Chondrodite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Chondrodite
Formula:
Mg5(SiO4)2F2
a n=2 member of the humite polysomatic series
Colour:
Yellow, Red or Brown.
Lustre:
Vitreous, Resinous
Hardness:
6 - 6½
Specific Gravity:
3.16 - 3.26
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1817 by Baron Abraham Constantin Mouradgea d'Ohsson from the Swedish "grynig och körtelaktig" meaning gritty and gland-like in allusion to its occurring in isolated grains. (Later given as χονδρωδης meaning grain.) The original chemical analysis by d'Ohsson did not find fluorine, but reported a 100% total. Seybert (1822) analyzed a similar mineral that did contain fluorine from Sparta, New Jersey, USA and named it maclureite for William Maclure, geologist-mineralogist, educator, and philanthropist. A minor controversy arose between Henry Seybert and Thomas Nuttall in 1822-1824 regarding priority of who first found fluorine in maclureite. Eventually, the maclureite of Seybert (1822) was indirectly equated with norbergite rather than chondrodite (Larsen et al., 1928). See also Thomson and Torrey (1836).
Isostructural with:
Chondrodite is a mineral in the humite group. It is closely related to clinohumite, humite and norbergite, and it is often found with one or more of these minerals. Chondrodite forms a continuous series with hydroxylchondrodite. Alleghanyite and kumtyubeite are the Mn and Ca analogues of the Mg dominant chondrodite, but it does not appear that these minerals form continuous series, at least based on the (restricted) available analytical data.
Chondrodite is almost always found in metamorphic and metamorphosed limestone and dolomites and in the contact (calc-silicate rocks/skarns) between these and acid plutonic rocks (occasionally also alkaline or mafic intrusives). It is often associated with different ores and other Mg-rich silicates such as spinel, phlogopite and forsterite. Chondrodite often occurs as rounded crystals or anhedral grains, and the small but exceptionally well formed crystals found in ejecta from the Somma-Vesuvius Complex, Italy, are unique. The best display specimens come from the now abandoned Tilly Foster mine, New York, USA. There, well formed crystals exceeding 5 cm are known and crude, partly altered crystals up to 15-20 cm have been found.
It is difficult to distinguish minerals in the humite group, as they largely occur in the same environments and localities. Their physical and optical appearances are also similar, as is the occurrence as rounded crystals or anhedral grains. A quantitative chemical analysis (electron microprobe) combined with structural analyses (XRD) seem to be required to identify individual humite-group species with absolute certainty. It is therefore quite possible that some of the locality entries and photos may be incorrectly identified as chondrodite.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Chondrodite.
Chondrodite is almost always found in metamorphic and metamorphosed limestone and dolomites and in the contact (calc-silicate rocks/skarns) between these and acid plutonic rocks (occasionally also alkaline or mafic intrusives). It is often associated with different ores and other Mg-rich silicates such as spinel, phlogopite and forsterite. Chondrodite often occurs as rounded crystals or anhedral grains, and the small but exceptionally well formed crystals found in ejecta from the Somma-Vesuvius Complex, Italy, are unique. The best display specimens come from the now abandoned Tilly Foster mine, New York, USA. There, well formed crystals exceeding 5 cm are known and crude, partly altered crystals up to 15-20 cm have been found.
