Pyrophyllite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Pyrophyllite
Formula:
Al2Si4O10(OH)2
As a Commodity:
Colour:
White, gray, pale blue, pale green, pale yellow, brownish green
Lustre:
Pearly, Dull
Hardness:
1 - 2
Specific Gravity:
2.65 - 2.9
Crystal System:
Triclinic
Member of:
Name:
From the Greek for "fire" (ΟαΏ¦Ο, pyr) and "leaf" (ΟΟλλον, phyllos) for the way it exfoliates when heated.
Pyrophyllite-Talc Group.
The Al analogue of ferripyrophyllite.
Two polytypes are known, a monoclinic one (2M) and a triclinic one (1A).
The Al analogue of ferripyrophyllite.
Two polytypes are known, a monoclinic one (2M) and a triclinic one (1A).
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Pyrophyllite.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3323
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3323:3
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
bf60647f-584a-43db-aa46-d7175c0e0f45
IMA Classification of Pyrophyllite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
Classification of Pyrophyllite
9.EC.10
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
E : Phyllosilicates
C : Phyllosilicates with mica sheets, composed of tetrahedral and octahedral nets
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
E : Phyllosilicates
C : Phyllosilicates with mica sheets, composed of tetrahedral and octahedral nets
71.2.1.1
71 : PHYLLOSILICATES Sheets of Six-Membered Rings
2 : Sheets of 6-membered rings with 2:1 layers
71 : PHYLLOSILICATES Sheets of Six-Membered Rings
2 : Sheets of 6-membered rings with 2:1 layers
15.5
15 : Silicates of Aluminum
15 : Silicates of Aluminum
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMAβCNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMAβCNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMAβCNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Symbol | Source | Reference |
---|---|---|
Prl | IMAβCNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMAβCNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Prl | Kretz (1983) | Kretz, R. (1983) Symbols of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68, 277β279. |
Prl | Siivolam & Schmid (2007) | Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download |
Prl | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185β187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
Prl | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Prl | Warr (2020) | Warr, L.N. (2020) Recommended abbreviations for the names of clay minerals and associated phases. Clay Minerals, 55, 261β264 doi:10.1180/clm.2020.30 |
Physical Properties of Pyrophyllite
Pearly, Dull
Transparency:
Translucent, Opaque
Colour:
White, gray, pale blue, pale green, pale yellow, brownish green
Hardness:
1 - 2 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Flexible
Cleavage:
Perfect
on {001}
on {001}
Comment:
inelastic
Density:
2.65 - 2.9 g/cm3 (Measured) 2.81 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Pyrophyllite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.534 - 1.556 nβ = 1.586 - 1.589 nγ = 1.596 - 1.601
2V:
Measured: 53° to 62°, Calculated: 46° to 60°
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.062
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
r > v weak
Chemistry of Pyrophyllite
Mindat Formula:
Al2Si4O10(OH)2
Elements listed:
Chemical Analysis
Oxide wt%:
1 | |
---|---|
Al2O3 | 44.23 % |
SiO2 | 51.93 % |
Na2O | 2.68 % |
K2O | 1.16 % |
Total: | 100 % |
Sample references:
ID | Locality | Reference | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Thier des Carrières, Cahay, Vielsalm, Luxembourg, Wallonia, Belgium | Laminar white silky and greenish. |
Crystallography of Pyrophyllite
Polytype:
Formula:
Crystal System:
Class (H-M)
Space Group:
Space Group Setting:
Cell Parameters:
Ratio:
Unit Cell Volume (calc):
Z:
Pyrophyllite-1A | Pyrophyllite-2M |
---|---|
Triclinic | Monoclinic |
1 - Pinacoidal | 2/m - Prismatic |
B2/m | |
C2/m | |
a = 5.160(2) Å, b = 8.966(3) Å, c = 9.347(6) Å α = 91.18(4)°, β = 100.46(4)°, γ = 89.64(3)° | |
a:b:c = 0.576 : 1 : 1.042 | |
V 425.16 Γ
Β³ (Calculated from Unit Cell) | |
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0000285 | Pyrophyllite | Wardle R, Brindley G W (1972) The crystal structures of pyrophyllite, 1Tc, and of its dehydroxylate American Mineralogist 57 732-750 | 1972 | 0 | 293 | ||
0000286 | Pyrophyllite | Wardle R, Brindley G W (1972) The crystal structures of pyrophyllite, 1Tc, and of its dehydroxylate American Mineralogist 57 732-750 | 1972 | 0 | 293 | ||
0000823 | Pyrophyllite | Lee J H, Guggenheim S (1981) Single crystal X-ray refinement of pyrophyllite-1Tc American Mineralogist 66 350-357 | 1981 | 0 | 293 | ||
0010542 | Pyrophyllite | Gruner J W (1934) The crystal structures of talc and pyrophyllite Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 88 412-419 | 1934 | Tres Cerritos, Mariposa County, California, USA | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
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Radiation - Copper Kα
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
- Γ | () |
Comments:
X-ray powder diffraction data available on the polytype pages.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
---|---|
Near-surface Processes | |
23 : Subaerial aqueous alteration by non-redox-sensitive fluids (see also #47) | |
Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics | <3.5-2.5 |
40 : Regional metamorphism (greenschist, amphibolite, granulite facies) | |
Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
48 : Soil leaching zone minerals | <0.6 |
Geological Setting:
Hydrothermal veins and in bedded deposits in schistose rocks.
