Bindheimite
A material that is NOT an approved mineral species
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About Bindheimite
Formula:
Pb2Sb2O6O
Colour:
Yellow, yellow-brown, brown, white, grey, greenish; colourless to yellow and brown in transmitted light
Lustre:
Resinous, Dull, Earthy
Hardness:
4 - 4½
Specific Gravity:
4.6 - 8.4
Crystal System:
Isometric
Name:
For Johann Jacob Bindheim (1750-1825), German chemist who made the first chemical analysis of the mineral.
First Recorded Locality:
"Bindheimite" is a common but inadequately described mineral, much of which corresponds to the more recently described Oxyplumboroméite, although further studies of individual occurrences would be required to determine this with certainty. See also monimolite.
A secondary mineral occurring in the oxidized zones of antimony-bearing lead deposits, a frequent oxidation product of Pb-Sb-sulphosalts.
May be confused with antimony ochre.
Compare the chemically similar 'rosiaite'.
Compare also UM1978-09-O:CuHPbSbSi.
A secondary mineral occurring in the oxidized zones of antimony-bearing lead deposits, a frequent oxidation product of Pb-Sb-sulphosalts.
May be confused with antimony ochre.
Compare the chemically similar 'rosiaite'.
Compare also UM1978-09-O:CuHPbSbSi.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
676
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:676:3
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
b1f2777d-646b-476c-9ffc-d44b04e89263
IMA Classification of Bindheimite
'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959), Questionable
IMA Formula:
Pb2Sb5+2O7
Classification of Bindheimite
4.DH.20
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
D : Metal: Oxygen = 1:2 and similar
H : With large (+- medium-sized) cations; sheets of edge-sharing octahedra
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
D : Metal: Oxygen = 1:2 and similar
H : With large (+- medium-sized) cations; sheets of edge-sharing octahedra
44.1.1.2
44 : ANTIMONATES
1 : A2X2O6(O,OH,F)
44 : ANTIMONATES
1 : A2X2O6(O,OH,F)
24.3.5
24 : Antimonates and Antimonites
3 : Antimonates of Ti and Pb
24 : Antimonates and Antimonites
3 : Antimonates of Ti and Pb
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Bhe | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Bindheimite
Resinous, Dull, Earthy
Transparency:
Translucent, Opaque
Colour:
Yellow, yellow-brown, brown, white, grey, greenish; colourless to yellow and brown in transmitted light
Streak:
White, yellowish white
Hardness:
4 - 4½ on Mohs scale
Fracture:
Conchoidal
Density:
4.6 - 8.4 g/cm3 (Measured) 6.8 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Bindheimite
Type:
Isotropic
RI values:
n = 1.84 - 1.87
Birefringence:
Isotropic minerals have no birefringence
Surface Relief:
Very High
Chemistry of Bindheimite
Mindat Formula:
Pb2Sb2O6O
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
As,Bi,Ca,Fe,Na
Crystallography of Bindheimite
Crystal System:
Isometric
Class (H-M):
m3m (4/m 3 2/m) - Hexoctahedral
Space Group:
Fd3m
Cell Parameters:
a = 10.4 Å
Unit Cell V:
1,124.86 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
8
Morphology:
Fibrous (pseudomorphs?); dense to earthy cryptocrystalline masses and incrustations; rarely opaline.
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 3.03 Å | (100) |
| 1.85 Å | (80) |
| 1.58 Å | (80) |
| 2.62 Å | (60) |
| 0.884 Å | (50) |
| 1.20 Å | (40) |
| 1.17 Å | (40) |
Comments:
Recorded on material from an unknown locality
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47d : [Arsenates, antimonates, selenates, bismuthinates] | |
| 47h : [Near-surface oxidized, dehydrated minerals] |
Geological Setting:
In the oxidized portions of antimony-bearing lead deposits.
