Clinozoisite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Clinozoisite
Formula:
(CaCa)(AlAlAl)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH)
Colour:
colourless, green, grey, light green, yellow-green, pale brownish, green-brown, pink
Lustre:
Vitreous
Hardness:
7
Specific Gravity:
3.3 - 3.4
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
Originally named Fouqueite by Alfred LaCroix in 1889. Renamed in 1896 by Ernst Weinschenk in allusion to its monoCLINic crystal form and the relationship to Zoisite.
Dimorph of:
Clinozoisite Subgroup of the Epidote Group
Clinozoisite-Epidote Series. The Al3 analogue of Epidote.
May be visually similar to zoisite.
Clinozoisite-Epidote Series. The Al3 analogue of Epidote.
May be visually similar to zoisite.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Clinozoisite.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1087
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1087:6
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
be42578b-ebbc-43a6-b032-0c9edffc82d0
IMA Classification of Clinozoisite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Ca2Al3[Si2O7][SiO4]O(OH)
First published:
1896
Type description reference:
Classification of Clinozoisite
9.BG.05a
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
B : Sorosilicates
G : Sorosilicates with mixed SiO4 and Si2O7 groups; cations in octahedral [6] and greater coordination
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
B : Sorosilicates
G : Sorosilicates with mixed SiO4 and Si2O7 groups; cations in octahedral [6] and greater coordination
Dana 7th ed.:
58.2.1.4
58.2.1a.4
58 : SOROSILICATES Insular, Mixed, Single, and Larger Tetrahedral Groups
2 : Insular, Mixed, Single, and Larger Tetrahedral Groups with cations in [6] and higher coordination; single and double groups (n = 1, 2)
58 : SOROSILICATES Insular, Mixed, Single, and Larger Tetrahedral Groups
2 : Insular, Mixed, Single, and Larger Tetrahedral Groups with cations in [6] and higher coordination; single and double groups (n = 1, 2)
16.9.9
16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
9 : Aluminosilicates of Ca
16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
9 : Aluminosilicates of Ca
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Symbol | Source | Reference |
---|---|---|
Czo | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Czo | Kretz (1983) | Kretz, R. (1983) Symbols of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68, 277–279. |
Czo | Siivolam & Schmid (2007) | Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download |
Czo | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
Czo | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Clinozoisite
Vitreous
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
colourless, green, grey, light green, yellow-green, pale brownish, green-brown, pink
Streak:
Greyish White
Hardness:
7 on Mohs scale
Cleavage:
Perfect
on {001}
on {001}
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven
Density:
3.3 - 3.4 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.23 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Clinozoisite
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.706 - 1.724 nβ = 1.708 - 1.729 nγ = 1.712 - 1.735
2V:
Measured: 14° to 90°, Calculated: 72° to 86°
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.006 - 0.011
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
High
Dispersion:
r > v or r < v
Chemistry of Clinozoisite
Mindat Formula:
(CaCa)(AlAlAl)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH)
Common Impurities:
Ti,Fe,Mn,Mg
Crystallography of Clinozoisite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
P21/m
Cell Parameters:
a = 8.879(5) Å, b = 5.583(5) Å, c = 10.155(6) Å
β = 115.50(5)°
β = 115.50(5)°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 1.59 : 1 : 1.819
Unit Cell V:
454.36 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
2
Morphology:
Crystals prismatic, typically elongated and striated parallel to [010]; commonly coarse- to ̄fine-granular; also ̄fibrous. Prismatic crystals may show a pseudo-hexagonal cross-section.
Twinning:
Lamellar on {100}.
