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Po Plain, Italy i
Regional Level Types
Po Plain Plains
Italy - not defined -

Regional Level Types
Po Plain	Plains
Italy	- not defined -

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Predictive Mineralogy Search Google Type Localities in Region

Searching for gold along the Cervo stream

Cervo stream gold alluvials, Biella Province, Piedmont, Italy

Searching for gold along the stream

Cervo stream gold alluvials, Biella Province, Piedmont, Italy

Searching for gold along the Cervo stream

Cervo stream gold alluvials, Biella Province, Piedmont, Italy

Searching for gold along the Cervo stream

Cervo stream gold alluvials, Biella Province, Piedmont, Italy

Searching for gold along the stream

Cervo stream gold alluvials, Biella Province, Piedmont, Italy

Searching for gold along the Cervo stream

Cervo stream gold alluvials, Biella Province, Piedmont, Italy

Searching for gold along the Cervo stream

Cervo stream gold alluvials, Biella Province, Piedmont, Italy

Searching for gold along the stream

Cervo stream gold alluvials, Biella Province, Piedmont, Italy

Locality type:

Plains

Largest Settlements:

Place	Population
Milan	1,236,837 (2017)
Turin	870,456 (2017)
Bologna	366,133 (2016)
Brescia	184,826 (2017)
Modena	158,886 (2018)
Parma	146,299 (2017)

Museums in region:

Collezione di Mineralogia "Museo Luigi Bombicci" (Bologna)

Museo di Storia Naturale di Milano (Milan)

Other/historical names associated with this locality:

Po Valley (used improperly for Po Plain - see note)

Other Languages:

French:

Plaine du Pô, Italie

German:

Po-Ebene, Italien

Italian:

Pianura Padana (Val Padana), Italia

Russian:

Паданская низменность (Паданская равнина), Италия

Spanish:

Llanura Padana, Italia

The Po Plain (Italian: Pianura Padana or Val Padana) is a major geographical feature of Northern Italy, located between the Alps and the Apennines. It was the foreland basin of the Northern Apennines and of the Southern Alps during the Paleogene. The River Po, the longest water course of Italy (652 km) with a 74,970 km² wide catchment, flows eastward within a completely embanked meandering course, from the western Alps to the Adriatic Sea. To the south, also the flatland of Emilia-Romagna in which flow the rivers Reno, Lamone, and Savio is often considerd as part of the Po Plain.

Some geographers considered as part of the Po Plain also the Venetian Plain, or Venetian-Friulan Plain; although the flatlands of Veneto and Friuli do not drain into the Po, they effectively combine into an unbroken plain, making it the largest in Southern Europe.

Geo-political definitions of the valley depend on the defining authority. The Po Basin Water Board (Italian: Autorità di Bacino del Fiume Po), authorized in 1989 by Law no. 183/89 to oversee "protection of lands, water rehabilitation, the use and management of hydro resources for the national economic and social development, and protection of the related environment" within the Po basin, has authority in several administrative regions of northern Italy, including the plain north of the Adriatic and the territory south of the lower Po. The law defines the Po basin as "the territory from which rainwater or snow and glacier melt flows on the surface, gathers in streams of water either directly or via tributaries...". The United Nations Environment Program includes the Alps and Apennines as far as the sources of the tributaries of the Po but excludes Veneto and that portion of Emilia-Romagna south of the lower Po; that is, it includes the region drained by the Po and its tributaries only. The Po's major affluents include the Tanaro, Scrivia, Trebbia, Panaro, and Secchia in the south, Dora Riparia, Dora Baltea, Sesia, Ticino (draining Lake Maggiore), Lambro, Adda (draining Lake Como), Oglio (draining Lake Iseo) and Mincio (draining Lake Garda and called Sarca in its upper reaches) in the north.

Five physiographic units can be distinguished in the Po Plain.
(1) Holocene deposits in the central sector of the plain constitute the Holocene Floodplain unit, formed by aggradation of the River Po and its right tributaries.
(2) A less extensive surface is located near the Apennine boundary of the Po Plain. It is made up of a system of coalescent fluvial fans developing at the Apennine foothills, the so-called Late Pleistocene bajada unit, related to the great amount of sediments produced during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM).
(3) In the northern part of the Po Plain, adjacent to the glacial amphitheatres, the Main Level of the Plain unit has been identified (Marchetti, 2002). It consists of a complex of alluvial fans with their apex located on the Alpine foothill, coeval with the Late Pleistocene bajada unit, slightly inclined towards the River Po, made up of fluvioglacial and fluvial sediments. The latter were emplaced during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), when rivers flowing from the Alps carried more water and sediment than today. At present, the Alpine rivers flow in deep entrenched valleys carved into this unit because of an intense erosional phase occurring during the Lateglacial. The southern boundary of the Main Level of the Plain is constituted by an escarpment resulting from fluvial erosion, due to the northward migration of the River Po during the Holocene.
(4) At the margin of the Alps and Apennines, a series of fluvioglacial and fluvial terraces have been included in the old terraces unit. These terraces have rubified soils and polygenetic loess covers, which constitute the remnants of the ancient Po Plain surface, prior to the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), they were isolated by intense erosional phases resulting from deglaciation.
(5) At the foothills of the Alps, the glacial amphitheatres unit is found. This physiographic unit includes moraines and valleys scoured by glaciers during the Pleistocene.

The Po Plain subsurface framework is the result of a Mesozoic extensional tectonic phase, developed in the western Tethys realm, followed mainly by Tertiary collisional tectonic phases. Sedimentation started during the Lower Triassic with continental to paralic siliciclastics, followed by a Middle Triassic carbonate depositional system, articulated in platforms and intraplatform basins filled with mixed siliciclasticics and carbonate sediments. The Upper Triassic-Jurassic extensional phases caused the maximum deepening and widening of the N-S-trending pelagic basins (Bertotti et al., 1993; Sarti et al., 1993). During the Alpine orogenic phases, which began at the end of the Cretaceous, the Po Plain represented the foreland of the Southern Alps. Since then the foreland dipped northward and was progressively involved in S-verging compressional structures. The deformation involved the Mesozoic carbonates and the overlying syntectonic Tertiary siliciclastics. During the Pliocene and Quaternary, after the last Southalpine tectonic phase, the area was involved only in the Appennines deformation, which produced the southward dipping of the entire foreland (Pierri & Groppi, 1981, and other authors).

Note: Po Plain (Italian: Pianura Padana or Val Padana) should not be confused with Po Valley (Italian: Valle Po), the valley of the Cottian Alps where the River Po has its source. Unfortunately, the name Po Valley as a synonym for Po Plain is improperly used by the English Wikipedia and some other websites.

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Commodity List

This is a list of exploitable or exploited mineral commodities recorded from this region.

Mineral List

Mineral list contains entries from the region specified including sub-localities

ⓘ 'Clinopyroxene Subgroup'

ⓘ 'Fayalite-Forsterite Series'

ⓘ 'Low-calcium pyroxene'

ⓘ Magnesiocarpholite

ⓘ 'Magnesite-Siderite Series'

ⓘ Magnetite

ⓘ 'Maskelynite'

ⓘ 'Melilite Group'

ⓘ Merrillite (TL)

ⓘ 'Orthopyroxene Subgroup'

ⓘ 'Serpentine Subgroup'

ⓘ 'Tetrahedrite Subgroup'

ⓘ var. Magnesiowüstite

ⓘ Zircon

78 valid minerals. 4 (TL) - type locality of valid minerals. 1 erroneous literature entry.

Rock Types Recorded

Note: data is currently VERY limited. Please bear with us while we work towards adding this information!

Rock list contains entries from the region specified including sub-localities

Select Rock List Type

Alphabetical List Tree Diagram

Detailed Mineral List:

ⓘ Akaganeite

Formula: (Fe³⁺,Ni²⁺)₈(OH,O)₁₆Cl_1.25 · nH₂O

Locality: Barbianello meteorite, Barbianello, Pavia Province, Lombardy, Italy

Reference: Fioretti, A.M., Zipfel, J. (2004) Barbianello: An ungrouped nickel-rich iron meteorite found in Italy. Meteoritics and Planetary Science, 39, Issue S8, A143-149.

ⓘ Albite

Formula: Na(AlSi₃O₈)

Localities:

Monte Bruno (Madonna di Monte Bruno; Montebruno), Garzigliana, Metropolitan City of Turin, Piedmont, Italy
Molar (Cascina Molar), Bricherasio, Metropolitan City of Turin, Piedmont, Italy
Rocca di Cavour, Cavour, Metropolitan City of Turin, Piedmont, Italy
Borgo San Donino meteorite (Borgo San Donnino meteorite), Fidenza, Parma Province, Emilia-Romagna, Italy

Reference: Gioda, A., and Maraga, F. (1978) Morfologia sepolta del substrato roccioso Dora Maira e modello fluviale del torrente Pellice al suo sbocco in pianura (Piemonte). Atti del Convegno di geosismica a piccola profondità per la ricerca e l’ingegneria civile (Milano, 25 maggio 1978), 1-13.

ⓘ Albite var. Oligoclase

Formula: (Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si₂O₈]

Locality: Rocca di Cavour, Cavour, Metropolitan City of Turin, Piedmont, Italy

Reference: Colomba, L. (1904) Osservazioni petrografiche e mineralogiche sulla Rocca di Cavour. Atti della R. Accademia delle Scienze di Torino, 39 (1903-904), 829-838.

ⓘ Allabogdanite

Formula: (Fe,Ni)₂P

Locality: Barbianello meteorite, Barbianello, Pavia Province, Lombardy, Italy

Reference: Britvin, S.N., Shilovskikh, V.V., Pagano, R., Vlasenko, N.S., Zaitsev, A.N., Krzhizhanovskaya, M.G., Lozhkin, M.S., Zolotarev, A.A., Gurzhiy, V.V. (2019): Allabogdanite, the high-pressure polymorph of (Fe,Ni)2P, a stishovite-grade indicator of impact processes in the Fe–Ni–P system. Scientific Reports, 9, 1047; https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-37795-x ; Britvin, S. N., Shilovskikh, V. V., Pagano, R., Vlasenko, N. S., Zaitsev, A. N., Krzhizhanovskaya, M. G., ... & Gurzhiy, V. V. (2019). Allabogdanite, the high-pressure polymorph of (Fe, Ni) 2 p, a stishovite-grade indicator of impact processes in the Fe–Ni–p system. Scientific reports, 9(1), 1047.

Anatase, etc.

Rocca di Cavour, Cavour, Metropolitan City of Turin, Piedmont, Italy

ⓘ Anatase

Formula: TiO₂

Locality: Rocca di Cavour, Cavour, Metropolitan City of Turin, Piedmont, Italy

Reference: Piccoli, G.C., Maletto, G., Bosio, P., and Lombardo, B. (2007) Minerali del Piemonte e della Valle d'Aosta. Associazione Amici del Museo "F. Eusebio" di Alba, L'Artigiana Srl - Azienda Grafica, Alba (Cuneo), 607 pp.

ⓘ Andradite

Formula: Ca₃Fe³⁺₂(SiO₄)₃

Locality: Vigarano meteorite (Cariani; Ferrara; Mainardi; Morandi; Parish; Pieve; Vigarano Mainarda; Vigarano Pieve; Vigarno; Vigarvano; Vigavano [NHM cat.]), Vigarano Pieve, Vigarano Mainarda, Ferrara Province, Emilia-Romagna, Italy

Reference: Cosarinsky, M., Leshin, L.A., MacPherson, G.J., and Guan, Y. (2001) Fine-grained rims around calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions in the Vigarano and Allende CV chondrites: Petrography and oxygen isotopic composition. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 36, Supplement, page A44-A45.

ⓘ Anorthite

Formula: Ca(Al₂Si₂O₈)

Reference: Mason, B. (1971) The carbonaceous chondrites — a selective review. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 6, 2, 59-70; Sylvester, P.J., Simon, S.B., and Grossman, L. (1993) Refractory inclusions from the Leoville, Efremovka, and Vigarano C3V chondrites: Major element differences between Types A and B, and extraordinary refractory siderophile element compositions. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 57, 15, 3763-3784; Krot, A.N., Hutcheon, I. D., and Keil, K. (2002) Plagioclase-rich chondrules in the reduced CV chondrites: Evidence for complex formation history and genetic links between calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions and ferromagnesian chondrules. Meteoritics & Planetary Science 37, 2, 155-182.

ⓘ 'Apatite'

Formula: Ca₅(PO₄)₃(Cl/F/OH)

Localities:

Vigarano meteorite (Cariani; Ferrara; Mainardi; Morandi; Parish; Pieve; Vigarano Mainarda; Vigarano Pieve; Vigarno; Vigarvano; Vigavano [NHM cat.]), Vigarano Pieve, Vigarano Mainarda, Ferrara Province, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
Alfianello meteorite, Alfianello, Brescia Province, Lombardy, Italy

ⓘ Arsenopyrite

Formula: FeAsS

Locality: Casario - Bric delle Piombere, Casario, Priola, Cuneo Province, Piedmont, Italy

Reference: Jervis G. (1873): I tesori sotterranei dell'Italia. Vol. 1: Regioni delle Alpi. Ed. Loescher, Torino, 410 pp.; Rossetti P., Ferrero S. (2008): The Zn–Pb deposits of Casario (Ligurian Alps, NW Italy): late Palaeozoic sedimentary–exhalative bodies affected by the alpine metamorphism. Geodinamica Acta, 21,117-137.

Augite, etc.

Vigarano meteorite, Vigarano Pieve, Vigarano Mainarda, Ferrara Province, Emilia-Romagna, Italy

ⓘ Augite

Formula: (Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆

Localities:

Vigarano meteorite (Cariani; Ferrara; Mainardi; Morandi; Parish; Pieve; Vigarano Mainarda; Vigarano Pieve; Vigarno; Vigarvano; Vigavano [NHM cat.]), Vigarano Pieve, Vigarano Mainarda, Ferrara Province, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
Renazzo meteorite, Renazzo, Cento, Ferrara Province, Emilia-Romagna, Italy

Reference: Rosati, A. (1910a) Studio microscopico della meteorite caduta a Vigarano Pieve, presso Ferrara, il 22 gennaio 1910. Atti della Reale Accademia dei Lincei, serie 5, Rendiconti, 19, 1° semestre, 841-846; Rosati, A. (1910b) Studio microscopico di una seconda meteorite trovata a Vigarano Pieve, presso Ferrara, nel febbraio 1910. Atti della Reale Accademia dei Lincei, serie 5, Rendiconti, 19, 2° semestre, 25-27; Sylvester, P.J., Simon, S.B., and Grossman, L. (1993) Refractory inclusions from the Leoville, Efremovka, and Vigarano C3V chondrites: Major element differences between Types A and B, and extraordinary refractory siderophile element compositions. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 57, 15, 3763-3784; Krot, A.N., Hutcheon, I. D., and Keil, K. (2002) Plagioclase-rich chondrules in the reduced CV chondrites: Evidence for complex formation history and genetic links between calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions and ferromagnesian chondrules. Meteoritics & Planetary Science 37, 2, 155-182.

ⓘ Augite var. Fassaite

Formula: (Ca,Na)(Mg,Fe²⁺,Al,Fe³⁺,Ti)[(Si,Al)₂O₆]

Localities:

Vigarano meteorite (Cariani; Ferrara; Mainardi; Morandi; Parish; Pieve; Vigarano Mainarda; Vigarano Pieve; Vigarno; Vigarvano; Vigavano [NHM cat.]), Vigarano Pieve, Vigarano Mainarda, Ferrara Province, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
Renazzo meteorite, Renazzo, Cento, Ferrara Province, Emilia-Romagna, Italy

Reference: Sylvester, P.J., Simon, S.B., and Grossman, L. (1993) Refractory inclusions from the Leoville, Efremovka, and Vigarano C3V chondrites: Major element differences between Types A and B, and extraordinary refractory siderophile element compositions. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 57, 15, 3763-3784.

ⓘ Awaruite

Formula: Ni₃Fe

Locality: Barbianello meteorite, Barbianello, Pavia Province, Lombardy, Italy

Reference: Fioretti, A.M., Zipfel, J. (2004) Barbianello: An ungrouped nickel-rich iron meteorite found in Italy. Meteoritics and Planetary Science, 39, Issue S8, A143-149.

ⓘ 'Biotite'

Formula: K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂ or Simplified: K(Mg,Fe)₃AlSi₃O₁₀(OH)₂

Localities:

Molar (Cascina Molar), Bricherasio, Metropolitan City of Turin, Piedmont, Italy
Rocca di Cavour, Cavour, Metropolitan City of Turin, Piedmont, Italy

ⓘ Boulangerite

Formula: Pb₅Sb₄S₁₁

Locality: Casario - Bric delle Piombere, Casario, Priola, Cuneo Province, Piedmont, Italy

Reference: Jervis G. (1873): I tesori sotterranei dell'Italia. Vol. 1: Regioni delle Alpi. Ed. Loescher, Torino, 410 pp.; Piccoli G.C., Maletto G., Bosio P., Lombardo B. (2007): Minerali del Piemonte e della Valle d'Aosta. Associazione Amici del Museo "F. Eusebio" di Alba, Ed., Alba (Cuneo), 607 pp.

Calcite

Tavasca, Carpaneto, Piacenza Province, Emilia-Romagna, Italy

ⓘ Calcite

Formula: CaCO₃

Localities:

Casario - Bric delle Piombere, Casario, Priola, Cuneo Province, Piedmont, Italy
Vigarano meteorite (Cariani; Ferrara; Mainardi; Morandi; Parish; Pieve; Vigarano Mainarda; Vigarano Pieve; Vigarno; Vigarvano; Vigavano [NHM cat.]), Vigarano Pieve, Vigarano Mainarda, Ferrara Province, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
Renazzo meteorite, Renazzo, Cento, Ferrara Province, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
Tavasca, Carpaneto, Piacenza Province, Emilia-Romagna, Italy

Reference: Rossetti P., Ferrero S. (2008): The Zn–Pb deposits of Casario (Ligurian Alps, NW Italy): late Palaeozoic sedimentary–exhalative bodies affected by the alpine metamorphism. Geodinamica Acta, 21, 117-137.

ⓘ Cerussite

Formula: PbCO₃

Locality: Casario - Bric delle Piombere, Casario, Priola, Cuneo Province, Piedmont, Italy

Reference: Piccoli G.C. (2002): Minerali delle Alpi Marittime e Cozie. Provincia di Cuneo. Amici del Museo "F. Eusebio" di Alba, Ed., Alba, 366 pp.; Piccoli G. C., Maletto G., Bosio P., Lombardo B. (2007): Minerali del Piemonte e della Valle d'Aosta. Associazione Amici del Museo "F. Eusebio" di Alba, Ed., Alba, 607 pp.