Type Occurrence of Pyrophyllite
Synonyms of Pyrophyllite
White mica (in part)
Other Language Names for Pyrophyllite
Varieties of Pyrophyllite
Cattle Egg Stone | A dense variety of pyrophyllite with black interior and yellow exterior, which is used for carving. The colours are due to microscopic inclusions of iron oxides in different states of weathering. The yellow parts of the material also contain minor diaspor... |
Chrome-Pyrophyllite | A Cr-bearing variety of pyrophyllite. Originally reported from Mitterberg District, Dienten, Salzburg, Austria. |
Gelpyrophyllite | The gel form of pyrophyllite. |
Relationship of Pyrophyllite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
Ferripyrophyllite | Fe3+Si2O5(OH) | Mon. 2/m |
Minnesotaite | Fe2+3Si4O10(OH)2 | Tric. 1 : P1 |
Talc | Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 | Tric. 1 : P1 |
Willemseite | Ni3Si4O10(OH)2 | Mon. |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
66 photos of Pyrophyllite associated with Rutile | TiO2 |
44 photos of Pyrophyllite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
18 photos of Pyrophyllite associated with Hematite | Fe2O3 |
12 photos of Pyrophyllite associated with Pyrite | FeS2 |
11 photos of Pyrophyllite associated with Kyanite | Al2(SiO4)O |
9 photos of Pyrophyllite associated with Diaspore | AlO(OH) |
7 photos of Pyrophyllite associated with Svanbergite | SrAl3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
6 photos of Pyrophyllite associated with Chloritoid | (Fe2+,Mg,Mn2+)Al2(SiO4)O(OH)2 |
6 photos of Pyrophyllite associated with K Feldspar | |
5 photos of Pyrophyllite associated with Lazulite | MgAl2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
9.EC. | Balestraite | KLi2V5+Si4O12 |
9.EC. | Meifuite | KFe6(Si7Al)O19(OH)4Cl2 |
9.EC.05 | Minnesotaite | Fe2+3Si4O10(OH)2 |
9.EC.05 | Talc | Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 |
9.EC.05 | Willemseite | Ni3Si4O10(OH)2 |
9.EC.9.EC. | Voloshinite | Rb(LiAl1.5β»0.5)(Al0.5Si3.5)O10F2 |
9.EC.10 | Ferripyrophyllite | Fe3+Si2O5(OH) |
9.EC.10 | Luanshiweiite | KLiAl1.5(Si3.5Al0.5)O10(OH)2 |
9.EC.10 | Fluorluanshiweiite | KLiAl1.5(Si3.5Al0.5)O10F2 |
9.EC.10 | Manganiceladonite | K(MgMn3+β»)(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.10 | Garmite | CsLiMg2(Si4O10)F2 |
9.EC.10 | Gorbunovite | CsLi2(Ti,Fe)Si4O10(F,OH,O)2 |
9.EC.15 | Boromuscovite | KAl2(BSi3O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.15 | Celadonite | K(MgFe3+β»)(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.15 | Chernykhite | (Ba,Na)(V3+,Al,Mg)2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.15 | Montdorite | (K,Na)2(Fe2+,Mn2+,Mg)5(Si4O10)2(OH,F)4 |
9.EC.15 | Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.15 | Nanpingite | CsAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH,F)2 |
9.EC.15 | Paragonite | NaAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.15 | Roscoelite | K(V3+,Al)2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.15 | Tobelite | (NH4,K)Al2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.15 | Aluminoceladonite | K(MgAlβ»)(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.15 | Chromphyllite | K(Cr,Al)2(AlSi3O10)(OH,F)2 |
9.EC.15 | Ferroaluminoceladonite | K(Fe2+Alβ»)(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.15 | Ferroceladonite | K(Fe2+Fe3+β»)(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.15 | Chromceladonite | K(MgCrβ»)(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.15 | Tainiolite | KLiMg2(Si4O10)F2 |
9.EC.15 | Ganterite | (Ba,Na,K)(Al,Mg)2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.15 | UM1988-22-SiO:AlCaFFeHKLiMg | KLiMgAl2Si3O10F2 |
9.EC.15 | Kreiterite | CsLi2Fe3+(Si4O10)F2 |
9.EC.20 | Annite | KFe2+3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.20 | Ephesite | NaLiAl2(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.20 | Hendricksite | KZn3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2 |
9.EC.20 | Masutomilite | (K,Rb)(Li,Mn3+,Al)3(AlSi3O10)(F,OH)2 |
9.EC.20 | Norrishite | KLiMn3+2(Si4O10)O2 |
9.EC.20 | Phlogopite | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.20 | Polylithionite | KLi2Al(Si4O10)(F,OH)2 |
9.EC.20 | Preiswerkite | NaMg2Al(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.20 | Siderophyllite | KFe2+2Al(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.20 | Tetraferriphlogopite | KMg3(Fe3+Si3O10)(OH,F)2 |
9.EC.20 | Fluorotetraferriphlogopite | KMg3(Fe3+Si3O10)F2 |
9.EC.20 | Wonesite | (Na,K)(Mg,Fe,Al)6((Al,Si)4O10)2(OH,F)4 |
9.EC.20 | Eastonite | KMg2Al(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.20 | Tetraferriannite | KFe2+3(Si3Fe3+)O10(OH)2 |
9.EC.20 | Trilithionite | K(Li1.5Al1.5)(AlSi3O10)(F,OH)2 |
9.EC.20 | Fluorannite | KFe2+3(Si3Al)O10F2 |
9.EC.20 | Shirokshinite | K(NaMg2)(Si4O10)F2 |
9.EC.20 | Shirozulite | KMn2+3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2 |