First Recorded Occurrence of Bindheimite
Synonyms of Bindheimite
Other Language Names for Bindheimite
Japanese:ビンドハイム石
Russian:Биндгеймит
Simplified Chinese:水锑铅矿
Spanish:Bindheimita
Traditional Chinese:水銻鉛礦
Varieties of Bindheimite
| Silver-bearing Bindheimite | A silver-bearing variety of Bindheimite. Compare stetefeldtite. |
| Taznite | Probably an impure Bindheimite or Atelestite. Earthy, imperfectly fibrous. Originally described from Cerro Tazna, Atocha-Quechisla District, Nor Chichas Province, Potosí Department, Bolivia. |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 24 photos of Bindheimite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 18 photos of Bindheimite associated with Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| 14 photos of Bindheimite associated with Bournonite | PbCuSbS3 |
| 14 photos of Bindheimite associated with Cerussite | PbCO3 |
| 12 photos of Bindheimite associated with Boulangerite | Pb5Sb4S11 |
| 8 photos of Bindheimite associated with Azurite | Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| 7 photos of Bindheimite associated with Galena | PbS |
| 7 photos of Bindheimite associated with Linarite | PbCu(SO4)(OH)2 |
| 7 photos of Bindheimite associated with Pyromorphite | Pb5(PO4)3Cl |
| 6 photos of Bindheimite associated with Crocoite | PbCr6+O4 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 4.DH. | Fluornatropyrochlore | (Na,Pb,Ca,REE,U)2Nb2O6F |
| 4.DH. | Roméite Group | A2(Sb5+)2O6Z |
| 4.DH. | Hydroxykenomicrolite | (◻,Na,Sb3+)2Ta2O6(OH) |
| 4.DH. | Fluornatroroméite | (Na,Ca)2Sb2(O,OH)6F |
| 4.DH. | Oxyplumboroméite | Pb2Sb2O6O |
| 4.DH. | Cesiokenopyrochlore | ◻Nb2(O,OH)6(Cs,◻) |
| 4.DH. | Oxyyttrobetafite-(Y) | Y2Ti2O6O |
| 4.DH.05 | Brannerite | UTi2O6 |
| 4.DH.05 | Orthobrannerite | U4+U6+Ti4O12(OH)2 |
| 4.DH.05 | Thorutite | (Th,U,Ca)Ti2(O,OH)6 |
| 4.DH.10 | Kassite | CaTi2O4(OH)2 |
| 4.DH.10 | Lucasite-(Ce) | CeTi2(O,OH)6 |
| 4.DH.15 va | Alumotungstite | ◻2W2O6(H2O) |
| 4.DH.15 | Bismutomicrolite (of Hogarth 1977) | |
| 4.DH.15 | Hydroplumboelsmoreite | (Pb,◻)(W,Fe3+)2O6 · H2O |
| 4.DH.15 | Hydropyrochlore | (H2O,◻)2Nb2(O,OH)6(H2O) |
| 4.DH.15 | Plumbomicrolite (of Hogarth 1977) | |
| 4.DH.15 | Stibiomicrolite (of Groat et al.) | |
| 4.DH.15 | Strontiopyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977) | A2Nb2(O,OH)6Z |
| 4.DH.15 | Fluornatromicrolite | (Na1.5Bi0.5)Ta2O6F |
| 4.DH.15 | Bismutopyrochlore (of Chukanov et al.) | (Bi,Ca,U,Pb)2-xNb2(O,OH)6(OH) |
| 4.DH.15 | Hydrokenoelsmoreite | ◻2W2O6(H2O) |
| 4.DH.15 | Fluorcalciomicrolite | (Ca,Na)2(Ta,Nb)2O6F |
| 4.DH.15 | Oxycalciobetafite | Ca2(Ti,Nb)2O6O |
| 4.DH.15 va | Yttromicrolite (of Hogarth) | (Ca,Y3+,U,Na)2-x(Ta,Nb,Ti,Fe3+)2O7 |