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0000185 | Clinozoisite | Dollase W A (1968) Refinement and comparison of the structures of zoisite and clinozoisite American Mineralogist 53 1882-1898 | 1968 | 0 | 293 | ||
0001855 | Clinozoisite | Comodi P, Zanazzi P F (1997) The pressure behavior of clinozoisite and zoisite: An X-ray diffraction study American Mineralogist 82 61-68 | 1997 | 0 | 293 | ||
0001856 | Clinozoisite | Comodi P, Zanazzi P F (1997) The pressure behavior of clinozoisite and zoisite: An X-ray diffraction study American Mineralogist 82 61-68 | 1997 | 0.05 | 293 | ||
0001857 | Clinozoisite | Comodi P, Zanazzi P F (1997) The pressure behavior of clinozoisite and zoisite: An X-ray diffraction study American Mineralogist 82 61-68 | 1997 | 1.94 | 293 | ||
0001858 | Clinozoisite | Comodi P, Zanazzi P F (1997) The pressure behavior of clinozoisite and zoisite: An X-ray diffraction study American Mineralogist 82 61-68 | 1997 | 4.2 | 293 | ||
0004398 | Clinozoisite | Dorsam G, Liebscher A, Franz G, Gottschalk M (2007) Crystal chemistry of synthetic Ca2Al3Si3O12OH - Sr2Al3Si3O12OH solid solution series of zoisite and clinozoisite American Mineralogist 92 1133-1147 | 2007 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0004399 | Clinozoisite | Dorsam G, Liebscher A, Franz G, Gottschalk M (2007) Crystal chemistry of synthetic Ca2Al3Si3O12OH - Sr2Al3Si3O12OH solid solution series of zoisite and clinozoisite American Mineralogist 92 1133-1147 | 2007 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0004400 | Clinozoisite | Dorsam G, Liebscher A, Franz G, Gottschalk M (2007) Crystal chemistry of synthetic Ca2Al3Si3O12OH - Sr2Al3Si3O12OH solid solution series of zoisite and clinozoisite American Mineralogist 92 1133-1147 | 2007 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0004401 | Clinozoisite | Dorsam G, Liebscher A, Franz G, Gottschalk M (2007) Crystal chemistry of synthetic Ca2Al3Si3O12OH - Sr2Al3Si3O12OH solid solution series of zoisite and clinozoisite American Mineralogist 92 1133-1147 | 2007 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0004402 | Clinozoisite | Dorsam G, Liebscher A, Franz G, Gottschalk M (2007) Crystal chemistry of synthetic Ca2Al3Si3O12OH - Sr2Al3Si3O12OH solid solution series of zoisite and clinozoisite American Mineralogist 92 1133-1147 | 2007 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0004403 | Clinozoisite | Dorsam G, Liebscher A, Franz G, Gottschalk M (2007) Crystal chemistry of synthetic Ca2Al3Si3O12OH - Sr2Al3Si3O12OH solid solution series of zoisite and clinozoisite American Mineralogist 92 1133-1147 | 2007 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0004404 | Clinozoisite | Dorsam G, Liebscher A, Franz G, Gottschalk M (2007) Crystal chemistry of synthetic Ca2Al3Si3O12OH - Sr2Al3Si3O12OH solid solution series of zoisite and clinozoisite American Mineralogist 92 1133-1147 | 2007 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0004405 | Clinozoisite | Dorsam G, Liebscher A, Franz G, Gottschalk M (2007) Crystal chemistry of synthetic Ca2Al3Si3O12OH - Sr2Al3Si3O12OH solid solution series of zoisite and clinozoisite American Mineralogist 92 1133-1147 | 2007 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0004406 | Clinozoisite | Dorsam G, Liebscher A, Franz G, Gottschalk M (2007) Crystal chemistry of synthetic Ca2Al3Si3O12OH - Sr2Al3Si3O12OH solid solution series of zoisite and clinozoisite American Mineralogist 92 1133-1147 | 2007 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0004979 | Clinozoisite | Nagashima M, Geiger C A, Akasaka M (2009) A crystal-chemical investigation of clinozoisite synthesized along the join Ca2Al3Si3O12(OH)-Ca2Al2CrSi3O12(OH) American Mineralogist 94 1351-1360 | 2009 | synthetic | 1.2 | 973 | |
0004980 | Clinozoisite | Nagashima M, Geiger C A, Akasaka M (2009) A crystal-chemical investigation of clinozoisite synthesized along the join Ca2Al3Si3O12(OH)-Ca2Al2CrSi3O12(OH) American Mineralogist 94 1351-1360 | 2009 | synthetic | 1.2 | 973 | |
0004981 | Clinozoisite | Nagashima M, Geiger C A, Akasaka M (2009) A crystal-chemical investigation of clinozoisite synthesized along the join Ca2Al3Si3O12(OH)-Ca2Al2CrSi3O12(OH) American Mineralogist 94 1351-1360 | 2009 | synthetic | 1.2 | 873 | |
0004982 | Clinozoisite | Nagashima M, Geiger C A, Akasaka M (2009) A crystal-chemical investigation of clinozoisite synthesized along the join Ca2Al3Si3O12(OH)-Ca2Al2CrSi3O12(OH) American Mineralogist 94 1351-1360 | 2009 | synthetic | 1.2 | 973 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
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Radiation - Copper Kα
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
2.89 Å | (100) |
2.79 Å | (90) |
2.68 Å | (60) |
2.67 Å | (60) |
2.59 Å | (70) |
2.40 Å | (60) |
2.29 Å | (60) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
---|---|
Near-surface Processes | |
22 : Hydration and low-𝑇 subsurface aqueous alteration (see also #23) | |
High-𝑇 alteration and/or metamorphism | |
31 : Thermally altered carbonate, phosphate, and iron formations | |
Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics | <3.5-2.5 |
39 : High-𝑃 metamorphism (blueschist, eclogite, ultrahigh 𝑃 facies) | |
40 : Regional metamorphism (greenschist, amphibolite, granulite facies) | |
43 : Shear-induced minerals (including mylonite/slickensides) |
Type Occurrence of Clinozoisite
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
n.d.