It is difficult to distinguish minerals in the humite group, as they largely occur in the same environments and localities. Their physical and optical appearances are also similar, as is the occurrence as rounded crystals or anhedral grains. A quantitative chemical analysis (electron microprobe) combined with structural analyses (XRD) seem to be required to identify individual humite-group species with absolute certainty. It is therefore quite possible that some of the locality entries and photos may be incorrectly identified as chondrodite.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Chondrodite.Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1027
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1027:2
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
719e134d-9653-4423-8dcb-6c2eaf56c2c3
IMA Classification of Chondrodite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
Classification of Chondrodite
9.AF.45
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
A : Nesosilicates
F : Nesosilicates with additional anions; cations in [4], [5] and/or only [6] coordination
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
A : Nesosilicates
F : Nesosilicates with additional anions; cations in [4], [5] and/or only [6] coordination
52.3.2b.2
52 : NESOSILICATES Insular SiO4 Groups and O,OH,F,H2O
3 : Insular SiO4 Groups and O, OH, F, and H2O with cations in [6] coordination only
52 : NESOSILICATES Insular SiO4 Groups and O,OH,F,H2O
3 : Insular SiO4 Groups and O, OH, F, and H2O with cations in [6] coordination only
17.1.10
17 : Silicates Containing other Anions
1 : Silicates with fluoride (not containing Al)
17 : Silicates Containing other Anions
1 : Silicates with fluoride (not containing Al)
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Chn | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Chn | Kretz (1983) | Kretz, R. (1983) Symbols of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68, 277–279. |
| Chn | Siivolam & Schmid (2007) | Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download |
| Chn | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
| Chn | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Pronunciation of Chondrodite
Pronunciation:
| Play | Recorded by | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Jolyon Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Chondrodite
Vitreous, Resinous
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
Yellow, Red or Brown.
Streak:
White-gray, yellow
Hardness:
6 - 6½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Poor/Indistinct
Indistinct on {100}
Indistinct on {100}
Parting:
on {001}
Density:
3.16 - 3.26 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.177 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Chondrodite
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.592 - 1.643 nβ = 1.602 - 1.655 nγ = 1.619 - 1.675
2V:
Measured: 64° to 90°, Calculated: 76° to 78°
Birefringence:
0.030
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.027 - 0.032
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
r > v weak to strong
Pleochroism:
Weak
Comments:
X= colorless, very pale yellow, brownish yellow
Y= colorless, yellow green
Z= colorless, pale green
Y= colorless, yellow green
Z= colorless, pale green
Chemistry of Chondrodite
Mindat Formula:
Mg5(SiO4)2F2
a n=2 member of the humite polysomatic series
a n=2 member of the humite polysomatic series
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Ti,Al,Mn
Crystallography of Chondrodite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
P21/b
Cell Parameters:
a = 7.84 Å, b = 4.73 Å, c = 10.25 Å
β = 109°
β = 109°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 1.658 : 1 : 2.167
Unit Cell V:
359.39 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
2
Morphology:
