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Almandine

A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
This page kindly sponsored by Robert M. Hazen
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About AlmandineHide

Formula:
Fe2+3Al2(SiO4)3
Colour:
Deep red, brownish red, red-violet, black
Lustre:
Vitreous, Resinous
Hardness:
7 - 7½
Specific Gravity:
4.318
Crystal System:
Isometric
Name:
Named in 1546 by Georgius Agricola [Georg Bauer] for Alabanda in Turkey, an ancient gem cutting center, presumably where almandine was fashioned into gemstones.
Almandine-Pyrope Series, Almandine-Spessartine Series.

Most common garnet. Occurs in metamorphic and pegmatitic rocks.




Unique IdentifiersHide

Mindat ID:
452
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:452:5
GUID
(UUID V4):
461c7757-5260-4fb7-bdef-168144640af8

IMA Classification of AlmandineHide

Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)

Classification of AlmandineHide

9.AD.25

9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
A : Nesosilicates
D : Nesosilicates without additional anions; cations in [6] and/or greater coordination
51.4.3a.2

51 : NESOSILICATES Insular SiO4 Groups Only
4 : Insular SiO4 Groups Only with cations in [6] and >[6] coordination
16.17.1

16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
17 : Aluminosilicates of Fe

Mineral SymbolsHide

As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.

Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.

SymbolSourceReference
AlmIMA–CNMNCWarr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43
AlmKretz (1983)Kretz, R. (1983) Symbols of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68, 277–279.
AlmSiivolam & Schmid (2007)Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download
AlmWhitney & Evans (2010)Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371
AlmThe Canadian Mineralogist (2019)The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download

Physical Properties of AlmandineHide

Vitreous, Resinous
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
Deep red, brownish red, red-violet, black
Comment:
may be sectored
Streak:
White
Hardness:
7 - 7½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Parting:
On {110}
Fracture:
Sub-Conchoidal
Density:
4.318 g/cm3 (Measured)    4.313 g/cm3 (Calculated)

Optical Data of AlmandineHide

Type:
Isotropic
RI values:
n = 1.83
Birefringence:
Isotropic minerals have no birefringence
Surface Relief:
Very High
Comments:
Anomalously biaxial.

Chemistry of AlmandineHide

Mindat Formula:
Fe2+3Al2(SiO4)3

Chemical AnalysisHide

Oxide wt%:
 123456789
SiO236,94 %38.14 %38.77 %38.21 %39.91 %40.13 %37.77 %36.28 %36.1 %
Al2O321,27 %20.62 %21.05 %20.98 %23.01 %22.97 %23.72 %24.95 %20.2 %
FeO27,46 %26.88 %25.55 %24.62 %21.86 %19.39 %21.55 %21.32 %25 %
MnO4,78 %0.53 %0.52 %0.98 %0.49 %0.36 %16.80 %16.94 %15 %
MgO1,77 %3.78 %3.72 %5.0 %11.74 %10.42 %0.13 %0.12 %0.51 %
CaO7,79 %9.73 %10.9 %9.42 %3.47 %7.54 %0.00 %0.28 %0.46 %
TiO2 %0.19 %0.1 %0.08 %0 %0 % %0 %0.04 %
Cr2O3 %0.01 % % % % % % %0 %
NiO %0.03 % % % % % % % %
Na2O %0.05 % % % % %0.02 %0.0 %0 %
K2O %0 % % % % %0.03 % %0 %
Fe2O3 % % % %1.15 %0.39 % % %1.1 %
Sc2O3 % % % % % % % %0.02 %
REE2O3 % % % % % % % %0.03 %
V2O5 % % % % % % % %0 %
ZnO % % % % % % % %0.010 %
Y2O3 % % % % % % % %0.09 %
Total:96 %99.96 %100.61 %99.29 %101.63 %101.2 %100.02 %99.89 %98.56 %
Empirical formulas:
Sample IDEmpirical Formula
7Alm55.5 Sps43.9
8Alm54,46Sps43,26
9alm59,97sps36,44
Sample references:
IDLocalityReferenceNotes
1Roadcut Rv 5, Kvineset, Førde, Sunnfjord, Vestland, NorwayGarnet from a glaucophane bearing eclogite, giving alm59.3prp7.14grso21.68sps10.96adr0.92. The composition is fairly typical for the locality.
2Engebøfjellet Eclogite Deposit, Naustdal, Sunnfjord, Vestland, NorwaySample from mafic eclogite
3Vårdalsneset, Askvoll, Vestland, NorwaySample from foliated eclogite
4  "  "Sample from amphibolite
5Sandvikhaugane, Flemsøya-Skuløya, Haram, Ålesund, Møre og Romsdal, NorwaySample from an eclogitized gabbro
6  "  "Sample from a transitional phase between gabbro and eclogite
7Yuno high mines, Shigar Valley, Shigar District, Gilgit-Baltistan, PakistanThe sample is from a pegmatite. Both core and rim of the sample was analyzed with no significant difference in composition.
8Dassu, Braldu Valley, Shigar District, Gilgit-Baltistan, PakistanSample from pegmatite. The analysis is from the core.
9Tveit 03 Feldspar Quarry, Tveit, Iveland, Agder, NorwayThe sample is a homogenous garnet from a muscovite/garnet/monazite/columbite pegmatite. Sample analyzed with EMPA and LA-ICP-MS, and the results are the average of 6 analyzes.