| 4.DH.15 | Oxynatropyrochlore | (Na,Ca,U)2Nb2O6(O,OH) |
| 4.DH.15 | Hydroxycalciopyrochlore | (Ca,Na,U,◻)2(Nb,Ti)2O6(OH) |
| 4.DH.15 | Fluorcalciopyrochlore | (Ca,Na)2(Nb, Ti)2O6F |
| 4.DH.15 | Oxycalciopyrochlore | Ca2Nb2O6O |
| 4.DH.15 | Fluorstrontiopyrochlore | (Sr,◻)2Nb2(O,OH)6F |
| 4.DH.15 | Oxyplumbopyrochlore | Pb2Nb2O6O |
| 4.DH.15 | Kenoplumbopyrochlore | (Pb,◻)Nb2O6(◻,O) |
| 4.DH.15 | Oxyyttropyrochlore-(Y) | (Y,◻)2Nb2O6O |
| 4.DH.15 | Fluorkenopyrochlore | (◻,Sr,Ce,Ca,Na)2(Nb,Ti)2O6F |
| 4.DH.15 | Oxyuranobetafite | (U,Ca,◻)2(Ti,Nb)2O6O |
| 4.DH.15 | Oxycalciomicrolite | Ca2Ta2O6O |
| 4.DH.15 | Oxystannomicrolite | Sn2Ta2O6O |
| 4.DH.15 | Kenoplumbomicrolite | (Pb,◻)2Ta2O6(◻,OH,O) |
| 4.DH.15 | Oxystibiomicrolite | (Sb3+,Ca)2Ta2O6O |
| 4.DH.15 | Hydromicrolite | (H2O,◻)2Ta2(O,OH)6(H2O) |
| 4.DH.15 | Hydrokenomicrolite | (◻,H2O)2Ta2(O,OH)6(H2O) |
| 4.DH.15 | Hydroxymanganopyrochlore | (Mn2+,Th,Na,Ca,REE)2(Nb,Ti)2O6(OH) |
| 4.DH.15 | Hydroxycalciomicrolite | Ca1.5Ta2O6(OH) |
| 4.DH.15 | Fluorplumbopyrochlore | (Pb,Y,Th,U,Na,Ca)2-x(Nb,Ti)2O6F |
| 4.DH.15 | Hydroxyplumbopyrochlore | (Pb1.5◻0.5)Nb2O6(OH) |
| 4.DH.15 | Oxynatromicrolite | (Na,Ca,U)2(Ta,Nb)2O6(O,F) |
| 4.DH.15 | Fluorhydropyrochlore | |
| 4.DH.15 | Hydroxykenoelsmoreite | (◻,Pb)2(W,Fe3+,Al)2(O,OH)6(OH) |
| 4.DH.15 | Hydrokenopyrochlore | (◻,x)2Nb2O6(H2O,Cs) |
| 4.DH.15 | Hydroxykenopyrochlore | (◻,Ce,Ba)2(Nb,Ti)2O6(OH,F) |
| 4.DH.15 | Hydroxynatropyrochlore | (Na,Ca,Ce)2Nb2O6(OH) |
| 4.DH.15 | Hydroxynatromicrolite | (Na,Bi3+,◻)2Ta2O6(OH) |
| 4.DH.15 | Unnamed (Sb-analogue of Hydroxymanganopyrochlor) | (Mn,Ca,Y)2(Sb,Ti)2O6(OH) |
| 4.DH.15 | Oxybismutomicrolite | (Bi1.33◻0.67)Σ2Ta2O6O |
| 4.DH.20 | Hydroxycalcioroméite | (Ca,Sb3+)2(Sb5+,Ti)2O6(OH) |
| 4.DH.20 | Monimolite | Pb2Sb5+2O7 |
| 4.DH.20 | Cuproroméite | Cu2Sb2(O,OH)7 |
| 4.DH.20 | Stetefeldtite | Ag2Sb2(O,OH)7 |
| 4.DH.20 | Stibiconite | Sb3+Sb5+2O6(OH) |
| 4.DH.20 | Fluorcalcioroméite | (Ca,Na,◻)2Sb5+2(O,OH)6F |
| 4.DH.20 | Oxycalcioroméite | Ca2Sb2O6O |
| 4.DH.20 | Hydroxyferroroméite | (Fe2+1.5◻0.5)Sb5+2O6(OH) |
| 4.DH.25 | Rosiaite | PbSb5+2O6 |
| 4.DH.30 | Zirconolite | CaZrTi2O7 |
| 4.DH.30 | Laachite | (Ca,Mn)2Zr2Nb2TiFeO14 |
| 4.DH.30 | Nöggerathite-(Ce) | (Ce,Ca)2Zr2(Nb,Ti)(Ti,Nb)2Fe2+O14 |
| 4.DH.30 | Stefanweissite | (Ca,REE)2Zr2(Nb,Ti)(Ti,Nb)2Fe2+O14 |
| 4.DH.35 | Liandratite | U(Nb,Ta)2O8 |
| 4.DH.35 | Petscheckite | UFe(Nb,Ta)2O8 |
| 4.DH.40 | Ingersonite | Ca3Mn2+Sb5+4O14 |
| 4.DH.45 | Pittongite | Na0.22(W,Fe3+)(O,OH)3 · 0.44H2O |
| 4.DH.50 | Tazzoliite | Ba4-xNaxTi2Nb3SiO17[PO2(OH)2]x(OH)(1-2x) |
Other Information
Notes:
Dissolves in nitric acid, leaving a residue of antimonic oxide; also dissolves in hydrochloric acid, leaving a residue of lead chloride.
