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Vermiculite

A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About VermiculiteHide

Formula:
Mg0.7(Mg,Fe,Al)6(Si,Al)8O20(OH)4 · 8H2O
Formula previously given as (Mg,Fe,Al)3((Al,Si)4O10)(OH)2.4H2O.
As a Commodity:
Colour:
Brown, bronze-yellow
Hardness:
1½ - 2
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
From Latin "vermiculor", breed of worms, in allusion to its peculiar exfoliation into worm-like aggregates on intense heating (for details see Krickl (2020)).
Forms as an alteration product of biotite or phlogopite, by weathering or hydrothermal action. Vermiculite is mined as a natural insulation material.

The best exfoliation properties were observed not for pure vermiculite, but for intergrowths of vermiculite and other layer silicates (e.g. hydrobiotite).

Naturally expanded vermiculite can occur in volcanic rocks.



Unique IdentifiersHide

Mindat ID:
4170
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:4170:2
GUID
(UUID V4):
965ee932-8f87-4270-911d-582f489e01d2

Classification of VermiculiteHide

Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
9.EC.50

9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
E : Phyllosilicates
C : Phyllosilicates with mica sheets, composed of tetrahedral and octahedral nets
71.2.2d.3

71 : PHYLLOSILICATES Sheets of Six-Membered Rings
2 : Sheets of 6-membered rings with 2:1 layers
16.19.22

16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
19 : Aluminosilicates of Fe and Mg

Mineral SymbolsHide

As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.

Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.

SymbolSourceReference
VrmIMA–CNMNCWarr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43
VrmKretz (1983)Kretz, R. (1983) Symbols of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68, 277–279.
VrmSiivolam & Schmid (2007)Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download
VrmWhitney & Evans (2010)Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371
VrmThe Canadian Mineralogist (2019)The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download
VrmWarr (2020)Warr, L.N. (2020) Recommended abbreviations for the names of clay minerals and associated phases. Clay Minerals, 55, 261–264 doi:10.1180/clm.2020.30

Physical Properties of VermiculiteHide

Colour:
Brown, bronze-yellow
Hardness:
1½ - 2 on Mohs scale

Optical Data of VermiculiteHide

Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.525 - 1.561 nβ = 1.545 - 1.581 nγ = 1.545 - 1.581
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.020
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Low
Dispersion:
weak

Chemical Properties of VermiculiteHide

Formula:
Mg0.7(Mg,Fe,Al)6(Si,Al)8O20(OH)4 · 8H2O

Formula previously given as (Mg,Fe,Al)3((Al,Si)4O10)(OH)2.4H2O.
IMA Formula:
Mg0.7(Mg,Fe,Al)6(Si,Al)8O20(OH)4 · 8H2O
Common Impurities:
Ca,Na,K

Crystallography of VermiculiteHide

Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Cell Parameters:
a = 5.24 Å, b = 9.17 Å, c = 28.6 Å
β = 94.6°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.571 : 1 : 3.119
Unit Cell V:
1,369.83 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Comment:
Space group C2/m (a = 5.24(2), b = 9.17(2), c = 28.60(5) Å, beta = 94°36'(24')°, Z = 4, or space group C2/c (a = 5.349(6), b = 9.255(10), c = 28.89(2) Å, beta = 97°7'(6')°, Z = 4.

Crystal StructureHide

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IDSpeciesReferenceLinkYearLocalityPressure (GPa)Temp (K)
0000012VermiculiteGruner J W (1934) The structures of vermiculites and their collapse by dehydration American Mineralogist 19 557-5751934Structure results from data of many samples0293
0000019VermiculiteHendricks S B, Jefferson M E (1938) Crystal structure of vermiculites and mixed vermiculite-chlorites American Mineralogist 23 851-86219380293
0000063VermiculiteMathieson A M, Walker G F (1954) Crystal structure of magnesium-vermiculite American Mineralogist 39 231-25519540293
0000122VermiculiteHaase D J, Weiss E J, Steinfink H (1963) The crystal structure of a hexamethylene-diamine-vermiculite complex American Mineralogist 48 261-27019630293
0000150VermiculiteShirozu H, Bailey S W (1966) Crystal structure of a two-layer Mg-vermiculite American Mineralogist 51 1124-114319660293
0000213VermiculiteKanamaru F, Vand V (1970) The crystal structure of a clay-organic complex of 6-amino hexanoic acid and vermiculite American Mineralogist 55 1550-156119700293
0020497VermiculiteArguelles A, Leoni M, Blanco J A, Marcos C (2010) Semi-ordered crystalline structure of the Santa Olalla vermiculite inferred from X-ray powder diffraction American Mineralogist 95 126-1342010Santa Olalla, Toledo Province, Spain0293
0012759Vermiculitede la Calle C, Pezerat H, Gasperin M (1977) Problemes d'ordre-desordre dans les vermiculites structure du mineral calcique hydrate a 2 couches _cod_database_code 1001031 Journal de Physique 38 128-13319770293
CIF Raw Data - click here to close

X-Ray Powder DiffractionHide

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Radiation - Copper Kα
Data Set:
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacingIntensity
14.15 Å(10)
4.57 Å(6)
2.615 Å(5)
2.570 Å(5)
2.525 Å(4.5)
2.380-2.365 Å(3.5b)
1.528 Å(7)

Geological EnvironmentHide

Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic ModeEarliest Age (Ga)
Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation and alteration4.566-4.550
6 : Secondary asteroid phases4.566-4.560
Stage 3b: Earth’s earliest hydrosphere>4.45
16 : Low-𝑇 aqueous alteration of Hadean subaerial lithologies (see also #23)
Near-surface Processes
22 : Hydration and low-𝑇 subsurface aqueous alteration (see also #23)
Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks>3.0
36 : Carbonatites, kimberlites, and related igneous rocks
Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics<3.5-2.5
40 : Regional metamorphism (greenschist, amphibolite, granulite facies)
Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere<0.6
48 : Soil leaching zone minerals<0.6

Type Occurrence of VermiculiteHide

Synonyms of VermiculiteHide

Other Language Names for VermiculiteHide

German:Vermiculit
Simplified Chinese:蛭石
Spanish:Vermiculita

Varieties of VermiculiteHide

BataviteAn iron-rich variety of vermiculite.