ⓘ Chalcopyrite

Formula: CuFeS₂

Locality: Casario - Bric delle Piombere, Casario, Priola, Cuneo Province, Piedmont, Italy

ⓘ 'Chlorite Group'

Localities:

Molar (Cascina Molar), Bricherasio, Metropolitan City of Turin, Piedmont, Italy
Casario - Bric delle Piombere, Casario, Priola, Cuneo Province, Piedmont, Italy

ⓘ Chloritoid

Formula: (Fe²⁺,Mg,Mn²⁺)Al₂(SiO₄)O(OH)₂

Locality: Casario - Bric delle Piombere, Casario, Priola, Cuneo Province, Piedmont, Italy

ⓘ Chromite

Formula: Fe²⁺Cr³⁺₂O₄

Localities: Reported from at least 8 localities in this region.

Reference: Baldanza, B., Levi-Donati, G.R., and Lewis, C.F. (1970) The Borgo San Donino meteorite: mineralogy and chemistry. Meteoritics, 5, 3 (September 30), 137-148.

ⓘ Clinoenstatite

Formula: MgSiO₃

Localities:

Vigarano meteorite (Cariani; Ferrara; Mainardi; Morandi; Parish; Pieve; Vigarano Mainarda; Vigarano Pieve; Vigarno; Vigarvano; Vigavano [NHM cat.]), Vigarano Pieve, Vigarano Mainarda, Ferrara Province, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
Renazzo meteorite, Renazzo, Cento, Ferrara Province, Emilia-Romagna, Italy

Reference: Abreau, N. M., Brearley, A. J. (2011) Deciphering the nebular and asteroidal record in silicates and organic material in the matrix of the reduced CV3 chondrite Vigarano. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 46, 2 (Feb. 2011), 252-274.

ⓘ 'Clinopyroxene Subgroup'

Locality: Trenzano meteorite, Trenzano, Brescia Province, Lombardy, Italy

Description: Low-Ca Clinopyroxene is present.

Reference: Fioretti, A. M., Domeneghetti, M. C., Molin, G., Cámara, F., Alvaro, M. & Agostini, L. (2007) Reclassification and thermal history of Trenzano chondrite: Meteoritics & Planetary Science 42(12):2055-2066. (Dec 2007).

ⓘ Copper

Formula: Cu

Localities:

Alfianello meteorite, Alfianello, Brescia Province, Lombardy, Italy
Albareto meteorite, Albareto, Modena, Modena Province, Emilia-Romagna, Italy

Reference: Ramdohr, P. (1973) The Opaque Minerals in Stony Meteorites. Elsevier Publishing Company: Amsterdam; London: New York. 245 pages.

ⓘ Corundum

Formula: Al₂O₃

ⓘ Cristobalite

Formula: SiO₂

Locality: Renazzo meteorite, Renazzo, Cento, Ferrara Province, Emilia-Romagna, Italy

Reference: Zanda, B., Bourot-Denise, M., and Perron, C. (1991) Cr, P and Si in the metal of Renazzo. Abstracts of the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, 22, 1543-1544.

ⓘ Daubréelite ?

Formula: Fe²⁺Cr³⁺₂S₄

Locality: Renazzo meteorite, Renazzo, Cento, Ferrara Province, Emilia-Romagna, Italy

Reference: Zanda, B., Bourot-Denise, M., and Perron, C. (1991) Cr, P and Si in the metal of Renazzo. Abstracts of the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, 22, 1543-1544.

ⓘ Davisite

Formula: CaScAlSiO₆

Reference: Ma, C., Krot, A.N., Beckett, J.R., Nagashima, K. and Tschauner, O. (2015) Discovery of warkite, Ca2Sc6Al6O20, a new Sc-rich ultra-refractory mineral in Murchinson and Vigarano. 78th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society, volume 50, paper id. 5025; Ma, C., Yoshizaki, T., Krot, A.N., Beckett, J.R., Nakamura, T., Nagashima, K., Muto, J., and Ivanova, M.A. (2017) Discovery of rubinite, Ca3Ti3+2Si3O12, a new garnet mineral in refractory inclusions from carbonaceous chondrites. 80th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society (LPI Contrib. No. 1987), paper id. 6023.

ⓘ Diamond

Formula: C

Reference: Fisenko, A.V., and Semenova, L.F. (1999) On the selection of chondrites for studying interstellar diamond. Geochemistry International, 37, 10, 952-960; Abreau, N.M., and Brearley, A.J. (2005) Carbonates in Vigarano: Terrestrial, preterrestrial, or both? Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 40, 4, 609-625.

ⓘ Diopside

Formula: CaMgSi₂O₆

Localities:

Vigarano meteorite (Cariani; Ferrara; Mainardi; Morandi; Parish; Pieve; Vigarano Mainarda; Vigarano Pieve; Vigarno; Vigarvano; Vigavano [NHM cat.]), Vigarano Pieve, Vigarano Mainarda, Ferrara Province, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
Renazzo meteorite, Renazzo, Cento, Ferrara Province, Emilia-Romagna, Italy

Reference: Reid, A. M., Williams, R. J., Gibson Jr, E. K., and Fredriksson, K. (1974) A refractory glass chondrule in the Vigarano chondrite. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 9, 1 (March 1974), 35–45; MacPherson, G.J., and Davis, A.M. (1990) A petrologic and ion microprobe study of a Vigarano Type B2 refractory inclusion: Evolution by multistage melting and recrystallization following alteration. Meteoritics, 25, 4 (Dec. 1990), 382.; Sylvester, P.J., Simon, S.B., and Grossman, L. (1993) Refractory inclusions from the Leoville, Efremovka, and Vigarano C3V chondrites: Major element differences between Types A and B, and extraordinary refractory siderophile element compositions. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 57, 15, 3763-3784; Brearley, A. J., and Jones, R.H. (1998) Chondritic Meteorites. In: Papike, J. J., editor, Planetary Materials: Chapter 3. Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, DC, USA, Reviews in Mineralogy, volume 36, pages 3-001 - 3-398; Ma, C., Yoshizaki, T., Krot, A.N., Beckett, J.R., Nakamura, T., Nagashima, K., Muto, J., and Ivanova, M.A. (2017b) Discovery of rubinite, Ca3Ti3+2Si3O12, a new garnet mineral in refractory inclusions from carbonaceous chondrites. 80th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society (LPI Contrib. No. 1987), paper id. 6023.

ⓘ Dmitryivanovite

Formula: CaAl₂O₄

Reference: Maruyama, S., Tomioka, N. (2011) Ca-Al-Fe-rich inclusion in the Vigarano CV3 chondrite. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 46, 5, 690–700.

ⓘ Dolomite

Formula: CaMg(CO₃)₂

Localities:

Villafortuna-Trecate oil field, Po Plain, Italy
Vigarano meteorite (Cariani; Ferrara; Mainardi; Morandi; Parish; Pieve; Vigarano Mainarda; Vigarano Pieve; Vigarno; Vigarvano; Vigavano [NHM cat.]), Vigarano Pieve, Vigarano Mainarda, Ferrara Province, Emilia-Romagna, Italy

Reference: Bello, M., and Fantoni, R. (2002) Deep oil play in Po Valley. Deformation andhydrocarbon generation in a deformed foreland. AAPG Hedberg Conference: Deformation History, Fluid Flow Reconstruction and Reservoir Appraisal in Foreland Fold and Thrust Belts, 14–18 May 2002, Palermo, Abstracts book, 1–4.

ⓘ Enstatite

Formula: Mg₂Si₂O₆

Localities:

Borgo San Donino meteorite (Borgo San Donnino meteorite), Fidenza, Parma Province, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
Vigarano meteorite (Cariani; Ferrara; Mainardi; Morandi; Parish; Pieve; Vigarano Mainarda; Vigarano Pieve; Vigarno; Vigarvano; Vigavano [NHM cat.]), Vigarano Pieve, Vigarano Mainarda, Ferrara Province, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
Renazzo meteorite, Renazzo, Cento, Ferrara Province, Emilia-Romagna, Italy

Reference: Baldanza, B. (1965) Italian meteorites. Mineralogical Magazine, 35, 214-232; Baldanza, B., Levi-Donati, G.R., and Lewis, C.F. (1970) The Borgo San Donino meteorite: mineralogy and chemistry. Meteoritics, 5, 3 (September 30), 137-148.

ⓘ Enstatite var. Bronzite

Formula: (Mg,Fe²⁺)₂[SiO₃]₂

Locality: Borgo San Donino meteorite (Borgo San Donnino meteorite), Fidenza, Parma Province, Emilia-Romagna, Italy

ⓘ Epidote

Formula: (CaCa)(AlAlFe³⁺)O[Si₂O₇][SiO₄](OH)

Locality: Molar (Cascina Molar), Bricherasio, Metropolitan City of Turin, Piedmont, Italy

ⓘ Esseneite

Formula: CaFe³⁺[AlSiO₆]

Reference: Ciesielczuk, J., Kruszewski, Ł., and Majka, J. (2015) Comparative mineralogical study of thermally-altered coal-dump waste, natural rocks and the products of laboratory heating experiments. International Journal of Coal Geology, 139, 114-141.

ⓘ Fayalite

Formula: Fe²⁺₂SiO₄

Reference: Krot, A.N., Scott, E.R.D., and Zolensky, Z.M. (1995) Mineralogical and chemical modification of components in CV3 Chondrites: Nebular or asteroidal processing? Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 30, 6, 748-775; Lee, M.R., Hutchinson, R., and Graham, A.L. (1996) Aqueous alteration in the matrix of the Vigarano (CV3) carbonaceous chondrite. Meteoritics & Planetary Science 31, 4, 477-483.

ⓘ 'Fayalite-Forsterite Series'

Localities:

Trenzano meteorite, Trenzano, Brescia Province, Lombardy, Italy
Borgo San Donino meteorite (Borgo San Donnino meteorite), Fidenza, Parma Province, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
Vigarano meteorite (Cariani; Ferrara; Mainardi; Morandi; Parish; Pieve; Vigarano Mainarda; Vigarano Pieve; Vigarno; Vigarvano; Vigavano [NHM cat.]), Vigarano Pieve, Vigarano Mainarda, Ferrara Province, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
Alfianello meteorite, Alfianello, Brescia Province, Lombardy, Italy
Albareto meteorite, Albareto, Modena, Modena Province, Emilia-Romagna, Italy

Reference: Graham, A. L., Bevan, A. W. R. & Hutchison, B. (1985) Catalogue of Meteorites (4/e). University of Arizona Press: Tucson.; Fioretti, A. M., Domeneghetti, M. C., Molin, G., Cámara, F., Alvaro, M. & Agostini, L. (2007) Reclassification and thermal history of Trenzano chondrite: Meteoritics & Planetary Science 42(12):2055-2066. (Dec 2007).

ⓘ 'Feldspar Group'

Locality: Trenzano meteorite, Trenzano, Brescia Province, Lombardy, Italy

Description: K-bearing feldspar(Or12) is outside the range of normal K-poor meteoritic plagioclase.

ⓘ Ferrihydrite

Formula: Fe³⁺₁₀O₁₄(OH)₂

Reference: Lee, M.R., Hutchinson, R., and Graham, A.L. (1996) Aqueous alteration in the matrix of the Vigarano (CV3) carbonaceous chondrite. Meteoritics & Planetary Science 31, 4, 477-483; Tomeoka, K., and Tanimura, I. (2000) Phyllosilicate-rich chondrule rims in the Vigarano CV3 chondrite: Evidence for parent-body processes. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 64, 11, 1971–1988; Abreau, N. M., Brearley, A. J. (2011) Deciphering the nebular and asteroidal record in silicates and organic material in the matrix of the reduced CV3 chondrite Vigarano. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 46, 2 (Feb. 2011), 252-274.

ⓘ Forsterite

Formula: Mg₂SiO₄

Localities:

Torino meteorite, Turin, Metropolitan City of Turin, Piedmont, Italy
Motta di Conti meteorite, Motta de' Conti, Vercelli Province, Piedmont, Italy
Borgo San Donino meteorite (Borgo San Donnino meteorite), Fidenza, Parma Province, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
Vigarano meteorite (Cariani; Ferrara; Mainardi; Morandi; Parish; Pieve; Vigarano Mainarda; Vigarano Pieve; Vigarno; Vigarvano; Vigavano [NHM cat.]), Vigarano Pieve, Vigarano Mainarda, Ferrara Province, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
Renazzo meteorite, Renazzo, Cento, Ferrara Province, Emilia-Romagna, Italy

Reference: Ortalli, I., Pedrazzi, G. (1990) Study of the Torino meteorite. Hyperfine Interactions, 57, 1-4, 2275-2278.

ⓘ Galena

Formula: PbS

Locality: Casario - Bric delle Piombere, Casario, Priola, Cuneo Province, Piedmont, Italy

Reference: Barelli V. (1835): Cenni di statistica mineralogica degli Stati di S.M. il Re di Sardegna, ovvero Catalogo ragionato della raccolta formatasi presso l'Azienda Generale dell'Interno. Tipografia Giuseppe Fodratti, Torino, 686 pp.; Jervis G. (1873): I tesori sotterranei dell'Italia. Vol. 1: Regioni delle Alpi. Ed. Loescher, Torino, 410 pp.; Piccoli G.C. (2002): Minerali delle Alpi Marittime e Cozie. Provincia di Cuneo. Amici del Museo "F. Eusebio" di Alba, Ed., Alba, 366 pp.; Rossetti P., Ferrero S. (2008): The Zn–Pb deposits of Casario (Ligurian Alps, NW Italy): late Palaeozoic sedimentary–exhalative bodies affected by the alpine metamorphism. Geodinamica Acta, 21,117-137.

Garnet Group

Cervo stream gold alluvials, Biella Province, Piedmont, Italy

ⓘ 'Garnet Group'

Formula: X₃Z₂(SiO₄)₃

Localities: Reported from at least 36 localities in this region.

Reference: Magistretti L. (1943): L'oro del Ticino. Rend. Soc. Mineral. Ital., 3, 124-138; Pipino G. (2003): Oro, Miniere, Storia. Miscellanea di giacimentologia e storia mineraria italiana. Ed. Museo Storico dell'Oro Italiano, Ovada, 510 pp.

ⓘ Gehlenite

Formula: Ca₂Al[AlSiO₇]

Localities:

Vigarano meteorite (Cariani; Ferrara; Mainardi; Morandi; Parish; Pieve; Vigarano Mainarda; Vigarano Pieve; Vigarno; Vigarvano; Vigavano [NHM cat.]), Vigarano Pieve, Vigarano Mainarda, Ferrara Province, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
Renazzo meteorite, Renazzo, Cento, Ferrara Province, Emilia-Romagna, Italy

ⓘ 'Glass'

Localities:

Trenzano meteorite, Trenzano, Brescia Province, Lombardy, Italy
Vigarano meteorite (Cariani; Ferrara; Mainardi; Morandi; Parish; Pieve; Vigarano Mainarda; Vigarano Pieve; Vigarno; Vigarvano; Vigavano [NHM cat.]), Vigarano Pieve, Vigarano Mainarda, Ferrara Province, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
Renazzo meteorite, Renazzo, Cento, Ferrara Province, Emilia-Romagna, Italy

Gold

Cervo stream gold alluvials, Biella Province, Piedmont, Italy

ⓘ Gold

Formula: Au

Localities: Reported from at least 36 localities in this region.

Reference: Bossi L. (1804-05): Observations sur l'or natif en paillettes, que l'on trouve dans les sables (Lues le 18 germinal an 12). Mem. Acc. Imper. Sci. Torino [Mém. Acad. Impér. Sci. Turin], an XIII-1805, 270-285; Breislak S. (1822): Descrizione geologica della Provincia di Milano. Imperiale Regia Stamperia, Milano, XLIX + 260 pp.; Jervis G. (1873): I tesori sotterranei dell'Italia. Vol. 1: Regioni delle Alpi. Ed. Loescher, Torino, 410 pp.; Magistretti L. (1943): L'oro del Ticino. Rend. Soc. Mineral. Ital., 3, 124-138; Piana Agostinetti P., Bergonzi G., Cattin M., Del Soldato M., Gamberi F.M., Tizzoni M. (1995): Gold in the Alps: a view from the south. In: Morteani G., Northover J.P., (eds.), Prehistoric gold in Europe. Mines, metallurgy and manufacture. Kluwer Academic Publisher, Dordrecht/Boston/London, pages 199-218; Pipino G. (2003): Oro, Miniere, Storia. Miscellanea di giacimentologia e storia mineraria italiana. Ed. Museo Storico dell'Oro Italiano, Ovada, 510 pp.

ⓘ Graphite

Formula: C

Locality: Renazzo meteorite, Renazzo, Cento, Ferrara Province, Emilia-Romagna, Italy

Reference: Mason, B., and Wiik, H.B. (1962) The Renazzo meteorite. American Museum Novitates, number 2106, 11 pp.

ⓘ Grossite

Formula: CaAl₄O₇

Reference: Weber, D., and Bischoff, A. (1994) The occurrence of grossite (CaAl4O7) in chondrites. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 58, 18, 3855-3877; Maruyama, S., Kunihiro, T., Nakamura, E. (2008) A hercynite-rich inclusion in the Vigarano CV3 chondrite. 71st Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society, held July 28-August 1, 2008 in Matsue, Japan. Meteoritics & Planetary Science Supplement, Vol. 43, paper id. 5183; Maruyama, S., Tomioka, N. (2011) Ca-Al-Fe-rich inclusion in the Vigarano CV3 chondrite. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 46, 5, 690–700.

Gypsum

Tabiano di Badagnano, Carpaneto, Piacenza Province, Emilia-Romagna, Italy

ⓘ Gypsum

Formula: CaSO₄ · 2H₂O

Locality: Tabiano di Badagnano, Carpaneto, Piacenza Province, Emilia-Romagna, Italy

Reference: Baldizzone, G. (2008): I minerali del piacentino – come riconoscerli dove trovarli. Baldizzone G., stampa Tipolito Farnese, Piacenza, 113 pp.

ⓘ Hedenbergite

Formula: CaFe²⁺Si₂O₆

Reference: Kimura, M., and Ikeda, Y. (1997) Comparative study of anhydrous alteration of chondrules in reduced and oxidized CV chondrites. Antarctic Meteorite Research. Twenty-first Symposium on Antarctic Meteorites, NIPR Symposium No. 10, held June 5-7, 1996, at the National Institute of Polar Research, Tokyo. Published by the National Institute of Polar Research, Tokyo, 1997, 191-202; Cosarinsky, M., Leshin, L.A., MacPherson, G.J., and Guan, Y. (2001) Fine-grained rims around calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions in the Vigarano and Allende CV chondrites: Petrography and oxygen isotopic composition. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 36, Supplement, page A44-A45.