Reference:
Weinschenk, E. (1896): Ueber Epidot und Zoisit. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 26, 154-177.
Synonyms of Clinozoisite
Other Language Names for Clinozoisite
Dutch:Clinozoisiet
German:Klinozoisit
Clinozoisit
Clinozoisit
Italian:Clinozoisite
Russian:Клиноцоизит
Simplified Chinese:斜黝帘石
Spanish:Clinozoisita
Ukrainian:Кліноцоїзит
Varieties of Clinozoisite
Chrome-Clinozoisite | A Cr3+-bearing clinozoisite low in Fe3+. |
Clinothulite | A pink, Mn3+-bearing variety of clinozoisite. Much so-called "thulite" (defined as a pink variety of zoisite) is actually clinothulite. Compare thulite. |
Relationship of Clinozoisite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
Epidote | (CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
Epidote-(Sr) | (CaSr)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
Hancockite | (CaPb)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
Heflikite | (CaCa)(AlAlSc)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
Mukhinite | (CaCa)(AlAlV3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) | Mon. |
Niigataite | (CaSr)(AlAlAl)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
Piemontite | (CaCa)(AlAlMn3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
Piemontite-(Pb) | (CaPb)(AlAlMn3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
Piemontite-(Sr) | (CaSr)(AlAlMn3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
Tweddillite | (CaSr)(Mn3+AlMn3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
Unnamed (Fe3+ analogue of Piemontite-(Pb)) | (CaPb)(Fe3+AlMn3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) | |
Unnamed (Fe3+-analogue of Piemontite) | (CaCa)(Fe3+AlMn3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) | |
Unnamed (Fe3+-analogue of Piemontite-(Sr)) | (CaSr)(Fe3+AlMn3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) | |
Unnamed (Ga-analogue of Epidote) | (CaCa)(AlAlGa3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
130 photos of Clinozoisite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
54 photos of Clinozoisite associated with Epidote | (CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
43 photos of Clinozoisite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
41 photos of Clinozoisite associated with Grossular | Ca3Al2(SiO4)3 |
38 photos of Clinozoisite associated with Prehnite | Ca2Al2Si3O10(OH)2 |
29 photos of Clinozoisite associated with Diopside | CaMgSi2O6 |
29 photos of Clinozoisite associated with Chlorite Group | |
25 photos of Clinozoisite associated with Scheelite | Ca(WO4) |
23 photos of Clinozoisite associated with Actinolite | ◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2 |
20 photos of Clinozoisite associated with Anorthite | Ca(Al2Si2O8) |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
9.BG. | Shuiskite-(Cr) | Ca2Cr3+Cr3+2[Si2O6OH][SiO4](OH)2O |
9.BG. | Alnaperbøeite-(Ce) | Ca(Ce2.5Na0.5)(AlAl2Al)[Si2O7][SiO4]3O(OH)2 |
9.BG. | Magnesiovesuvianite | Ca19MgAl4(Al6Mg2)(◻4)◻[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10](OH)(OH)9 |
9.BG. | Alumovesuvianite | Ca19AlAl4(Al6Mg2)(◻4)◻[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10]O(OH)9 |
9.BG. | Zoisite-(Pb) | (CaPb)(AlAlAl)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG. | Vielleaureite-(Ce) | (Mn2+Ce)(MgAlMn2+)F[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG. | Heflikite | (CaCa)(AlAlSc)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG. | Zilbermintsite-(La) | (CaLa5)(Fe3+Al3Fe2+)[Si2O7][SiO4]5O(OH)3 |