Originally reported from Kropfmühl Mine, Kropfmühl, Kropfmühl - Untergriesbach District, Hauzenberg, Bavarian Forest, Lower Bavaria, Bavaria, Germany.
Copper VermiculiteA cuprian variety of Vermiculite.
Eastonite (of Hamilton)A silver-white vermiculite.
Lucasite (of Chatard)A chromian Vermiculite
VaaliteA variety of Vermiculite that was originally described from Vaal river, South Africa.

Relationship of Vermiculite to other SpeciesHide

Member of:
Other Members of this group:
Beidellite(Na,Ca0.5)0.3Al2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2OMon. 2/m : B2/m
FerrosaponiteCa0.3(Fe2+,Mg,Fe3+)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · 4H2OMon.
HectoriteNa0.3(Mg,Li)3(Si4O10)(F,OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
Montmorillonite(Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2OMon. 2/m : B2/m
NontroniteNa0.3Fe2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2OMon. 2/m : B2/m
PimeliteNi3Si4O10(OH)2 · 4H2OHex.
Saliotite(Li,Na)Al3(AlSi3O10)(OH)5Mon. 2/m : B2/m
SaponiteCa0.25(Mg,Fe)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2OMon.
SauconiteNa0.3Zn3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · 4H2OMon.
Stevensite(Ca,Na)xMg3-x(Si4O10)(OH)2Mon.
SwineforditeLi(Al,Li,Mg)3((Si,Al)4O10)2(OH,F)4 · nH2OMon. 2/m : B2/m
VolkonskoiteCa0.3(Cr,Mg,Fe)2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · 4H2OMon.
Yakhontovite(Ca,Na)0.5(Cu,Fe,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · 3H2OMon.
ZincsiliteZn3Si4O10(OH)2 · 4H2O (?)Mon.

Common AssociatesHide

Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
4 photos of Vermiculite associated with StelleriteCa4(Si28Al8)O72 · 28H2O
4 photos of Vermiculite associated with PhlogopiteKMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
4 photos of Vermiculite associated with Fergusonite-(Ce)CeNbO4 · 0.3H2O
3 photos of Vermiculite associated with FluorapatiteCa5(PO4)3F
3 photos of Vermiculite associated with Goethiteα-Fe3+O(OH)
3 photos of Vermiculite associated with AnataseTiO2
3 photos of Vermiculite associated with Stilbite SubgroupM6-7[Al8-9Si27-28O72] · nH2O
2 photos of Vermiculite associated with Anthophyllite◻{Mg2}{Mg5}(Si8O22)(OH)2
2 photos of Vermiculite associated with HessiteAg2Te
2 photos of Vermiculite associated with Betafite (of Hogarth 1977)(Ca,Na,U)2(Ti, Nb,Ta)2O6Z(OH)

Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat GroupingHide

9.EC.BalestraiteKLi2V5+Si4O12Mon. 2 : B2
9.EC.MeifuiteKFe6(Si7Al)O19(OH)4Cl2Tric. 1 : P1
9.EC.05MinnesotaiteFe2+3Si4O10(OH)2Tric. 1 : P1
9.EC.05TalcMg3Si4O10(OH)2Tric. 1 : P1
9.EC.05WillemseiteNi3Si4O10(OH)2Mon.
9.EC.9.EC.VoloshiniteRb(LiAl1.50.5)(Al0.5Si3.5)O10F2Mon. 2/m : B2/b
9.EC.10FerripyrophylliteFe3+Si2O5(OH)Mon. 2/m
9.EC.10PyrophylliteAl2Si4O10(OH)2Tric. 1
9.EC.10LuanshiweiiteKLiAl1.5(Si3.5Al0.5)O10(OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/b
9.EC.10FluorluanshiweiiteKLiAl1.5(Si3.5Al0.5)O10F2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.10ManganiceladoniteK(MgMn3+◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2Mon.
9.EC.10GarmiteCsLiMg2(Si4O10)F2Mon.
9.EC.10GorbunoviteCsLi2(Ti,Fe)Si4O10(F,OH,O)2Mon.
9.EC.15BoromuscoviteKAl2(BSi3O10)(OH)2Mon. 2/m
9.EC.15CeladoniteK(MgFe3+◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.15Chernykhite(Ba,Na)(V3+,Al,Mg)2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2Mon.
9.EC.15Montdorite(K,Na)2(Fe2+,Mn2+,Mg)5(Si4O10)2(OH,F)4Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.15MuscoviteKAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/b
9.EC.15NanpingiteCsAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH,F)2Mon. 2/m : B2/b
9.EC.15ParagoniteNaAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2Mon.
9.EC.15RoscoeliteK(V3+,Al)2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/b
9.EC.15Tobelite(NH4,K)Al2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.15AluminoceladoniteK(MgAl◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.15ChromphylliteK(Cr,Al)2(AlSi3O10)(OH,F)2Mon. 2/m : B2/b
9.EC.15FerroaluminoceladoniteK(Fe2+Al◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.15FerroceladoniteK(Fe2+Fe3+◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.15ChromceladoniteK(MgCr◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2Mon. 2 : B2
9.EC.15TainioliteKLiMg2(Si4O10)F2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.15Ganterite(Ba,Na,K)(Al,Mg)2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/b
9.EC.15UM1988-22-SiO:AlCaFFeHKLiMgKLiMgAl2Si3O10F2Mon.
9.EC.15KreiteriteCsLi2Fe3+(Si4O10)F2Mon.
9.EC.20AnniteKFe2+3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.20EphesiteNaLiAl2(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2Tric. 1 : P1
9.EC.20HendricksiteKZn3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.20Masutomilite(K,Rb)(Li,Mn3+,Al)3(AlSi3O10)(F,OH)2Mon. 2 : B2
9.EC.20NorrishiteKLiMn3+2(Si4O10)O2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.20PhlogopiteKMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.20PolylithioniteKLi2Al(Si4O10)(F,OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/b
9.EC.20PreiswerkiteNaMg2Al(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/b
9.EC.20SiderophylliteKFe2+2Al(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2Mon.
9.EC.20TetraferriphlogopiteKMg3(Fe3+Si3O10)(OH,F)2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.20FluorotetraferriphlogopiteKMg3(Fe3+Si3O10)F2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.20Wonesite(Na,K)(Mg,Fe,Al)6((Al,Si)4O10)2(OH,F)4Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.20EastoniteKMg2Al(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2Mon.
9.EC.20TetraferrianniteKFe2+3(Si3Fe3+)O10(OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.20TrilithioniteK(Li1.5Al1.5)(AlSi3O10)(F,OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/b
9.EC.20FluoranniteKFe2+3(Si3Al)O10F2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.20ShirokshiniteK(NaMg2)(Si4O10)F2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.20ShirozuliteKMn2+3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.20SokolovaiteCsLi2Al(Si4O10)F2Mon.
9.EC.20AspidoliteNaMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.20FluorophlogopiteKMg3(Si3Al)O10F2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.20UM2004-49-SiO:AlCsFHKLi(Cs,K)(Al,Li)2.6((Si,Al)4O10)(F,OH)2
9.EC.20Suhailite(NH4)Fe2+3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.20YangzhumingiteKMg2.5(Si4O10)F2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.20OrloviteKLi2Ti(Si4O10)OFMon. 2 : B2
9.EC.20OxyphlogopiteK(Mg,Ti,Fe)3[(Si,Al)4O10](O,F)2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.20Chloroferrokinoshitalite(Ba,K)(Fe2+,Mg)3(Al2Si2O10)(Cl,OH,F)2
9.EC.22PimeliteNi3Si4O10(OH)2 · 4H2OHex.
9.EC.30Chlorophaeite(Ca,Mg,Fe)2Fe2Si4O13 · 10H2O
9.EC.30MargariteCaAl2(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/b
9.EC.35Anandite(Ba,K)(Fe2+,Mg)3((Si,Al,Fe)4O10)(S,OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/b
9.EC.35BityiteCaLiAl2(AlBeSi2O10)(OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/b
9.EC.35ClintoniteCaAlMg2(SiAl3O10)(OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.35Kinoshitalite(Ba,K)(Mg,Mn2+,Al)3(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.35Ferrokinoshitalite(Ba,K)(Fe2+,Mg)3(Al2Si2O10)(OH,F)2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.35Oxykinoshitalite(Ba,K)(Mg,Ti,Fe3+,Fe2+)3((Si,Al)4O10)(O,OH,F)2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.35FluorokinoshitaliteBaMg3(Al2Si2O10)F2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.40Beidellite(Na,Ca0.5)0.3Al2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2OMon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.40Kurumsakite(Zn,Ni,Cu)8Al8V5+2Si5O35 · 27H2O (?)Orth.
9.EC.40Montmorillonite(Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2OMon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.40NontroniteNa0.3Fe2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2OMon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.40VolkonskoiteCa0.3(Cr,Mg,Fe)2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · 4H2OMon.
9.EC.40Yakhontovite(Ca,Na)0.5(Cu,Fe,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · 3H2OMon.
9.EC.45HectoriteNa0.3(Mg,Li)3(Si4O10)(F,OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.45SaponiteCa0.25(Mg,Fe)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2OMon.
9.EC.45SauconiteNa0.3Zn3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · 4H2OMon.
9.EC.45SpadaiteMgSiO2(OH)2 · H2O (?)
9.EC.45Stevensite(Ca,Na)xMg3-x(Si4O10)(OH)2Mon.
9.EC.45SwineforditeLi(Al,Li,Mg)3((Si,Al)4O10)2(OH,F)4 · nH2OMon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.45ZincsiliteZn3Si4O10(OH)2 · 4H2O (?)Mon.
9.EC.45FerrosaponiteCa0.3(Fe2+,Mg,Fe3+)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · 4H2OMon.
9.EC.45HanjiangiteBa2CaV3+Al(H2AlSi3O12)(CO3)2FMon. 2 : B2
9.EC.52Tarasovitenear NaKAl11Si13O40(OH)9 · 3H2O
9.EC.55Baileychlore(Zn,Fe2+,Al,Mg)6(Si,Al)4O10(OH)8Tric. 1
9.EC.55Chamosite(Fe2+)5Al(Si,Al)4O10(OH,O)8Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.55ClinochloreMg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.55Cookeite(LiAl4◻)[AlSi3O10](OH)8Mon. 2/m
9.EC.55FranklinfurnaceiteCa2Fe3+Mn2+3Mn3+(Zn2Si2O10)(OH)8Mon. 2 : B2
9.EC.55Gonyerite(Mn2+,Mg)5Fe3+(Fe3+Si3O10)(OH)8Orth.
9.EC.55Nimite(Ni,Mg,Al)6((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)8Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.55Orthochamosite(Fe2+,Mg,Fe3+)5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH,O)8
9.EC.55PennantiteMn2+5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8Tric.
9.EC.55SudoiteMg2Al3(Si3Al)O10)(OH)8Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.55DonbassiteAl4.33(Si3Al)O10(OH)8Mon. 2 : B2
9.EC.55GlagoleviteNa(Mg,Al)6(AlSi3O10)(OH,O)8Tric. 1 : P1
9.EC.55Borocookeite(LiAl4◻)[BSi3O10](OH)8Mon. m : Bb
9.EC.60AliettiteCa0.2Mg6((Si,Al)8O20)(OH)4 · 4H2OMon.
9.EC.60Corrensite(Mg,Fe)9((Si,Al)8O20)(OH)10 · nH2OOrth.
9.EC.60DozyiteMg7Al2(Al2Si4O15)(OH)12Mon.
9.EC.60HydrobiotiteK(Mg,Fe2+)6((Si,Al)8O20)(OH)4 · nH2OMon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.60Karpinskite(Ni,Mg)2Si2O5(OH)2 (?)Mon.
9.EC.60KulkeiteMg8Al(AlSi7O20)(OH)10Mon.
9.EC.60LunijianlaiteLi0.7Al6.2(AlSi7O20)(OH,O)10Mon.
9.EC.60Rectorite(Na,Ca)Al4((Si,Al)8O20)(OH)4 · 2H2OMon.
9.EC.60Saliotite(Li,Na)Al3(AlSi3O10)(OH)5Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.EC.60TosuditeNa0.5(Al,Mg)6((Si,Al)8O18)(OH)12 · 5H2OMon. 2 : B2
9.EC.60BrinrobertsiteNa0.3Al4(Si4O10)2(OH)4 · 3.5 H2OMon.
9.EC.65Macaulayite(Fe,Al)24Si4O43(OH)2Mon.
9.EC.70BurckhardtitePb2(Fe3+Te6+)[AlSi3O8]O6Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : P3 1m
9.EC.75Ferrisurite(Pb,Ca)2.4Fe3+2(Si4O10)(CO3)1.7(OH)3 · nH2OMon.
9.EC.75Surite(Pb,Ca)3(Al,Fe2+,Mg)2((Si,Al)4O10)(CO3)2(OH)2Mon. 2 : P21
9.EC.75Niksergievite(Ba,Ca)2Al3(AlSi3O10)(CO3)(OH)6 · nH2OMon.
9.EC.80KegelitePb8Al4(Si8O20)(SO4)2(CO3)4(OH)8Mon.

