Torbernite
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Torbern Olof Bergman
Formula:
Cu(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 12H2O
Colour:
Emerald-green, grass-green. leek green, siskin green, apple green
Lustre:
Sub-Adamantine, Vitreous, Waxy, Pearly
Hardness:
2 - 2½
Specific Gravity:
3.22
Crystal System:
Tetragonal
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1793 by Abraham Gottlob Werner in honor of Torbern Olof Bergmann [March 20, 1735, Katharinberg, Sweden – July 8, 1784, Medevi, Sweden], Professor of Chemistry and Physics, University of Uppsala (Sweden). Bergmann succeeded Johan Gottschalk Wallerius at Uppsala. Bergmann was one of the most important chemists and mineralogists of the eighteenth century. He published on mineralogical classification, Sciagraphia Regni Mineralis, and studied nickel and bismuth. He researched and published on quantitative chemical analysis and the chemical affinity of the elements, the latter which led to more sophisticated theories. Bergmann was honored as a Knight of the Royal Order of Vasa and the Lunar crater Bergmann was named for him. His students included Karl Wilhelm Scheele, Juan José de Elhuyar (co-discoverer of tungsten), and Johan Gadolin.
Autunite Group.
A secondary mineral found in the oxidized zones of some uraniferous copper deposits.
Often dehydrated to metatorbernite (note that also transparent crystals can already be metatorbernite).
A secondary mineral found in the oxidized zones of some uraniferous copper deposits.
Often dehydrated to metatorbernite (note that also transparent crystals can already be metatorbernite).
Classification of Torbernite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
7/E.01-70
8.EB.05
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
E : Uranyl phosphates and arsenates
B : UO2:RO4 = 1:1
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
E : Uranyl phosphates and arsenates
B : UO2:RO4 = 1:1
40.2a.13.1
40 : HYDRATED NORMAL PHOSPHATES,ARSENATES AND VANADATES
2a : AB2(XO4)2·xH2O, containing (UO2)2+
40 : HYDRATED NORMAL PHOSPHATES,ARSENATES AND VANADATES
2a : AB2(XO4)2·xH2O, containing (UO2)2+
19.11.10
19 : Phosphates
11 : Phosphates of U
19 : Phosphates
11 : Phosphates of U
Physical Properties of Torbernite
Sub-Adamantine, Vitreous, Waxy, Pearly
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Comment:
Pearly on cleavages, dull when dehydrated.
Colour:
Emerald-green, grass-green. leek green, siskin green, apple green
Streak:
Pale green
Hardness:
2 - 2½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
Perfect on {001} micaceous, indistinct on {100}
Perfect on {001} micaceous, indistinct on {100}
Density:
3.22 g/cm3 (Measured)
Optical Data of Torbernite
Type:
Uniaxial (-)
RI values:
nω = 1.590 - 1.592 nε = 1.581 - 1.582
Birefringence:
0.010
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.009 - 0.010
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Optical Extinction:
Parallel
Pleochroism:
Visible
Comments:
O = Dark green to sky blue
E = Green
E = Green
Chemical Properties of Torbernite
Formula:
Cu(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 12H2O
Common Impurities:
Ca,Ba,Mg
Age information
Age range:
Cenozoic : 8.40 Ma to 0.20 Ma - based on data given below.