9.EC.20 | Sokolovaite | CsLi2Al(Si4O10)F2 |
9.EC.20 | Aspidolite | NaMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.20 | Fluorophlogopite | KMg3(Si3Al)O10F2 |
9.EC.20 | UM2004-49-SiO:AlCsFHKLi | (Cs,K)(Al,Li)2.6((Si,Al)4O10)(F,OH)2 |
9.EC.20 | Suhailite | (NH4)Fe2+3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.20 | Yangzhumingite | KMg2.5(Si4O10)F2 |
9.EC.20 | Orlovite | KLi2Ti(Si4O10)OF |
9.EC.20 | Oxyphlogopite | K(Mg,Ti,Fe)3[(Si,Al)4O10](O,F)2 |
9.EC.20 | Chloroferrokinoshitalite | (Ba,K)(Fe2+,Mg)3(Al2Si2O10)(Cl,OH,F)2 |
9.EC.22 | Pimelite | Ni3Si4O10(OH)2 Β· 4H2O |
9.EC.30 | Chlorophaeite | (Ca,Mg,Fe)2Fe2Si4O13 Β· 10H2O |
9.EC.30 | Margarite | CaAl2(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.35 | Anandite | (Ba,K)(Fe2+,Mg)3((Si,Al,Fe)4O10)(S,OH)2 |
9.EC.35 | Bityite | CaLiAl2(AlBeSi2O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.35 | Clintonite | CaAlMg2(SiAl3O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.35 | Kinoshitalite | (Ba,K)(Mg,Mn2+,Al)3(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.35 | Ferrokinoshitalite | (Ba,K)(Fe2+,Mg)3(Al2Si2O10)(OH,F)2 |
9.EC.35 | Oxykinoshitalite | (Ba,K)(Mg,Ti,Fe3+,Fe2+)3((Si,Al)4O10)(O,OH,F)2 |
9.EC.35 | Fluorokinoshitalite | BaMg3(Al2Si2O10)F2 |
9.EC.40 | Beidellite | (Na,Ca0.5)0.3Al2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 Β· nH2O |
9.EC.40 | Kurumsakite | (Zn,Ni,Cu)8Al8V5+2Si5O35 Β· 27H2O (?) |
9.EC.40 | Montmorillonite | (Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 Β· nH2O |
9.EC.40 | Nontronite | Na0.3Fe2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 Β· nH2O |
9.EC.40 | Volkonskoite | Ca0.3(Cr,Mg,Fe)2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 Β· 4H2O |
9.EC.40 | Yakhontovite | (Ca,Na)0.5(Cu,Fe,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 Β· 3H2O |
9.EC.45 | Hectorite | Na0.3(Mg,Li)3(Si4O10)(F,OH)2 |
9.EC.45 | Saponite | Ca0.25(Mg,Fe)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 Β· nH2O |
9.EC.45 | Sauconite | Na0.3Zn3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 Β· 4H2O |
9.EC.45 | Spadaite | MgSiO2(OH)2 Β· H2O (?) |
9.EC.45 | Stevensite | (Ca,Na)xMg3-x(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.45 | Swinefordite | Li(Al,Li,Mg)3((Si,Al)4O10)2(OH,F)4 Β· nH2O |
9.EC.45 | Zincsilite | Zn3Si4O10(OH)2 Β· 4H2O (?) |
9.EC.45 | Ferrosaponite | Ca0.3(Fe2+,Mg,Fe3+)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 Β· 4H2O |
9.EC.45 | Hanjiangite | Ba2CaV3+Al(H2AlSi3O12)(CO3)2F |
9.EC.50 | Vermiculite | Mg0.7(Mg,Fe,Al)6(Si,Al)8O20(OH)4 Β· 8H2O |
9.EC.52 | Tarasovite | near NaKAl11Si13O40(OH)9 Β· 3H2O |
9.EC.55 | Baileychlore | (Zn,Fe2+,Al,Mg)6(Si,Al)4O10(OH)8 |
9.EC.55 | Chamosite | (Fe2+)5Al(Si,Al)4O10(OH,O)8 |
9.EC.55 | Clinochlore | Mg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
9.EC.55 | Cookeite | (LiAl4β»)[AlSi3O10](OH)8 |
9.EC.55 | Franklinfurnaceite | Ca2Fe3+Mn2+3Mn3+(Zn2Si2O10)(OH)8 |
9.EC.55 | Gonyerite | (Mn2+,Mg)5Fe3+(Fe3+Si3O10)(OH)8 |
9.EC.55 | Nimite | (Ni,Mg,Al)6((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)8 |
9.EC.55 | Orthochamosite | (Fe2+,Mg,Fe3+)5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH,O)8 |
9.EC.55 | Pennantite | Mn2+5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
9.EC.55 | Sudoite | Mg2Al3(Si3Al)O10)(OH)8 |
9.EC.55 | Donbassite | Al4.33(Si3Al)O10(OH)8 |
9.EC.55 | Glagolevite | Na(Mg,Al)6(AlSi3O10)(OH,O)8 |
9.EC.55 | Borocookeite | (LiAl4β»)[BSi3O10](OH)8 |
9.EC.60 | Aliettite | Ca0.2Mg6((Si,Al)8O20)(OH)4 Β· 4H2O |
9.EC.60 | Corrensite | (Mg,Fe)9((Si,Al)8O20)(OH)10 Β· nH2O |
9.EC.60 | Dozyite | Mg7Al2(Al2Si4O15)(OH)12 |
9.EC.60 | Hydrobiotite | K(Mg,Fe2+)6((Si,Al)8O20)(OH)4 Β· nH2O |
9.EC.60 | Karpinskite | (Ni,Mg)2Si2O5(OH)2 (?) |
9.EC.60 | Kulkeite | Mg8Al(AlSi7O20)(OH)10 |
9.EC.60 | Lunijianlaite | Li0.7Al6.2(AlSi7O20)(OH,O)10 |
9.EC.60 | Rectorite | (Na,Ca)Al4((Si,Al)8O20)(OH)4 Β· 2H2O |
9.EC.60 | Saliotite | (Li,Na)Al3(AlSi3O10)(OH)5 |
9.EC.60 | Tosudite | Na0.5(Al,Mg)6((Si,Al)8O18)(OH)12 Β· 5H2O |
9.EC.60 | Brinrobertsite | Na0.3Al4(Si4O10)2(OH)4 Β· 3.5 H2O |
9.EC.65 | Macaulayite | (Fe,Al)24Si4O43(OH)2 |
9.EC.70 | Burckhardtite | Pb2(Fe3+Te6+)[AlSi3O8]O6 |
9.EC.75 | Ferrisurite | (Pb,Ca)2.4Fe3+2(Si4O10)(CO3)1.7(OH)3 Β· nH2O |
9.EC.75 | Surite | (Pb,Ca)3(Al,Fe2+,Mg)2((Si,Al)4O10)(CO3)2(OH)2 |
9.EC.75 | Niksergievite | (Ba,Ca)2Al3(AlSi3O10)(CO3)(OH)6 Β· nH2O |
9.EC.80 | Kegelite | Pb8Al4(Si8O20)(SO4)2(CO3)4(OH)8 |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Pyrophyllite in petrology
An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.
Internet Links for Pyrophyllite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3323.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
References for Pyrophyllite
Reference List:
Localities for Pyrophyllite
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
β - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality.
Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Antarctica | |
| Goldschmidt Conference: Journal of Conference Abstracts Volume 5 (2) |
Argentina | |
| BalliviΓ‘n Justiniano et al. (2016) |
| FRANCHINI (27ΒΊ26'S-66ΒΊ16'O) +1 other reference |
| PadrΓ³n de Minas de la Provincia de Chubut (2005) |
MAIZA +2 other references | |
| Singer et al. (2005) |
| Ryziuk et al. (2016) |
| Eduardo O. Zappettini and Marcelo Dalponte (2009) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Sillitoe et al. (2019) |
Australia | |
| ... |
Power (1893) | |
Loughnan et al. (1976) +1 other reference | |
Hertzberger et al. (1978) | |
Hertzberger et al. (1978) | |
Hertzberger et al. (1978) | |
Hertzberger et al. (1978) | |
Hertzberger et al. (1978) | |
Hertzberger et al. (1978) | |
Hertzberger et al. (1978) | |
Hertzberger et al. (1978) | |
Hertzberger et al. (1978) | |
Hertzberger et al. (1978) | |
Hertzberger et al. (1978) | |
Hertzberger et al. (1978) | |
Hertzberger et al. (1978) | |
| Wilde (1988) |
| Betts (n.d.) |
| Page (2011) |
| Narromine 1:250 000 Mine Data Sheets +1 other reference |
| Monecke (2002) |
| Hurtig et al. (2014) |
| Nicolson et al. (2017) |
| |
| Crooks et al. (2004) |
| Crooks et al. (2004) |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Bottrill +1 other reference |
| Ralph Bottrill et al in prep. +1 other reference |
R Bottrill | |
Bottrill et al. (2008) | |
Bottrill et al. (2008) | |
AGSO Research Newsletter May 2000 | |
| Huston et al. (2001) |
| Huston (2007) |
| Roberts et al. (2004) |
Austria | |
| G. Niedermayr: Carinthia II 187./107.:172 (1997) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| www.univie.ac.at (2020) |
| Fechner et al. (1985) |
| Strasser (1989) |
Strasser (1989) | |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| A. Steiner (2006) |
| MEIXNER (1968) |
Strasser (1989) | |
| Exel (1993) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Pelikan (1895) |
| unpublished |
| Postl (1994) |
Azerbaijan | |
| Mansurov et al. (2018) |
Belgium | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
Hatert et al. (2002) | |
| MΓ©lon et al. (1976) |
Hatert et al. (2002) | |
Hatert et al. (2014) | |
Hatert et al. (2002) | |
MΓ©lon et al. (1976) +1 other reference | |
Hatert et al. (2002) | |
Hatert et al. (2002) +1 other reference | |
Hatert et al. (2002) | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
Anten (1912) | |
Hatert et al. (2002) | |
Hatert et al. (2002) | |
Buttgenbach (1947) +1 other reference | |
Dejonghe et al. (1993) | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
Michel Blondieau. +2 other references | |
MΓ©lon et al. (1976) +1 other reference | |
Hatert et al. (2002) | |
MΓ©lon et al. (1976) +2 other references | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
Hatert et al. (2002) | |
MΓ©lon et al. (1976) +1 other reference | |
Blondieau (2005) | |
Bolivia | |
| Cacho et al. (2019) |
| BelΓ©n Torres et al. (2019) +1 other reference |
| Sillitoe et al. (1998) |
| Salomon Rivas y Federico Ahlfeld (1998) |
| Spencer et al. (1907) |
| Sillitoe et al. (1998) |
| Federico Ahlfeld and Jorge Munoz Reyes: Las Especies Minerales de Bolivia (Banco Minero de Bolivia, 1955) |
Brazil | |
| Jeannine and Jacques Cassedanne : "Présence d'eskolaite dans les alluvions stannifères de la Chapada Diamantina (Bahia-Brésil) |
| MR v 20.6 pg 465 |
| Waber et al. (1992) +1 other reference |
| Rafael Hernandes CorrΓͺa-Silva ... |
| R CorrΓͺa-Silva collection |
Cassedanne (1989) | |
Chris D. Parkinson et al. | |
Bulgaria | |
| Hikov et al. (2011) |
| Marchev et al. (2002) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Moritz et al. (2004) |
| Singer et al. (2008) +2 other references |
| Hikov (2004) +1 other reference |
| HIKOV et al. (APS) +1 other reference |
| Damyanov |
| Georgieva +2 other references |
Canada | |
| albite alunite andalusite andesine ... |
| Econ Geol (1996) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| personal correspondence with Giles Peatfield (see comments in description) |
| Mauthier (2006) |
| Woodside (n.d.) |
| Duuring et al. (2009) |
| P & E Mining Consultants Inc. Report No. 161 (2009) |
British Columbia Geological Survey +1 other reference | |
| MINFILE No 092L 343 +1 other reference |
| Singer et al. (2005) |
personal correspondence with Giles Peatfield (see comments in description) | |
| BC Mining Reports 1970 +1 other reference |
| 450-453 +2 other references |
| Sparkes et al. (2016) |
a preserved late Proterozoic high-sulfidation epithermal gold deposit and its implications for exploration. Economic Geology (4) +2 other references | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Grant (2009) |
| Berger et al. (2009) |
| an example of a deformed et al. (6) +3 other references |
| Taner et al. (1993) |
| McDonald et al. (NTS 105 D/3, 6) |
Chile | |
| Economic Geology +2 other references |
| OndruΕ‘ et al. (2006) |
| OssandΓ³n et al. (2001) |
Singer et al. (2008) | |
Singer et al. (2008) | |
| Vidal et al. (2022) |
| Econ Geol (1976) |
| Thompson et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
Singer et al. (2008) | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Economic Geology +4 other references | |
| Henley et al. (2012) +2 other references |
| Deyell et al. (2005) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Econ Geol (1985) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
- (2003) | |
- (2003) +1 other reference | |
Singer et al. (2008) | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
China | |
| Wenhua Wang et al. (1989) |
| Bin Cui (1987) |
| Zhu Yulin (2000) |
Zhu Yulin (2000) | |
Zhu Yulin (2000) | |
| Tao Chen (2008) |
Taiming Yang et al. (1991) | |
Ni Sun and Wenyuan Cui (2003) | |
Zheng et al. (2023) | |
Zilong Wu (2003) +1 other reference | |