Other InformationHide

Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

Internet Links for VermiculiteHide

References for VermiculiteHide

Reference List:

Localities for VermiculiteHide

This map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.

Locality ListHide

- This locality has map coordinates listed. - This locality has estimated coordinates. ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence. ? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. - Good crystals or important locality for species. - World class for species or very significant. (TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species. (FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties). Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality. Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).

All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Algeria
 
  • Annaba Province
    • Annaba District
      • Edough-Cap de Fer Massif
Antarctica
 
  • Eastern Antarctica
    • American Highland
      • Grove Mountains
  • Western Antarctica
    • Antarctic Peninsula
      • South Shetland Islands
        • King George Island
Arctic Ocean
 
  • Barents Sea
Argentina
 
  • Chubut Province
    • Languiñeo Department
  • Entre Ríos Province
    • Nogoyá Department
      • Algarrobitos District
        • Nogoya
Australia
 
  • New South Wales
    • Auckland Co.
    • Narromine Co.
  • Northern Territory
    • Central Desert Region
      • Alcoota Station
      • Harts Range (Harts Ranges; Hartz Range; Hartz Ranges)
        • Ambalindum Station
          • Harding Springs
          • Spriggs Creek Bore (Spriggs Bore)
  • South Australia
    • Mt Lofty Ranges
      • North Mt Lofty Ranges
        • Barossa Valley
          • Penrice
      • South Mt Lofty Ranges (Adelaide Hills)
        • Gumeracha
    • Yorke Peninsula
      • Moonta
  • Tasmania
    • Waratah-Wynyard municipality
      • Heazlewood district
        • Luina
    • West Coast municipality
      • Zeehan mining district
        • North Dundas
  • Western Australia
    • Coolgardie Shire
      • Gibraltar Goldfield
    • Goomalling Shire
    • Kalgoorlie-Boulder Shire
      • Bulong Goldfield
      • Mount Monger Goldfield
        • Mount Monger
    • Laverton Shire
      • Laverton
        • Windarra Ni Mine (Mount Windarra; Windarra; Discovery gossan; Poseidon deposit)
      • Mount Weld Station
    • Quairading Shire
      • Dangin
    • Sandstone Shire
      • Windimurra Station
    • Yilgarn Shire
      • Holleton Goldfield
      • Yellowdine
Austria
 