ⓘ Hematite

Formula: Fe₂O₃

Localities:

Ticino River gold alluvials, Metropolitan City of Milan, Lombardy, Italy
Nico Bassa Mine, Vercelli Province, Piedmont, Italy
Borgo San Donino meteorite (Borgo San Donnino meteorite), Fidenza, Parma Province, Emilia-Romagna, Italy

Reference: Magistretti L. (1943): L'oro del Ticino. Rend. Soc. Mineral. Ital., 3, 124-138.

ⓘ Hercynite

Formula: Fe²⁺Al₂O₄

Reference: Maruyama, S., Kunihiro, T., Nakamura, E. (2008) A hercynite-rich inclusion in the Vigarano CV3 chondrite. 71st Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society, held July 28-August 1, 2008 in Matsue, Japan. Meteoritics & Planetary Science Supplement, Vol. 43, paper id. 5183; Maruyama, S., Tomioka, N. (2011) Ca-Al-Fe-rich inclusion in the Vigarano CV3 chondrite. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 46, 5, 690–700.

ⓘ Hibonite

Formula: CaAl₁₂O₁₉

Localities:

Vigarano meteorite (Cariani; Ferrara; Mainardi; Morandi; Parish; Pieve; Vigarano Mainarda; Vigarano Pieve; Vigarno; Vigarvano; Vigavano [NHM cat.]), Vigarano Pieve, Vigarano Mainarda, Ferrara Province, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
Renazzo meteorite, Renazzo, Cento, Ferrara Province, Emilia-Romagna, Italy

Reference: Christophe-Michel-Levy, M., Caye, R., and Nelen, J. (1970) A new mineral in the Vigarano meteorite. Meteoritics, 5, 211; Mao, X.-Y., Ward, B.J., Grossman, L., and MacPherson, G.J. (1990) Chemical compositions of refractory inclusions from the Vigarano and Leoville carbonaceous chondrites. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 54, 7, 2121-2132.

ⓘ Ilmenite

Formula: Fe²⁺TiO₃

Localities: Reported from at least 37 localities in this region.

Iron, etc.

Trenzano meteorite, Trenzano, Brescia Province, Lombardy, Italy

ⓘ Iron

Formula: Fe

Localities: Reported from at least 10 localities in this region.

Reference: Ortalli, I., Pedrazzi, G. (1990) Study of the Torino meteorite. Hyperfine Interactions, 57, 1-4, 2275-2278.

ⓘ Iron var. Kamacite

Formula: (Fe,Ni)

Localities: Reported from at least 8 localities in this region.

Reference: Ortalli, I., Pedrazzi, G. (1990) Study of the Torino meteorite. Hyperfine Interactions, 57, 1-4, 2275-2278.

ⓘ Kaolinite

Formula: Al₂(Si₂O₅)(OH)₄

Localities:

Monte Bruno (Madonna di Monte Bruno; Montebruno), Garzigliana, Metropolitan City of Turin, Piedmont, Italy
Rocca di Cavour, Cavour, Metropolitan City of Turin, Piedmont, Italy

ⓘ 'K Feldspar'

Formula: KAlSi₃O₈

Localities:

Monte Bruno (Madonna di Monte Bruno; Montebruno), Garzigliana, Metropolitan City of Turin, Piedmont, Italy
Rocca di Cavour, Cavour, Metropolitan City of Turin, Piedmont, Italy

ⓘ 'K Feldspar var. Adularia'

Formula: KAlSi₃O₈

Locality: Rocca di Cavour, Cavour, Metropolitan City of Turin, Piedmont, Italy

Reference: Colomba, L. (1904) Osservazioni petrografiche e mineralogiche sulla Rocca di Cavour. Atti della R. Accademia delle Scienze di Torino, 39 (1903-904), 829-838.

ⓘ Kirschsteinite

Formula: CaFe²⁺SiO₄

Reference: Lee, M.R., Hutchinson, R., and Graham, A.L. (1996) Aqueous alteration in the matrix of the Vigarano (CV3) carbonaceous chondrite. Meteoritics & Planetary Science 31, 4, 477-483; Cosarinsky, M., Leshin, L.A., MacPherson, G.J., and Guan, Y. (2001) Fine-grained rims around calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions in the Vigarano and Allende CV chondrites: Petrography and oxygen isotopic composition. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 36, Supplement, page A44-A45; Maruyama, S., Tomioka, N. (2011) Ca-Al-Fe-rich inclusion in the Vigarano CV3 chondrite. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 46, 5, 690–700.

ⓘ 'Limonite'

Localities:

Liscate, Metropolitan City of Milan, Lombardy, Italy
Melzo, Metropolitan City of Milan, Lombardy, Italy
Settala, Metropolitan City of Milan, Lombardy, Italy
Borgo San Donino meteorite (Borgo San Donnino meteorite), Fidenza, Parma Province, Emilia-Romagna, Italy

Reference: ervis, G. (1873): I tesori sotterranei dell'Italia. Vol. 1: Regioni delle Alpi. Ed. Loescher, Torino, 410 pp.

ⓘ 'Low-calcium pyroxene'

Reference: Lee, M.R., Hutchinson, R., and Graham, A.L. (1996) Aqueous alteration in the matrix of the Vigarano (CV3) carbonaceous chondrite. Meteoritics & Planetary Science 31, 4, 477-483; Tomeoka, K., and Tanimura, I. (2000) Phyllosilicate-rich chondrule rims in the Vigarano CV3 chondrite: Evidence for parent-body processes. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 64, 11, 1971–1988; Krot, A.N., Hutcheon, I. D., and Keil, K. (2002) Plagioclase-rich chondrules in the reduced CV chondrites: Evidence for complex formation history and genetic links between calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions and ferromagnesian chondrules. Meteoritics & Planetary Science 37, 2, 155-182.

ⓘ Magnesiocarpholite

Formula: MgAl₂Si₂O₆(OH)₄

Locality: Casario - Bric delle Piombere, Casario, Priola, Cuneo Province, Piedmont, Italy

ⓘ 'Magnesite-Siderite Series'

Locality: Casario - Bric delle Piombere, Casario, Priola, Cuneo Province, Piedmont, Italy

ⓘ Magnetite

Formula: Fe²⁺Fe³⁺₂O₄

Localities: Reported from at least 37 localities in this region.

Reference: Jervis G. (1873): I tesori sotterranei dell'Italia. Vol. 1: Regioni delle Alpi. Ed. Loescher, Torino, 410 pp.; Magistretti L. (1943): L'oro del Ticino. Rend. Soc. Mineral. Ital., 3, 124-138; Pipino G. (2003): Oro, Miniere, Storia. Miscellanea di giacimentologia e storia mineraria italiana. Ed. Museo Storico dell'Oro Italiano, Ovada, 510 pp.

ⓘ 'Maskelynite'

Localities:

Borgo San Donino meteorite (Borgo San Donnino meteorite), Fidenza, Parma Province, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
Alfianello meteorite, Alfianello, Brescia Province, Lombardy, Italy

Reference: evi-Donati, G. R. (1970) Osservazioni sulle fasi non-cristalline nelle condriti. Rendiconti della Società Italiana di Mineralogia e Petrologia, 26, 2, 649-667; Baldanza, B., Levi-Donati, G.R., and Lewis, C.F. (1970) The Borgo San Donino meteorite: mineralogy and chemistry. Meteoritics, 5, 3 (September 30), 137-148.

ⓘ 'Melilite Group'

Formula: Ca₂M(XSiO₇)

Localities:

Vigarano meteorite (Cariani; Ferrara; Mainardi; Morandi; Parish; Pieve; Vigarano Mainarda; Vigarano Pieve; Vigarno; Vigarvano; Vigavano [NHM cat.]), Vigarano Pieve, Vigarano Mainarda, Ferrara Province, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
Renazzo meteorite, Renazzo, Cento, Ferrara Province, Emilia-Romagna, Italy

Reference: Zinner, E. K. , Caillet, C., and El Goresy, A. (1989) Mg- and O-isotopic compositions of periclase, spinel, and melilite from Vigarano CAI 477B. Abstracts of the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, volume 20, 1245-1246; Sylvester, P.J., Simon, S.B., and Grossman, L. (1993) Refractory inclusions from the Leoville, Efremovka, and Vigarano C3V chondrites: Major element differences between Types A and B, and extraordinary refractory siderophile element compositions. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 57, 15, 3763-3784; Maruyama, S., Kunihiro, T., Nakamura, E. (2008) A hercynite-rich inclusion in the Vigarano CV3 chondrite. 71st Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society, held July 28-August 1, 2008 in Matsue, Japan. Meteoritics & Planetary Science Supplement, Vol. 43, paper id. 5183; Ma, C., Krot, A.N., Beckett, J.R., Nagashima, K. and Tschauner, O. (2015) Discovery of warkite, Ca2Sc6Al6O20, a new Sc-rich ultra-refractory mineral in Murchinson and Vigarano. 78th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society, volume 50, paper id. 5025.

ⓘ Merrillite (TL)

Formula: Ca₉NaMg(PO₄)₇

Localities:

Alfianello meteorite, Alfianello, Brescia Province, Lombardy, Italy
Borgo San Donino meteorite (Borgo San Donnino meteorite), Fidenza, Parma Province, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
Vigarano meteorite (Cariani; Ferrara; Mainardi; Morandi; Parish; Pieve; Vigarano Mainarda; Vigarano Pieve; Vigarno; Vigarvano; Vigavano [NHM cat.]), Vigarano Pieve, Vigarano Mainarda, Ferrara Province, Emilia-Romagna, Italy

Type Locality: Alfianello meteorite, Alfianello, Brescia Province, Lombardy, Italy

Reference: Levi-Donati, G. R. (1971) Petrological Features of Shock Metamorphism in Chondrites: Alfianello. Meteoritics 6(4): 225-235.

ⓘ Monticellite

Formula: CaMgSiO₄

Reference: rearley, A. J., and Jones, R.H. (1998) Chondritic Meteorites. In: Papike, J. J., editor, Planetary Materials: Chapter 3. Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, DC, USA, Reviews in Mineralogy, volume 36, pages 3-001 - 3-398.

ⓘ Muscovite

Formula: KAl₂(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂

Localities:

Monte Bruno (Madonna di Monte Bruno; Montebruno), Garzigliana, Metropolitan City of Turin, Piedmont, Italy
Molar (Cascina Molar), Bricherasio, Metropolitan City of Turin, Piedmont, Italy
Casario - Bric delle Piombere, Casario, Priola, Cuneo Province, Piedmont, Italy

ⓘ Muscovite var. Phengite

Formula: KAl_1.5(Mg,Fe)_0.5(Al_0.5Si_3.5O₁₀)(OH)₂

Localities:

Monte Bruno (Madonna di Monte Bruno; Montebruno), Garzigliana, Metropolitan City of Turin, Piedmont, Italy
Molar (Cascina Molar), Bricherasio, Metropolitan City of Turin, Piedmont, Italy
Casario - Bric delle Piombere, Casario, Priola, Cuneo Province, Piedmont, Italy

ⓘ Natron

Formula: Na₂CO₃ · 10H₂O

Locality: San Colombano Castle (Belgioioso Castle), San Colombano al Lambro, Metropolitan City of Milan, Lombardy, Italy

Reference: Balsamo Crivelli, G. (1864) Notizie sovra i prodotti minerali della Provincia di Pavia. Notizie naturali e chimico-agronomiche sulla Provincia di Pavia, Tipografia in Ditta Eredi Bizzoni, Pavia, 1-40; Jervis, G. (1873) I tesori sotterranei dell'Italia. Vol. 1: Regioni delle Alpi. Ermanno Loescher, Torino, XV+410 pp.

ⓘ Nepheline

Formula: Na₃K(Al₄Si₄O₁₆)

Reference: Krot, A.N., Scott, E.R.D., and Zolensky, Z.M. (1995) Mineralogical and chemical modification of components in CV3 Chondrites: Nebular or asteroidal processing? Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 30, 6, 748-775; Cosarinsky, M., Leshin, L.A., MacPherson, G.J., and Guan, Y. (2001) Fine-grained rims around calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions in the Vigarano and Allende CV chondrites: Petrography and oxygen isotopic composition. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 36, Supplement, page A44-A45; Krot, A.N., Hutcheon, I. D., and Keil, K. (2002) Plagioclase-rich chondrules in the reduced CV chondrites: Evidence for complex formation history and genetic links between calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions and ferromagnesian chondrules. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 37, 2, 155-182.

ⓘ Nickelphosphide

Formula: (Ni,Fe)₃P

Locality: Barbianello meteorite, Barbianello, Pavia Province, Lombardy, Italy

Reference: Britvin, S. N., Shilovskikh, V. V., Pagano, R., Vlasenko, N. S., Zaitsev, A. N., Krzhizhanovskaya, M. G., ... & Gurzhiy, V. V. (2019). Allabogdanite, the high-pressure polymorph of (Fe, Ni) 2 p, a stishovite-grade indicator of impact processes in the Fe–Ni–p system. Scientific reports, 9(1), 1047.

ⓘ Orthoclase

Formula: K(AlSi₃O₈)

Locality: Rocca di Cavour, Cavour, Metropolitan City of Turin, Piedmont, Italy

Reference: Colomba, L. (1904) Osservazioni petrografiche e mineralogiche sulla Rocca di Cavour. Atti della R. Accademia delle Scienze di Torino, 39 (1903-904), 829-838.

ⓘ 'Orthopyroxene Subgroup'

Localities:

Trenzano meteorite, Trenzano, Brescia Province, Lombardy, Italy
Alfianello meteorite, Alfianello, Brescia Province, Lombardy, Italy
Albareto meteorite, Albareto, Modena, Modena Province, Emilia-Romagna, Italy

Description: Orthopyroxene composition is En82Fs17Wo1 within equilibrated regions.

ⓘ Panguite

Formula: (Ti,Al,Sc,Mg,Zr,Ca)_1.8O₃

Reference: Ma, C., Yoshizaki, T., Krot, A.N., Beckett, J.R., Nakamura, T., Nagashima, K., Muto, J., and Ivanova, M.A. (2017b) Discovery of rubinite, Ca3Ti3+2Si3O12, a new garnet mineral in refractory inclusions from carbonaceous chondrites. 80th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society (LPI Contrib. No. 1987), paper id. 6023.

ⓘ Pentlandite

Formula: (Ni_xFe_y)_Σ9S₈

Localities:

Vigarano meteorite (Cariani; Ferrara; Mainardi; Morandi; Parish; Pieve; Vigarano Mainarda; Vigarano Pieve; Vigarno; Vigarvano; Vigavano [NHM cat.]), Vigarano Pieve, Vigarano Mainarda, Ferrara Province, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
Renazzo meteorite, Renazzo, Cento, Ferrara Province, Emilia-Romagna, Italy

Reference: Fuchs, L.H., and Olsen, E. (1973) Composition of metal in type III carbonaceous chondrites and its relevance to the source-assignment of lunar metal. Earth & Planetary Science Letters, 18,379-384; Lee, M.R., Hutchinson, R., and Graham, A.L. (1996) Aqueous alteration in the matrix of the Vigarano (CV3) carbonaceous chondrite. Meteoritics & Planetary Science 31, 4, 477-483.

ⓘ Periclase

Formula: MgO

ⓘ Perovskite

Formula: CaTiO₃

Localities:

Vigarano meteorite (Cariani; Ferrara; Mainardi; Morandi; Parish; Pieve; Vigarano Mainarda; Vigarano Pieve; Vigarno; Vigarvano; Vigavano [NHM cat.]), Vigarano Pieve, Vigarano Mainarda, Ferrara Province, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
Renazzo meteorite, Renazzo, Cento, Ferrara Province, Emilia-Romagna, Italy

Reference: Christophe-Michel-Levy, M., Caye, R., and Nelen, J. (1970) A new mineral in the Vigarano meteorite. Meteoritics, 5, 211; Sylvester, P.J., Simon, S.B., and Grossman, L. (1993) Refractory inclusions from the Leoville, Efremovka, and Vigarano C3V chondrites: Major element differences between Types A and B, and extraordinary refractory siderophile element compositions. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 57, 15, 3763-3784; Maruyama, S., Kunihiro, T., Nakamura, E. (2008) A hercynite-rich inclusion in the Vigarano CV3 chondrite. 71st Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society, held July 28-August 1, 2008 in Matsue, Japan. Meteoritics & Planetary Science Supplement, Vol. 43, paper id. 5183; Maruyama, S., Tomioka, N. (2011) Ca-Al-Fe-rich inclusion in the Vigarano CV3 chondrite. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 46, 5, 690–700; Ma, C., Krot, A.N., Beckett, J.R., Nagashima, K. and Tschauner, O. (2015) Discovery of warkite, Ca2Sc6Al6O20, a new Sc-rich ultra-refractory mineral in Murchinson and Vigarano. 78th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society, volume 50, paper id. 5025.

ⓘ 'Petroleum'

Locality: Villafortuna-Trecate oil field, Po Plain, Italy

ⓘ Pigeonite

Formula: (Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆

Reference: Mason, B. (1962) Meteorites. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York & London, xii+274 pp.; Krot, A.N., Hutcheon, I. D., and Keil, K. (2002) Plagioclase-rich chondrules in the reduced CV chondrites: Evidence for complex formation history and genetic links between calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions and ferromagnesian chondrules. Meteoritics & Planetary Science 37, 2, 155-182.

ⓘ 'Plagioclase'

Formula: (Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈

Localities:

Description: Plagioclase is albitic (Ab77-83,An9-16Or5-12) but not well developed nor fully equilibrated.

ⓘ 'Plessite'

Locality: Alfianello meteorite, Alfianello, Brescia Province, Lombardy, Italy

Reference: Ramdohr, P. (1973) The Opaque Minerals in Stony Meteorites. Elsevier Publishing Company: Amsterdam; London: New York. 245 pages.

ⓘ Pyrite

Formula: FeS₂

Locality: Casario - Bric delle Piombere, Casario, Priola, Cuneo Province, Piedmont, Italy

Pyroxene Group, etc.

Alfianello meteorite, Alfianello, Brescia Province, Lombardy, Italy

ⓘ 'Pyroxene Group'

Formula: ADSi₂O₆

Localities: Reported from at least 8 localities in this region.

Reference: Pipino G. (1984): Le alluvioni aurifere del sottosuolo milanese. Riv. Mineral. Ital., 8, 1 (1-1984), 1-8.