May alter to Massicot. Pseudomorphically replaces Jamesonite, Tetrahedrite, Galena, Bournonite, and Zinkenite.
May alter to Massicot. Pseudomorphically replaces Jamesonite, Tetrahedrite, Galena, Bournonite, and Zinkenite.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Bindheimite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-676.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Bindheimite
Reference List:
Larsen, Esper S. (1921) The microscopic determination of the nonopaque minerals. Bulletin Vol. 679. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/b679 p.47
Localities for Bindheimite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Algeria | |
| BARRAL (2013) |
Argentina | |
| de Brodtkorb +2 other references |
Australia | |
| Sharpe et al. (2004) |
| Graham et al. (2005) |
| Gilligan et al. (1993) | |
| Gilligan et al. (1993) | |
| Gilligan et al. (1993) +1 other reference | |
| Gilligan et al. (1993) | |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) |
| Birch et al. (1997) |
| L.Lawrence +1 other reference | |
| The Daydream Mine | |
| Uwe Kolitsch collection/observation |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Bottrill et al. (2006) | |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) | |
| Ray Keating collection | |
| Bottrill et al. (2006) | |
| Bottrill et al. | |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Nickel et al. (1993) |
| Grice et al. (1991) +1 other reference | |
| Ferguson (1999) |
| Ferguson (1999) | |
| Simpson Mineral Collection of the ... | |
| Downes et al. (2017) |
| Downes et al. (2011) |
Austria | |
| |
| M. Puttner: Carinthia II 177./97.:99-102 (1987) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| H. Meixner: Carinthia II (1957) |
| |
| Blaß et al. (2002) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| G. Blass et al. (2002) |
| A.Pichler (2012) |
| Hägele (1937) +1 other reference | |
| H. Meixner: Carinthia II 158./78.:101 (1968) | |
| www.indra-g.at (2016) | |
| H. Meixner: Carinthia II 157./77.:89-90 (1967) | |
| Groß (1983) +1 other reference |
| H. Meixner: 32 (3) |
| W. Paar (1980) +1 other reference |
| Puttner (1987) | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) | |
| - (n.d.) | |
| G. Blass (2001) |
| www.indra-g.at (2016) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) | |
| www.indra-g.at (2016) |
| Pichler (2003) | |
| Pichler (2009) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Pichler (2009) | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) | |
| Carinthia 2012 |
| Meixner (1937) +1 other reference |
| Hackenberg 2003 +2 other references |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Meixner (1978) |
| Schachinger et al. (2015) |
| Pichler (2009) |
| C. Auer (2022) |
| Leikauf et al. (2013) |
| U. Kolitsch und C. Auer (2012) |
| MEIXNER (1941) |
| H. Meixner: Carinthia II 158./78:102 (1968) |
| Meixner (1937) +1 other reference |
| Dr.F.Bernhard-Graz |
| Lapis 29 (6) +1 other reference |
| MEIXNER (1956) |
Bolivia | |
| Federico Ahlfeld y Jorge Muñoz Reyes (1955) |
| Federico Ahlfeld y Jorge Muñoz Reyes (1955) |
| Field trip observations |
| Mineralogical Record: 32: 474. +1 other reference |
| Petrov (n.d.) | |
| Wilson (2001) |
| Agustin Arando specimens |
Brazil | |
| USGS Professional Paper 341B |
Canada | |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Richard Gunter +1 other reference |
| Stavinga et al. (2017) |
| unpublished BSc. thesis +2 other references |
| Jambor (1967b) | |
| Dawson Creek +1 other reference |
| Boyle (1965) | |
| Traill (1970) |
| Dawson Creek +1 other reference | |
| Traill (1970) | |
| Peatfield (n.d.) | |
Chile | |
| Brugger et al. (2012) |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
| maurizio dini collection - analysed ... |
China | |
| Rubo Zhang et al. (1999) |
| Renke Li (1993) |
Czech Republic | |
| Duda |
| [Lapis 1995 |
| Velebil |
| Sejkora et al. (2006) |
| Rezek +5 other references |
| Litochleb J. et al. (Šumava, Česká republika) |
| Pauliš +3 other references |