Typically slightly flattened crystals, frequently rounded grains, massive
Twinning:
On {001}
Crystallographic forms of Chondrodite
Crystal Atlas:
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Chondrodite no.11 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Chondrodite no.12 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
3d models and HTML5 code kindly provided by
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0000208 | Chondrodite | Gibbs G V, Ribbe P H, Anderson C P (1970) The crystal structures of the humite minerals. II. Chondrodite American Mineralogist 55 1182-1194 |  | 1970 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0000667 | Chondrodite | Fujino K, Takeuchi Y (1978) Crystal chemistry of titanian chondrodite and titanian clinohumite of high-pressure origin American Mineralogist 63 535-543 | | 1978 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002337 | Chondrodite | Ottolini L, Camara F, Bigi S (2000) An investigation of matrix effects in the analysis of fluorine in humite-group minerals by EMPA, SIMS, and SREF American Mineralogist 85 89-102 | | 2000 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002339 | Chondrodite | Ottolini L, Camara F, Bigi S (2000) An investigation of matrix effects in the analysis of fluorine in humite-group minerals by EMPA, SIMS, and SREF American Mineralogist 85 89-102 | | 2000 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002340 | Chondrodite | Ottolini L, Camara F, Bigi S (2000) An investigation of matrix effects in the analysis of fluorine in humite-group minerals by EMPA, SIMS, and SREF American Mineralogist 85 89-102 | | 2000 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002666 | Chondrodite | Friedrich A, Lager G A, Kunz M, Chakoumakos B C, Smyth J R, Schultz A J (2001) Temperature-dependent single-crystal neutron diffraction study of natural chondrodite and clinohumite American Mineralogist 86 981-989 | | 2001 | 0 | 295 | |
| 0002667 | Chondrodite | Friedrich A, Lager G A, Kunz M, Chakoumakos B C, Smyth J R, Schultz A J (2001) Temperature-dependent single-crystal neutron diffraction study of natural chondrodite and clinohumite American Mineralogist 86 981-989 | | 2001 | 0 | 100 | |
| 0002668 | Chondrodite | Friedrich A, Lager G A, Kunz M, Chakoumakos B C, Smyth J R, Schultz A J (2001) Temperature-dependent single-crystal neutron diffraction study of natural chondrodite and clinohumite American Mineralogist 86 981-989 | | 2001 | 0 | 10 | |
| 0002860 | Chondrodite | Friedrich A, Lager G A, Ulmer P, Kunz M, Marshall W G (2002) High-pressure single-crystal X-ray and powder neutron study of F,OH/OD-chondrodite: Compressibility, structure, and hydrogen bonding American Mineralogist 87 931-939 | | 2002 | 0.0001 | 293 | |
| 0002861 | Chondrodite | Friedrich A, Lager G A, Ulmer P, Kunz M, Marshall W G (2002) High-pressure single-crystal X-ray and powder neutron study of F,OH/OD-chondrodite: Compressibility, structure, and hydrogen bonding American Mineralogist 87 931-939 | | 2002 | 4.952 | 293 | |
| 0002862 | Chondrodite | Friedrich A, Lager G A, Ulmer P, Kunz M, Marshall W G (2002) High-pressure single-crystal X-ray and powder neutron study of F,OH/OD-chondrodite: Compressibility, structure, and hydrogen bonding American Mineralogist 87 931-939 | | 2002 | 9.55 | 293 | |
| 0002863 | Chondrodite | Friedrich A, Lager G A, Ulmer P, Kunz M, Marshall W G (2002) High-pressure single-crystal X-ray and powder neutron study of F,OH/OD-chondrodite: Compressibility, structure, and hydrogen bonding American Mineralogist 87 931-939 | | 2002 | 1.26 | 293 | |
| 0002864 | Chondrodite | Friedrich A, Lager G A, Ulmer P, Kunz M, Marshall W G (2002) High-pressure single-crystal X-ray and powder neutron study of F,OH/OD-chondrodite: Compressibility, structure, and hydrogen bonding American Mineralogist 87 931-939 | | 2002 | 2.89 | 293 | |