ⓘ Pyrrhotite

Formula: Fe_1-xS

Localities:

Nico Bassa Mine, Vercelli Province, Piedmont, Italy
Casario - Bric delle Piombere, Casario, Priola, Cuneo Province, Piedmont, Italy
Vigarano meteorite (Cariani; Ferrara; Mainardi; Morandi; Parish; Pieve; Vigarano Mainarda; Vigarano Pieve; Vigarno; Vigarvano; Vigavano [NHM cat.]), Vigarano Pieve, Vigarano Mainarda, Ferrara Province, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
Renazzo meteorite, Renazzo, Cento, Ferrara Province, Emilia-Romagna, Italy

Reference: Marco Marchesini specimens

ⓘ Quartz

Formula: SiO₂

Localities:

Monte Bruno (Madonna di Monte Bruno; Montebruno), Garzigliana, Metropolitan City of Turin, Piedmont, Italy
Molar (Cascina Molar), Bricherasio, Metropolitan City of Turin, Piedmont, Italy
Rocca di Cavour, Cavour, Metropolitan City of Turin, Piedmont, Italy
Casario - Bric delle Piombere, Casario, Priola, Cuneo Province, Piedmont, Italy

Smoky Quartz

Rocca di Cavour, Cavour, Metropolitan City of Turin, Piedmont, Italy

ⓘ Quartz var. Smoky Quartz

Formula: SiO₂

Locality: Rocca di Cavour, Cavour, Metropolitan City of Turin, Piedmont, Italy

Reference: Nicolis de Robilant, E.B. [Nicolis di Robilant, S.B.] (1784-85) Essai géographique suivi d’une topographie souterraine, minéralogique et d’une docimasie des Etats de S. M. [Sa Majesté] en terre ferme. Mémoires de l’Académie Royale des Sciences, Turin, 1 (1786, pt.1), 191-304; Barelli, V. (1835) Cenni di statistica mineralogica degli Stati di S.M. il Re di Sardegna, ovvero Catalogo ragionato della raccolta formatasi presso l'Azienda Generale dell'Interno. Tipografia Giuseppe Fodratti, Torino, 686 pp.; Jervis, G. (1873) I tesori sotterranei dell'Italia. Vol. 1: Regioni delle Alpi. Ermanno Loescher, Torino, XV+410 pp.; Piccoli, G.C., Maletto, G., Bosio, P., and Lombardo, B. (2007) Minerali del Piemonte e della Valle d'Aosta. Associazione Amici del Museo "F. Eusebio" di Alba, L'Artigiana Srl - Azienda Grafica, Alba (Cuneo), 607 pp.

ⓘ Rhodochrosite

Formula: MnCO₃

Locality: Casario - Bric delle Piombere, Casario, Priola, Cuneo Province, Piedmont, Italy

ⓘ Rubinite (TL)

Formula: Ca₃Ti³⁺₂Si₃O₁₂

Type Locality:

Description: Found in the central portion of an ultra-refractory fragment with Zr-panguite, spinel and davisite-diopside, all enclosed within an amoeboid olivine aggregate.

Reference: Ma, C., Yoshizaki, T., Nakamura, T. and Muto, J. (2017a) Rubinite, IMA 2016- 110. CNMNC Newsletter No. 36, April 2017, page 408; Mineralogical Magazine, 81, 403– 409; Ma, C., Yoshizaki, T., Krot, A.N., Beckett, J.R., Nakamura, T., Nagashima, K., Muto, J., and Ivanova, M.A. (2017b) Discovery of rubinite, Ca3Ti3+2Si3O12, a new garnet mineral in refractory inclusions from carbonaceous chondrites. 80th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society (LPI Contrib. No. 1987), paper id. 6023.

ⓘ Rutile

Formula: TiO₂

Localities: Reported from at least 7 localities in this region.

Reference: Pipino G. (2003): Oro, Miniere, Storia. Miscellanea di giacimentologia e storia mineraria italiana. Ed. Museo Storico dell'Oro Italiano, Ovada, 510 pp.

ⓘ Saponite

Formula: Ca_0.25(Mg,Fe)₃((Si,Al)₄O₁₀)(OH)₂ · nH₂O

Localities:

Vigarano meteorite (Cariani; Ferrara; Mainardi; Morandi; Parish; Pieve; Vigarano Mainarda; Vigarano Pieve; Vigarno; Vigarvano; Vigavano [NHM cat.]), Vigarano Pieve, Vigarano Mainarda, Ferrara Province, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
Renazzo meteorite, Renazzo, Cento, Ferrara Province, Emilia-Romagna, Italy

Reference: Krot, A.N., Scott, E.R.D., and Zolensky, Z.M. (1995) Mineralogical and chemical modification of components in CV3 Chondrites: Nebular or asteroidal processing? Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 30, 6, 748-775; Tomeoka, K., and Tanimura, I. (2000) Phyllosilicate-rich chondrule rims in the Vigarano CV3 chondrite: Evidence for parent-body processes. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 64, 11, 1971–1988.

ⓘ Saponite var. Sobotkite

Formula: (K,Ca_0.5)_0.33(Mg_0.66Al_0.33)₃(Si₃Al)O₁₀(OH)₂ · 1-5H₂O

Locality: Renazzo meteorite, Renazzo, Cento, Ferrara Province, Emilia-Romagna, Italy

Reference: Buseck, P. R., and Hua, X. (1993) Matrices of carbonaceous chondrite meteorites. Annual Review of Earth & Planetary Sciences, 21, 255-305.

ⓘ ~~Schreibersite~~

Formula: (Fe,Ni)₃P

Locality: Barbianello meteorite, Barbianello, Pavia Province, Lombardy, Italy - erroneously reported

Description: Phosphides in Barbianello were described as schreibersite45, but in fact are represented by its nickel-dominant analogue, nickelphosphide (Britvin et al., 2019)

Reference: Fioretti, A.M., Zipfel, J. (2004) Barbianello: An ungrouped nickel-rich iron meteorite found in Italy. Meteoritics and Planetary Science, 39, Issue S8, A143-149.; Britvin, S. N., Shilovskikh, V. V., Pagano, R., Vlasenko, N. S., Zaitsev, A. N., Krzhizhanovskaya, M. G., ... & Gurzhiy, V. V. (2019). Allabogdanite, the high-pressure polymorph of (Fe, Ni) 2 p, a stishovite-grade indicator of impact processes in the Fe–Ni–p system. Scientific reports, 9(1), 1047.

ⓘ 'Serpentine Subgroup'

Formula: D₃[Si₂O₅](OH)₄

Localities:

Vigarano meteorite (Cariani; Ferrara; Mainardi; Morandi; Parish; Pieve; Vigarano Mainarda; Vigarano Pieve; Vigarno; Vigarvano; Vigavano [NHM cat.]), Vigarano Pieve, Vigarano Mainarda, Ferrara Province, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
Renazzo meteorite, Renazzo, Cento, Ferrara Province, Emilia-Romagna, Italy

Reference: Tomeoka, K., and Tanimura, I. (2000) Phyllosilicate-rich chondrule rims in the Vigarano CV3 chondrite: Evidence for parent-body processes. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 64, 11, 1971–1988.

ⓘ 'Silica'

Localities:

Vigarano meteorite (Cariani; Ferrara; Mainardi; Morandi; Parish; Pieve; Vigarano Mainarda; Vigarano Pieve; Vigarno; Vigarvano; Vigavano [NHM cat.]), Vigarano Pieve, Vigarano Mainarda, Ferrara Province, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
Renazzo meteorite, Renazzo, Cento, Ferrara Province, Emilia-Romagna, Italy

Reference: Lauretta, D.S. (2004) Opaque mineral sssemblages at chondrule boundaries in the Vigarano CV chondrite: Evidence for gas-solid reactions following chondrule formation. 35th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Abstract #1609.

ⓘ 'Smectite Group'

Formula: A_0.3D_2-3[T₄O₁₀]Z₂ · nH₂O

Reference: Abreau, N.M., and Brearley, A.J. (2005) Carbonates in Vigarano: Terrestrial, preterrestrial, or both? Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 40, 4, 609-625; Lee, M.R., Hutchinson, R., and Graham, A.L. (1996) Aqueous alteration in the matrix of the Vigarano (CV3) carbonaceous chondrite. Meteoritics & Planetary Science 31, 4, 477-483.

ⓘ Sodalite

Formula: Na₄(Si₃Al₃)O₁₂Cl

ⓘ Sphalerite

Formula: ZnS

Locality: Casario - Bric delle Piombere, Casario, Priola, Cuneo Province, Piedmont, Italy

ⓘ Spinel

Formula: MgAl₂O₄

Localities:

Vigarano meteorite (Cariani; Ferrara; Mainardi; Morandi; Parish; Pieve; Vigarano Mainarda; Vigarano Pieve; Vigarno; Vigarvano; Vigavano [NHM cat.]), Vigarano Pieve, Vigarano Mainarda, Ferrara Province, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
Renazzo meteorite, Renazzo, Cento, Ferrara Province, Emilia-Romagna, Italy

Reference: Christophe-Michel-Levy, M. (1968) Un chondre exceptionnel dans la meteorite de Vigarano. Bulletin de la Société française de minéralogie et de cristallographie, 91, 212-214; Christophe-Michel-Levy, M., Caye, R., and Nelen, J. (1970) A new mineral in the Vigarano meteorite. Meteoritics, 5, 211; Mason, B. (1971) The carbonaceous chondrites — a selective review. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 6, 2, 59-70; Reid, A. M., Williams, R. J., Gibson Jr, E. K., and Fredriksson, K. (1974) A refractory glass chondrule in the Vigarano chondrite. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 9, 1 (March 1974), 35–45; Zinner, E. K. , Caillet, C., and El Goresy, A. (1989) Mg- and O-isotopic compositions of periclase, spinel, and melilite from Vigarano CAI 477B. Abstracts of the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, volume 20, 1245-1246; Sylvester, P.J., Simon, S.B., and Grossman, L. (1993) Refractory inclusions from the Leoville, Efremovka, and Vigarano C3V chondrites: Major element differences between Types A and B, and extraordinary refractory siderophile element compositions. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 57, 15, 3763-3784; Lee, M.R., Hutchinson, R., and Graham, A.L. (1996) Aqueous alteration in the matrix of the Vigarano (CV3) carbonaceous chondrite. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 31, 4, 477-483; Krot, A.N., Hutcheon, I. D., and Keil, K. (2002) Plagioclase-rich chondrules in the reduced CV chondrites: Evidence for complex formation history and genetic links between calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions and ferromagnesian chondrules. Meteoritics & Planetary Science 37, 2, 155-182; Maruyama, S., Kunihiro, T., Nakamura, E. (2008) A hercynite-rich inclusion in the Vigarano CV3 chondrite. 71st Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society, held July 28-August 1, 2008 in Matsue, Japan. Meteoritics & Planetary Science Supplement, Vol. 43, paper id. 5183; Abreau, N. M., Brearley, A. J. (2011) Deciphering the nebular and asteroidal record in silicates and organic material in the matrix of the reduced CV3 chondrite Vigarano. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 46, 2 (Feb. 2011), 252-274; Ma, C., Yoshizaki, T., Krot, A.N., Beckett, J.R., Nakamura, T., Nagashima, K., Muto, J., and Ivanova, M.A. (2017b) Discovery of rubinite, Ca3Ti3+2Si3O12, a new garnet mineral in refractory inclusions from carbonaceous chondrites. 80th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society (LPI Contrib. No. 1987), paper id. 6023.

ⓘ Stilpnomelane

Formula: (K,Ca,Na)(Fe,Mg,Al)₈(Si,Al)₁₂(O,OH)₃₆ · nH₂O

Locality: Monte Bruno (Madonna di Monte Bruno; Montebruno), Garzigliana, Metropolitan City of Turin, Piedmont, Italy

ⓘ Taenite

Formula: (Fe,Ni)

Localities:

Trenzano meteorite, Trenzano, Brescia Province, Lombardy, Italy
Borgo San Donino meteorite (Borgo San Donnino meteorite), Fidenza, Parma Province, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
Vigarano meteorite (Cariani; Ferrara; Mainardi; Morandi; Parish; Pieve; Vigarano Mainarda; Vigarano Pieve; Vigarno; Vigarvano; Vigavano [NHM cat.]), Vigarano Pieve, Vigarano Mainarda, Ferrara Province, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
Alfianello meteorite, Alfianello, Brescia Province, Lombardy, Italy
~~Barbianello meteorite, Barbianello, Pavia Province, Lombardy, Italy~~ (more information)

ⓘ 'Tetrahedrite Subgroup'

Formula: Cu₆(Cu₄C²⁺₂)Sb₄S₁₂S

Locality: Casario - Bric delle Piombere, Casario, Priola, Cuneo Province, Piedmont, Italy

ⓘ Tetrataenite

Formula: FeNi

Localities:

Trenzano meteorite, Trenzano, Brescia Province, Lombardy, Italy
Vigarano meteorite (Cariani; Ferrara; Mainardi; Morandi; Parish; Pieve; Vigarano Mainarda; Vigarano Pieve; Vigarno; Vigarvano; Vigavano [NHM cat.]), Vigarano Pieve, Vigarano Mainarda, Ferrara Province, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
Alfianello meteorite, Alfianello, Brescia Province, Lombardy, Italy
Barbianello meteorite, Barbianello, Pavia Province, Lombardy, Italy

Reference: - M. Chinellato : "Two brescian meteorites : Trenzano and Alfianello", Meteorite Magazine, 05/2001 - Pedrazzi, G.; Ortalli, I.; Galvao da Silva, E.; Scorzelli, R. B. : "Tetrataenite in Metal Particles of the Trenzano Meteorite Identified by Mossbauer Spectroscopy", Meteoritics & Planetary Science, vol. 31, page A105, 01/1996

ⓘ Tochilinite

Formula: Fe²⁺_5-6(Mg,Fe²⁺)₅S₆(OH)₁₀

Locality: Renazzo meteorite, Renazzo, Cento, Ferrara Province, Emilia-Romagna, Italy

Reference: Schrader, D. L., Connolly, H.C., and Lauretta, D.S. (2008) Opaque phases in type-II chondrules from CR2 chondrites: Implications for CR parent body formation. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 72, 6124-6140.; Schrader, D. L., Zega, T. J., Lauretta, D., and Connolly, H.C. (2009) Microstructure of sulfide-assemblages in a Renazzo type-II chondrule as revealed by transmission electron microscopy. 40th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, (Lunar and Planetary Science, XL), id. #2181.

ⓘ 'Tourmaline'

Formula: AD₃G₆ (T₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃X₃Z

Locality: Rocca di Cavour, Cavour, Metropolitan City of Turin, Piedmont, Italy

Reference: Colomba, L. (1904) Osservazioni petrografiche e mineralogiche sulla Rocca di Cavour. Atti della R. Accademia delle Scienze di Torino, 39 (1903-904), 829-838.

Troilite, etc.

Albareto meteorite, Albareto, Modena, Modena Province, Emilia-Romagna, Italy

ⓘ Troilite (TL)

Formula: FeS

Localities: Reported from at least 6 localities in this region.

Type Locality: Albareto meteorite, Albareto, Modena, Modena Province, Emilia-Romagna, Italy

Reference: Haidinger, M.W. (1863) Der Meteorit von Albareto im k. k. Hof-Mineraliencabinet, von Jahre 1766, und der Troilit. Sitzungsberichte der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Classe, Wien, 47, 283-298; Gallitelli, P. (1939): Sulla meteorite caduta in Albareto di Modena nel luglio 1766. Periodico di Mineralogia, 10, 345-371; Rubin, A.E. (1994) Metallic copper in ordinary chondrites. Meteoritics, 29 (1), 93-98 (Jan 1994).

ⓘ Warkite (TL)

Formula: Ca₂Sc₆Al₆O₂₀

Type Locality:

Description: In association with pervoskite, melilite, and davisite.

Reference: Ma, C., Krot, A.N., Nagashima, K. and Tschauner, O. (2014) Warkite, IMA 2013- 129. CNMNC Newsletter No. 20, June 2014, page 552; Mineralogical Magazine, 78, 549-558; Ma, C., Krot, A.N., Beckett, J.R., Nagashima, K. and Tschauner, O. (2015) Discovery of warkite, Ca2Sc6Al6O20, a new Sc-rich ultra-refractory mineral in Murchinson and Vigarano. 78th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society, volume 50, paper id. 5025.

ⓘ Wollastonite

Formula: Ca₃(Si₃O₉)

ⓘ Wüstite

Formula: FeO

Reference: E. K. Zinner, C. Caillet & A. El Goresy (1991). Evidence for extraneous origin of a magnesiowüstite-metal Fremdling from the Vigarano CV3 chondrite. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 102, #33-34, 252-264.

ⓘ Wüstite var. Magnesiowüstite

Formula: FeO

Reference: Zinner, E. K., Caillet, C., and El Goresy, A. (1991) Evidence for extraneous origin of a magnesiowüstite-metal Fremdling from the Vigarano CV3 chondrite. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 102, 33-34, 252-264.

ⓘ Zircon

Formula: Zr(SiO₄)

Localities: Reported from at least 8 localities in this region.