  • Burgenland
    • Oberpullendorf District
      • Pilgersdorf
  • Carinthia
    • Sankt Veit an der Glan District
      • Hüttenberg
        • Hüttenberger Erzberg
    • Spittal an der Drau District
      • Radenthein
        • Millstätter Alpe
    • Wolfsberg District
      • Wolfsberg
        • Waldenstein
  • Lower Austria
    • Horn District
      • Brunn an der Wild
        • Dietmannsdorf an der Wild
      • Drosendorf-Zissersdorf
        • Pingendorf
    • Krems-Land District
      • Albrechtsberg an der Großen Krems
      • Gföhl
        • Felling
      • Lichtenau im Waldviertel
      • Paudorf
      • Straß im Straßertale
    • Melk District
      • Emmersdorf an der Donau
        • Gossam
          • Moosing
      • Sankt Oswald
    • Waidhofen an der Thaya District
      • Dobersberg
      • Ludweis-Aigen
        • Ludweis
      • Waldkirchen an der Thaya
  • Tyrol
    • Innsbruck-Land District
      • Obernberg am Brenner
  • Upper Austria
    • Perg District
      • Schwertberg
Belgium
 
  • Brussels
    • Watermael-Boitsfort
Bolivia
 
  • Oruro
    • Pantaleón Dalence Province
      • Santa Fé mining district
Brazil
 
  • Bahia
    • Capim Grosso
      • Pedras Altas
    • Ipirá
  • Goiás
    • Catalão
    • Ouvidor
  • Minas Gerais
    • Araxá
    • Nova Lima
    • Poços de Caldas alkaline complex
      • Caldas
        • Campo do Cercado
      • Poços de Caldas
    • Tapira
  • Pará
    • Canaã dos Carajás
    • Monte Alegre
      • Maicuru range
  • Paraná
  • Piauí
  • Rio Grande do Norte
    • Caiçara do Rio do Vento
  • São Paulo
    • Cajati
      • Jacupiranga Alkaline Complex
Bulgaria
 
  • Haskovo Province
    • Topolovgrad Municipality
  • Kardzhali Province
    • Kardzhali Municipality
      • Beli Plast
  • Pazardzhik Province
    • Rakitovo Municipality
Burundi
 
  • Bujumbura Rural Province
Canada
 
  • British Columbia
    • Kamloops Mining Division
      • Blue River carbonatites
        • Verity claim
      • Lempriere Station
  • Northwest Territories
    • Fort Norman
    • Cumberland Co.
      • Parrsboro
  • Ontario
    • Lanark County
      • Bathurst Township
    • Peterborough County
      • Cavendish Township
    • Sudbury District
      • Unorganized North Sudbury District
        • Street Township
  • Québec
    • Chaudière-Appalaches
      • Les Appalaches RCM
        • Thetford Mines
          • Black Lake
    • Montérégie
      • La Vallée-du-Richelieu RCM
        • Mont Saint-Hilaire
  • Saskatchewan
    • Athabasca Basin
Cape Verde
 
  • Sotavento Islands
Chile
 
  • Antofagasta
    • Antofagasta Province
      • Salar de Atacama
China
 
  • Gansu
    • Gannan
      • Luqu Co.
    • Zhangye
      • Gaotai Co.
  • Hunan
    • Chenzhou
      • Yizhang Co.
        • Dongpo ore field
  • Qinghai
    • Haixi Mongol and Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture
      • Mangnai City (Mangya Co.)
  • Shaanxi
    • Weinan
      • Tongguan County
  • Shandong
    • Laiwu
      • Laicheng District
  • Shanxi
    • Xinzhou
      • Dai Co.
  • Tibet
    • Lhasa
      • Qüxü Co. (Qushui Co.)
  • Xinjiang
    • Bayin'gholin Autonomous Prefecture (Bayingolin Autonomous Prefecture; Bayinguoleng Autonomous Prefecture)
      • Lopnur Co. (Yuli Co.; Weili Co.)
    • Hami Prefecture (Kumul Prefecture; Qumul Prefecture)
      • Yizhou District
    • Kashi Prefecture (Kashgar Prefecture; Qeshqer Prefecture)
      • Kargilik Co. (Yecheng Co.)
  • Yunnan
    • Dehong
      • Lianghe County
Colombia
 
  • Boyacá Department
    • Paipa
Costa Rica
 
  • San José Province
    • Mora Canton
Czech Republic
 
  • South Moravian Region
    • Brno-City District
  • Vysočina Region
    • Žďár nad Sázavou District
      • Věžná
Dominican Republic
 
  • Barahona Province
    • Sierra de Baoruco
      • Los Checheses
DR Congo
 
  • North Kivu
    • Rutshuru Territory
      • Bwito
Egypt
 
  • Red Sea Governorate
El Salvador
 
  • Usulután Department
    • Berlín
Ethiopia
 
  • Afar Region
Finland
 
  • Kymenlaakso
    • Kotka
  • Lapland
    • Savukoski
      • Tulppio
  • North Savo
    • Tuusniemi
  • South Karelia
    • Luumäki
      • Kännätsalo
France
 
  • Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
    • Allier
      • Vichy
        • Le Mayet-de-Montagne
    • Haute-Loire
      • Brioude
        • Azérat
        • Cistrières
        • Lubilhac
        • Paulhac
        • Saint-Cirgues
        • Saint-Ilpize
          • la Redonde
        • Saint-Privat-du-Dragon
        • Salzuit
        • Torsiac
          • Lanau
        • Venteuges
          • La Bastide
        • Vieille-Brioude
        • Villeneuve-d'Allier
  • Brittany
    • Finistère
      • Châteaulin
        • Poullaouen
    • Morbihan
      • Lorient
  • New Caledonia
    • Northern Province
  • Occitanie
    • Ariège
      • Saint-Girons
        • Le Port
          • Col d'Agnès
            • Etang de Lers
    • Aveyron
      • Villefranche-de-Rouergue
        • Almont-les-Junies
  • Pays de la Loire
    • Sarthe
      • Mamers
        • Tennie
  • Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
    • Alpes-Maritimes
      • Nice
        • Roure
    • Hautes-Alpes
      • Briançon
        • Villar-d'Arêne
    • Var
      • Brignoles
        • Le Val
Germany
 