Crystallography of AlmandineHide

Crystal System:
Isometric
Class (H-M):
m3m (4/m 3 2/m) - Hexoctahedral
Space Group:
Ia3d
Cell Parameters:
a = 11.526 Å
Unit Cell V:
1,531.21 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
8
Morphology:
Typically well-formed dodecahedra or trapezohedra, to 1 m; also in rounded grains and massive.

Crystal StructureHide

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IDSpeciesReferenceLinkYearLocalityPressure (GPa)Temp (K)
0000240AlmandineNovak G A, Gibbs G V (1971) The crystal chemistry of the silicate garnets sample Al American Mineralogist 56 791-8251971Emerald creek in Latah Co, Idaho, USA0293
0001463AlmandineArmbruster T, Geiger C A, Lager G A (1992) Single-crystal X-ray structure study of synthetic pyrope almandine garnets at 100 and 293 K American Mineralogist 77 512-52119920100
0001464AlmandineArmbruster T, Geiger C A, Lager G A (1992) Single-crystal X-ray structure study of synthetic pyrope almandine garnets at 100 and 293 K American Mineralogist 77 512-52119920100
0001468AlmandineArmbruster T, Geiger C A, Lager G A (1992) Single-crystal X-ray structure study of synthetic pyrope almandine garnets at 100 and 293 K American Mineralogist 77 512-52119920293
0001469AlmandineArmbruster T, Geiger C A, Lager G A (1992) Single-crystal X-ray structure study of synthetic pyrope almandine garnets at 100 and 293 K American Mineralogist 77 512-52119920293
0007689AlmandineGeiger C A, Armbruster T, Lager G A, Jiang K, Lottermoser W, Amthauer G (1992) A combined temperature dependent 57Fe Mossbauer and single crystal X-ray diffraction study of synthetic almandine: evidence for the Gol'danskii-Karyagin Effect Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 19 121-12619920293
0007690AlmandineGeiger C A, Armbruster T, Lager G A, Jiang K, Lottermoser W, Amthauer G (1992) A combined temperature dependent 57Fe Mossbauer and single crystal X-ray diffraction study of synthetic almandine: evidence for the Gol'danskii-Karyagin Effect Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 19 121-12619920293
0007691AlmandineGeiger C A, Armbruster T, Lager G A, Jiang K, Lottermoser W, Amthauer G (1992) A combined temperature dependent 57Fe Mossbauer and single crystal X-ray diffraction study of synthetic almandine: evidence for the Gol'danskii-Karyagin Effect Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 19 121-12619920293
0007692AlmandineGeiger C A, Armbruster T, Lager G A, Jiang K, Lottermoser W, Amthauer G (1992) A combined temperature dependent 57Fe Mossbauer and single crystal X-ray diffraction study of synthetic almandine: evidence for the Gol'danskii-Karyagin Effect Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 19 121-12619920293
0007693AlmandineGeiger C A, Armbruster T, Lager G A, Jiang K, Lottermoser W, Amthauer G (1992) A combined temperature dependent 57Fe Mossbauer and single crystal X-ray diffraction study of synthetic almandine: evidence for the Gol'danskii-Karyagin Effect Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 19 121-12619920293