Sample ages:
| Sample ID | Recorded age | Geologic Time | Dating method |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 0.20 Ma | Pleistocene | U/Pb |
| 2 | 4.55 Ma | Pliocene | U/Pb |
| 3 | 8.40 Ma | Miocene | U/Pb |
Sample references:
| ID | Locality | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Wölsendorf, Schwarzach bei Nabburg, Wölsendorf East District, Wölsendorf Fluorite Mining District, Upper Palatinate, Bavaria, Germany | H.G. Dill et al. / Geomorphology 117 (2010) 44–65 |
| 2 | Hagendorf, Waidhaus, Upper Palatinate, Bavaria, Germany | H.G. Dill et al. / Geomorphology 117 (2010) 44–65 |
| 3 | Schoberth Quarry, Rudolfstein, Weißenstadt, Fichtelgebirge, Franconia, Bavaria, Germany | H.G. Dill et al. / Geomorphology 117 (2010) 44–65 |
Crystallography of Torbernite
Crystal System:
Tetragonal
Class (H-M):
4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) - Ditetragonal Dipyramidal
Space Group:
I4/mmm
Cell Parameters:
a = 7.0267(4) Å, c = 20.807(2) Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 2.961
Unit Cell V:
1027.3 ų
Z:
2
Morphology:
Crystals thin to thick tabular, square or octagonal, with prominent {001}, {011}, {110}; rarely pyramidal {111}. Commonly forms subparallel aggregates, foliated, micaceous, scaly.
Twinning:
Rare on {110}.
Comment:
Data for synthetic crystal. Other cell data reported: 7.025, 20.63 A.
Crystallographic forms of Torbernite
Crystal Atlas:
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Torbernite no.25 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Torbernite no.36 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Torbernite no.38 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
3d models and HTML5 code kindly provided by
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Epitaxial Relationships of Torbernite
Epitaxial Minerals:
| Zeunerite | Cu(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 12H2O |
| Uranospinite | Ca(UO2)(AsO4)2 · 10H2O |
| Bassetite | Fe2+(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 10H2O |
| Autunite | Ca(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 11H2O |
Epitaxy Comments:
Parallel growths with autunite are common. Parallel growths with uranospinite, zeunerite and bassetite are documented.
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 10.30 | (100) |
| 6.61 | (40) |
| 4.94 | (90) |
| 4.476 | (40) |
| 3.674 | (40) |
| 3.578 | (90) |
| 3.512 | (80) |
Comments:
Synthetic material
Type Occurrence of Torbernite
Synonyms of Torbernite
Other Language Names for Torbernite
Catalan:Torbernita
Dutch:Torberniet
French:Urane oxydé
German:Torbernit
Chalkolith
Cuprouranit
Grüner Glimmer
Kupferautunit
Kupferphosphoruranit
Kupfer-Uranit
Orthotorbernit
Torberit
Urankalk durch Kupfer gefärbt
Uranphyllit
Chalkolith
Cuprouranit
Grüner Glimmer
Kupferautunit
Kupferphosphoruranit
Kupfer-Uranit
Orthotorbernit
Torberit
Urankalk durch Kupfer gefärbt
Uranphyllit
Italian:Torbernite
Portuguese:Torbernite
Simplified Chinese:铜铀云母
Slovak:Torbernit
Spanish:Orthotorbernita
Torbernita
Torbernita
Traditional Chinese:銅鈾雲母
Relationship of Torbernite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
| Autunite | Ca(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 11H2O |
| Bassetite | Fe2+(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 10H2O |
| Heinrichite | Ba(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 10H2O |
| Kahlerite | Fe(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 12H2O |
| Metarauchite | Ni(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 8H2O |
| Nováčekite-I | Mg(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 12H2O |
| Nováčekite-II | Mg(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 10H2O |
| Rauchite | Ni(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 10H2O |