  • Bavaria
    • Lower Bavaria
      • Passau District
        • Hauzenberg
          • Kropfmühl
[var: Batavite]
        • Vilshofen
    • Upper Franconia
      • Hof District
        • Rehau
          • Wurlitz
    • Upper Palatinate
      • Neustadt an der Waldnaab District
        • Pleystein
  • Saxony
    • Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge
      • Freital
        • Wurgwitz
    • Zwickau District
  • Thuringia
Greece
 
  • Central Macedonia
    • Chalkidiki
      • Polygyros
  • Thessaly
    • Larissa
      • Elassona
Greenland
 
  • Sermersooq
    • Kangerlussuaq Fjord
Grenada
 
Hungary
 
  • Fejér County
    • Gárdony District
      • Sukoró
  • Heves County
    • Gyöngyös District
      • Kisnána
  • Komárom-Esztergom County
    • Lábatlan
  • Veszprém County
    • Pápa District
    • Sümeg District
      • Bazsi
        • Prága Hill
India
 
  • Rajasthan
    • Ajmer District
  • Tamil Nadu
    • Krishnagiri District
    • Vellore District
  • West Bengal
    • Purulia District
Indian Ocean
 
  • Carlsberg Ridge
Indonesia
 
  • East Java Province
  • Papua Province
    • Mimika Regency
      • Gunung Bijih District (Grasberg District)
  • West Nusa Tenggara Province
    • Sumbawa Island
Iran
 
Ireland
 
  • Connacht
    • Sligo County
Italy
 
  • Emilia-Romagna
    • Piacenza Province
      • Ferriere
  • Lazio
    • Frosinone Province
      • Giuliano di Roma
      • Supino
  • Liguria
    • La Spezia Province
      • Borghetto di Vara
  • Piedmont
    • Cuneo Province
  • Sardinia
    • Sassari Province
      • Ozieri
  • Trentino-Alto Adige (Trentino-South Tyrol)
    • Trento Province (Trentino)
      • Baselga di Pinè
        • "Le Trote" ("La Trota")
      • Fierozzo
      • Fornace
      • Pergine Valsugana
        • Madrano
        • Nogaré
  • Tuscany
    • Lucca Province
      • Stazzema
    • Metropolitan City of Florence
Japan
 
  • Hokkaidō Prefecture
    • Ishikari Subprefecture
  • Hyogo Prefecture
    • Nishinomiya City
  • Iwate Prefecture
    • Shimohei District
  • Kagoshima Prefecture
  • Kochi Prefecture
    • Kochi City
      • Toyoda
  • Nagasaki Prefecture
    • Saikai City
    • Tsushima-Shimoshima island
      • Azu
  • Tottori Prefecture
    • Hino District
      • Nichinan
  • Yamaguchi Prefecture
Kazakhstan
 
  • Akmola Region
    • Zerendy
Libya
 
  • Kufra District
Madagascar
 
  • Alaotra-Mangoro
    • Ambatondrazaka District
      • Ambatosoratra Commune
      • Feramanga Nord
    • Amparafaravola District
      • Andilana Nord Commune
  • Analamanga
    • Anjozorobe
      • Amboasary
      • Beronono
  • Androy
    • Bekily District
      • Beraketa
  • Atsimo-Andrefana
  • Betsiboka
    • Tsaratanàna District
      • Bekapaika Commune
  • Bongolava
    • Tsiroanomandidy District
      • Mahasolo Commune
  • Itasy
    • Soavinandriana District
      • Ambatoasana Afovoany
      • Mahavelona
  • Vakinankaratra
    • Antsirabe II District
      • Ibity
        • Sahatany Valley
      • Mangarano
      • Sahanivotry Manandona
    • Betafo District
      • Ambohimanambola
        • Anjanabonoina pegmatites
      • Inanantonana
    • Faratsiho
      • Vinaninony Atsimo
    • Mandoto
      • Betsohana
Malawi
 
  • Southern Region
    • Mwanza
Mauritania
 
  • Adrar Region
    • Atar
Mexico
 
  • Chihuahua
    • Urique Municipality
  • Oaxaca
    • la San Francisco Telixtlahuaca Municipality
      • San Francisco Telixtlahuaca
    • San Francisco Telixtlahuaca Municipality
      • San Francisco Telixtlahuaca
Namibia
 
  • Erongo Region
    • Arandis Constituency
      • Langer Heinrich Mountain
  • Otjozondjupa Region
    • Otjiwarongo Constituency
      • Kalkfeld
New Zealand
 
  • Otago Region
    • Clutha District
      • Waipori
Nicaragua
 
  • León Department
    • Telica Volcano
Norway
 
  • Agder
    • Risør
      • Akland
  • Møre og Romsdal
    • Vanylven
      • Almklovdalen
    • Volda
  • Trøndelag
    • Heim
      • Halsa
    • Oppdal
  • Viken
    • Eidsvoll
      • Minnesund
Pakistan
 
  • Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province
    • Malakand District
Papua New Guinea
 
  • New Ireland Province
    • Lihir Island
      • Luise Stratovolcano
Paraguay
 
  • Amambay Department
Peru
 
  • Arequipa
    • Caravelí Province
      • Atico District
Poland
 
  • Lesser Poland Voivodeship
    • Tarnów County
      • Gmina Ciężkowice
  • Lower Silesian Voivodeship
    • Dzierżoniów County
      • Piława Górna
        • DSS Piława Górna Quarry
    • Kamienna Góra County
      • Gmina Marciszów
        • Wieściszowice
    • Świdnica County
      • Gmina Marcinowice
        • Wirki
    • Wrocław County
      • Gmina Jordanów Śląski
    • Ząbkowice Śląskie County
      • Gmina Ząbkowice Śląskie
        • Szklary
Portugal
 