France | |
| Sebastian Axt Collection |
| Pélisson (1989) |
| Pélisson (1989) |
| Pélisson (1989) |
| Pélisson (1989) |
| Pélisson (1989) |
| C. Vialaron : La mine d'antimoine de Daü et al. (1999) |
| Pélisson (1989) |
| Pélisson (1989) |
| |
| Pélisson (1989) | |
| Pélisson (1989) |
| Rouveyrol P. (1961) |
| Favreau G. et al. (1996) |
| Wittern et al. (Cologne) +1 other reference |
| Wittern et al. (Cologne) +1 other reference | |
| Wittern et al. (Cologne) |
| Inventaire Mineralogique de la France ... |
| Berbain et al. (2000) |
| Berbain et al. (2005) |
| Les Anciennes mines de Padern - Montgaillard ( Aude ) | |
| idem (2005...) +1 other reference | |
| www.zampano.com (n.d.) |
| Jean-Marie LAURENT collection |
| Jean-Marie LAURENT collection |
| Fortuné (1963) +1 other reference |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Le Cahier des micromonteurs |
| Gol et al. (2010) |
| Dincuff (2008) |
| Gol et al. (2010) | |
| Lheur et al. (2010) +1 other reference |
| |
| French BRGM Internal Report 0892-8X-4006 +1 other reference |
| self collected S. MAURY 2008-2009 |
Germany | |
| Lapis (12) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) | |
| Walenta (1992) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Walenta (1998) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Wittern (1995) |
| [Wittern (1995) |
| Lapis 21 (12) |
| Walenta (1992) +1 other reference |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Walenta (1992) | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Meier (1995) |
| Lapis (10) |
| ... +1 other reference |
| Emser Hefte 1982 (2) |
| |
| Schnorrer et al. (2009) |
| |
| Lapis (6) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1988) +1 other reference |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1986) +1 other reference |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Der Aufschluss 2000 (2) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Henrich (2009) |
| Schnorrer (1995) +1 other reference |
| Blaß et al. (1995) |
| Blaß et al. (1995) | |
| Beyer (1978) |
| Weiss: "Mineralienfundstellen et al. (Munich) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| www.mgas.de (2003) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Müller (2013) |
| Lapis (9) |
| Lapis (3) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Witzke (2012) |
| Wittern: "Mineralfundorte in ... |
| Leonhardt et al. (1991) +1 other reference |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (2016) |
| 43-47 +3 other references |
| Jürgen Müller | |
| Wittern (2001) |
Greece | |
| Solomos et al. (2004) |
| |
| Lapis No.11 2001 p.13-21 +1 other reference | |
| Blaß et al. (1998) |
| Lapis et al. (1999) | |
| Wagner et al. (1980) |
Hungary | |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya | |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya | |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya | |
| Szakáll-Gatter-Szendrei:Hungarian ... | |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya | |
| Szakáll-Gatter-Szendrei: Hungarian ... |
| SÁNDOR SZAKÁLL et al. (2000) |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
| SÁNDOR SZAKÁLL et al. (2000) |
Ireland | |
| XRD and EDX analysis of specimens from ... |
| Arthur Russell collection |
Italy | |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| XRD + EDS |
| Balestra (2009) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Gramaccioli et al. (1992) |
| G.M.Gramaccioli |
| AA. VV. +1 other reference | |
| Maida (2002) |
| AA. VV. | |
| Olmi F. et al. (1995) |
| Pelloux (1904) +3 other references |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| AA. VV. +1 other reference |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Stara et al. (1996) | |
| Stara et al. (1996) | |
| Brizzi G. et al. (1989) | |
| Mariani P. et al. (1975) | |
| Stara et al. (1996) | |
| Brizzi et al. (1994) |
| Stara et al. (1996) | |
| Preite et al. (2007) |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Antonio Gamboni collection +1 other reference | |
| Stara P. (1996) | |