Xinfeng Wu and Wenyuan Cui (1999) +1 other reference | |
| Zhu Yulin (2000) |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) |
| Lisheng Luo (1988) |
| Duan et al. (2022) |
www.netspiration.ch (n.d.) | |
| Huadong Liu (2008) |
| Hongchang Li et al. (1987) |
| Sparta Holding Corp. (2005) |
| Yachui Jiang et al. (1994) |
Beijing Assessment Center Co. Ltd. (2012) | |
| Zhu Yulin (2000) |
| Meilong Lin (2003) |
| Jianguo Yang et al. (2002) |
| Rongke Xu et al. (2010) |
Yuanchao Shen et al. (2006) +1 other reference | |
| Hongpei Zhang et al. (2004) |
| Guicai Yang et al. (2007) |
| Haitao Han et al. (2008) |
| Baichuang Guo and Dongdong Zhao (2002) |
| Guiqing Li (1982) |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) |
| Longming Wei et al. (2008) |
Longming Wei et al. (2008) | |
| Yongen Luo and Qingwu Huang (2009) |
| Zhaochong Zhang et al. (1994) |
| Zhenhua Shan and Fenglian Li (1988) |
| Guangxi Metallurgical Geological Survey (1975) |
| Chunsheng Wang (1983) |
| Yongke Chen et al. (2004) |
| Deru Xu et al. (2008) |
| Jian Li (1990) |
Jing Li (1988) +1 other reference | |
| Jie Li et al. (2010) |
| Wenhao Zhao et al. (1987) |
| Yanxiang Ji and Guangjian Ji (2009) |
| Zhaojun Meng et al. (2011) |
Fanglin Yang et al. (2000) | |
| Deshi Lu (1993) |
| Gao et al. (2022) |
| Derong Li et al. (2011) |
| Fanlong Zeng et al. (2008) |
| Yongwei Huang et al. (2010) |
Jianguo Yang et al. (2005) | |
| Chuantong Dong (2012) |
| Enguang Zang et al. (2009) |
| Haipeng Zhao et al. (2005) |
| Guihu Chen et al. (2012) |
| Yutaka Kanai (1992) |
| Bingwu Chu and Chunfang Zhao (2000) |
| Guanqun Yang (1987) |
| Guiqing Xie et al. (2006) |
| Zhengxiang Bao (1988) |
| Mengxiang Zhou (2006) |
Yingchun Wu et al. (2008) | |
| Yingchun Wu et al. (2008) |
| Weixiang Zeng (1992) |
| Hongchang Li et al. (1987) |
| Ligang Zhang (1985) +2 other references |
| Leng et al. (2023) |
| Guangmo Liu and Houming Jian (1983) |
| Yongsheng Kuang et al. (2014) |
| Liqing Zhao et al. (2002) |
| Fengyue Sun and Li Wang (2008) +1 other reference |
Zengyao LΓΌ et al. (2004) | |
| Duan et al. (2022) |
| Baisheng Zhang (2001) |
| Hongchen Zhu et al. (2000) |
| Zhitian Wang et al. (1993) |
| Mei Zhang et al. (2011) |
| Xiqing Yu et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| Li et al. (2023) |
| Qi Zhang et al. (2008) |
| Liangfang Wu et al. (2012) |
| Jinjie Yu et al. (2006) |
| Kecong Han and Shengyun Ma (1985) |
| Zhenghui Chen et al. (2006) +3 other references |
| Xiao'e Huang et al. (2012) |
| ... |
| Zhangfa Yu et al. (2013) |
| Yunhuai Lin (1986) |
| Shigui Zhang (1977) |
| Zhongling Wang (1987) |
| Xiao'e Huang and Zhihua Xu (2006) |
| Xiao'e Huang and Zhihua Xu (2005) |
| Hongchang Li et al. (1987) |
Nan Ye (1993) | |
| wrgis.wr.usgs.gov (2004) |
Delin Cheng et al. (2011) | |
| Poulsen et al. (1990) |
| Bingen Wang et al. (1996) |
| Yanan Zhang and Fuqiang Yao (2013) |
| Zunzhong Zhang et al. (2009) |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) |
| Yongbao Gao et al. (2012) |
| Gao +5 other references |
| Qiaoqing Hu et al. (2013) |
| Guoxing Wu (1990) |
| Cuixia Lian et al. (2011) +1 other reference |
| Cuizhi Wang et al. (2005) |
| Zhang et al. (2002) |
| Cuizhi Wang et al. (2005) |
| Cuizhi Wang et al. (2005) |
| Cuizhi Wang et al. (2005) |
| Cuizhi Wang et al. (2005) |
| Jin Chen and Yuelin Tang (1993) +2 other references |
| Fuyou Wei (1989) |
| Wang et al. (2019) |
| Peters (2002) |
| Song et al. (2018) |
| Yang et al. (2009) |
| Yang et al. (2009) |
| Xu Yingxia et al. (2006) |
Huaqin Li et al. (1999) +2 other references | |
Yu Miao et al. (2007) | |
| Junchen Yang et al. (1998) |
Junchen Yang et al. (1998) | |
| Weixuan Fang et al. (2003) |
| Xinxia Geng et al. (2012) |
| Zhongfu Cheng (1990) |
| Yiqun Wang et al. (2013) |
| Lianhui Dong and Changlie Tian (2001) +1 other reference |
Keqiang Chen et al. (2007) +1 other reference | |
| Mu Yang and Shenglin Peng (2006) |
| Mu Yang and Shenglin Peng (2006) |
| Chengbin Wang et al. (2013) |
| Junchen Cao (1987) |
| Junchen Cao (1987) |
| Ping Liu (1990) |
| Jambor et al. (1992) |
Kamitani et al. (2007) | |
| Zhenkuan Luo et al. (1985) |
| Shiming Zhang et al. (2013) |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) |
| Pirajno et al. (1997) |
| Nansheng Chen (1996) |
| Zhou et al. (2022) |
Zhou et al. (2022) | |
Zhou et al. (2022) | |
Colombia | |
| Pogue (1916) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Czech Republic | |
| StanΔk +1 other reference |
ΔernΓ½ P. | |
Dominican Republic | |
| important factors in grade development. Economic Geology (8) +3 other references |
Ecuador | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Eswatini | |
| Cairncross (2004) |
Europe | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
Fiji | |
| J.M. Boirat and J. Lum |
Finland | |
| Aurola |
| Saikkonen |
| Economic Geology (1996) +1 other reference |
France | |
| |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Chauris (2014) |
| Briggs (1975) |
| Briggs (1975) |
| Briggs (1975) |
| Guitard (2010) |
Georgia | |
| Ramaz Migineishvili (2005) |
Germany | |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Schwarzmeier (2015) +2 other references |
| WeiΓ (1990) |
| WeiΓ (1990) |
| Theye et al. (1993) |
| |
| T. Witzke & F. RΓΌger: Lapis 1998 (7/8) |
| Wittern (2001) |
Greece | |
| Rieck et al. (2020) |
| Rieck et al. (2020) |
| Theye et al. (1992) |
| Eur. J. Mineral. |
| Theye et al. (1992) |
Eur. J. Mineral. | |
Theye et al. (1992) | |
| Viswanathan et al. (1979) |
| Skarpelis (1999) |
| Voudouris et al. (2013) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Voudouris (2014) +1 other reference | |
ΞΞ―Ξ»ΞΉΞ±Ο et al. (2013) +1 other reference | |
Melfos +12 other references | |
| Voudouris et al. (2019) |
| American Mineralogist (2003) |