  • Bragança
    • Freixo de Espada à Cinta
      • Lagoaça e Fornos
Romania
 
  • Brașov County
  • Caraş-Severin County
    • Moldova Nouă
  • Harghita County
    • Sântimbru
  • Maramureș County
    • Târgu Lăpuș
  • Prahova County
Russia
 
  • Chelyabinsk Oblast
    • Agapovsky District
    • Kaslinsky District
      • Kasli
    • Magnitogorsk
      • Sakhara District (Sakharinskii)
        • Sakhara massif
    • Vishnevye Mountains
      • Buldym Lake
  • Jewish Autonomous Oblast
  • Khabarovsk Krai
    • Ayan-Maya district
  • Murmansk Oblast
    • Kolsky District
    • Lovozersky District
      • Engporr Mountain
    • Northern Karelia
  • Orenburg Oblast
    • Svetlyi District
      • Buruktal District
    • Aldan
      • Inagli Massif
    • Mirninsky District
      • Daldyn
  • Sverdlovsk Oblast
    • Prigorodny District
      • Yuzhakovo
        • Alabashka pegmatite field
    • Rezhevsky District
      • Lipovsk pegmatite field
Slovakia
 
  • Banská Bystrica Region
    • Rimavská Sobota District
      • Hnúšťa
  • Prešov Region
    • Vranov nad Topľou District
      • Komárany
South Africa
 
  • Limpopo
    • Capricorn District Municipality
      • Blouberg Local Municipality
    • Mopani District Municipality
      • Ba-Phalaborwa Local Municipality
        • Phalaborwa
    • Waterberg District Municipality
      • Thabazimbi Local Municipality
        • Thabazimbi
  • Northern Cape
    • Namakwa District Municipality
      • Kamiesberg Local Municipality
[var: Vaalite]
South Korea
 
  • North Chungcheong Province
Spain
 
  • Andalusia
    • Málaga
      • Ojén
        • Ojén lherzolite massif
  • Canary Islands
    • Las Palmas Province
      • Lanzarote
        • Yaiza
          • Playa Blanca
  • Catalonia
    • Barcelona
      • Barcelonès
        • Barcelona city
          • Collserola mountain range
      • Osona
        • Viladrau
  • Extremadura
    • Badajoz
      • Burguillos del Cerro
      • Monesterio
Sweden
 
  • Jämtland County
    • Åre
    • Strömsund
  • Norrbotten County
    • Gällivare
  • Värmland County
    • Filipstad
      • Persberg ore district
        • Pajsberg
Switzerland
 
  • Ticino
    • Locarno
      • Centovalli
  • Valais
    • Saint-Maurice
      • Salvan
        • Les Marécottes
          • La Creusaz
    • Sierre
      • Anniviers
        • Ayer
        • Saint-Luc
        • Zinal
Taiwan
 
Tanzania
 
  • Kigoma Region
  • Mbeya Region
    • Mbeya
  • Pwani Region
    • Kisarawe District
      • Pugu Hills
  • Tanga Region
    • Korogwe Rural District
Turkey
 
  • Çanakkale Province
    • Yenice District
  • Muğla Province
    • Bodrum District
Uganda
 
  • Eastern Region
    • Manafwa
      • Bukusu complex
    • Tororo
UK
 
  • England
    • East Sussex
      • Lewes
        • Newhaven
  • Northern Ireland
    • County Down
      • Mourne Mountains
        • Newcastle
  • Scotland
    • Shetland Islands
      • Mainland
Ukraine
 