| 0002865 | Chondrodite | Friedrich A, Lager G A, Ulmer P, Kunz M, Marshall W G (2002) High-pressure single-crystal X-ray and powder neutron study of F,OH/OD-chondrodite: Compressibility, structure, and hydrogen bonding American Mineralogist 87 931-939 | | 2002 | 3.87 | 293 | |
| 0002866 | Chondrodite | Friedrich A, Lager G A, Ulmer P, Kunz M, Marshall W G (2002) High-pressure single-crystal X-ray and powder neutron study of F,OH/OD-chondrodite: Compressibility, structure, and hydrogen bonding American Mineralogist 87 931-939 | | 2002 | 5.27 | 293 | |
| 0002867 | Chondrodite | Friedrich A, Lager G A, Ulmer P, Kunz M, Marshall W G (2002) High-pressure single-crystal X-ray and powder neutron study of F,OH/OD-chondrodite: Compressibility, structure, and hydrogen bonding American Mineralogist 87 931-939 | | 2002 | 7.04 | 293 | |
| 0009017 | Chondrodite | Kunz M, Lager G A, Burgi H B, Fernandez-Diaz M T (2006) High-temperature single-crystal neutron diffraction study of natural chondrodite Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 33 17-27 | 2006 | Tilly Foster Mine, Brewster, New York | 0 | 293 | |
| 0009018 | Chondrodite | Kunz M, Lager G A, Burgi H B, Fernandez-Diaz M T (2006) High-temperature single-crystal neutron diffraction study of natural chondrodite Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 33 17-27 | 2006 | Tilly Foster Mine, Brewster, New York | 0 | 293 | |
| 0009019 | Chondrodite | Kunz M, Lager G A, Burgi H B, Fernandez-Diaz M T (2006) High-temperature single-crystal neutron diffraction study of natural chondrodite Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 33 17-27 | 2006 | Tilly Foster Mine, Brewster, New York | 0 | 293 | |
| 0019536 | Chondrodite | Berry A J, James M (2002) Refinement of hydrogen positions in natural chondrodite by powder neutron diffraction: implications for the stability of humite minerals Mineralogical Magazine 66 441-449 | | 2002 | Orange county, New York, USA | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
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Radiation - Copper Kα
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 7.41 Å | (8) |
| 4.841 Å | (30) |
| 3.987 Å | (14) |
| 3.715 Å | (16) |
| 3.660 Å | (6) |
| 3.562 Å | (35) |
| 3.479 Å | (25) |
| 3.384 Å | (30) |
| 3.020 Å | (45) |
| 2.847 Å | (12) |
| 2.805 Å | (6) |
| 2.758 Å | (35) |
| 2.667 Å | (30) |
| 2.617 Å | (30) |
| 2.570 Å | (6) |
| 2.510 Å | (45) |
| 2.477 Å | (10) |
| 2.447 Å | (6b) |
| 2.423 Å | (10) |
| 2.320 Å | (30) |
| 2.288 Å | (35) |
| 2.258 Å | (100) |
| 2.148 Å | (12) |
| 2.108 Å | (8) |
| 2.083 Å | (4) |
| 2.027 Å | (6) |
| 2.019 Å | (6) |
| 2.003 Å | (4) |
| 1.984 Å | (4) |
| 1.964 Å | (6) |
| 1.937 Å | (6) |
| 1.878 Å | (8) |
| 1.839 Å | (4) |
| 1.815 Å | (8) |
| 1.802 Å | (8) |
| 1.740 Å | (70) |
| 1.692 Å | (10) |
| 1.677 Å | (4) |
Comments:
ICDD 12-527 (Tilly Foster Mine, Brewster, NY, USA). See also ICDD 33-865 (titanian) Buell Park, Arizona, USA.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 3a: Earth’s earliest Hadean crust | >4.50 |
| 7 : Ultramafic igneous rocks | |
| High-𝑇 alteration and/or metamorphism | |
| 31 : Thermally altered carbonate, phosphate, and iron formations | |
| Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
| 36 : Carbonatites, kimberlites, and related igneous rocks | |
| Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics | <3.5-2.5 |
| 40 : Regional metamorphism (greenschist, amphibolite, granulite facies) | |
| Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
| 50 : Coal and/or oil shale minerals | <0.36 |
| Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals | <10 Ka |
| 54 : Coal and other mine fire minerals (see also #51 and #56) |
Geological Setting:
In marble, contact metamorphic rocks, carbonatites
Type Occurrence of Chondrodite