| Sabugalite | HAl(UO2)4(PO4)4 · 16H2O |
| Saléeite | Mg(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 10H2O |
| Uranocircite | Ba(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 10H2O |
| Uranospinite | Ca(UO2)(AsO4)2 · 10H2O |
| Zeunerite | Cu(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 12H2O |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
| Autunite | Ca(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 11H2O |
| Limonite | (Fe,O,OH,H2O) |
| Metatorbernite | Cu(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 8H2O |
| Uraninite | UO2 |
| Zeunerite | Cu(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 12H2O |
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| Kasolite | 66 photos of Torbernite associated with Kasolite on mindat.org. |
| Autunite | 58 photos of Torbernite associated with Autunite on mindat.org. |
| Quartz | 43 photos of Torbernite associated with Quartz on mindat.org. |
| Smoky Quartz | 33 photos of Torbernite associated with Smoky Quartz on mindat.org. |
| Parsonsite | 28 photos of Torbernite associated with Parsonsite on mindat.org. |
| Cuprosklodowskite | 27 photos of Torbernite associated with Cuprosklodowskite on mindat.org. |
| Malachite | 25 photos of Torbernite associated with Malachite on mindat.org. |
| Metatorbernite | 22 photos of Torbernite associated with Metatorbernite on mindat.org. |
| 19 photos of Torbernite associated with on mindat.org. | |
| Wulfenite | 17 photos of Torbernite associated with Wulfenite on mindat.org. |
Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping
| 8.EB.05 | Autunite | Ca(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 11H2O |
| 8.EB.05 | Heinrichite | Ba(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 10H2O |
| 8.EB.05 | Kahlerite | Fe(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 12H2O |
| 8.EB.05 | Nováčekite-I | Mg(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 12H2O |
| 8.EB.05 | Saléeite | Mg(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 10H2O |
| 8.EB.05 | Uranocircite | Ba(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 10H2O |
| 8.EB.05 | Uranospinite | Ca(UO2)(AsO4)2 · 10H2O |
| 8.EB.05 | Xiangjiangite | (Fe3+,Al)(UO2)4(PO4)2(SO4)2(OH) · 22H2O |
| 8.EB.05 | Zeunerite | Cu(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 12H2O |
| 8.EB.05 | Metarauchite | Ni(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.EB.05 | Rauchite | Ni(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 10H2O |
| 8.EB.10 | Bassetite | Fe2+(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 10H2O |
| 8.EB.10 | Lehnerite | Mn2+(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.EB.10 | Meta-autunite | Ca(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 6-8H2O |
| 8.EB.10 | Metasaléeite | Mg(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.EB.10 | Metauranocircite-I | Ba(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 7H2O |
| 8.EB.10 | Metauranospinite | Ca(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.EB.10 | Metaheinrichite | Ba(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.EB.10 | Metakahlerite | Fe2+(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.EB.10 | Metakirchheimerite | Co(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.EB.10 | Metanováčekite | Mg(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.EB.10 | Metatorbernite | Cu(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.EB.10 | Metazeunerite | Cu(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.EB.10 | Przhevalskite | Pb2(UO2)3(PO4)2(OH)4 · 3H2O |
| 8.EB.10 | Meta-lodèvite | Zn(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 10H2O |
| 8.EB.15 | Abernathyite | K(UO2)(AsO4) · 3H2O |
| 8.EB.15 | Chernikovite | (H3O)2(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 6H2O |