  • Donetsk Oblast
    • Azov Sea Region
USA
 
  • Alabama
    • Tallapoosa County
    • Walker County
  • Arizona
    • Cochise County
      • Willcox
    • La Paz County
      • Plomosa Mountains
        • Plomosa Mining District
          • Bouse
    • Maricopa County
      • White Tank Mountains
      • Wickenburg
    • Mohave County
      • Hualapai Mountains
    • Pima County
    • Pinal County
      • Oracle Mining District (Control Mining District; Old Hat Mining District; Santa Catalina Mining District)
          • Irene Wash
  • Arkansas
    • Hot Spring County
      • Magnet Cove
    • Pulaski County
      • Little Rock
  • California
    • Fresno County
      • Big Dry Creek Mining District
        • Humphreys Station
    • Inyo County
      • Deep Springs Valley
        • Deep Springs Lake (Deep Springs Playa)
    • Kern County
      • Tehachapi Mountains
        • Gorman District
          • Lebec
            • Tejon Tin project (Gorman Tin project)
    • Lassen County
      • Susanville
    • Riverside County
      • Crestmore
        • Crestmore quarries
          • Sky Blue Hill
      • Little San Bernardino Mountains
        • Desert Hot Springs
      • Mecca Hills
      • Riverside
        • La Sierra
      • Whitewater (White Water)
    • San Benito County
      • Picacho Peak
    • San Diego County
      • Ramona Mining District
        • Ramona
  • Colorado
    • Chaffee County
      • Turret Mining District
    • Custer County
      • Gem Park complex
      • Rosita Mining District
    • Fremont County
      • Gem Park Area
      • McIntyre Gulch Area
    • Gunnison County
      • White Earth Mining District (Powderhorn Mining District)
    • Jackson County
      • Northgate Mining District
      • Pearl Mining District
    • Park County
      • Lake George (Badger Flats) Area
    • Pitkin County
    • Pueblo County
    • San Juan County
  • Georgia
    • Banks County
      • Lula
    • Columbia County
    • DeKalb County
    • Elbert County
      • Elberton
    • Jasper County
    • Murray County
    • Rabun County
      • Clayton
      • Pine Mountain
      • Tiger
    • Towns County
      • Hiawassee
      • Lemons Gap
    • Troup County
      • LaGrange
      • Louise Chromite belt
    • Upson County
  • Hawaii
    • Honolulu County
      • Oahu Island
        • Koolau Range (Koolau caldera)
          • Kailua
  • Idaho
    • Elmore County
      • Black Warrior Mining District
    • Kootenai County
      • Coeur d'Alene
    • Latah County
      • Hoodoo Mountains
        • Hoodoo Mining District
  • Kansas
    • Woodson County
  • Kentucky
    • Elliott County
    • Rockcastle County
  • Maryland
    • Baltimore County
      • Hollofield
    • Cecil County
      • State Line Mining District
        • Pilot
    • Harford County
      • Jarretsville-Dublin Mining District
        • Dublin
    • Howard County
  • Massachusetts
    • Berkshire County
    • Franklin County
      • Rowe
    • Hampshire County
      • Pelham
    • Worcester County
      • Bolton
      • Worcester
  • Michigan
    • Marquette County
      • Humboldt Township
  • Montana
    • Gallatin County
      • Gallatin Range
    • Lincoln County
      • Libby Mining District (Snowshoe Mining District)
        • Libby
      • Rainy Creek Mining District
    • Madison County
      • Mineral Hill Mining District (Pony Mining District)
    • Powell County
      • Ophir Mining District
  • Nebraska
    • Johnson County
  • Nevada
    • Clark County
      • Gold Butte Mining District
    • Lincoln County
    • Lyon County
      • Singatse Range
        • Yerington Mining District
    • Mineral County
      • Candelaria Mining District
    • Washoe County
  • New Jersey
    • Hudson County
      • Bergen Hill
        • Weehawken
    • Mercer County
      • Hopewell Township
    • Somerset County
      • Rocky Hill
  • New Mexico
    • Grant County
    • Mora County
    • Santa Fe County
      • Nambe Mining District
    • Socorro County
      • North Magdalena Mining District
    • Onondaga County
    • Putnam County
      • Town of Southeast
    • Rockland County
      • Harriman State Park
        • Grape Swamp Mountain
    • St. Lawrence County
      • Pierrepont
  • North Carolina
    • Ashe County
    • Avery County
      • Carvers Gap
      • Frank
      • Plumtree
    • Buncombe County
      • Democrat
      • Swannana
    • Burke County
      • Brindletown
    • Cherokee County
    • Clay County
      • Buck Creek
      • Elf
    • Cleveland County
      • Kings Mountain Mining District
      • Retreat
      • Zirconia Pegmatite District
        • Zirconia (Tuxedo Station)
      • Zirconia Pegmatite Mining District
        • Tuxedo
    • Iredell County
      • Statesville
    • Jackson County
      • Glenville-Norton
      • Sapphire Valley
      • Sylva
      • Webster-Balsam
    • Macon County
      • Cowee Valley
        • Ellijay Mining District
          • Franklin
            • Corundum Hill
    • Madison County
      • Canton-Democrat
      • Mars Hill
    • Mitchell County
      • Crabtree Creek
      • Deake
      • Glen Ayre
      • Hawk-Bakersville
      • Lake Toxaway
    • Yancey County
      • Brush Creek
      • Celo
        • Bailey Mountain
        • Micaville
      • Crabtree Creek
      • Day Book
      • South Toe River
  • Oregon
    • Grant County
      • Kimberley
  • Pennsylvania
    • Chester County
      • Newlin Township
      • West Nottingham Township
      • Westtown Township
    • Delaware County
      • Middletown Township
        • Elwyn
    • Lancaster County
      • State Line Chromite Mining District
        • Fulton Township
    • Northampton County
      • Easton
    • Philadelphia County
      • Philadelphia
        • Fairmount Park
          • East Falls
        • Tacony Creek Valley
  • South Carolina
    • Laurens County
    • Spartanburg County
      • Enoree Vermiculite Mining District
    • Union County
  • Tennessee
    • Union County
  • Texas
    • Brewster County
      • Big Bend National Park
    • Burnet County
    • Gillespie County
    • Llano County
  • Utah
    • Davis County
    • Tooele County
      • Gold Hill Mining District (Clifton Mining District)
        • Clifton
  • Vermont
    • Orange County
      • Town of Vershire
        • South Vershire
  • Virginia
    • Albemarle County
    • Amelia County
    • Amherst County
      • Roseland
    • Arlington County
    • Halifax County
      • South Boston
    • Henry County
      • Rangeley
    • Louisa County
    • Rockbridge County
      • Northern Section-Blue Ridge Province
        • Montebello
  • Washington
    • Ferry County
      • San Poil Mining District (Keller Mining District)
    • Okanogan County
      • Conconully Mining District
      • Golden Horn Batholith
    • Pend Oreille County
      • Metaline Mining District
        • Metaline
    • Skagit County
      • Cascade Mining District
  • Wyoming
    • Albany County
    • Converse County
      • Deer Creek Mining District
    • Platte County
Vietnam
 
  • Sơn La Province
    • Bắc Yên District
Zimbabwe
 
  • Manicaland
    • Buhera District
 
and/or  
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