Synonyms of Chondrodite
Other Language Names for Chondrodite
Varieties of Chondrodite
| Titanochondrodite | A Ti-bearing variety of chondrodite. |
Relationship of Chondrodite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
| Clinohumite | Mg9(SiO4)4F2 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| Humite | Mg7(SiO4)3F2 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnma |
| Hydroxylchondrodite | Mg5(SiO4)2(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| Hydroxylclinohumite | Mg9(SiO4)4(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| Norbergite | Mg3(SiO4)F2 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
| Unnamed (OH-analogue of humite) | Mg7(SiO4)3(OH)2 | Orth. |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 221 photos of Chondrodite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 141 photos of Chondrodite associated with Spinel | MgAl2O4 |
| 116 photos of Chondrodite associated with Magnetite | Fe2+Fe3+2O4 |
| 103 photos of Chondrodite associated with Clinochlore | Mg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| 73 photos of Chondrodite associated with Diopside | CaMgSi2O6 |
| 52 photos of Chondrodite associated with Aragonite | CaCO3 |
| 31 photos of Chondrodite associated with Graphite | C |
| 30 photos of Chondrodite associated with Phlogopite | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 28 photos of Chondrodite associated with Lizardite | Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| 18 photos of Chondrodite associated with Pargasite | NaCa2(Mg4Al)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 9.AF. | Chegemite | Ca7(SiO4)3(OH)2 |
| 9.AF. | Barwoodite | Mn2+6Nb5+(SiO4)2O3(OH)3 |
| 9.AF. | Jingwenite-(Y) | YAlV4+(SiO4)O2(OH)2 |
| 9.AF.05 | Sillimanite | Al2(SiO4)O |
| 9.AF.05 | Xenolite | Al10Si8O31 |
| 9.AF.10 | Andalusite | Al2(SiO4)O |
| 9.AF.10 | Kanonaite | Mn3+Al(SiO4)O |
| 9.AF.15 | Kyanite | Al2(SiO4)O |
| 9.AF.20 | Mullite | Al4+2xSi2-2xO10-x |
| 9.AF.20 | Krieselite | Al2(GeO4)F2 |
| 9.AF.23 | Boromullite | Al9BSi2O19 |
| 9.AF.25 | Yoderite | Mg(Al,Fe3+)3(SiO4)2O(OH) |
| 9.AF.30 | Magnesiostaurolite | Mg(Mg,Li)3(Al,Mg)18Si8O44(OH)4 |
| 9.AF.30 | Staurolite | Fe2+2Al9Si4O23(OH) |
| 9.AF.30 | Zincostaurolite | Zn2Al9Si4O23(OH) |
| 9.AF.35 | Topaz | Al2(SiO4)(F,OH)2 |
| 9.AF.40 | Norbergite | Mg3(SiO4)F2 |
| 9.AF.45 | Alleghanyite | Mn2+5(SiO4)2(OH)2 |
| 9.AF.45 | Reinhardbraunsite | Ca5(SiO4)2(OH,F)2 |
| 9.AF.45 | Kumtyubeite | Ca5(SiO4)2F2 |
| 9.AF.45 | Hydroxylchondrodite | Mg5(SiO4)2(OH)2 |
| 9.AF.50 | Humite | Mg7(SiO4)3F2 |
| 9.AF.50 | Manganhumite | (Mn2+,Mg)7(SiO4)3(OH)2 |
| 9.AF.50 | Unnamed (Ca-analogue of Humite) | Ca7(SiO4)4F2 |
| 9.AF.50 | Fluorchegemite | Ca7(SiO4)3F2 |
| 9.AF.50 | Unnamed (OH-analogue of humite) | Mg7(SiO4)3(OH)2 |
| 9.AF.55 | Clinohumite | Mg9(SiO4)4F2 |
| 9.AF.55 | Sonolite | Mn2+9(SiO4)4(OH)2 |
| 9.AF.55 | Hydroxylclinohumite | Mg9(SiO4)4(OH)2 |
| 9.AF.60 | Leucophoenicite | Mn2+7(SiO4)3(OH)2 |
| 9.AF.65 | Ribbeite | Mn2+5(SiO4)2(OH)2 |
| 9.AF.70 | Jerrygibbsite | Mn2+9(SiO4)4(OH)2 |
| 9.AF.75 | Franciscanite | Mn2+6(V5+,◻)2(SiO4)2(O,OH)6 |
| 9.AF.75 | Örebroite | Mn2+3(Sb5+,Fe3+)(SiO4)(O,OH)3 |
| 9.AF.75 | Welinite | Mn2+6(W6+,Mg)2(SiO4)2(O,OH)6 |
| 9.AF.75 | Scorticoite | Mn6(Sb,◻)Σ2(SiO4)2O3(OH)3 |
| 9.AF.80 | Ellenbergerite | Mg6(Mg,Ti,Zr,◻)2(Al,Mg)6Si8O28(OH)10 |
| 9.AF.85 | Chloritoid | (Fe2+,Mg,Mn2+)Al2(SiO4)O(OH)2 |
| 9.AF.85 | Magnesiochloritoid | MgAl2(SiO4)O(OH)2 |
| 9.AF.85 | Ottrélite | (Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)Al2(SiO4)O(OH)2 |
| 9.AF.90 | Poldervaartite | CaCa[SiO3(OH)](OH) |
| 9.AF.90 | Olmiite | CaMn2+[SiO3(OH)](OH) |
| 9.AF.95 | Pilawite-(Y) | Ca2Y2Al4(SiO4)4O2(OH)2 |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Chondrodite in petrology
An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.