Gallery:

List of minerals arranged by Strunz 10th Edition classification

Group 1 - Elements
ⓘ	Allabogdanite	1.BD.15	(Fe,Ni)₂P
ⓘ	Awaruite	1.AE.20	Ni₃Fe
ⓘ	Copper	1.AA.05	Cu
ⓘ	Diamond	1.CB.10a	C
ⓘ	Gold	1.AA.05	Au
ⓘ	Graphite	1.CB.05a	C
ⓘ	Iron	1.AE.05	Fe
ⓘ	var. Kamacite	1.AE.05	(Fe,Ni)
ⓘ	Nickelphosphide	1.BD.05	(Ni,Fe)₃P
ⓘ	Schreibersite ?	1.BD.05	(Fe,Ni)₃P
ⓘ	Taenite	1.AE.10	(Fe,Ni)
ⓘ	Tetrataenite	1.AE.10	FeNi
Group 2 - Sulphides and Sulfosalts
ⓘ	Arsenopyrite	2.EB.20	FeAsS
ⓘ	Boulangerite	2.HC.15	Pb₅Sb₄S₁₁
ⓘ	Chalcopyrite	2.CB.10a	CuFeS₂
ⓘ	Daubréelite ?	2.DA.05	Fe²⁺Cr³⁺₂S₄
ⓘ	Galena	2.CD.10	PbS
ⓘ	Pentlandite	2.BB.15	(Ni_xFe_y)_Σ9S₈
ⓘ	Pyrite	2.EB.05a	FeS₂
ⓘ	Pyrrhotite	2.CC.10	Fe_1-xS
ⓘ	Sphalerite	2.CB.05a	ZnS
ⓘ	'Tetrahedrite Subgroup'	2.GB.05	Cu₆(Cu₄C²⁺₂)Sb₄S₁₂S
ⓘ	Tochilinite	2.FD.35	Fe²⁺_5-6(Mg,Fe²⁺)₅S₆(OH)₁₀
ⓘ	Troilite (TL)	2.CC.10	FeS
Group 4 - Oxides and Hydroxides
ⓘ	Akaganeite	4.DK.05	(Fe³⁺,Ni²⁺)₈(OH,O)₁₆Cl_1.25 · nH₂O
ⓘ	Anatase	4.DD.05	TiO₂
ⓘ	Chromite	4.BB.05	Fe²⁺Cr³⁺₂O₄
ⓘ	Corundum	4.CB.05	Al₂O₃
ⓘ	Cristobalite	4.DA.15	SiO₂
ⓘ	Dmitryivanovite	4.BC.10	CaAl₂O₄
ⓘ	Ferrihydrite	4.FE.35	Fe³⁺₁₀O₁₄(OH)₂
ⓘ	Grossite	4.CC.15	CaAl₄O₇
ⓘ	Hematite	4.CB.05	Fe₂O₃
ⓘ	Hercynite	4.BB.05	Fe²⁺Al₂O₄
ⓘ	Hibonite	4.CC.45	CaAl₁₂O₁₉
ⓘ	Ilmenite	4.CB.05	Fe²⁺TiO₃
ⓘ	Magnetite	4.BB.05	Fe²⁺Fe³⁺₂O₄
ⓘ	Panguite	4.CC.35	(Ti,Al,Sc,Mg,Zr,Ca)_1.8O₃
ⓘ	Periclase	4.AB.25	MgO
ⓘ	Perovskite	4.CC.30	CaTiO₃
ⓘ	Quartz	4.DA.05	SiO₂
ⓘ	var. Smoky Quartz	4.DA.05	SiO₂
ⓘ	Rutile	4.DB.05	TiO₂
ⓘ	Spinel	4.BB.05	MgAl₂O₄
ⓘ	Warkite (TL)	4.BC.15	Ca₂Sc₆Al₆O₂₀
ⓘ	Wüstite	4.AB.25	FeO
ⓘ	var. Magnesiowüstite	4.AB.25	FeO
Group 5 - Nitrates and Carbonates
ⓘ	Calcite	5.AB.05	CaCO₃
ⓘ	Cerussite	5.AB.15	PbCO₃
ⓘ	Dolomite	5.AB.10	CaMg(CO₃)₂
ⓘ	Natron	5.CB.10	Na₂CO₃ · 10H₂O
ⓘ	Rhodochrosite	5.AB.05	MnCO₃
Group 7 - Sulphates, Chromates, Molybdates and Tungstates
ⓘ	Gypsum	7.CD.40	CaSO₄ · 2H₂O
Group 8 - Phosphates, Arsenates and Vanadates
ⓘ	Merrillite (TL)	8.AC.45	Ca₉NaMg(PO₄)₇
Group 9 - Silicates
ⓘ	Albite	9.FA.35	Na(AlSi₃O₈)
ⓘ	var. Oligoclase	9.FA.35	(Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si₂O₈]
ⓘ	Andradite	9.AD.25	Ca₃Fe³⁺₂(SiO₄)₃
ⓘ	Anorthite	9.FA.35	Ca(Al₂Si₂O₈)
ⓘ	Augite	9.DA.15	(Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆
ⓘ	var. Fassaite	9.DA.15	(Ca,Na)(Mg,Fe²⁺,Al,Fe³⁺,Ti)[(Si,Al)₂O₆]
ⓘ	Chloritoid	9.AF.85	(Fe²⁺,Mg,Mn²⁺)Al₂(SiO₄)O(OH)₂
ⓘ	Clinoenstatite	9.DA.10	MgSiO₃
ⓘ	Davisite	9.DA.15	CaScAlSiO₆
ⓘ	Diopside	9.DA.15	CaMgSi₂O₆
ⓘ	Enstatite	9.DA.05	Mg₂Si₂O₆
ⓘ	var. Bronzite	9.DA.05	(Mg,Fe²⁺)₂[SiO₃]₂
ⓘ	Epidote	9.BG.05a	(CaCa)(AlAlFe³⁺)O[Si₂O₇][SiO₄](OH)
ⓘ	Esseneite	9.DA.15	CaFe³⁺[AlSiO₆]
ⓘ	Fayalite	9.AC.05	Fe²⁺₂SiO₄
ⓘ	Forsterite	9.AC.05	Mg₂SiO₄
ⓘ	Gehlenite	9.BB.10	Ca₂Al[AlSiO₇]
ⓘ	Hedenbergite	9.DA.15	CaFe²⁺Si₂O₆
ⓘ	Kaolinite	9.ED.05	Al₂(Si₂O₅)(OH)₄
ⓘ	Kirschsteinite	9.AC.05	CaFe²⁺SiO₄
ⓘ	Magnesiocarpholite	9.DB.05	MgAl₂Si₂O₆(OH)₄
ⓘ	Monticellite	9.AC.10	CaMgSiO₄
ⓘ	Muscovite	9.EC.15	KAl₂(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
ⓘ	var. Phengite	9.EC.15	KAl_1.5(Mg,Fe)_0.5(Al_0.5Si_3.5O₁₀)(OH)₂
ⓘ	Nepheline	9.FA.05	Na₃K(Al₄Si₄O₁₆)
ⓘ	Orthoclase	9.FA.30	K(AlSi₃O₈)
ⓘ	Pigeonite	9.DA.10	(Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆
ⓘ	Rubinite (TL)	9.AD.25	Ca₃Ti³⁺₂Si₃O₁₂
ⓘ	Saponite	9.EC.45	Ca_0.25(Mg,Fe)₃((Si,Al)₄O₁₀)(OH)₂ · nH₂O
ⓘ	var. Sobotkite	9.EC.45	(K,Ca_0.5)_0.33(Mg_0.66Al_0.33)₃(Si₃Al)O₁₀(OH)₂ · 1-5H₂O
ⓘ	Sodalite	9.FB.10	Na₄(Si₃Al₃)O₁₂Cl
ⓘ	Stilpnomelane	9.EG.40	(K,Ca,Na)(Fe,Mg,Al)₈(Si,Al)₁₂(O,OH)₃₆ · nH₂O
ⓘ	Wollastonite	9.DG.05	Ca₃(Si₃O₉)
ⓘ	Zircon	9.AD.30	Zr(SiO₄)
Unclassified Minerals, Rocks, etc.
ⓘ	'Apatite'	-	Ca₅(PO₄)₃(Cl/F/OH)
ⓘ	'Biotite'	-	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂ or Simplified: K(Mg,Fe)₃AlSi₃O₁₀(OH)₂
ⓘ	'Chlorite Group'	-
ⓘ	'Clinopyroxene Subgroup'	-
ⓘ	'Fayalite-Forsterite Series'	-
ⓘ	'Feldspar Group'	-
ⓘ	'Garnet Group'	-	X₃Z₂(SiO₄)₃
ⓘ	'Glass'	-
ⓘ	'K Feldspar'	-	KAlSi₃O₈
ⓘ	'var. Adularia'	-	KAlSi₃O₈
ⓘ	'Limonite'	-
ⓘ	'Low-calcium pyroxene'	-
ⓘ	'Magnesite-Siderite Series'	-
ⓘ	'Maskelynite'	-
ⓘ	'Melilite Group'	-	Ca₂M(XSiO₇)
ⓘ	'Orthopyroxene Subgroup'	-
ⓘ	'Petroleum'	-
ⓘ	'Plagioclase'	-	(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈
ⓘ	'Plessite'	-
ⓘ	'Pyroxene Group'	-	ADSi₂O₆
ⓘ	'Serpentine Subgroup'	-	D₃[Si₂O₅](OH)₄
ⓘ	'Silica'	-
ⓘ	'Smectite Group'	-	A_0.3D_2-3[T₄O₁₀]Z₂ · nH₂O
ⓘ	'Tourmaline'	-	AD₃G₆ (T₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃X₃Z