| Stara et al. (1996) | |
| Stara et al. (1995) |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Triscari et al. (1982) |
| SEM/EDX by Dario cericola +1 other reference |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| C. Lemanski (6791CL) |
| Bazzoni C. et al. (2011) |
| Bazzoni et al. (2001) |
| Orlandi et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
| Biagioni et al. (2008) |
| Boscardin M. et al. (Vicenza) |
Japan | |
| The Mineral Species of Japan (5th ed) |
| Yamada (2004) | |
Jersey | |
| Mourant (1978) |
Luxembourg | |
| PHILIPPO et al. (2018) |
Mexico | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Rocks & Min.: 56:247. +2 other references |
| Moore et al. (2003) +1 other reference | |
Morocco | |
| King (n.d.) |
Namibia | |
| Anthony (1997) |
Peru | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
Poland | |
| Nejbert et al. (2013) |
Portugal | |
| Rui Nunes Abril 2008: paragénese do granito e dos filões de Sn-W das minas de Regoufe tal como foi definida na tese de doutoramento de Slujk (1963) +1 other reference |
| Rui Nunes January 2006 |
Romania | |
| Own found |
Russia | |
| webmineral.ru (2020) |
| M.M. Povilaitis data (http://klopotow.narod.ru/mindata/locathn/R_Buryat/zakamensk/djida.html) |
| Silyanov et al. (2021) |
| Mills et al. (2011) |
| American Mineralogist |
| PonomareV (2022) |
| Bindheim (1792) +1 other reference |
| Yurgenson et al. (2011) |
Slovakia | |
| Pauliš et al. (2002) |
| Pauliš | |
| Koděra (1986) | |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Ferenc Š. |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Pauliš P. | |
| Pršek J. & Lauko Ľ. (Spišsko-gemerské rudohorie) | |
| Koděra (1986) | |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) | |
| Makovicky et al. (2007) |
| Makovicky et al. (2007) |
| Pauliš |
| Chovan et al. (1995) |
| Bakos F. et al. (2000) | |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
Spain | |
| Romero Silva (2003) |
| Lechner Alois |
| Viñals et al. (2006) |
| Osacar Soriano +1 other reference |
| Calvo (2008) |
| Analysis of Ignacio Gaspar specimens |
| Mineralogical Record (3) |
| Jordi Fabre | |
| J. Gröbner und B. Sainz de Barranda (1999) |
| Calvo (2014) |
| Calvo (2009) |
| |
| Analyzed by XRD by Dr. Joan Vinals (Barcelona) |
| FMF Forum |
| Juan Miguel Casanova |
| Mineralogía de la concesión San Rafael | |
| issuu.com (n.d.) +1 other reference |
Sweden | |
| Wilke (1997) |
| Holtstam et al. (2001) |
| Gatedal (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Gatedal (2003) | |
| The Mineralogical Record: 32: 311. +1 other reference |
| Gatedal (2003) | |
| Confirmed by J. Langhof +1 other reference |
Switzerland | |
| Romani E. (2000) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Schmutz et al. (1986) | |
| Le Cristallier Suisse (7) | |
| Vanini F. et al. (1998) | |
| Cuchet et al. (2012) |
| Ansermet S. (1996) |
| Ansermet (2012) |
Tajikistan | |
| Mozgova N.I. et al. (1967) |
UK | |
| Dean et al. (1983) |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Golley et al. (1995) | |
| Russell (1927) +1 other reference |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Kingsbury (1957) +1 other reference | |
| |
| Bridges T. F. (2007) |
| Day (1999) |
| Fortey et al. (1984) +1 other reference |
| Kingsbury et al. (MS1) +2 other references | |
| Green et al. (2009) | |
| - (2006) | |
| - (2006) |
| Kingsbury (1950) +3 other references | |
| Cooper et al. (1990) | |
| Bridges et al. (2008) | |
| Hartley (1984) +2 other references | |
| Journal of The Russell Society | |
| Stanley et al. (1991) | |
| S. Rust collection |
| - (2006) |
| Briscoe et al. (2008) | |
| Steve Rust collection |
| Tindle (2008) | |
| Minerals of Machen Quarry |
| Bevins |
| Day (1999) |
| |
| Day (1999) | |
| Day (1999) |
| |
| S. Rust collection |
| Green et al. (1996) +2 other references |
| National Museum of Wales database +1 other reference | |
| Day (1999) |
| Day (1999) |
| Cotterell et al. (2011) |
| Garfield et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