Internet Links for Chondrodite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1027.html
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References for Chondrodite
Reference List:
Localities for Chondrodite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Afghanistan | |
| rruff.info (n.d.) |
| Dudley Blauwet priv. comm. (2008) +1 other reference | |
| Weiss (2009) |
Antarctica | |
| Faure +1 other reference |
Argentina | |
| Ballivián Justiniano et al. (2016) |
Australia | |
| Noble R.J. |
| Bottrill +1 other reference |
Austria | |
| Purtscheller et al. (1985) |
| Purtscheller et al. (1985) |
| Exel (1993) |
Brazil | |
| Hussak (1904) |
Canada | |
| Chatterjee (1980) |
| Chatterjee (1977) |
| Chatterjee (1977) |
| Sage (1988) |
| 162-165. +1 other reference | |
| Analyzed at Queen's University 1976 |
| Sabina (1983) | |
| Schneider |
| Bancroft Mineral Museum |
| Schroetter +3 other references |
| Schroetter | |
| www.geologyontario.mndm.gov.on.ca (2021) | |
| www.geologyontario.mndm.gov.on.ca (n.d.) | |
| Ann P. Sabina | |
| Hewitt (1965) | |
| GSC misc report 39 +1 other reference |
| Ref.: Geological Survey of Canada ... | |
| Satterly J. (1956) | |
| Matthew Neuzil Collection |
| Sabina (1986) |
| Ref.: Geological Survey of Canada ... |
| [Bancroft & District Mineral Collecting ... |
| Sage (1983) |
| GSC misc report 41 |
| Jacob Stanaszek Collection |
| Sabina +1 other reference |
| Olivier Langelier Collection |
| Kenneth L. Currie and Otto van Breemen (1996) +1 other reference |
| Sabina (1986) +1 other reference |
| Sabina (1986) +1 other reference | |
| J. Ackermand (2005) |
| Geol |
China | |
| Zhao et al. (1999) +1 other reference |
| Yiming Zhao et al. (1998) +1 other reference | |
| Yiming Zhao et al. (1999) | |
| Zhaowen Xu et al. (2007) |
| Junwu Lu and Yuanfa Xia (2001) |
| Jintao Weng (1977) +1 other reference |
| Lairen Lai and Nanshi Zeng (1985) |
| Mingshou Yang (1983) |
| Mingshou Yang (1983) +1 other reference | |
| Mingshou Yang (1983) |
| Jianmin Zheng et al. (2007) |
| Mingshou Yang (1983) |
| Guang Wu et al. (2013) |
| Mingshou Yang (1983) |
| Bing Mao et al. (2011) | |
| McQueen et al. (1995) |
| Pan et al. (1999) |
| Donghong Liu (2009) |
| Aleksandrov (1998) |
| Yuzhou Li (1990) | |
| Zhaojian Zeng (1997) |
| Yang Guangming et al. (1985) +1 other reference |
| Huang et al. (2022) |
| Xu +4 other references |
| Dai et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
| Matsuda (1969) |
| Yiming Zhao and Daxin Li (2003) |
| Yanfei Zhang et al. (2010) |
| Zhao et al. (2003) |
| Wenwei Lin (1987) |
| Rongge Xiao et al. (2007) |
| Miao Yu et al. (2013) |
| Yiming Zhao et al. (1998) |
| Cuixia Lian et al. (2011) |
| Yiming Zhao and Daxin Li (2003) |
| Feibao Wu and Zongyu Li (1986) +1 other reference |
| Yiming Zhao and Daxin Li (1987) +1 other reference |
Czech Republic | |
| Houzar et al. (2008) |
| Němec | |
| Němec |
| Houzar et al. (2006) |
| Němec |
| Houzar |
| Houzar et al. (2006) |
Finland | |
| Heikkilä |
| Jukka Reinikainen (2001) |
| d'Ohsson C M (1817) | |
| Eskola et. al 1919 | |
| Hytönen (1999) | |
| Mellis (1927) | |
| Hytönen (1999) | |
| Hytönen (1999) | |
| Hytönen (1999) | |
| d'Ohsson C M (1817) +2 other references | |
| Hytönen (1999) | |
| Geological Survey of Finland Liipola-N ... |