List of minerals for each chemical element

H	Hydrogen
H	ⓘ Muscovite var. Phengite	KAl_1.5(Mg,Fe)_0.5(Al_0.5Si_3.5O₁₀)(OH)₂
H	ⓘ Stilpnomelane	(K,Ca,Na)(Fe,Mg,Al)₈(Si,Al)₁₂(O,OH)₃₆ · nH₂O
H	ⓘ Kaolinite	Al₂(Si₂O₅)(OH)₄
H	ⓘ Muscovite	KAl₂(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
H	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂ or Simplified: K(Mg,Fe)₃AlSi₃O₁₀(OH)₂
H	ⓘ Epidote	(CaCa)(AlAlFe³⁺)O[Si₂O₇][SiO₄](OH)
H	ⓘ Chloritoid	(Fe²⁺,Mg,Mn²⁺)Al₂(SiO₄)O(OH)₂
H	ⓘ Magnesiocarpholite	MgAl₂Si₂O₆(OH)₄
H	ⓘ Saponite	Ca_0.25(Mg,Fe)₃((Si,Al)₄O₁₀)(OH)₂ · nH₂O
H	ⓘ Serpentine Subgroup	D₃[Si₂O₅](OH)₄
H	ⓘ Ferrihydrite	Fe₁₀³⁺O₁₄(OH)₂
H	ⓘ Smectite Group	A_0.3D_2-3[T₄O₁₀]Z₂ · nH₂O
H	ⓘ Apatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃(Cl/F/OH)
H	ⓘ Saponite var. Sobotkite	(K,Ca_0.5)_0.33(Mg_0.66Al_0.33)₃(Si₃Al)O₁₀(OH)₂ · 1-5H₂O
H	ⓘ Tochilinite	Fe²⁺_5-6(Mg,Fe²⁺)₅S₆(OH)₁₀
H	ⓘ Natron	Na₂CO₃ · 10H₂O
H	ⓘ Gypsum	CaSO₄ · 2H₂O
H	ⓘ Akaganeite	(Fe³⁺,Ni²⁺)₈(OH,O)₁₆Cl_1.25 · nH₂O
B	Boron
B	ⓘ Tourmaline	AD₃G₆ (T₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃X₃Z
C	Carbon
C	ⓘ Dolomite	CaMg(CO₃)₂
C	ⓘ Rhodochrosite	MnCO₃
C	ⓘ Cerussite	PbCO₃
C	ⓘ Calcite	CaCO₃
C	ⓘ Diamond	C
C	ⓘ Graphite	C
C	ⓘ Natron	Na₂CO₃ · 10H₂O
O	Oxygen
O	ⓘ Warkite	Ca₂Sc₆Al₆O₂₀
O	ⓘ Rubinite	Ca₃Ti₂³⁺Si₃O₁₂
O	ⓘ Merrillite	Ca₉NaMg(PO₄)₇
O	ⓘ Dolomite	CaMg(CO₃)₂
O	ⓘ Ilmenite	Fe²⁺TiO₃
O	ⓘ Magnetite	Fe²⁺Fe₂³⁺O₄
O	ⓘ Garnet Group	X₃Z₂(SiO₄)₃
O	ⓘ Rutile	TiO₂
O	ⓘ Zircon	Zr(SiO₄)
O	ⓘ Hematite	Fe₂O₃
O	ⓘ Pyroxene Group	ADSi₂O₆
O	ⓘ Forsterite	Mg₂SiO₄
O	ⓘ Plagioclase	(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈
O	ⓘ K Feldspar	KAlSi₃O₈
O	ⓘ Quartz	SiO₂
O	ⓘ Albite	Na(AlSi₃O₈)
O	ⓘ Muscovite var. Phengite	KAl_1.5(Mg,Fe)_0.5(Al_0.5Si_3.5O₁₀)(OH)₂
O	ⓘ Stilpnomelane	(K,Ca,Na)(Fe,Mg,Al)₈(Si,Al)₁₂(O,OH)₃₆ · nH₂O
O	ⓘ Kaolinite	Al₂(Si₂O₅)(OH)₄
O	ⓘ Muscovite	KAl₂(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
O	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂ or Simplified: K(Mg,Fe)₃AlSi₃O₁₀(OH)₂
O	ⓘ Epidote	(CaCa)(AlAlFe³⁺)O[Si₂O₇][SiO₄](OH)
O	ⓘ Orthoclase	K(AlSi₃O₈)
O	ⓘ Quartz var. Smoky Quartz	SiO₂
O	ⓘ Anatase	TiO₂
O	ⓘ K Feldspar var. Adularia	KAlSi₃O₈
O	ⓘ Tourmaline	AD₃G₆ (T₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃X₃Z
O	ⓘ Albite var. Oligoclase	(Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si₂O₈]
O	ⓘ Chloritoid	(Fe²⁺,Mg,Mn²⁺)Al₂(SiO₄)O(OH)₂
O	ⓘ Rhodochrosite	MnCO₃
O	ⓘ Cerussite	PbCO₃
O	ⓘ Calcite	CaCO₃
O	ⓘ Magnesiocarpholite	MgAl₂Si₂O₆(OH)₄
O	ⓘ Chromite	Fe²⁺Cr₂³⁺O₄
O	ⓘ Enstatite var. Bronzite	(Mg,Fe²⁺)₂[SiO₃]₂
O	ⓘ Enstatite	Mg₂Si₂O₆
O	ⓘ Saponite	Ca_0.25(Mg,Fe)₃((Si,Al)₄O₁₀)(OH)₂ · nH₂O
O	ⓘ Serpentine Subgroup	D₃[Si₂O₅](OH)₄
O	ⓘ Ferrihydrite	Fe₁₀³⁺O₁₄(OH)₂
O	ⓘ Smectite Group	A_0.3D_2-3[T₄O₁₀]Z₂ · nH₂O
O	ⓘ Diopside	CaMgSi₂O₆
O	ⓘ Augite	(Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆
O	ⓘ Melilite Group	Ca₂M(XSiO₇)
O	ⓘ Andradite	Ca₃Fe₂³⁺(SiO₄)₃
O	ⓘ Anorthite	Ca(Al₂Si₂O₈)
O	ⓘ Corundum	Al₂O₃
O	ⓘ Dmitryivanovite	CaAl₂O₄
O	ⓘ Grossite	CaAl₄O₇
O	ⓘ Gehlenite	Ca₂Al[AlSiO₇]
O	ⓘ Hedenbergite	CaFe²⁺Si₂O₆
O	ⓘ Hercynite	Fe²⁺Al₂O₄
O	ⓘ Hibonite	CaAl₁₂O₁₉
O	ⓘ Kirschsteinite	CaFe²⁺SiO₄
O	ⓘ Nepheline	Na₃K(Al₄Si₄O₁₆)
O	ⓘ Periclase	MgO
O	ⓘ Perovskite	CaTiO₃
O	ⓘ Pigeonite	(Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆
O	ⓘ Sodalite	Na₄(Si₃Al₃)O₁₂Cl
O	ⓘ Spinel	MgAl₂O₄
O	ⓘ Wollastonite	Ca₃(Si₃O₉)
O	ⓘ Augite var. Fassaite	(Ca,Na)(Mg,Fe²⁺,Al,Fe³⁺,Ti)[(Si,Al)₂O₆]
O	ⓘ Wüstite var. Magnesiowüstite	FeO
O	ⓘ Monticellite	CaMgSiO₄
O	ⓘ Clinoenstatite	MgSiO₃
O	ⓘ Esseneite	CaFe³⁺[AlSiO₆]
O	ⓘ Wüstite	FeO
O	ⓘ Apatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃(Cl/F/OH)
O	ⓘ Fayalite	Fe₂²⁺SiO₄
O	ⓘ Davisite	CaScAlSiO₆
O	ⓘ Panguite	(Ti,Al,Sc,Mg,Zr,Ca)_1.8O₃
O	ⓘ Saponite var. Sobotkite	(K,Ca_0.5)_0.33(Mg_0.66Al_0.33)₃(Si₃Al)O₁₀(OH)₂ · 1-5H₂O
O	ⓘ Tochilinite	Fe²⁺_5-6(Mg,Fe²⁺)₅S₆(OH)₁₀
O	ⓘ Cristobalite	SiO₂
O	ⓘ Natron	Na₂CO₃ · 10H₂O
O	ⓘ Gypsum	CaSO₄ · 2H₂O
O	ⓘ Akaganeite	(Fe³⁺,Ni²⁺)₈(OH,O)₁₆Cl_1.25 · nH₂O
F	Fluorine
F	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂ or Simplified: K(Mg,Fe)₃AlSi₃O₁₀(OH)₂
F	ⓘ Apatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃(Cl/F/OH)
Na	Sodium
Na	ⓘ Merrillite	Ca₉NaMg(PO₄)₇
Na	ⓘ Plagioclase	(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈
Na	ⓘ Albite	Na(AlSi₃O₈)
Na	ⓘ Stilpnomelane	(K,Ca,Na)(Fe,Mg,Al)₈(Si,Al)₁₂(O,OH)₃₆ · nH₂O
Na	ⓘ Albite var. Oligoclase	(Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si₂O₈]
Na	ⓘ Nepheline	Na₃K(Al₄Si₄O₁₆)
Na	ⓘ Sodalite	Na₄(Si₃Al₃)O₁₂Cl
Na	ⓘ Augite var. Fassaite	(Ca,Na)(Mg,Fe²⁺,Al,Fe³⁺,Ti)[(Si,Al)₂O₆]
Na	ⓘ Natron	Na₂CO₃ · 10H₂O
Mg	Magnesium
Mg	ⓘ Merrillite	Ca₉NaMg(PO₄)₇
Mg	ⓘ Dolomite	CaMg(CO₃)₂
Mg	ⓘ Forsterite	Mg₂SiO₄
Mg	ⓘ Muscovite var. Phengite	KAl_1.5(Mg,Fe)_0.5(Al_0.5Si_3.5O₁₀)(OH)₂
Mg	ⓘ Stilpnomelane	(K,Ca,Na)(Fe,Mg,Al)₈(Si,Al)₁₂(O,OH)₃₆ · nH₂O
Mg	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂ or Simplified: K(Mg,Fe)₃AlSi₃O₁₀(OH)₂
Mg	ⓘ Chloritoid	(Fe²⁺,Mg,Mn²⁺)Al₂(SiO₄)O(OH)₂
Mg	ⓘ Magnesiocarpholite	MgAl₂Si₂O₆(OH)₄
Mg	ⓘ Enstatite var. Bronzite	(Mg,Fe²⁺)₂[SiO₃]₂
Mg	ⓘ Enstatite	Mg₂Si₂O₆
Mg	ⓘ Saponite	Ca_0.25(Mg,Fe)₃((Si,Al)₄O₁₀)(OH)₂ · nH₂O
Mg	ⓘ Diopside	CaMgSi₂O₆
Mg	ⓘ Augite	(Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆
Mg	ⓘ Periclase	MgO
Mg	ⓘ Pigeonite	(Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆
Mg	ⓘ Spinel	MgAl₂O₄
Mg	ⓘ Augite var. Fassaite	(Ca,Na)(Mg,Fe²⁺,Al,Fe³⁺,Ti)[(Si,Al)₂O₆]
Mg	ⓘ Monticellite	CaMgSiO₄
Mg	ⓘ Clinoenstatite	MgSiO₃
Mg	ⓘ Panguite	(Ti,Al,Sc,Mg,Zr,Ca)_1.8O₃
Mg	ⓘ Saponite var. Sobotkite	(K,Ca_0.5)_0.33(Mg_0.66Al_0.33)₃(Si₃Al)O₁₀(OH)₂ · 1-5H₂O
Mg	ⓘ Tochilinite	Fe²⁺_5-6(Mg,Fe²⁺)₅S₆(OH)₁₀
Al	Aluminium
Al	ⓘ Warkite	Ca₂Sc₆Al₆O₂₀
Al	ⓘ Plagioclase	(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈
Al	ⓘ K Feldspar	KAlSi₃O₈
Al	ⓘ Albite	Na(AlSi₃O₈)
Al	ⓘ Muscovite var. Phengite	KAl_1.5(Mg,Fe)_0.5(Al_0.5Si_3.5O₁₀)(OH)₂
Al	ⓘ Stilpnomelane	(K,Ca,Na)(Fe,Mg,Al)₈(Si,Al)₁₂(O,OH)₃₆ · nH₂O
Al	ⓘ Kaolinite	Al₂(Si₂O₅)(OH)₄
Al	ⓘ Muscovite	KAl₂(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
Al	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂ or Simplified: K(Mg,Fe)₃AlSi₃O₁₀(OH)₂
Al	ⓘ Epidote	(CaCa)(AlAlFe³⁺)O[Si₂O₇][SiO₄](OH)
Al	ⓘ Orthoclase	K(AlSi₃O₈)
Al	ⓘ K Feldspar var. Adularia	KAlSi₃O₈
Al	ⓘ Albite var. Oligoclase	(Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si₂O₈]
Al	ⓘ Chloritoid	(Fe²⁺,Mg,Mn²⁺)Al₂(SiO₄)O(OH)₂
Al	ⓘ Magnesiocarpholite	MgAl₂Si₂O₆(OH)₄
Al	ⓘ Saponite	Ca_0.25(Mg,Fe)₃((Si,Al)₄O₁₀)(OH)₂ · nH₂O
Al	ⓘ Anorthite	Ca(Al₂Si₂O₈)
Al	ⓘ Corundum	Al₂O₃
Al	ⓘ Dmitryivanovite	CaAl₂O₄
Al	ⓘ Grossite	CaAl₄O₇
Al	ⓘ Gehlenite	Ca₂Al[AlSiO₇]
Al	ⓘ Hercynite	Fe²⁺Al₂O₄
Al	ⓘ Hibonite	CaAl₁₂O₁₉
Al	ⓘ Nepheline	Na₃K(Al₄Si₄O₁₆)
Al	ⓘ Sodalite	Na₄(Si₃Al₃)O₁₂Cl
Al	ⓘ Spinel	MgAl₂O₄
Al	ⓘ Augite var. Fassaite	(Ca,Na)(Mg,Fe²⁺,Al,Fe³⁺,Ti)[(Si,Al)₂O₆]
Al	ⓘ Esseneite	CaFe³⁺[AlSiO₆]
Al	ⓘ Davisite	CaScAlSiO₆
Al	ⓘ Panguite	(Ti,Al,Sc,Mg,Zr,Ca)_1.8O₃
Al	ⓘ Saponite var. Sobotkite	(K,Ca_0.5)_0.33(Mg_0.66Al_0.33)₃(Si₃Al)O₁₀(OH)₂ · 1-5H₂O
Si	Silicon
Si	ⓘ Rubinite	Ca₃Ti₂³⁺Si₃O₁₂
Si	ⓘ Garnet Group	X₃Z₂(SiO₄)₃
Si	ⓘ Zircon	Zr(SiO₄)
Si	ⓘ Pyroxene Group	ADSi₂O₆
Si	ⓘ Forsterite	Mg₂SiO₄
Si	ⓘ Plagioclase	(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈
Si	ⓘ K Feldspar	KAlSi₃O₈
Si	ⓘ Quartz	SiO₂
Si	ⓘ Albite	Na(AlSi₃O₈)
Si	ⓘ Muscovite var. Phengite	KAl_1.5(Mg,Fe)_0.5(Al_0.5Si_3.5O₁₀)(OH)₂
Si	ⓘ Stilpnomelane	(K,Ca,Na)(Fe,Mg,Al)₈(Si,Al)₁₂(O,OH)₃₆ · nH₂O
Si	ⓘ Kaolinite	Al₂(Si₂O₅)(OH)₄
Si	ⓘ Muscovite	KAl₂(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
Si	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂ or Simplified: K(Mg,Fe)₃AlSi₃O₁₀(OH)₂
Si	ⓘ Epidote	(CaCa)(AlAlFe³⁺)O[Si₂O₇][SiO₄](OH)
Si	ⓘ Orthoclase	K(AlSi₃O₈)
Si	ⓘ Quartz var. Smoky Quartz	SiO₂
Si	ⓘ K Feldspar var. Adularia	KAlSi₃O₈
Si	ⓘ Albite var. Oligoclase	(Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si₂O₈]
Si	ⓘ Chloritoid	(Fe²⁺,Mg,Mn²⁺)Al₂(SiO₄)O(OH)₂
Si	ⓘ Magnesiocarpholite	MgAl₂Si₂O₆(OH)₄
Si	ⓘ Enstatite var. Bronzite	(Mg,Fe²⁺)₂[SiO₃]₂
Si	ⓘ Enstatite	Mg₂Si₂O₆
Si	ⓘ Saponite	Ca_0.25(Mg,Fe)₃((Si,Al)₄O₁₀)(OH)₂ · nH₂O
Si	ⓘ Serpentine Subgroup	D₃[Si₂O₅](OH)₄
Si	ⓘ Diopside	CaMgSi₂O₆
Si	ⓘ Augite	(Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆
Si	ⓘ Melilite Group	Ca₂M(XSiO₇)
Si	ⓘ Andradite	Ca₃Fe₂³⁺(SiO₄)₃
Si	ⓘ Anorthite	Ca(Al₂Si₂O₈)
Si	ⓘ Gehlenite	Ca₂Al[AlSiO₇]
Si	ⓘ Hedenbergite	CaFe²⁺Si₂O₆
Si	ⓘ Kirschsteinite	CaFe²⁺SiO₄
Si	ⓘ Nepheline	Na₃K(Al₄Si₄O₁₆)
Si	ⓘ Pigeonite	(Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆
Si	ⓘ Sodalite	Na₄(Si₃Al₃)O₁₂Cl
Si	ⓘ Wollastonite	Ca₃(Si₃O₉)
Si	ⓘ Augite var. Fassaite	(Ca,Na)(Mg,Fe²⁺,Al,Fe³⁺,Ti)[(Si,Al)₂O₆]
Si	ⓘ Monticellite	CaMgSiO₄
Si	ⓘ Clinoenstatite	MgSiO₃
Si	ⓘ Esseneite	CaFe³⁺[AlSiO₆]
Si	ⓘ Fayalite	Fe₂²⁺SiO₄
Si	ⓘ Davisite	CaScAlSiO₆
Si	ⓘ Saponite var. Sobotkite	(K,Ca_0.5)_0.33(Mg_0.66Al_0.33)₃(Si₃Al)O₁₀(OH)₂ · 1-5H₂O
Si	ⓘ Cristobalite	SiO₂
P	Phosphorus
P	ⓘ Merrillite	Ca₉NaMg(PO₄)₇
P	ⓘ Apatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃(Cl/F/OH)
P	ⓘ Allabogdanite	(Fe,Ni)₂P
P	ⓘ Nickelphosphide	(Ni,Fe)₃P
P	ⓘ Schreibersite	(Fe,Ni)₃P
S	Sulfur
S	ⓘ Troilite	FeS
S	ⓘ Pyrrhotite	Fe_1-xS
S	ⓘ Sphalerite	ZnS
S	ⓘ Galena	PbS
S	ⓘ Pyrite	FeS₂
S	ⓘ Arsenopyrite	FeAsS
S	ⓘ Tetrahedrite Subgroup	Cu₆(Cu₄C₂²⁺)Sb₄S₁₂S
S	ⓘ Chalcopyrite	CuFeS₂
S	ⓘ Boulangerite	Pb₅Sb₄S₁₁
S	ⓘ Pentlandite	(Ni_xFe_y)_Σ9S₈
S	ⓘ Tochilinite	Fe²⁺_5-6(Mg,Fe²⁺)₅S₆(OH)₁₀
S	ⓘ Gypsum	CaSO₄ · 2H₂O
S	ⓘ Daubréelite	Fe²⁺Cr₂³⁺S₄
Cl	Chlorine
Cl	ⓘ Sodalite	Na₄(Si₃Al₃)O₁₂Cl
Cl	ⓘ Apatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃(Cl/F/OH)
Cl	ⓘ Akaganeite	(Fe³⁺,Ni²⁺)₈(OH,O)₁₆Cl_1.25 · nH₂O
K	Potassium
K	ⓘ K Feldspar	KAlSi₃O₈
K	ⓘ Muscovite var. Phengite	KAl_1.5(Mg,Fe)_0.5(Al_0.5Si_3.5O₁₀)(OH)₂
K	ⓘ Stilpnomelane	(K,Ca,Na)(Fe,Mg,Al)₈(Si,Al)₁₂(O,OH)₃₆ · nH₂O
K	ⓘ Muscovite	KAl₂(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
K	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂ or Simplified: K(Mg,Fe)₃AlSi₃O₁₀(OH)₂
K	ⓘ Orthoclase	K(AlSi₃O₈)
K	ⓘ K Feldspar var. Adularia	KAlSi₃O₈
K	ⓘ Nepheline	Na₃K(Al₄Si₄O₁₆)
K	ⓘ Saponite var. Sobotkite	(K,Ca_0.5)_0.33(Mg_0.66Al_0.33)₃(Si₃Al)O₁₀(OH)₂ · 1-5H₂O
Ca	Calcium
Ca	ⓘ Warkite	Ca₂Sc₆Al₆O₂₀
Ca	ⓘ Rubinite	Ca₃Ti₂³⁺Si₃O₁₂
Ca	ⓘ Merrillite	Ca₉NaMg(PO₄)₇
Ca	ⓘ Dolomite	CaMg(CO₃)₂
Ca	ⓘ Plagioclase	(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈
Ca	ⓘ Stilpnomelane	(K,Ca,Na)(Fe,Mg,Al)₈(Si,Al)₁₂(O,OH)₃₆ · nH₂O
Ca	ⓘ Epidote	(CaCa)(AlAlFe³⁺)O[Si₂O₇][SiO₄](OH)
Ca	ⓘ Albite var. Oligoclase	(Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si₂O₈]
Ca	ⓘ Calcite	CaCO₃
Ca	ⓘ Saponite	Ca_0.25(Mg,Fe)₃((Si,Al)₄O₁₀)(OH)₂ · nH₂O
Ca	ⓘ Diopside	CaMgSi₂O₆
Ca	ⓘ Augite	(Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆
Ca	ⓘ Melilite Group	Ca₂M(XSiO₇)
Ca	ⓘ Andradite	Ca₃Fe₂³⁺(SiO₄)₃
Ca	ⓘ Anorthite	Ca(Al₂Si₂O₈)
Ca	ⓘ Dmitryivanovite	CaAl₂O₄
Ca	ⓘ Grossite	CaAl₄O₇
Ca	ⓘ Gehlenite	Ca₂Al[AlSiO₇]
Ca	ⓘ Hedenbergite	CaFe²⁺Si₂O₆
Ca	ⓘ Hibonite	CaAl₁₂O₁₉
Ca	ⓘ Kirschsteinite	CaFe²⁺SiO₄
Ca	ⓘ Perovskite	CaTiO₃
Ca	ⓘ Pigeonite	(Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆
Ca	ⓘ Wollastonite	Ca₃(Si₃O₉)
Ca	ⓘ Augite var. Fassaite	(Ca,Na)(Mg,Fe²⁺,Al,Fe³⁺,Ti)[(Si,Al)₂O₆]
Ca	ⓘ Monticellite	CaMgSiO₄
Ca	ⓘ Esseneite	CaFe³⁺[AlSiO₆]
Ca	ⓘ Apatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃(Cl/F/OH)
Ca	ⓘ Davisite	CaScAlSiO₆
Ca	ⓘ Panguite	(Ti,Al,Sc,Mg,Zr,Ca)_1.8O₃
Ca	ⓘ Saponite var. Sobotkite	(K,Ca_0.5)_0.33(Mg_0.66Al_0.33)₃(Si₃Al)O₁₀(OH)₂ · 1-5H₂O
Ca	ⓘ Gypsum	CaSO₄ · 2H₂O
Sc	Scandium
Sc	ⓘ Warkite	Ca₂Sc₆Al₆O₂₀
Sc	ⓘ Davisite	CaScAlSiO₆
Sc	ⓘ Panguite	(Ti,Al,Sc,Mg,Zr,Ca)_1.8O₃
Ti	Titanium
Ti	ⓘ Rubinite	Ca₃Ti₂³⁺Si₃O₁₂
Ti	ⓘ Ilmenite	Fe²⁺TiO₃
Ti	ⓘ Rutile	TiO₂
Ti	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂ or Simplified: K(Mg,Fe)₃AlSi₃O₁₀(OH)₂
Ti	ⓘ Anatase	TiO₂
Ti	ⓘ Perovskite	CaTiO₃
Ti	ⓘ Augite var. Fassaite	(Ca,Na)(Mg,Fe²⁺,Al,Fe³⁺,Ti)[(Si,Al)₂O₆]
Ti	ⓘ Panguite	(Ti,Al,Sc,Mg,Zr,Ca)_1.8O₃
Cr	Chromium
Cr	ⓘ Chromite	Fe²⁺Cr₂³⁺O₄
Cr	ⓘ Daubréelite	Fe²⁺Cr₂³⁺S₄
Mn	Manganese
Mn	ⓘ Chloritoid	(Fe²⁺,Mg,Mn²⁺)Al₂(SiO₄)O(OH)₂
Mn	ⓘ Rhodochrosite	MnCO₃
Fe	Iron
Fe	ⓘ Troilite	FeS
Fe	ⓘ Ilmenite	Fe²⁺TiO₃
Fe	ⓘ Magnetite	Fe²⁺Fe₂³⁺O₄
Fe	ⓘ Hematite	Fe₂O₃
Fe	ⓘ Iron	Fe
Fe	ⓘ Iron var. Kamacite	(Fe,Ni)
Fe	ⓘ Pyrrhotite	Fe_1-xS
Fe	ⓘ Tetrataenite	FeNi
Fe	ⓘ Taenite	(Fe,Ni)
Fe	ⓘ Muscovite var. Phengite	KAl_1.5(Mg,Fe)_0.5(Al_0.5Si_3.5O₁₀)(OH)₂
Fe	ⓘ Stilpnomelane	(K,Ca,Na)(Fe,Mg,Al)₈(Si,Al)₁₂(O,OH)₃₆ · nH₂O
Fe	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂ or Simplified: K(Mg,Fe)₃AlSi₃O₁₀(OH)₂
Fe	ⓘ Epidote	(CaCa)(AlAlFe³⁺)O[Si₂O₇][SiO₄](OH)
Fe	ⓘ Pyrite	FeS₂
Fe	ⓘ Arsenopyrite	FeAsS
Fe	ⓘ Chalcopyrite	CuFeS₂
Fe	ⓘ Chloritoid	(Fe²⁺,Mg,Mn²⁺)Al₂(SiO₄)O(OH)₂
Fe	ⓘ Chromite	Fe²⁺Cr₂³⁺O₄
Fe	ⓘ Enstatite var. Bronzite	(Mg,Fe²⁺)₂[SiO₃]₂
Fe	ⓘ Saponite	Ca_0.25(Mg,Fe)₃((Si,Al)₄O₁₀)(OH)₂ · nH₂O
Fe	ⓘ Ferrihydrite	Fe₁₀³⁺O₁₄(OH)₂
Fe	ⓘ Augite	(Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆
Fe	ⓘ Andradite	Ca₃Fe₂³⁺(SiO₄)₃
Fe	ⓘ Hedenbergite	CaFe²⁺Si₂O₆
Fe	ⓘ Hercynite	Fe²⁺Al₂O₄
Fe	ⓘ Kirschsteinite	CaFe²⁺SiO₄
Fe	ⓘ Pentlandite	(Ni_xFe_y)_Σ9S₈
Fe	ⓘ Pigeonite	(Ca_xMg_yFe_z)(Mg_y1Fe_z1)Si₂O₆
Fe	ⓘ Augite var. Fassaite	(Ca,Na)(Mg,Fe²⁺,Al,Fe³⁺,Ti)[(Si,Al)₂O₆]
Fe	ⓘ Wüstite var. Magnesiowüstite	FeO
Fe	ⓘ Esseneite	CaFe³⁺[AlSiO₆]
Fe	ⓘ Wüstite	FeO
Fe	ⓘ Fayalite	Fe₂²⁺SiO₄
Fe	ⓘ Tochilinite	Fe²⁺_5-6(Mg,Fe²⁺)₅S₆(OH)₁₀
Fe	ⓘ Akaganeite	(Fe³⁺,Ni²⁺)₈(OH,O)₁₆Cl_1.25 · nH₂O
Fe	ⓘ Awaruite	Ni₃Fe
Fe	ⓘ Allabogdanite	(Fe,Ni)₂P
Fe	ⓘ Nickelphosphide	(Ni,Fe)₃P
Fe	ⓘ Daubréelite	Fe²⁺Cr₂³⁺S₄
Fe	ⓘ Schreibersite	(Fe,Ni)₃P
Ni	Nickel
Ni	ⓘ Iron var. Kamacite	(Fe,Ni)
Ni	ⓘ Tetrataenite	FeNi
Ni	ⓘ Taenite	(Fe,Ni)
Ni	ⓘ Pentlandite	(Ni_xFe_y)_Σ9S₈
Ni	ⓘ Akaganeite	(Fe³⁺,Ni²⁺)₈(OH,O)₁₆Cl_1.25 · nH₂O
Ni	ⓘ Awaruite	Ni₃Fe
Ni	ⓘ Allabogdanite	(Fe,Ni)₂P
Ni	ⓘ Nickelphosphide	(Ni,Fe)₃P
Ni	ⓘ Schreibersite	(Fe,Ni)₃P
Cu	Copper
Cu	ⓘ Tetrahedrite Subgroup	Cu₆(Cu₄C₂²⁺)Sb₄S₁₂S
Cu	ⓘ Chalcopyrite	CuFeS₂
Cu	ⓘ Copper	Cu
Zn	Zinc
Zn	ⓘ Sphalerite	ZnS
As	Arsenic
As	ⓘ Arsenopyrite	FeAsS
Zr	Zirconium
Zr	ⓘ Zircon	Zr(SiO₄)
Zr	ⓘ Panguite	(Ti,Al,Sc,Mg,Zr,Ca)_1.8O₃
Sb	Antimony
Sb	ⓘ Tetrahedrite Subgroup	Cu₆(Cu₄C₂²⁺)Sb₄S₁₂S
Sb	ⓘ Boulangerite	Pb₅Sb₄S₁₁
Au	Gold
Au	ⓘ Gold	Au
Pb	Lead
Pb	ⓘ Galena	PbS
Pb	ⓘ Boulangerite	Pb₅Sb₄S₁₁
Pb	ⓘ Cerussite	PbCO₃

Fossils

There are 32 fossil localities from the PaleoBioDB database within this region.