USA | |
| - (2008) |
| Graeme (1993) |
| Graeme (1981) | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Butler et al. (1938b) +2 other references | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| XRD analysis by Dr. Anthony Kampf. |
| Mineral News (2002) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Schrader (1915) +7 other references |
| Rocks & Min.:63:123. |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:123. | |
| Shannon (1920) +1 other reference |
| Hall (1963) +1 other reference |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 184. +2 other references | |
| Hanks (1884) +1 other reference | |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 184 +4 other references |
| Calif. Div. of Mines & Geology Bull. #189 et al. (1966) +1 other reference |
| with a section on the stratigraphy of ... +7 other references |
| - (2005) |
| Robert M. Housley (2005) |
| Robert M. Housley (2005) | |
| Hall (1963) +1 other reference |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 184. +3 other references | |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 184. +2 other references |
| King (n.d.) |
| Shannon (1920) +1 other reference | |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 137 +4 other references |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Rocks & Minerals 82:368-380 |
| Ream (2004) |
| Ream (1995) | |
| Ream (2004) | |
| Rocks & Min. 70:249-250. |
| Ream (2004) | |
| Ream (2004) |
| Ream (2004) | |
| Ream (1995) |
| Ream (2004) | |
| Ream (2004) | |
| Ream (2005) |
| Rocks & Min. 70:255 |
| Ream (2004) | |
| Ream (2004) | |
| Ream (2004) | |
| Ream (2004) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Mineral Record (1981) |
| Ream (2004) | |
| Dana 7:II:1018 +1 other reference | |
| Ream (2004) | |
| Ream (2004) |
| Ream (2004) | |
| Ream (2004) |
| Ream (2004) | |
| Ream (2004) | |
| Ream (2004) | |
| - (2005) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) +1 other reference | |
| Waisman (1992) +1 other reference |
| Min News 20:6 pp11-12 |
| Chris Tucker and John Betts specimens. +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
| LaPointe et al. (199) |
| USGS Open-File Report 76-56 +1 other reference | |
| LaPointe et al. (199) | |
| Schilling (1979) +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Jensen et al. (1995) |
| Peter G. Vikre (1998) +2 other references | |
| - (2005) |
| Dr. William S. Wise presentation to ... |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Hayes et al. (2019) |
| NBMG Bull 73 Geology and Mineral ... +2 other references |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| NBMG Bull 58 Geology and Mineral ... +1 other reference |
| Dana 7:II:1018. +1 other reference | |
| Castor et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| NBMG Bull 58 Geology and Mineral ... +1 other reference | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| NBMG Bull 58 Geology and Mineral ... +2 other references |
| NBMG Bull 58 Geology and Mineral ... |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Dan Evanich field collected. Species ... | |
| Collected from high grade ore dump by ... | |
| American Mineralogist 37:438-446 +1 other reference | |
| Castor et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| Johnson (1977) +1 other reference | |
| Johnson (1977) +1 other reference | |
| Dana (1892) +2 other references | |
| Johnson (1977) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Johnson (1977) |
| - (2005) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Walstrom 2006 New Mexico Mineral ... |
| Espenshade |
| Roberts et al. (1965) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Marty et al. (1993) |
| AmMin 54:1726 +1 other reference |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Cannon (1975) |
Venezuela | |
| Christopher O'Neill specimen |
Vietnam | |
| Nevolko et al. (2019) |
| Nevolko et al. (2019) |
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Wamsley Mine, Ashby Mining District, Mineral County, Nevada, USA