| Eskola |
France | |
| Les minéraux de Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines |
| Dubru. M (1986) |
| Berbain et al. (2005) |
Germany | |
| Falkenstein (2010) |
| Sorrell (n.d.) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| |
| Frenzel (1874 ) |
India | |
| Deb (1980) |
| Prasad (2004) |
Italy | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Toffolo et al. (2017) | |
| Balassone et al. (2024) |
| [Lapis 1994:5 p.13-23 | |
| Russo et al. (2004) |
| Scacchi (1885) +6 other references |
| Della Ventura G. et al. (Tolfa volcanic center, Latium, Italy) |
| Eur. J. Mineral. |
| Ghizzoni et al. (2005) |
| Ghizzoni et al. (2005) | |
| Ghizzoni et al. (2005) | |
| Ghizzoni et al. (2005) | |
| Gerdes M.L. et al. (1995) |
| Ferry J.M. et al. (2002) |
Japan | |
| Okuno (1964) |
| Dr. Kameki Kinoshita collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| Dr. Kameki Kinoshita collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) +1 other reference |
Myanmar | |
| Aung et al. (2017, October) |
| Ma Kyu Kyu Aung (2004) |
| Myint Myat Phyo et al. (2019) | |
| Sieghard Ellenberger data +1 other reference |
| Themelis (2008) |
| Themelis (2008) |
| Gao et al. (2023) | |
Namibia | |
| A. Wohlschläger (2001) |
North Korea | |
| Kinosaki (1941) |
| watanabe (in: Geology and Mineral Resources of the Far East, University of Tokyo Press, 1969) |
| watanabe (in: Geology and Mineral Resources of the Far East, University of Tokyo Press, 1969) | |
Norway | |
| Glocker (1839) |
| Vogt (1897) +1 other reference |
| Atle Michalsen Collection |
| Brastad (1982) |
| Nordrum (2000) |
| Nordrum (2000) | |
Pakistan | |
| |
Poland | |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Schumacher K. (1878) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Łobos K. et al. (2019) |
Romania | |
| Ş +1 other reference |
| Shimizu et al. (1998) | |
| Ş +1 other reference | |
| Marincea et al. (2023) | |
| www.minerals-of-the-carpathians |
| Marincea (2000) |
| Bojar et al. (2006) |
| Szakáll (2002) |
Russia | |
| Cesnokov et al. (1998) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Nedosekova (2007) |
| ... |
| ... | |
| Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 15 (1977) |
| [World of Stones 12:49] | |
| Logvinova et al. (2023) |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
South Korea | |
| Yuhuan et al. (2021) |
| Lee et al. (1998) |
Spain | |
| Brumós (1981) |
| Curras et al. (1992) +1 other reference |
| Romero Silva (2003) |
| Laura Palacios Pérez |
| Calvo Rebollar (2018) |
| ANGEL ORTIZ MAELLAS AOM | |
Sweden | |
| |
| |
| Jansson (2009) |
| |
| |
| Wilke (1976) | |
| |
| NRM (Stockholm) |
| |
| Stenberg (2002) | |
| |
| |
| Gatedal (n.d.) |
| |
| Sjøgren (1883) |
| |
| |
| SGU Ca35 |
| Wilke (1976) |
| The Swedish Museum of Natural History ... |
| Stenberg (2005) |
| Gustafsson et al. (1991) +1 other reference |
| Damman et al. (1990) |
| |
| Gatedal (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| |
| Sjögren (1893) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| |
| Sandström et al. (2009) | |
| Sandström et al. (2009) | |
| Econ Geol (1984) | |
| |
| |
| Jansson (2001) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Grew et al. (1991) |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
Tanzania | |