0007859AlmandineWoodland A B, Ross C R (1994) A crystallographic and Mossbauer spectroscopy study of Fe3Al2Si3O12-Fe3Fe2Si3O12, (Almandine-"Skiagite") and Ca3Fe2Si3O12-Fe3Fe2Si3O12 (Andradite-"Skiagite") garnet solid solutions Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 21 117-13219940293
0007861AlmandineWoodland A B, Ross C R (1994) A crystallographic and Mossbauer spectroscopy study of Fe3Al2Si3O12-Fe3Fe2Si3O12, (Almandine-"Skiagite") and Ca3Fe2Si3O12-Fe3Fe2Si3O12 (Andradite-"Skiagite") garnet solid solutions Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 21 117-13219940293
0007862AlmandineWoodland A B, Ross C R (1994) A crystallographic and Mossbauer spectroscopy study of Fe3Al2Si3O12-Fe3Fe2Si3O12, (Almandine-"Skiagite") and Ca3Fe2Si3O12-Fe3Fe2Si3O12 (Andradite-"Skiagite") garnet solid solutions Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 21 117-13219940293
0007863AlmandineWoodland A B, Ross C R (1994) A crystallographic and Mossbauer spectroscopy study of Fe3Al2Si3O12-Fe3Fe2Si3O12, (Almandine-"Skiagite") and Ca3Fe2Si3O12-Fe3Fe2Si3O12 (Andradite-"Skiagite") garnet solid solutions Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 21 117-13219940293
0007901AlmandineQuartieri S, Chaboy J, Merli M, Oberti R, Ungaretti L (1995) Local structural environment of calcium in garnets: A combined structure-refinement and XANES investigation Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 22 159-1691995metasedimentary rocks of the Ivrea-Verbano Zone, Italy0293
0007902AlmandineQuartieri S, Chaboy J, Merli M, Oberti R, Ungaretti L (1995) Local structural environment of calcium in garnets: A combined structure-refinement and XANES investigation Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 22 159-1691995metasedimentary rocks of the Ivrea-Verbano Zone, Italy0293
0007903AlmandineQuartieri S, Chaboy J, Merli M, Oberti R, Ungaretti L (1995) Local structural environment of calcium in garnets: A combined structure-refinement and XANES investigation Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 22 159-1691995metasedimentary rocks of the Ivrea-Verbano Zone, Italy0293
0017914AlmandineHeritsch H (1933) Roentgenographische Untersuchungen an einem Granat aus der Lieserschlucht bei Spittal a. d. Drau (Kaernten) _cod_database_code 1010999 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 85 392-40319330293
CIF Raw Data - click here to close

X-Ray Powder DiffractionHide

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Radiation - Copper Kα
Data Set:
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacingIntensity
2.569 Å(100)
1.540 Å(50)
2.873 Å(40)
1.599 Å(40)
4.04 Å(30)
1.866 Å(30)
1.660 Å(30)
Comments:
Cavendish Township, Ontario, Canada. ICDD 9-427.

