:439
Western Antarctica Antarctic Peninsula ⓘ Argentine Islands	Hawkes, Donald D. and Littlefair, Michael J., 1981, An Occurrence of Molybdenum, Copper, and Ion Mineralization in the Argentine Islands, West Antarctica, Economic Geology, v 76, p. 898-904.
Palmer Land Merrick Mountains ⓘ Merrick Mts Copper Deposit	Edited by Rowley, P. D.; Vennum, W. R. (1988) Studies of the geology and mineral resources of the southern Antarctic Peninsula and eastern Ellsworth Land, Antarctica. USGS Professional Paper 1351C
South Shetland Islands King George Island ⓘ Barton Peninsula	Goldschmidt Conference: Journal of Conference Abstracts Volume 5(2), 1090
ⓘ Lampitt Nunatak	Goldring, D. C. (1962). The geology of the Loubet Coast, Graham Land (Vol. 36). British Antarctic Survey. 1-50
ⓘ Orford Cliff Suite	Goldring, D. C. (1962). The geology of the Loubet Coast, Graham Land (Vol. 36). British Antarctic Survey.

Argentina
Buenos Aires Province Tornquist ⓘ Sierra de la Ventana	Info from Juan Carlos Lodovichi.
Catamarca Province Andalgalá Department Andalgalá ⓘ Agua Rica mine (Mi Vida prospect)	Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., and Moring, B.C. (2008): US Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1155.; FRANCHINI, Marta et al. Alterationand mineralization along the central section of the Agua Rica deposit(27º26'S-66º16'O), Catamarca. Rev. Asoc. Geol. Argent. [online]. 2009, vol.64, n.3, pp. 391-408; Econ Geol (1976) 71:849-863
ⓘ Capillitas mining district	Hubert, P., Werner, H., & Dan, T. (2009). A contribution to the knowledge of the mineralization at Mina Capillitas, Catamarca. Revista de la Asociacion Geologica Argentina, 64(3), 514-524.
ⓘ La Rosario mine (La Rosario vein)	PUTZ, Hubert; PAAR, Werner H and TOPA, Dan. A contributionto the knowledge of the mineralization at mina Capillitas, Catamarca. Rev. Asoc. Geol. Argent. [online]. 2009, vol.64, n.3, pp. 514-524.
ⓘ Nueva Esperanza vein	PUTZ, Hubert; PAAR, Werner H and TOPA, Dan. A contributionto the knowledge of the mineralization at mina Capillitas, Catamarca. Rev. Asoc. Geol. Argent. [online]. 2009, vol.64, n.3, pp. 514-524.
Antofagasta de la Sierra Department ⓘ Salar del Hombre Muerto	C. R. Cortelezzi y R. A. Argañaraz (1981). Estudio de los minerales de tantalio-niobio del Salar del Hombre Muerto, provincia de Catamarca. 8° Congreso Geológico Argentino, 4: 293-302.
Belén Department Corral Quemado Papachacra ⓘ Papachacra pegmatites	Rocks & Min. (2007) 82:234-235
Sierra de Ancasti El Portezuelo ⓘ El Portezuelo Granite	COLOMBO, Fernando; LIRA, Raúl and PANNUNZIO MINER, Elisa V.. Mineralogical Characterization Of Topaz From Miarolitic Pegmatites And W-Bearing Greisen In The A-Type El Portezuelo Granite, Papachacra (Catamarca Province). Rev. Asoc. Geol. Argent. [online]. 2009, vol.64, n.2, pp. 194-200; Colombo, F., Lira, R., Simmons, W., & Falster, A. (2011). The NYF-type miarolitic-rare earth elements pegmatites of the El Portezuelo granite, Papachacra (Catamarca, NW Argentina). Asoc. Geol. Arg., Serie D, Publicación Especial, 14, 57-59.
Córdoba Province Punilla Department San Roque District Tanti Cerro Blanco pegmatite district ⓘ El Criollo Mine	Mr. Nelson Valenzuela.
ⓘ SD-2 Pegmatite (Sara Dos)	Colombo, F. y Lira, R. (2006) Geología y mineralogía de algunas pegmatitas del borde oriental del distrito Punilla, Córdoba. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina 61:
Jujuy Province Cochinoca Department Abdón Castro Tolay ⓘ Santa Ana

Rutile

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