BETA TEST - These data are provided on an experimental basis and are taken from external databases. Mindat.org has no control currently over the accuracy of these data.

Occurrences

429

Youngest Fossil Listed

0.01 Ma (Pleistocene)

Oldest Fossil Listed

299 Ma (Permian)

Stratigraphic Units

Click here to view 14 stratigraphic units.

Fossils from Region

Click here to show the list.

Accepted Name	Hierarchy	Age
Ammodiscus genus	Chromista : Foraminifera : Tubothalamea : Spirillinida : Ammodiscidae : *Ammodiscus*	70.6 - 66 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Bathysiphon genus	Chromista : Foraminifera : Monothalamea : Astrorhizida : Rhabdamminidae : *Bathysiphon*	83.5 - 66 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Glomospira genus	Chromista : Foraminifera : Tubothalamea : Spirillinida : Ammodiscidae : *Glomospira*	70.6 - 66 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Hippocrepina genus	Chromista : Foraminifera : Monothalamea : Astrorhizida : Hippocrepinidae : *Hippocrepina*	83.5 - 66 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Hormosina genus	Chromista : Foraminifera : Globothalamea : Lituolida : Hormosinidae : *Hormosina*	70.6 - 66 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Kalamopsis genus	Chromista : Foraminifera : Globothalamea : Lituolida : Aschemocellidae : *Kalamopsis*	70.6 - 66 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Lituotuba genus	Chromista : Foraminifera : Tubothalamea : Spirillinida : Ammodiscidae : *Lituotuba*	70.6 - 66 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Rhabdammina genus	Chromista : Foraminifera : Monothalamea : Astrorhizida : Rhabdamminidae : *Rhabdammina*	83.5 - 66 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Rhizammina genus	Chromista : Foraminifera : Monothalamea : Astrorhizida : Rhizamminidae : *Rhizammina*	83.5 - 66 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Rzehakina genus	Chromista : Foraminifera : Globothalamea : Lituolida : Rzehakinidae : *Rzehakina*	83.5 - 70.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Saccammina genus	Chromista : Foraminifera : Monothalamea : Astrorhizida : Saccamminidae : *Saccammina*	83.5 - 70.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Trochammina genus	Chromista : Foraminifera : Globothalamea : Lituolida : Trochamminidae : *Trochammina*	83.5 - 66 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Trochamminoides genus	Chromista : Foraminifera : Globothalamea : Lituolida : Trochamminoidae : *Trochamminoides*	83.5 - 66 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Balanophyllia genus	Animalia : Cnidaria : Anthozoa : Scleractinia : Dendrophylliidae : *Balanophyllia*	11.62 - 7.246 Ma Miocene
Caryophyllia genus	Animalia : Cnidaria : Anthozoa : Scleractinia : Caryophylliidae : *Caryophyllia*	11.62 - 7.246 Ma Miocene
Dendrophyllia genus	Animalia : Cnidaria : Anthozoa : Scleractinia : Dendrophylliidae : *Dendrophyllia*	11.62 - 7.246 Ma Miocene
Desmophyllum genus	Animalia : Cnidaria : Anthozoa : Scleractinia : Caryophylliidae : *Desmophyllum*	11.62 - 7.246 Ma Miocene
Favia genus	Animalia : Cnidaria : Anthozoa : Scleractinia : Faviidae : *Favia*	11.62 - 7.246 Ma Miocene
Pleurotomaria genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Trochida : Microdomatidae : *Pleurotomaria*	201.3 - 196.5 Ma Early Jurassic
Aporrhais genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Littorinimorpha : Aporrhaidae : *Aporrhais*	5.333 - 3.6 Ma Neogene
Capulus genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Cycloneritida : Delphinulopsidae : *Capulus*	5.333 - 0.781 Ma Cenozoic
Euspira genus	Animalia : Mollusca : *Euspira*	5.333 - 3.6 Ma Neogene
Katosira genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Settsassiidae : *Katosira*	201.3 - 196.5 Ma Early Jurassic
Omphaloptycha genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Coelostylinidae : *Omphaloptycha*	201.3 - 196.5 Ma Early Jurassic
Tectonatica genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Littorinimorpha : Naticidae : *Tectonatica*	2.588 - 1.806 Ma Pleistocene
Xenophora genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Xenophoridae : *Xenophora*	5.333 - 0.781 Ma Cenozoic
Promathildia genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Allogastropoda : Gordenellidae : *Promathildia*	201.3 - 196.5 Ma Early Jurassic
Beyrichites genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Cephalopoda : Ammonoidea : Ceratitidae : *Beyrichites*	247.2 - 242 Ma Triassic
Bulogites genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Cephalopoda : Ammonoidea : Balatonitidae : *Bulogites*	247.2 - 242 Ma Triassic
Paraceratites genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Cephalopoda : Ammonoidea : Ceratitidae : *Paraceratites*	247.2 - 242 Ma Triassic
Schlotheimia genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Cephalopoda : Ammonoidea : Schlotheimiidae : *Schlotheimia*	201.3 - 196.5 Ma Early Jurassic
Acharax genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Solemyida : Solemyidae : *Acharax*	23.03 - 5.333 Ma Miocene
Nemodon genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Arcida : Parallelodontidae : *Nemodon*	201.3 - 196.5 Ma Early Jurassic
Chlamys genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Pectinida : Pectinidae : *Chlamys*	201.3 - 196.5 Ma Early Jurassic
Gryphaea genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Ostreida : Gryphaeidae : *Gryphaea*	201.3 - 196.5 Ma Early Jurassic
Liostrea genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Ostreida : Gryphaeidae : *Liostrea*	201.3 - 196.5 Ma Early Jurassic
Plagiostoma genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Limida : Limidae : *Plagiostoma*	201.3 - 196.5 Ma Early Jurassic
Plicatula genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Pectinida : Plicatulidae : *Plicatula*	201.3 - 196.5 Ma Early Jurassic
Cardinia genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Carditida : Cardiniidae : *Cardinia*	201.3 - 196.5 Ma Early Jurassic
Praeconia genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Carditida : Astartidae : *Praeconia*	201.3 - 196.5 Ma Early Jurassic
Tutcheria genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Carditida : Carditidae : *Tutcheria*	201.3 - 196.5 Ma Early Jurassic
Anapagurus genus	Animalia : Arthropoda : Malacostraca : Decapoda : Paguridae : *Anapagurus*	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Cancer genus	Animalia : Arthropoda : Malacostraca : Decapoda : Cancridae : *Cancer*	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Carcinus genus	Animalia : Arthropoda : Malacostraca : Decapoda : Carcinidae : *Carcinus*	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Lobocarcinus genus	Animalia : Arthropoda : Malacostraca : Decapoda : Dromiidae : *Lobocarcinus*	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Nephropsis genus	Animalia : Arthropoda : Malacostraca : Decapoda : Nephropidae : *Nephropsis*	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Pagurus genus	Animalia : Arthropoda : *Pagurus*	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Parthenope genus	Animalia : Arthropoda : Malacostraca : Decapoda : Parthenopidae : *Parthenope*	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Calcirhynchia genus	Animalia : Brachiopoda : Rhynchonellata : Rhynchonellida : Wellerellidae : *Calcirhynchia*	201.3 - 196.5 Ma Early Jurassic
Decurtella genus	Animalia : Brachiopoda : Rhynchonellata : Rhynchonellida : Austrirhynchidae : *Decurtella*	247.2 - 242 Ma Triassic
Piarorhynchia genus	Animalia : Brachiopoda : Rhynchonellata : Rhynchonellida : Rhynchonellidae : *Piarorhynchia*	247.2 - 242 Ma Triassic
Mentzelia genus	Animalia : Brachiopoda : Rhynchonellata : Spiriferinida : Mentzeliidae : *Mentzelia*	247.2 - 242 Ma Triassic
Engraulis genus	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Clupeiformes : Clupeidae : *Engraulis*	2.588 - 1.806 Ma Pleistocene
Etrumeus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Clupeiformes : Clupeidae : *Etrumeus*	2.588 - 1.806 Ma Pleistocene
Nansenia genus	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Argentiniformes : Argentinidae : *Nansenia*	11.62 - 7.246 Ma Miocene
Argyropelecus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Stomiatiformes : Sternoptychidae : *Argyropelecus*	2.588 - 1.806 Ma Pleistocene
Cyclothone genus	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopterygii : Stomiiformes : Gonostomatidae : *Cyclothone*	2.588 - 1.806 Ma Pleistocene
Polyipnus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Stomiatiformes : Sternoptychidae : *Polyipnus*	11.62 - 7.246 Ma Miocene
Polymetme genus	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Stomiatiformes : *Polymetme*	11.62 - 7.246 Ma Miocene
Lestidiops genus	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Alepisauriformes : *Lestidiops*	2.588 - 1.806 Ma Pleistocene
Diaphus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Myctophiformes : Myctophidae : *Diaphus*	11.62 - 7.246 Ma Miocene
Electrona genus	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Myctophiformes : *Electrona*	2.588 - 1.806 Ma Pleistocene
Hygophum genus	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Myctophiformes : *Hygophum*	11.62 - 7.246 Ma Miocene
Lampadena genus	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Myctophiformes : Myctophidae : *Lampadena*	11.62 - 7.246 Ma Miocene
Lobianchia genus	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopterygii : Myctophiformes : Myctophidae : *Lobianchia*	11.62 - 7.246 Ma Miocene
Myctophum genus	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Myctophiformes : *Myctophum*	11.62 - 7.246 Ma Miocene
Notoscopelus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Myctophiformes : Myctophidae : *Notoscopelus*	11.62 - 7.246 Ma Miocene
Carapus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopterygii : Ophidiiformes : Carapidae : *Carapus*	2.588 - 1.806 Ma Pleistocene
Gadiculus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Gadiformes : Gadidae : *Gadiculus*	2.588 - 1.806 Ma Pleistocene
Antigonia genus	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Caproidae : *Antigonia*	11.62 - 7.246 Ma Miocene
Capros genus	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Caproidae : *Capros*	2.588 - 1.806 Ma Pleistocene
Syngnathus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Syngnathiformes : Syngnathidae : *Syngnathus*	2.588 - 1.806 Ma Pleistocene
Chaetodon genus	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Chaetodontidae : *Chaetodon*	2.588 - 1.806 Ma Pleistocene
Lepidopus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Scombriformes : Trichiuridae : *Lepidopus*	2.588 - 1.806 Ma Pleistocene
Sarda genus	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Scombriformes : Scombridae : *Sarda*	2.588 - 1.806 Ma Pleistocene
Scomber genus	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Scombriformes : Scombridae : *Scomber*	2.588 - 1.806 Ma Pleistocene
Trachurus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Carangiformes : Carangidae : *Trachurus*	2.588 - 1.806 Ma Pleistocene
Arnoglossus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Pleuronectiformes : Bothidae : *Arnoglossus*	2.588 - 1.806 Ma Pleistocene
Solea genus	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Pleuronectiformes : Pleuronectidae : *Solea*	2.588 - 1.806 Ma Pleistocene
Neusticosaurus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Pachypleurosauridae : *Neusticosaurus*	247.2 - 237 Ma Triassic
Mixosaurus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Mixosauridae : *Mixosaurus*	247.2 - 237 Ma Triassic
Mesoplodon genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Cetacea : Hyperoodontidae : *Mesoplodon*	5.333 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Metaxytherium genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Sirenia : Dugongidae : *Metaxytherium*	5.333 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Cheloniidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Testudines : Cheloniidae	5.333 - 3.6 Ma Neogene
Mystriosuchus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Phytosauridae : *Mystriosuchus*	215.56 - 212 Ma Late/Upper Triassic
Theropoda unranked clade	Animalia : Chordata : Saurischia : Theropoda	215.56 - 212 Ma Late/Upper Triassic
Mysticeti suborder	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Cetacea : Mysticeti	3.6 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Balaenidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Cetacea : Balaenidae	5.333 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Psephoderma alpinum species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Cyamodontidae : Psephoderma : *Psephoderma alpinum*	215.56 - 212 Ma Late/Upper Triassic
Astadelphis gastaldii species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Cetacea : Delphinidae : Astadelphis : *Astadelphis gastaldii*	3.6 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Hemisyntrachelus cortesii species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Cetacea : Delphinidae : Hemisyntrachelus : *Hemisyntrachelus cortesii*	5.333 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Mystriosuchus planirostris species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Eosuchia : Parasuchidae : Mystriosuchus : *Mystriosuchus planirostris*	215.56 - 212 Ma Late/Upper Triassic
Foraminifera phylum	Chromista : Foraminifera	83.5 - 66 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Kalotermitidae family	Animalia : Arthropoda : Insecta : Blattodea : Kalotermitidae	7.246 - 5.333 Ma Miocene
Otodus megalodon species	Animalia : Chordata : Chondrichthyes : Lamniformes : Otodontidae : Otodus : *Otodus megalodon*	5.333 - 3.6 Ma Neogene
Chlamys (Chlamys) subgenus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Pectinida : Pectinidae : Chlamys : *Chlamys (Chlamys)*	201.3 - 199.3 Ma Early Jurassic
Ophiura ophiura species	Animalia : Echinodermata : Ophiuroidea : Ophiurida : Ophiuridae : Ophiura : *Ophiura ophiura*	2.588 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Auxis genus	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Scombriformes : Scombridae : *Auxis*	2.588 - 1.806 Ma Pleistocene
Xiphias gladius species	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Istiophoriformes : Xiphiidae : Xiphias : *Xiphias gladius*	2.588 - 1.806 Ma Pleistocene
Ingaunoturricula genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Neogastropoda : Turridae : *Ingaunoturricula*	3.6 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Panthera pardus species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Felidae : Panthera : *Panthera pardus*	0.126 - 0.0117 Ma Pleistocene
Neverita josephinia species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Naticidae : Neverita : *Neverita josephinia*	5.333 - 3.6 Ma Neogene
Calyptraea chinensis species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Calyptraeidae : Calyptraea : *Calyptraea chinensis*	2.588 - 0.781 Ma Pleistocene
Petaloconchus intortus species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Vermetidae : Petaloconchus : *Petaloconchus intortus*	3.6 - 1.806 Ma Cenozoic
Aporrhais pespelecani species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Aporrhaidae : Aporrhais : *Aporrhais pespelecani*	5.333 - 0.781 Ma Cenozoic
Euspira helicina species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Naticidae : Euspira : *Euspira helicina*	5.333 - 1.806 Ma Cenozoic
Persististrombus coronatus species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Strombidae : Persististrombus : *Persististrombus coronatus*	5.333 - 3.6 Ma Neogene
Siderastrea miocenica species	Animalia : Cnidaria : Anthozoa : Scleractinia : Siderastreidae : Siderastrea : *Siderastrea miocenica*	11.62 - 7.246 Ma Miocene
Tectonatica tectula species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Naticidae : Tectonatica : *Tectonatica tectula*	2.588 - 1.806 Ma Pleistocene
Solenastrea desmoulinsi species	Animalia : Cnidaria : Anthozoa : Scleractinia : Faviidae : Solenastrea : *Solenastrea desmoulinsi*	11.62 - 7.246 Ma Miocene
Eudimorphodon ranzii species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Pterosauria : Campylognathoididae : Eudimorphodon : *Eudimorphodon ranzii*	215.56 - 212 Ma Late/Upper Triassic
Megalancosaurus preonensis species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Drepanosauridae : Megalancosaurus : *Megalancosaurus preonensis*	215.56 - 212 Ma Late/Upper Triassic
Drepanosaurus unguicaudatus species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Drepanosauridae : Drepanosaurus : *Drepanosaurus unguicaudatus*	215.56 - 212 Ma Late/Upper Triassic
Capulus hungaricus species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Capulidae : Capulus : *Capulus hungaricus*	5.333 - 0.781 Ma Cenozoic
Euspira catena species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Naticidae : Euspira : *Euspira catena*	5.333 - 3.6 Ma Neogene
Astarte (Astarte) subgenus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Carditida : Astartidae : Astarte : *Astarte (Astarte)*	201.3 - 196.5 Ma Early Jurassic
Mentzelia mentzeli species	Animalia : Brachiopoda : Rhynchonellata : Spiriferinida : Mentzeliidae : Mentzelia : *Mentzelia mentzeli*	247.2 - 242 Ma Triassic
Ceratotrochus (Edwardsotrochus) bellingherianus species	Animalia : Cnidaria : Anthozoa : Scleractinia : Caryophylliidae : Ceratotrochus : *Ceratotrochus (Edwardsotrochus) bellingherianus*	11.62 - 7.246 Ma Miocene
Trochocyathus plicatus species	Animalia : Cnidaria : Anthozoa : Scleractinia : Caryophylliidae : Trochocyathus : *Trochocyathus plicatus*	11.62 - 7.246 Ma Miocene
Deltocyathus italicus species	Animalia : Cnidaria : Anthozoa : Scleractinia : Caryophylliidae : Deltocyathus : *Deltocyathus italicus*	11.62 - 7.246 Ma Miocene
Caryophyllia (Ceratocyathus) tortonensis species	Animalia : Cnidaria : Anthozoa : Scleractinia : Caryophylliidae : Caryophyllia : *Caryophyllia (Ceratocyathus) tortonensis*	11.62 - 7.246 Ma Miocene
Caryophyllia (Acanthocyathus) verrucosus species	Animalia : Cnidaria : Anthozoa : Scleractinia : Caryophylliidae : Caryophyllia : *Caryophyllia (Acanthocyathus) verrucosus*	11.62 - 7.246 Ma Miocene
Ceratotrochus multispinosus species	Animalia : Cnidaria : Anthozoa : Scleractinia : Caryophylliidae : Ceratotrochus : *Ceratotrochus multispinosus*	11.62 - 7.246 Ma Miocene
Ceratotrochus multiserialis species	Animalia : Cnidaria : Anthozoa : Scleractinia : Caryophylliidae : Ceratotrochus : *Ceratotrochus multiserialis*	11.62 - 7.246 Ma Miocene
Flabellum siciliense species	Animalia : Cnidaria : Anthozoa : Scleractinia : Flabellidae : Flabellum : *Flabellum siciliense*	11.62 - 7.246 Ma Miocene
Flabellum foecundum species	Animalia : Cnidaria : Anthozoa : Scleractinia : Flabellidae : Flabellum : *Flabellum foecundum*	11.62 - 7.246 Ma Miocene
Flabellum intermedium species	Animalia : Cnidaria : Anthozoa : Scleractinia : Flabellidae : Flabellum : *Flabellum intermedium*	11.62 - 7.246 Ma Miocene
Stephanophyllia elegans species	Animalia : Cnidaria : Anthozoa : Scleractinia : Micrabaciidae : Stephanophyllia : *Stephanophyllia elegans*	11.62 - 7.246 Ma Miocene
Balanophyllia patera species	Animalia : Cnidaria : Anthozoa : Scleractinia : Dendrophylliidae : Balanophyllia : *Balanophyllia patera*	11.62 - 7.246 Ma Miocene
Personopsis grasi species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Personidae : Personopsis : *Personopsis grasi*	3.6 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Zonaria porcellus species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Cypraeidae : Zonaria : *Zonaria porcellus*	3.6 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Megalancosaurus endennae species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Drepanosauridae : Megalancosaurus : *Megalancosaurus endennae*	215.56 - 212 Ma Late/Upper Triassic
Mosasaurus hoffmanni species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Squamata : Mosasauridae : Mosasaurus : *Mosasaurus hoffmanni*	99.6 - 66 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Mikadocephalus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Guanlingsauridae : *Mikadocephalus*	247.2 - 237 Ma Triassic
Wimanius odontopalatus species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Wimaniidae : Wimanius : *Wimanius odontopalatus*	247.2 - 237 Ma Triassic
Contectopalatus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Mixosauridae : *Contectopalatus*	247.2 - 237 Ma Triassic
Besanosaurus leptorhynchus species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Besanosauridae : Besanosaurus : *Besanosaurus leptorhynchus*	247.2 - 237 Ma Triassic
Cylindrobullina avena species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Architectibranchia : Cylindrobullinidae : Cylindrobullina : *Cylindrobullina avena*	201.3 - 196.5 Ma Early Jurassic
Proeryon hartmanni species	Animalia : Arthropoda : Malacostraca : Decapoda : Coleiidae : Proeryon : *Proeryon hartmanni*	201.3 - 174.1 Ma Jurassic
Archaeopalinurus levis species	Animalia : Arthropoda : Malacostraca : Decapoda : Palinuridae : Archaeopalinurus : *Archaeopalinurus levis*	201.3 - 174.1 Ma Jurassic
Pagurus avellanedae species	Animalia : Arthropoda : Pagurus : *Pagurus avellanedae*	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Calappa granulata species	Animalia : Arthropoda : Malacostraca : Decapoda : Calappidae : Calappa : *Calappa granulata*	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Ebalia cranchii species	Animalia : Arthropoda : Malacostraca : Decapoda : Leucosiidae : Ebalia : *Ebalia cranchii*	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Ilia pliocaenica species	Animalia : Arthropoda : Malacostraca : Decapoda : Leucosiidae : Ilia : *Ilia pliocaenica*	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Palaeomyra bispinosa species	Animalia : Arthropoda : Malacostraca : Decapoda : Inachidae : Palaeomyra : *Palaeomyra bispinosa*	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Macropipus tuberculatus species	Animalia : Arthropoda : Malacostraca : Decapoda : Polybiidae : Macropipus : *Macropipus tuberculatus*	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Goneplax rhomboides species	Animalia : Arthropoda : Malacostraca : Decapoda : Goneplacidae : Goneplax : *Goneplax rhomboides*	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Maja squinado species	Animalia : Arthropoda : Maja : *Maja squinado*	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Praechlamys valoniensis species	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Pectinida : Pectinidae : Praechlamys : *Praechlamys valoniensis*	201.3 - 196.5 Ma Early Jurassic
Lobothyris ovatissimaeformis species	Animalia : Brachiopoda : Rhynchonellata : Terebratulida : Lobothyrididae : Lobothyris : *Lobothyris ovatissimaeformis*	201.3 - 196.5 Ma Early Jurassic
Zeilleria perforata species	Animalia : Brachiopoda : Rhynchonellata : Terebratulida : Zeilleriidae : Zeilleria : *Zeilleria perforata*	201.3 - 196.5 Ma Early Jurassic
Maurolicus muelleri species	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Stomiatiformes : Sternoptychidae : Maurolicus : *Maurolicus muelleri*	2.588 - 1.806 Ma Pleistocene
Diaphus splendidus species	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Myctophiformes : Myctophidae : Diaphus : *Diaphus splendidus*	11.62 - 7.246 Ma Miocene
Lampanyctus latesulcatus species	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Myctophiformes : Myctophidae : Lampanyctus : *Lampanyctus latesulcatus*	11.62 - 7.246 Ma Miocene
Oreochromis genus	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Cichliformes : Cichlidae : *Oreochromis*	23.03 - 5.333 Ma Miocene
Euspira pulchella species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Naticidae : Euspira : *Euspira pulchella*	5.333 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Norites gondola species	Animalia : Mollusca : Cephalopoda : Ceratitida : Noritidae : Norites : *Norites gondola*	247.2 - 242 Ma Triassic
Gonostomatidae family	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopterygii : Stomiiformes : Gonostomatidae	11.62 - 7.246 Ma Miocene
Ptychites opulentus species	Animalia : Mollusca : Cephalopoda : Ammonoidea : Ptychitidae : Ptychites : *Ptychites opulentus*	247.2 - 242 Ma Triassic
Spratelloides genus	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Clupeiformes : Dussumieriidae : *Spratelloides*	2.588 - 1.806 Ma Pleistocene
Schlotheimia angulata species	Animalia : Mollusca : Cephalopoda : Ammonitida : Schlotheimiidae : Schlotheimia : *Schlotheimia angulata*	201.3 - 196.5 Ma Early Jurassic
Protohaploxypinus genus	*Protohaploxypinus*	298.9 - 252.17 Ma Paleozoic
Striatopodocarpites genus	*Striatopodocarpites*	298.9 - 252.17 Ma Paleozoic
Parallelodon hettangiensis species	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Arcida : Parallelodontidae : Parallelodon : *Parallelodon hettangiensis*	201.3 - 196.5 Ma Early Jurassic
Trachyrincus genus	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Gadiformes : Macrouridae : *Trachyrincus*	11.62 - 7.246 Ma Miocene
Diaphus rafinesquii species	*Diaphus rafinesquii*	11.62 - 7.246 Ma Miocene
Benthosema glaciale species	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Myctophiformes : Benthosema : *Benthosema glaciale*	11.62 - 7.246 Ma Miocene
Scopelarchus analis species	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Aulopiformes : Scopelarchidae : Scopelarchus : *Scopelarchus analis*	11.62 - 7.246 Ma Miocene
Diaphus holti species	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Myctophiformes : Myctophidae : Diaphus : *Diaphus holti*	11.62 - 7.246 Ma Miocene
Lobianchia dofleini species	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Myctophiformes : Myctophidae : Lobianchia : *Lobianchia dofleini*	11.62 - 7.246 Ma Miocene
Notoscopelus elongatus species	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Myctophiformes : Myctophidae : Notoscopelus : *Notoscopelus elongatus*	11.62 - 7.246 Ma Miocene
Scopelopsis pliocenicus species	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Myctophiformes : Myctophidae : Scopelopsis : *Scopelopsis pliocenicus*	11.62 - 7.246 Ma Miocene
Micromesistius poutassou species	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Gadiformes : Gadidae : Micromesistius : *Micromesistius poutassou*	2.588 - 1.806 Ma Pleistocene
Merluccius merluccius species	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Gadiformes : Merlucciidae : Merluccius : *Merluccius merluccius*	2.588 - 1.806 Ma Pleistocene
Cuneirhynchia latesinuosa species	Animalia : Brachiopoda : Rhynchonellata : Rhynchonellida : Rhynchonellidae : Cuneirhynchia : *Cuneirhynchia latesinuosa*	201.3 - 196.5 Ma Early Jurassic
Endennasaurus acutirostris species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Endennasaurus : *Endennasaurus acutirostris*	215.56 - 212 Ma Late/Upper Triassic
Ambercyclus decoratus species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Eucyclidae : Ambercyclus : *Ambercyclus decoratus*	201.3 - 196.5 Ma Early Jurassic
Cedripites genus	*Cedripites*	298.9 - 252.17 Ma Paleozoic
Stellaria testigera species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Xenophoridae : Stellaria : *Stellaria testigera*	5.333 - 3.6 Ma Neogene
Acharax doderleini species	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Solemyida : Solemyidae : Acharax : *Acharax doderleini*	23.03 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Miolyncina cocconii species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Cypraeidae : Miolyncina : *Miolyncina cocconii*	3.6 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Galeodinopsis tiberiana species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Rissoidae : Galeodinopsis : *Galeodinopsis tiberiana*	11.62 - 3.6 Ma Neogene
Hespererato cocconii species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Littorinimorpha : Eratoidae : Hespererato : *Hespererato cocconii*	2.588 - 1.806 Ma Pleistocene
Erato elongata species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Littorinimorpha : Eratoidae : Erato : *Erato elongata*	2.588 - 1.806 Ma Pleistocene
Niveria dorsolaevigata species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Triviidae : Niveria : *Niveria dorsolaevigata*	2.588 - 1.806 Ma Pleistocene
Apiocypraea labrosa species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Eocypraeidae : Apiocypraea : *Apiocypraea labrosa*	3.6 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Schilderia utricolata species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Cypraeidae : Schilderia : *Schilderia utricolata*	2.588 - 1.806 Ma Pleistocene
Niveria parvavellana species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Triviidae : Niveria : *Niveria parvavellana*	5.333 - 3.6 Ma Neogene
Klausipollenites genus	Plantae : *Klausipollenites*	298.9 - 252.17 Ma Paleozoic
Sulcatisporites genus	Plantae : *Sulcatisporites*	298.9 - 252.17 Ma Paleozoic
Neosimnia pliomajor species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Ovulidae : Simnia : *Neosimnia pliomajor*	2.588 - 1.806 Ma Pleistocene
Pseudosimnia capellinii species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Ovulidae : Pseudosimnia : *Pseudosimnia capellinii*	5.333 - 0.781 Ma Cenozoic
Erato cerullii species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Triviidae : Erato : *Erato cerullii*	2.588 - 1.806 Ma Pleistocene
Erato subalata species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Triviidae : Erato : *Erato subalata*	2.588 - 1.806 Ma Pleistocene
Schilderia flavicula species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Cypraeidae : Schilderia : *Schilderia flavicula*	5.333 - 0.781 Ma Cenozoic
Payraudeautia intricata species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Naticidae : Payraudeautia : *Payraudeautia intricata*	5.333 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Aporrhais uttingeriana species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Aporrhaidae : Aporrhais : *Aporrhais uttingeriana*	5.333 - 0.781 Ma Cenozoic
Crepidula unguiformis species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Littorinimorpha : Calyptraeidae : Crepidula : *Crepidula unguiformis*	5.333 - 1.806 Ma Cenozoic
Crepidula gibbosa species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Calyptraeidae : Crepidula : *Crepidula gibbosa*	5.333 - 3.6 Ma Neogene
Trivia arctica species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Triviidae : Trivia : *Trivia arctica*	2.588 - 0.781 Ma Pleistocene
Trivia multilirata species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Triviidae : Trivia : *Trivia multilirata*	2.588 - 1.806 Ma Pleistocene
Aplus genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Neogastropoda : Pisaniidae : *Aplus*	3.6 - 2.588 Ma Cenozoic
Cochlis raropunctata species	Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Naticidae : Cochlis : *Cochlis raropunctata*	2.588 - 1.806 Ma Pleistocene
Bregmaceros albyi species	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Gadiformes : Bregmacerotidae : Bregmaceros : *Bregmaceros albyi*	2.588 - 1.806 Ma Pleistocene
Xenodermichthys senesi species	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Alepocephaliformes : Alepocephalidae : Xenodermichthys : *Xenodermichthys senesi*	11.62 - 7.246 Ma Miocene
Woodsia genus	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopterygii : Stomiiformes : Phosichthyidae : *Woodsia*	11.62 - 7.246 Ma Miocene
Gadomus tejkali species	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Gadiformes : Macrouridae : Gadomus : *Gadomus tejkali*	11.62 - 7.246 Ma Miocene
Nealotus tripes species	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Scombriformes : Gempylidae : Nealotus : *Nealotus tripes*	11.62 - 7.246 Ma Miocene
Benthosema fitchi species	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Myctophiformes : Benthosema : *Benthosema fitchi*	11.62 - 7.246 Ma Miocene
Hygophum derthonensis species	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Myctophiformes : Hygophum : *Hygophum derthonensis*	11.62 - 7.246 Ma Miocene
Bathygadus novus species	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Gadiformes : Macrouridae : Bathygadus : *Bathygadus novus*	11.62 - 7.246 Ma Miocene
Arnoglossus kokeni species	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Pleuronectiformes : Bothidae : Arnoglossus : *Arnoglossus kokeni*	11.62 - 7.246 Ma Miocene
Calcirhynchia rectemarginata species	Animalia : Brachiopoda : Rhynchonellata : Rhynchonellida : Wellerellidae : Calcirhynchia : *Calcirhynchia rectemarginata*	201.3 - 196.5 Ma Early Jurassic
Avicula deshayesi species	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Ostreida : Pteriidae : Avicula : *Avicula deshayesi*	201.3 - 196.5 Ma Early Jurassic
Notoscopelus resplendens species	Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Myctophiformes : Myctophidae : Notoscopelus : *Notoscopelus resplendens*	11.62 - 7.246 Ma Miocene