| 8.EB.15 | Meta-ankoleite | K2(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 6H2O |
| 8.EB.15 | Natrouranospinite | (Na2,Ca)(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 5H2O |
| 8.EB.15 | Trögerite | (H3O)(UO2)(AsO4) · 3H2O |
| 8.EB.15 | Uramphite | (NH4)2(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 6H2O |
| 8.EB.15 | Uramarsite | (NH4,H3O)2(UO2)2(AsO4,PO4)2 · 6H2O |
| 8.EB.20 | Threadgoldite | Al(UO2)2(PO4)2(OH) · 8H2O |
| 8.EB.20 | Chistyakovaite | Al(UO2)2(AsO4)2(F,OH) · 6.5H2O |
| 8.EB.25 | Arsenuranospathite | Al[(UO2)(AsO4)]2F(H2O)20 |
| 8.EB.25 | Uranospathite | (Al,☐)(UO2)2(PO4)2F · 20(H2O,F) |
| 8.EB.30 | Vochtenite | (Fe2+,Mg)Fe3+(UO2)4(PO4)4(OH) · 12-13H2O |
| 8.EB.35 | Coconinoite | Fe3+2Al2(UO2)2(PO4)4(SO4)(OH)2 · 20H2O |
| 8.EB.40 | Ranunculite | HAl(UO2)(PO4)(OH)3 · 4H2O |
| 8.EB.45 | Triangulite | Al3(UO2)4(PO4)4(OH)5 · 5H2O |
| 8.EB.50 | Furongite | Al13(UO2)7(PO4)13(OH)14 · 58H2O |
| 8.EB.55 | Sabugalite | HAl(UO2)4(PO4)4 · 16H2O |
Related Minerals - Hey's Chemical Index of Minerals Grouping
| 19.11.1 | Lermontovite | U(PO4)(OH) · H2O |
| 19.11.2 | Metavanmeersscheite | U6+(UO2)3(PO4)2(OH)6 · 2H2O |
| 19.11.3 | Vanmeersscheite | U6+(UO2)3(PO4)2(OH)6 · 4H2O |
| 19.11.4 | Chernikovite | (H3O)2(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 6H2O |
| 19.11.5 | Vyacheslavite | U(PO4)(OH) · nH2O |
| 19.11.6 | Metanatroautunite | Na(UO2)(PO4)(H2O)3 |
| 19.11.7 | Yingjiangite | K2Ca(UO2)7(PO4)4(OH)6 · 6H2O |
| 19.11.8 | Meta-ankoleite | K2(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 6H2O |
| 19.11.9 | Uramphite | (NH4)2(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 6H2O |
| 19.11.11 | Metatorbernite | Cu(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 8H2O |
| 19.11.12 | Saléeite | Mg(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 10H2O |
| 19.11.13 | Ningyoite | CaU(PO4)2 · 1-2H2O |
| 19.11.14 | Meta-autunite | Ca(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 6-8H2O |
| 19.11.15 | Autunite | Ca(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 11H2O |
| 19.11.16 | Pseudo-autunite | (H3O)4Ca2(UO2)2(PO4)4 · 5H2O |
| 19.11.17 | Phurcalite | Ca2(UO2)3(PO4)2O2 · 7H2O |
| 19.11.18 | Phosphuranylite | (H3O)3KCa(UO2)7(PO4)4O4 · 8H2O |
| 19.11.19 | Ulrichite | CaCu(UO2)(PO4)2 · 4H2O |
| 19.11.20 | Bergenite | Ca2Ba4(UO2)9(PO4)6O6 · 16H2O |
| 19.11.21 | Metauranocircite-I | Ba(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 7H2O |
| 19.11.22 | Uranocircite | Ba(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 10H2O |
| 19.11.23 | Ranunculite | HAl(UO2)(PO4)(OH)3 · 4H2O |
| 19.11.24 | Triangulite | Al3(UO2)4(PO4)4(OH)5 · 5H2O |
| 19.11.25 | Mundite | Al(UO2)3(PO4)2(OH)3 · 5.5H2O |
| 19.11.26 | Upalite | Al(UO2)3(PO4)2O(OH) · 7H2O |
| 19.11.27 | Furongite | Al13(UO2)7(PO4)13(OH)14 · 58H2O |
| 19.11.28 | Threadgoldite | Al(UO2)2(PO4)2(OH) · 8H2O |
| 19.11.29 | Phuralumite | Al2(UO2)3(PO4)3(OH)2 · 13H2O |
| 19.11.30 | Moreauite | Al3(UO2)(PO4)3(OH)2 · 13H2O |
| 19.11.31 | Sabugalite | HAl(UO2)4(PO4)4 · 16H2O |
| 19.11.32 | Uranospathite | (Al,☐)(UO2)2(PO4)2F · 20(H2O,F) |
| 19.11.33 | Althupite | AlTh(UO2)7(PO4)4(OH)5O2 · 15H2O |
| 19.11.34 | Françoisite-(Nd) | (Nd,Ce,Sm)(UO2)3(PO4)2O(OH) · 6H2O |
| 19.11.35 | Kivuite | (Th,Ca,Pb)(UO2)4(HPO4)2(OH)8 · 7H2O |
| 19.11.36 | Parsonsite | Pb2(UO2)(PO4)2 |
| 19.11.37 | Dewindtite | H2Pb3(UO2)2(PO4)4O4 · 12H2O |
| 19.11.38 | Dumontite | Pb2(UO2)3(PO4)2(OH)4 · 3H2O |
| 19.11.39 | Przhevalskite | Pb2(UO2)3(PO4)2(OH)4 · 3H2O |
| 19.11.40 | Lehnerite | Mn2+(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 8H2O |
| 19.11.41 | Bassetite | Fe2+(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 10H2O |
| 19.11.42 | Vochtenite | (Fe2+,Mg)Fe3+(UO2)4(PO4)4(OH) · 12-13H2O |
Related Minerals - Dana Grouping (8th Ed.)