| Theye et al. (1992) |
| Papoulis et al. (2005) |
| 33-35 +2 other references |
Greenland | |
| Sharpe (1980) |
Guinea | |
| Kowalski (1987) |
Guyana | |
| Milton et al. (1976) |
Honduras | |
| Mattioli et al. (2014) |
Hungary | |
| Nemecz |
SzakΓ‘ll & JΓ‘nosi: Minerals of Hungary | |
| SzakΓ‘ll et al. (1996) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Seres-Hartai et al. (2001) +1 other reference | |
Indonesia | |
| Mulja et al. (2022) |
| Tumpangpitu porphyry-high sulphidation epithermal deposit et al. (Trans. Inst. Min. Metall. B) +1 other reference |
| Singer et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
Singer et al. (2008) | |
| Mineralium Deposita (2005) |
Mineralium Deposita (2005) | |
| www.newcrest.com.au (2017) |
| King et al. (2014) |
King et al. (2014) | |
| Sweetapple et al. (2014) |
| Pollard et al. (2002) |
| Al Hakim et al. (2017) |
| Tun et al. (2015) |
Etzel et al. (2015) | |
Mazot et al. (2007) | |
| Verdiansyah et al. (2022) |
| www.mining.com (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Singer et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| Abidin (2008) |
Iran | |
| Abedini |
| Altenberger et al. (Ag-Au) |
| Ghadimi et al. (2013) |
| Ali Abedini (2016) |
Italy | |
| Valente et al. (2000) |
| Antofilli |
| Antofilli et al. (1983) |
| Antofilli M. et al. (1983) |
| Bedognè et al. (1993) |
| BedognΓ© et al. (1995) |
| Boscardin M. (1972) +1 other reference |
| - (as a monograph) +3 other references |
- (as a monograph) +2 other references | |
| - (as a monograph) +2 other references |
| Piccoli (2002) |
| GoffΓ© (2002) |
GoffΓ© (2002) | |
| Parola et al. (2023) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Naitza et al. (2017) |
| Lattanzi (1999) |
| Naitza et al. (2016) |
| Exel (1987) |
Exel (1987) | |
| Boscardin et al. (1984) +1 other reference |
| |
Costantini A. et al. (1995) +1 other reference | |
Franceschelli M. et al. (1986) +1 other reference | |
| Garofalo et al. (2023) |
| |
| Dini A. et al. (1997) |
| R. angelillis - Un escursione alla miniera cinabrifera di Ripa (Lucca) |
| Di Giovanni (1981) |
| Batacchi C. et al. (2016) |
Japan | |
| Economic Geology +5 other references |
Economic Geology +4 other references | |
| Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated by the Geological Survey of Japan) |
| Nambu ore collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| Higashi (1982) |
Dr. Kameki Kinoshita collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) | |
Dr. Kameki Kinoshita collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) +1 other reference | |
| Min. Jour. (Japan) +2 other references |
| Watanabe et al. (1996) |
| Myint (1996) |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) |
| Dr. Kameki Kinoshita collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| Morishita et al. (2008) |
Kawano et al. (1991) | |
| Narita (1961) |
Narita (1963) | |
| Fujii et al. (1971) |
Fujii et al. (1971) | |
| Alfredo Petrov specimen |
Alfredo Petrov specimens | |
| Fujii et al. (1971) |
| Dr. Kameki Kinoshita collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| Alfredo Petrov specimen |
Sadanaga et al. (1974) | |
Cureton label | |
Dr. Yohachiro Okamoto collection (curated at Geological Survey museum, Japan) | |
| Sadanaga et al. (1974) |
| Dr. Kameki Kinoshita collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| Matsubara et al. (1998) |
Alfredo Petrov specimens | |
| Sadanaga et al. (1974) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Filimonov et al (2005) +1 other reference |
| Dill (1999) |
Laos | |
| Tate (2005) |
Madagascar | |
| Behier (1963) |
Malaysia | |
| Caisheng Zhao et al. (2004) |
Mexico | |
| Sotelo (2016) |
Sotelo (2016) | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Valencia et al. (2008) |
| www.alamosgold.com (2013) |
Middle East | |
Gross (1977) | |
Mongolia | |
| RPMGlobal (2018) |
| Economic Geology September 2001 v. 96 ... |
Economic Geology +5 other references | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Morocco | |
| S. WeiΓ: Lapis 31 (7/8) |
| Tuduri et al. (2018) |
| Berrada (2009) |
Myanmar | |
| Singer et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
Namibia | |
| von Bezing et al. (2016) |
| Cairncross (2005) |
Bezing et al. (2007) | |
| www.mme.gov.na (2006) |
| Dunn (1991) |
New Zealand | |
| Martin et al. (2023) |
| Chambefort et al. (2017) |
| L. D. Swindale & I. R. Hughes (1968) |
| Bell et al. (1912) |
| Christie et al. (2007) |
Nicaragua | |
| www.royalroadminerals.com (n.d.) |
North Macedonia | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Percival et al. (1994) |
| Altherr et al. (2017) |
| Serafimovski et al. (2003) |
Norway | |
| Rune S. Selbekk (2010) |
MΓΌller et al. (2012, January) | |
| Manby (1983) |
| Rune S. Selbekk (2010) |
| Hollander (1979) |
| Norges Geologiske UndersΓΈkelse. 270 (p.26) +1 other reference |
Panama | |
| Corral et al. (2011) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Papua New Guinea | |
| Gena et al. (2001) +1 other reference |
Vanko et al. (2004) | |
| Lindley (1998) |
| Baldwin et al. (2021) |
| Rinne et al. (2018) |
Singer et al. (2008) | |
| Singer et al. (2005) |
Singer et al. (2005) | |
Peru | |
| Rainbow et al. (2005) |
| Bin Wu and Zhenchao Ye (2013) |
| Toulouse et al. (2023) +1 other reference |
| Hollister et al. (1974) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Singer et al. (2008) | |
Simmons et al. (2005) +1 other reference | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Scherkenbach et al. (1984) |
| PΓ©rez-Puig Obieta et al. (2013) |
| Dill et al. (1997) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Luis M. Cerpa et al. (2011) +1 other reference |
| Alvarez A et al. (1988) |
| Carlson et al. (1980) |