Fossil Localities

Click to show 32 fossil localities

References

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Year (asc) Year (desc) Author (A-Z) Author (Z-A)

Pieri, M., and Groppi, G. (1981) Subsurface geological structure of the Po Plain, Italy. CNR-AGIP, Progetto Finalizzato Geodinamica, pubblicazione no. 414, 13 pp.

Cassano, E., Anelli, L., Fichera, R., and Cappelli, V. (1986) Pianura Padana. Interpretazione integrata di dati geofisici e geologici. 73° Congresso della Società Geologica Italiana, 29 settembre-4 ottobre 1986, Roma, 27.

Bongiorni, D. (1987) La ricerca di idrocarburi negli alti strutturali mesozoici della Pianura padana: l’esempio di Gaggiano. Atti Ticinesi di Scienze della Terra, 31, 125-141.

Mattavelli, L., and Novelli, L. (1987) Origin of Po Basin hydrocarbons. Memoires de la Société Géologique de France, 151, 97–106.

Castiglioni, G.B., Bondesan, M., and Elmi, C. (1990) Geomorphological mapping of the Po Plain (ltaly), with an example in the area of Ravenna. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, N.F., Suppl.-Bd.80 ,35-44.

Bertotti, G., Picotti, V., Bernoulli, D., and Castellarin, A. (1993) From rifting to drifting: tectonic evolution of the Southalpine upper crust from the Triassic to the Early Cretaceous. Sedimentary Geology, 86, 1/2, 53-76.

Castiglioni, G.B. (1995) Risultati preliminaridel nuovo rilevamento geomorfologico della Pianura Padana. Memorie della Società Geografica Italiana, 53,13-72.

Castiglioni, G. B., and Pellegrini, G.B., Eds. (2001) Note illustrative della carta geomorfologica della Pianura Padana [Illustrative notes of the geomorphological map of Po Plain, Italy]. Supplementi di Geografia Fisica e Dinamica Quaternaria, 4, 7–12.

Marchetti, M. (2002) Environmental changes in the central Po Plain (Northern Italy) due to fluvial modifications and anthropogenic activities. Geomorphology, 44(3), 361–373.

Castaldini, D., Marchetti, M., Norini, G., Vandelli, V., and Zuluaga Vélez, M.C. (2019) Geomorphology of the central Po Plain, Northern Italy. Journal of Maps, 15, 2, 780–787.

External Links

https://iris.unimore.it/retrieve/handle/11380/1182198/229100/Geomorphology%20of%20the%20central%20Po%20Plain%20Northern%20Italy.pdf

Localities in this Region

Italy

Emilia-Romagna
- Ferrara Province
  - Cento
    - Renazzo
      - Renazzo meteorite
  - Vigarano Mainarda
    - Vigarano Pieve
      - Vigarano meteorite (Cariani; Ferrara; Mainardi; Morandi; Parish; Pieve; Vigarano Mainarda; Vigarano Pieve; Vigarno; Vigarvano; Vigavano [NHM cat.])
- Metropolitan City of Bologna
  - Castenaso
    - Castenaso meteorite
- Modena Province
  - Castelnuovo Rangone
    - Tiepido stream bed
  - Cavezzo
    - Cavezzo meteorite
  - Modena
    - Albareto
      - Albareto meteorite
- Parma Province
  - Fidenza
    - Borgo San Donino meteorite (Borgo San Donnino meteorite)
- Piacenza Province
  - Carpaneto
    - Tabiano di Badagnano
    - Tavasca
- Ravenna Province
  - Alfonsine
    - Molino di Filo Quarry
Lombardy
- Bergamo Province
  - Medolago
    - Isola quarry
  - Suisio
    - Suisio quarry
- Brescia Province
  - Alfianello
    - Alfianello meteorite
  - Trenzano
    - Trenzano meteorite
- Cremona Province
- Lodi Province
  - Adda River gold alluvials
  - Po River gold alluvials
- Mantova Province
  - Mincio River gold alluvials
  - Oglio River gold alluvials
- Metropolitan City of Milan
  - Adda River gold alluvials
  - ⭔Liscate
  - ⭔Melzo
  - ⭔Milan
  - ⭔Paderno Dugnano
  - ⭔Peschiera Borromeo
  - ⭔San Colombano al Lambro
    - San Colombano Castle (Belgioioso Castle)
  - ⭔San Giuliano Milanese
  - ⭔Segrate

Italy

Lombardy
- Metropolitan City of Milan
  - ⭔Settala
  - ⭔Ticino River gold alluvials
- Pavia Province
Piedmont
- Alessandria Province
- Biella Province
  - ⭔Cervo stream gold alluvials
- Cuneo Province
- Metropolitan City of Turin
  - Bricherasio
    - Molar (Cascina Molar)
  - Cavour
    - Rocca di Cavour
  - Garzigliana
    - Monte Bruno (Madonna di Monte Bruno; Montebruno)
  - San Giorgio Canavese
    - Rio Merdanzone
  - Turin
    - Torino meteorite
- Novara Province
- Vercelli Province
  - Motta de' Conti
    - Motta di Conti meteorite
  - Nico Bassa Mine
  - Po River gold alluvials
  - Sesia River gold alluvials
Po Plain
- ⭔Villafortuna-Trecate oil field

Other Regions, Features and Areas that Intersect

Eurasian PlateTectonic Plate

Europe

The AlpsMountain Range

Italy

Emilia-Romagna
- Piacenza Province
  - Chero ValleyValley
Lombardy
- Brescia Province
  - Camonica ValleyValley
Piedmont
- Cuneo Province
  - Tanaro ValleyValley
- Ivrea Morainic AmphitheatreGroup of Glacial Erratics
- Metropolitan City of Turin
  - Pellice ValleyValley
- Vercelli Province
  - Sesia ValleyValley

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Po Plain, Italy i
Regional Level Types
Po Plain Plains
Italy - not defined -