Geological EnvironmentHide

Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic ModeEarliest Age (Ga)
Stage 3a: Earth’s earliest Hadean crust>4.50
8 : Mafic igneous rocks
Stage 4a: Earth’s earliest continental crust>4.4-3.0
19 : Granitic intrusive rocks
Near-surface Processes
26 : Hadean detrital minerals
Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks>3.0
36 : Carbonatites, kimberlites, and related igneous rocks
Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics<3.5-2.5
38 : Ophiolites
40 : Regional metamorphism (greenschist, amphibolite, granulite facies)
Geological Setting:
The most common garnet, typically in mica schists and gneisses, from regionally metamorphosed argillaceous sediments and pelites; also in contact metamorphic hornfels. In granites and eclogites; in sedimentary rocks; as a detrital mineral.

Type Occurrence of AlmandineHide

Synonyms of AlmandineHide

Other Language Names for AlmandineHide

Basque:Almandino
Czech:Almandin
Dutch:Almandien
French:Almandin
Galician:Alabandina
Hungarian:Almandin
Italian:Almandino
Lithuanian:Almandinas
Polish:Almandyn
Simplified Chinese:铁铝榴石
贵榴石
Slovenian:Almandin
Spanish:Almandita
Swedish:Almandin
Traditional Chinese:鐵鋁榴石
貴榴石

Varieties of AlmandineHide

DhanrasiteTin-bearing garnets, in particular tin-bearing pyrope-almandine.

Originally reported from Dhanras Hills, Gaya District, Bihar, India.
Star GarnetA variety of almandine exhibiting a four-rayed or rarely six-rayed star due to oriented inclusions of rutile.
The Idaho state gemstone.

Relationship of Almandine to other SpeciesHide

Other Members of this group:
AndraditeCa3Fe3+2(SiO4)3Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d
BlythiteMn2+3Mn3+2[SiO4]3
CalderiteMn2+3Fe3+2(SiO4)3Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d
EringaiteCa3Sc2(SiO4)3Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d
GoldmaniteCa3V3+2(SiO4)3Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d
GrossularCa3Al2(SiO4)3Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d
KhohariteMg3Fe3+2(SiO4)3
KnorringiteMg3Cr2(SiO4)3Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d
MajoriteMg3(MgSi)(SiO4)3Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d
Menzerite-(Y)(Y2Ca)Mg2(SiO4)3Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d
MomoiiteMn2+3V3+2(SiO4)3Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d
MorimotoiteCa3(TiFe2+)(SiO4)3Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d
PyropeMg3Al2(SiO4)3Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d
SkiagiteFe2+3Fe3+2[SiO4]3
SpessartineMn2+3Al2(SiO4)3Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d
UvaroviteCa3Cr2(SiO4)3Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d
Forms a series with:

Common AssociatesHide

Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
294 photos of Almandine associated with QuartzSiO2
226 photos of Almandine associated with MuscoviteKAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
170 photos of Almandine associated with BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
159 photos of Almandine associated with AlbiteNa(AlSi3O8)
117 photos of Almandine associated with StauroliteFe2+2Al9Si4O23(OH)
85 photos of Almandine associated with SchorlNaFe2+3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH)
53 photos of Almandine associated with MicroclineK(AlSi3O8)
39 photos of Almandine associated with Plagioclase(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8
33 photos of Almandine associated with BerylBe3Al2(Si6O18)
30 photos of Almandine associated with Mica schist

Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat GroupingHide

9.AD.AdrianiteCa12(Al4Mg3Si7)O32Cl6Iso. 4 3m : I4 3d
9.AD.05LarniteCa2SiO4Mon. 2/m
9.AD.10Calcio-olivineCa2SiO4Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m)
9.AD.15MerwiniteCa3Mg(SiO4)2Mon. 2/m : P21/b
9.AD.20BredigiteCa7Mg(SiO4)4Orth. mm2 : Pnn2
9.AD.25AndraditeCa3Fe3+2(SiO4)3Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d
9.AD.25CalderiteMn2+3Fe3+2(SiO4)3Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d
9.AD.25GoldmaniteCa3V3+2(SiO4)3Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d
9.AD.25GrossularCa3Al2(SiO4)3Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d
9.AD.25HenritermieriteCa3Mn3+2(SiO4)2[◻(OH)4]Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I41/acd
9.AD.25KimzeyiteCa3Zr2(SiO4)(AlO4)2Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d
9.AD.25KnorringiteMg3Cr2(SiO4)3Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d
9.AD.25MajoriteMg3(MgSi)(SiO4)3Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d
9.AD.25MorimotoiteCa3(TiFe2+)(SiO4)3Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d
9.AD.25PyropeMg3Al2(SiO4)3Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d
9.AD.25SchorlomiteCa3Ti2(SiO4)(Fe3+O4)2Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d
9.AD.25SpessartineMn2+3Al2(SiO4)3Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d
9.AD.25UvaroviteCa3Cr2(SiO4)3Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d
9.AD.25Wadalite(Ca,Mg)6(Al,Fe3+)4((Si,Al)O4)3O4Cl3Iso. 4 3m : I4 3d
9.AD.25 vaHydrougrandite(Ca,Mg,Fe2+)3(Fe3+,Al)2[(OH)4(SiO4)2]Iso.
9.AD.25 vaYamatoite(Mn2+,Ca)3(V3+,Al)2(SiO4)3Iso.
9.AD.25HoltstamiteCa3Al2(SiO4)2[◻(OH)4]Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I41/acd
9.AD.25KhohariteMg3Fe3+2(SiO4)3
9.AD.25KerimasiteCa3Zr2(SiO4)(Fe3+O4)2Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d
9.AD.25ToturiteCa3Sn2(SiO4)(Fe3+O4)2Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d
9.AD.25MomoiiteMn2+3V3+2(SiO4)3Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d
9.AD.25EringaiteCa3Sc2(SiO4)3Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d
9.AD.25IrinarassiteCa3Sn2(SiO4)(AlO4)2Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d
9.AD.25Menzerite-(Y)(Y2Ca)Mg2(SiO4)3Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d
9.AD.25EltyubyuiteCa12Fe3+10Si4O32Cl6Iso. 4 3m : I4 3d
9.AD.25BlythiteMn2+3Mn3+2[SiO4]3
9.AD.25SkiagiteFe2+3Fe3+2[SiO4]3
9.AD.25HutcheoniteCa3Ti2(SiO4)(AlO4)2Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d
9.AD.25UM1984-37-SiO:CrMnMn2+3Cr3+2(SiO4)3
9.AD.25RubiniteCa3Ti3+2Si3O12Iso.
9.AD.25NikmelnikoviteCa12(Fe2+Fe3+3Al3◻)[SiO4]6[◻(OH)4]54Trig. 3 : R3
9.AD.25MidbariteCa3Mg2(V2Si)O12Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m)
9.AD.30 vaAuerlitenear Th(Si,P)O4
9.AD.30CoffiniteU(SiO4) · nH2OTet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I41/amd
9.AD.30HafnonHfSiO4Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I41/amd
9.AD.30ThoriteTh(SiO4)Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I41/amd
9.AD.30ZirconZr(SiO4)Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I41/amd
9.AD.30Stetindite-(Ce)Ce(SiO4)Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I41/amd
9.AD.35HuttoniteThSiO4Mon. 2/m
9.AD.35Tombarthite-(Y)Y4(Si,H4)4O12-x(OH)4+2xMon.
9.AD.40EulytineBi4(SiO4)3Iso. 4 3m : I4 3d
9.AD.45ReiditeZrSiO4Tet. 4/m : I41/a
9.AD.55JeffbeniteMg3Al2Si3O12Tet. 4 2m : I4 2d

Other InformationHide

Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Industrial Uses:
Abrasive.

Internet Links for AlmandineHide

References for AlmandineHide

Localities for AlmandineHide

This map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.

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