Singer et al. (2008) | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Philippines | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Singer et al. (2008) | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Poland | |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| [Pyrophyllite-1A] Ε. Kruszewski PXRD & pXRF data (paper in preparation) |
| Salwa (2019) |
Portugal | |
| Oliveira et al. (1998) |
Romania | |
| Mineralium Deposita (2004) +1 other reference |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| SzakΓ‘ll (2002) |
SzakΓ‘ll (2002) | |
| Ed.:SzakΓ‘ll S.-KristΓ‘ly ... |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Russia | |
| Izbrodin et al. (2009) |
| S.Kolesnichenko |
| Plotinskaya et al. (2014) |
Spiridonov et al. (the South Urals) | |
| Amplieva (2008) |
| Savva et al. (2012) |
| Yakich et al. (2021) |
| V.A. Kovalenker (2005) |
| Okrugin et al. (an Example of Mutnovsky Geothermal Area, Southern Kamchatka) |
| Burlakov (1999) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
Moralev et al. (2005) | |
| Grabezhev et al. (2000) |
| Ryazantseva (2001) |
| V. Yu. Fridovsky et al. (2014) |
| Palβyanova et al. (2016) |
| Vikentev et al. (2020) |
| Yushkin N.P. et al. (1986) |
| Pekov (1998) |
| Vikent'eva et al. (2016, April) |
| Abrosimova et al. (2015) |
| [Mineralien Welt 6/92:62] |
Serbia | |
| Albrecht von Quadt et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
Albrecht von Quadt et al. (2007) +1 other reference | |
abstract in Mitt. Γsterr. Mineral. ... +1 other reference | |
| |
Slovakia | |
| Kodě +1 other reference |
| Lexa et al. (1999) |
KodΔra (1986) | |
PauliΕ‘ +1 other reference | |
| KozΓ‘k J. et al. (2017) |
| Lexa et al. (1999) |
| KodΔra P. et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
KodΔra (1986) | |
RojkoviΔovΓ‘ | |
Juraj Ε½ItΕan (2011) | |
| Lexa et al. (1999) |
| ΔuΔa (1993) |
| KodΔra (1986) |
| KodΔra (1986) |
| KodΔra (1986) |
| Duda |
Slovenia | |
| Albrecht von Quadt et al. (2007) |
South Africa | |
| D. Pienaar. (2014) |
| Cairncross photo ID 729116 |
Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
Econ Geol (1994) | |
Cairncross photo ID 729104 | |
Jolley et al. (2004) | |
De Jager (2015) | |
| Fuchs et al. (2017) |
| Montinaro et al. (2015) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Schoch et al. (1985) |
Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
Cairncross et al. (1995) +1 other reference | |
South Korea | |
Takagi (2008) | |
| "Exploration and utilization of the ... |
| Kim et al. (1991) |
Spain | |
| B. GoffΓ© et al. |
| Carrillo-RosΓΊa et al. (2021) |
| P. Sanger-von Oepen (1990) |
Calvo Rebollar (2014) | |
| GoffΓ© +3 other references |
| GoffΓ© +3 other references |
J.M. Azanon and B. GoffΓ© | |
| SubΓas et al. (1997) |
| Higueras et al. (1999) |
| SuΓ‘rez et al. (2011) |
Sweden | |
| Lyckberg (2006) |
| Mosander (1845) +2 other references |
| Wilke (1997) |
| Holtstam et al. (2019) |
| |
| Holtstam et al. (1999) |
| Specimen in my private collection. ... |
| |
| Grensman (1989) +1 other reference |
| |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Bedognè et al. (2006) |
Bedognè et al. (2006) | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| - (n.d.) +1 other reference |
Taiwan | |
| |
| MAC Short Course 23 (1995) +2 other references |
Tajikistan | |
| Menchinskaya et al. (1973) +1 other reference |
Turkey | |
| Yigit (2012) |
Yigit (2012) | |
| Yigit (2012) |
| Yigit (2012) |
Huseyin Yilmaz et al. (2010) +1 other reference | |
| Yigit et al. (2000) |
| Bernasconi et al. (1980) |
| Hanilçi +5 other references |
UK | |
| [Specimen in the Natural History Museum |
| BMS Collection 909 |
USA | |
| Kelley et al. (2022) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
Nye (1968) +1 other reference | |
Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Wilson (1929) +2 other references |
| MRDS database Dep. ID file #10060212 +1 other reference |
Reynolds (1988) +1 other reference | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Galbraith (1959) |
| Galbraith (1959) +3 other references |
MRDS file #10060207. | |
Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Galbraith (1959) |
| MRDS file #10062109. +1 other reference |
MRDS file #10064180. +1 other reference | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2005) |
| Winant (2010) +1 other reference |
| MRDS database Dep. ID file #10048351 |
Singer et al. (2008) | |
| MRDS database Dep. ID file #10048353 |
| MRDS database Dep. ID file #10009276. |
| MRDS database Dep. ID file #10048337 |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:122 +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:122. |
| Murdoch (1966) |
| Logan (1934) +1 other reference |
| Logan (1934) +1 other reference |
| Dana 6: 22 |
| www.mineralsocal.org |
Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 416 +4 other references | |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 416 +2 other references |
Ruff Project | |
| Bradley (1941) +1 other reference |
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| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 264. +3 other references |
| - (2005) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 416. +2 other references |
Erwin (1934) +1 other reference | |
Erwin (1934) +1 other reference | |
Pelletier | |
| Larsen (1921) |
| Hanks (1884) +4 other references |
| - (2005) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 416. +7 other references |
- (2005) | |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 416. +3 other references |
| CDMG OFR 94-11 " Mineral Land ... |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 416. +2 other references |
| Rogers (1912) +2 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 416. +2 other references |
Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 416 +2 other references | |
Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 416. +2 other references | |
Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 416. +5 other references | |
Murdoch et al. (1966) | |
| Robert G. Lee et al. (2005) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) +1 other reference |
| Pearl +1 other reference |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
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- (2005) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
USGS Prof. Paper 750C +1 other reference | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Schairer (1931) |
| Schooner (circa 1985) |
| Hurst (1959) +1 other reference |
| Hurst +1 other reference |
| Hurst et al. (1966) +1 other reference |
| Cook (1978) |
| Hurst et al. (1970) +1 other reference |
| Prindle (1935) +1 other reference |
| King et al. (1994) |
| |
| Emerson (1895) |
| ... |
Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
Tim Lemke specimen | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) |
| Jay Ellis Ransom |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| The Mineralogy of The Butte District +1 other reference |
Singer et al. (2008) | |
The Mineralogy of The Butte District +1 other reference | |
The Mineralogy of The Butte District +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Econ Geol (1994) |
| Runyon (2013) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
Rocks & Min.: 24:361. | |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| NBMG Bull 89 Geology and Mineral ... +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
Wallace et al. (1975) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
Wallace et al. (1975) | |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
NMBMMR Bull 11 The Geology of the Organ ... | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| NMBGMR Open-file Report - 535 |
| Northrop et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
NMBMMR Bull 71 Mineral Resources of ... | |
Jahns et al. (1977) | |
| NY State Museum spec. no. 17818 |
| Marian Lupulescu et al. (2010) |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
| Rocks & Min.: 60:84. |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
Genth | |
| Dana 6:1075. |
| - (2005) |
www.John Betts.com | |
| Sauktown Sales |
| Genth |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
NCGS Bulletion No. 80 +1 other reference | |
Stuckey et al. (1967) | |
Stucky et al. (1967) | |
Stuckey et al. (1967) | |
Stuckey et al. (1967) | |
| Stuckey et al. (1967) |
Stuckey et al. (1967) | |
- (2005) | |
U.S Bureau of Mines/Spatial Data from the Minerals System/Mineral Industry Location System (Mas/Mils) | |
| - (2005) |
U.S Bureau of Mines/Spatial Data from the Minerals System/Mineral Industry Location System (Mas/Mils) | |
Genth (1891) | |
Genth +1 other reference | |
Genth (1891) | |
| U.S Bureau of Mines/Spatial Data from the Minerals System/Mineral Location System (Mas/Mils) |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
Stuckey et al. (1967) | |
- (2005) | |
| RRUFF data base: Specimen No.RO50051 |
U.S Bureau of Mines/Spatial Data from the Minerals System/Mineral Industry Location System (Mas/Mils) | |
| - (2005) |
| Stuckey et al. (1967) |
Stuckey et al. (1967) | |
| Stuckey et al. (1967) |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
Rocks & Min.: 60: 92. | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
| Rocks & Min.: 60:92. |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
Stuckey et al. (1967) | |
| - (2005) |
Rocks & Min.: 60:93. | |
E-An Zen | |
- (2005) | |
U.S Bureau of Mines/Spatial Data from the Minerals System/Mineral Location System (Mas/Mils) | |
- (2005) | |
Stuckey et al. (1967) | |
U.S Bureau of Mines/Spatial Data from the Minerals System/Mineral Industry Location System (Mas/Mils) | |
U.S Bureau of Mines/Spatial Data from the Minerals System/Mineral Industry Location System (Mas/Mils) | |
- (2005) | |
| U.S Bureau of Mines/Spatial Data from the Minerals System/Mineral Industry Location System (Mas/Mils) |
| Wilson et al. (1978) |
| - (2005) |
Carpenter III (1976) | |
Carpenter III (1976) | |
Schmidt et al. (1985) | |
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Stuckey et al. (1967) | |
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Rocks & Min.: 23:800-801. | |
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| - (2005) |
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| Elick (2015) |
| Rocks & Min.: 13: 304-305. |
| Stephen Peterson et al. (2011) |
| Hildebrand et al. (1959) |
Broedel (1961) | |
| - (2005) |
| Dana 6:13 +2 other references |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
Bell et al. (1972) | |
Gilbert H. Espenshade and Donald B. Potter (1960) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Smith (1991) |
| Smith (1991) |
| Petersen et al. (2001) |
| - (2005) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) |
Bullock (1981) | |
| - (2005) |
Bullock (1981) | |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
Bullock (1981) +2 other references | |
| - (2005) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Rocks & Min. Vol. 71 (1996) |
| Kearns et al. (2016) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Kearns +2 other references |
| May +1 other reference |
Dalziel et al. (1970) | |
| Dalziel et al. (1970) |
Dalziel et al. (1970) | |
| Dalziel et al. (1970) |
Uzbekistan | |
| Plotinskaya et al. (2006) |
Venezuela | |
| Sauro et al. (2013) |
Franco Urbani (2017) | |
Vietnam | |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) |
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Big Bertha Mine, Middle Camp-Oro Fino Mining District, Dome Rock Mountains, La Paz County, Arizona, USA