| - (2002) |
| Fritz et al. (2007) |
Turkey | |
| Kines (1969) |
UK | |
| Render (n.d.) |
| |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Shand (1939) +16 other references |
| Render (n.d.) | |
| Render (n.d.) |
USA | |
| USGS Bull 358 +1 other reference |
| Aoki (1976) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Cooper (1964) +1 other reference |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Eastlick |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Ted A. Hadley and Daniel J. Evanich (2021) |
| Robert Housley (Southern California Micromineralogists bulletin) |
| Woodford et al. (1941) |
| Rogers (1918b) +3 other references | |
| Woodford et al. (1941) | |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 461 +3 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 174. +1 other reference |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 460 +2 other references | |
| Hewett (1956) |
| Eakle (1917) +1 other reference | |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 461 +2 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 461 +2 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 461 +2 other references | |
| Mineralogical Record: 17:315 |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Rocks & Minerals 82:484-488 |
| Januzzi (1994) | |
| Januzzi et al. (1976) +1 other reference |
| Januzzi et al. (1976) | |
| Rocks & Minerals 82:484-488 |
| Weber et al. (1995) |
| Dana (1890) | |
| Schairer (1931) +1 other reference |
| Cook (1978) |
| Ream (1995) |
| Gleba (2008) |
| Emerson (1899) | |
| Gleba (2008) | |
| Gleba (2008) | |
| Gleba (2008) | |
| Gleba (2008) |
| Emerson (1899) | |
| Skehan (2001) | |
| Gleba (2008) |
| Hitchcock |
| Palache et al. (1923) |
| Gobla (2012) |
| Runyon (2013) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Ransom (1974) |
| Manchester (1931) |
| Larsen et al. (1928) |
| Betancourt (The Picking Table, Vol. 27) | |
| Cook (1973) +1 other reference |
| Pete Dunn (1995) |
| Rocks & Min.: 21:416 | |
| A Quest for New Jersey Minerals (1978) |
| NJ State Bull. 56 (1942) |
| The Iron Mines of NJ (1910) |
| William Shirley Bayley (1941) |
| geoinfo.nmt.edu (n.d.) +2 other references |
| Kevin Czaja |
| John H. Betts (2009) | |
| Manchester (1931) |
| Manchester (1931) |
| New York State Museum Bull. Nos. 249-250 (Sep-Oct 1921) +1 other reference |
| Manchester (1931) | |
| Manchester (1931) | |
| Manchester (1931) |
| Robinson et al. (2007) | |
| Robinson et al. (2007) | |
| Glenn Rhein | |
| Robinson et al. (2007) | |
| Manchester (1931) | |
| King (n.d.) |
| King (n.d.) | |
| Kearns (1977) | |
| Robinson et al. (2007) | |
| King (n.d.) | |
| Rocks & Min.: 15: 162-164. +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Minerals 82:472-483 +1 other reference | |
| Manchester (1931) | |
| Manchester (1931) |
| NY State Museum Bull. Nos. 249-250 et al. (Sep-Oct 1921) +1 other reference |
| - (Bridenbaugh, 1873) +1 other reference |
| Manchester (1931) |
| Robinson et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
| Dana 6:541. |
| Woodford et al. (2001) |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Cannon (1975) |
Vietnam | |
| Blauwet (2007) |
| A.-K. Malsy et al. (2012) | |
| Krivovichev et al. (2022) |
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