| 40.2a.13.2 | Metatorbernite | Cu(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 8H2O |
Fluorescence of Torbernite
Not fluorescent. (Epitaxial intergrowths with other uranyl mica may fluoresce, however.)
Other Information
Notes:
Radioactive. H2O content varies with relative humidity. Soluble in acids.
Health Risks:
Contains uranium - always wash hands after handling. Avoid inhaling dust when handling or breaking. Never lick or ingest. Avoid prolonged exposure in the proximity of the body. Store away from inhabited areas.
References for Torbernite
Reference List:
Sort by Year (asc) | by Year (desc) | by Author (A-Z) | by Author (Z-A)
Born, Ignatz Edler von (1772) Index Fossilium, quae collegit, et in Classes ac Ordines disposuit Ignatius Eques a Born (Lithophylacium Bornianum).- Prag, Wolfgang Gerle, p. 42 (as viridis cryst.).
Werner, A.G. (1780) Axel von Cronstedts Versuch einer Mineralogie. Aufs neue aus dem Schwedischen übersetzt und nächst verschiedenen Anmerkungen vorzüglich mit äussern Beschreibungen der Fossilien vermehrt.- Leipzig, bei Siegfried Leberecht Crusius, p. 217-218 (as Grüner Glimmer).
Klaproth (1789) Schrift. Ges. Nat. Berlin: 9: 273 (as Urankalk durch Kupfer gefärbt).
Werner (1789) Bergmaennisches Journal, Freiberg (Neues Bergmännisches Journal): 376 (as Chalkolith).
Karsten, D.L.G. (1793) Über Herrn Werners Verbesserungen in der Mineralogie auf veranlassung der freimüthigen Gedanken, etc., des Herrn Abbé Estner. 80pp., Berlin: 43 (as Torberit).
Klaproth, M.H. (1797) Beiträge zur chemischen Kenntniss der Mineralkörper. vol. 2: 217 (as Uranites spathosus).
Werner (1800) (as Uranglimmer).
Haüy, R.J. (1801) Traité de minéralogie. First edition: in 4 volumes with atlas in fol.: 4: 319 (as Urane oxydé).
Ludwig, C.F. (1803) Handbuch der Mineralogie nach A.G. Werner. 2 volumes, Leipzig: 1: 55 (as Uranglimmer), 308 (as Torbernit).
Aikin, A. (1814) Manual of Mineralogy, 8 volumes, London, first edition (as Uranite).
Breithaupt, A. (1820) Kurze Charakteristik des Mineral-System’s. 8vo, Freiberg (as Uranphyllit).
Jameson, R. (1820) A System of Mineralogy, third edition, 3 volumes (as Uran-Mica).
Berzelius (1823) Jahresber. (as Phosphate of Uranium and Copper).
Phillips, R. (1823) Annals of Philosophy, London: 5: 57 (as Phosphate of Uranium containing Phosphate of Copper).
Brooke, H.J. and Miller, W.H. (1852) Introduction to Mineralogy by Wm. Phillips, London, 1823. New edition by Brooke and Miller. 8vo, London: 517 (as Torberite).
Breithaupt (1865) Berg.- und hüttenmännisches Zeitung, Freiberg, Leipzig (merged into Glückauf): 24: 302 (as Cuprouranit).
Schrauf (1872) Mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen, Vienna: 181.
Winkler (1873) Journal für praktische Chemie, Leipzig: 7: 10.
Dana, E.S. (1892) System of Mineralogy, 6th. Edition, New York: 856.
Walker (1898) American Journal of Science: 6: 41.
Rinne (1901) Centralblatt für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paleontologie, Stuttgart: 618.
Buchholz (1903) Centralblatt für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paleontologie, Stuttgart: 362.
Millosevich (1912) Reale accademia nazionale dei Lincei, Rome, Rend.: 21: 594.
Hallimond (1916) Mineralogical Magazine: 17: 326.
Forjaz (1917) Comptes rendu de l’Académie des sciences de Paris: 164: 102.
Heinrich (1917) Journal für praktische Chemie, Leipzig: 96: 73.
Goldschmidt, V. (1918) Atlas der Krystallformen. 9 volumes, atlas, and text: vol. 5: 101.
Hallimond (1920) Mineralogical Magazine: 19: 43.
Larsen, E.S. (1921) The Microscopic Determination of the Nonopaque Minerals, First edition, USGS Bulletin 679: 195.
Steinkuhler (1923) Bull. soc. chim. Belgique: 253, 270.
Hintze, Carl (1931) Handbuch der Mineralogie. Berlin and Leipzig. 6 volumes: 1 [4B]: 993.
Goldsztaub (1932) Bulletin de la Société française de Minéralogie: 55: 7.
Meixner (1940) Chemie der Erde, Jena: 12: 433.
Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951) The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 7th edition, revised and enlarged, 1124 pp.: 981-984.
US Geological Survey Bulletin (1956) 1036-G, 138.
American Mineralogist (1957) 42: 905-908.
Frondel, C. (1958) Systematic mineralogy of uranium and thorium. US Geological Survey Bulletin (1958): 1064: 170-177.
American Mineralogist (1964) 49: 1578-1602.
American Mineralogist (1965) 50: 1-12.
Anthony, J.W., Bideaux, R.A., Bladh, K.W., and Nichols, M.C. (2000) Handbook of Mineralogy, Volume IV. Arsenates, Phosphates, Vanadates. Mineral Data Publishing, Tucson, AZ, 680pp.: 594.
Locock, A. J. & Burns, P. C. (2003d): Crystal structures and synthesis of the copper-dominant members of the autunite and meta-autunite groups: torbernite, zeunerite, metatorbernite and metazeunerite. Canadian Mineralogist: 41: 489-502.
Burns, P.C. (2005) U 6+ minerals and inorganic compounds: insights into an expanded structural hierarchy of crystal structures. Canadian Mineralogist: 43: 1839-1894.
Dill, H. G., Gerdes, A., & Weber, B. (2010). Age and mineralogy of supergene uranium minerals—tools to unravel geomorphological and palaeohydrological processes in granitic terrains (Bohemian Massif, SE Germany). Geomorphology, 117(1), 44-65. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Axel_Gerdes/publication/230629926_Age_and_mineralogy_of_supergene_uranium_minerals_-_Tools_to_unravel_geomorphological_and_palaeohydrological_processes_in_granitic_terrains_Bohemian_Massif_SE_Germany/links/02e7e525d9eb35290b000000/Age-and-mineralogy-of-supergene-uranium-minerals-Tools-to-unravel-geomorphological-and-palaeohydrological-processes-in-granitic-terrains-Bohemian-Massif-SE-Germany.pdf
Internet Links for Torbernite
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https://www.mindat.org/min-3997.html
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The following Torbernite specimens are currently listed for sale on minfind.com.
Fonte Velha Mine, Sebadelhe da Serra, Trancoso, Guarda District, Portugal