9.BG.05b | Allanite-(Ce) | (CaCe)(AlAlFe2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG.05b | Allanite-(La) | (CaLa)(AlAlFe2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG.05b | Allanite-(Y) | (CaY)(AlAlFe2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG.05b | Dissakisite-(Ce) | (CaCe)(AlAlMg)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG.05 | Dollaseite-(Ce) | (CaCe)(MgAlMg)F[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG.05a | Epidote | (CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG.05a | Hancockite | (CaPb)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG.05 | Khristovite-(Ce) | (CaCe)(MgAlMn2+)F[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG.05a | Mukhinite | (CaCa)(AlAlV3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG.05a | Piemontite | (CaCa)(AlAlMn3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG.05 | Piemontite-(Sr) | (CaSr)(AlAlMn3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG.05b | Manganiandrosite-(La) | (Mn2+La)(Mn3+AlMn2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG.05 | Tweddillite | (CaSr)(Mn3+AlMn3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG.05b | Ferriallanite-(Ce) | (CaCe)(Fe3+AlFe2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG.05 | Niigataite | (CaSr)(AlAlAl)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG.05 | Manganiandrosite-(Ce) | (Mn2+Ce)(Mn3+AlMn2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG.05 | Dissakisite-(La) | (CaLa)(AlAlMg)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG.05 | Vanadoandrosite-(Ce) | (Mn2+Ce)(V3+AlMn2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG.05 | Uedaite-(Ce) | (Mn2+Ce)(AlAlFe2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG.05a | Epidote-(Sr) | (CaSr)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG.05b | Allanite-(Nd) | (CaNd)(AlAlFe2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG.05b | Unnamed (Mg-analogue of Ferriallanite-(Ce)) | (CaCe)(Fe3+AlMg)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG.05b | Unnamed (Mn3+-analogue of Ferriakasakaite-(Ce)) | (CaCe)(Mn3+AlMn2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG.05b | Ferriallanite-(La) | (CaLa)(Fe3+AlFe2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG.05b | Åskagenite-(Nd) | (Mn2+Nd)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4]O |
9.BG.05 | Piemontite-(Pb) | (CaPb)(AlAlMn3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG.05b | Vanadoallanite-(La) | (CaLa)(V3+AlFe2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG.05 | Ferriandrosite-(La) | (Mn2+La)(Fe3+AlMn2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG.05 | Androsite-(Ce) | (Mn2+Ce)(AlAlMn2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG.05a v | Unnamed (Ga-analogue of Epidote) | (CaCa)(AlAlGa3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG.05b | UM1989-32-SiO:AlCaFeHREE | (Ca0.5◻0.5REE)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG.05b | Manganiakasakaite-(La) | (CaLa)(Mn3+AlMn2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG.05b | Ferriakasakaite-(Ce) | (CaCe)(Fe3+AlMn2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG.9.BG. | Ferriakasakaite-(La) | (CaLa)(Fe3+AlMn2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG.9.BG. | Ferriandrosite-(Ce) | (Mn2+Ce)(Fe3+AlMn2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG.9.BG | Ferriperbøeite-(Ce) | CaCe3(Fe3+Al2Fe2+)[Si2O7][SiO4]3O(OH)2 |
9.BG.10 | Zoisite | (CaCa)(AlAlAl)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG.15 | Macfallite | Ca2Mn3+3(SiO4)(Si2O7)(OH)3 |
9.BG.15 | Sursassite | Mn2+2Al3(SiO4)(Si2O7)(OH)3 |
9.BG.20 | Julgoldite-(Fe2+) | Ca2Fe2+Fe3+2[Si2O6OH][SiO4](OH)2(OH) |
9.BG.20 | Okhotskite | Ca2Mn2+Mn3+2[Si2O6OH][SiO4](OH)2(OH) |
9.BG.20 | Pumpellyite-(Fe2+) | Ca2Fe2+Al2(Si2O7)(SiO4)(OH,O)2 · H2O |
9.BG.20 | Pumpellyite-(Fe3+) | Ca2Fe3+Al2(Si2O7)(SiO4)(OH,O)2 · H2O |
9.BG.20 | Pumpellyite-(Mg) | Ca2MgAl2(Si2O7)(SiO4)(OH)2 · H2O |
9.BG.20 | Pumpellyite-(Mn2+) | Ca2Mn2+Al2(Si2O7)(SiO4)(OH)2 · H2O |
9.BG.20 | Shuiskite-(Mg) | Ca2MgCr3+2[Si2O6OH][SiO4](OH)2(OH) |
9.BG.20 | Julgoldite-(Fe3+) | Ca2Fe3+Fe3+2[Si2O6OH][SiO4](OH)2O |
9.BG.20 | Pumpellyite-(Al) | Ca2Al3(Si2O7)(SiO4)(OH,O)2 · H2O |
9.BG.20 | Poppiite | Ca2V3+V3+2[Si2O6OH][SiO4](OH)2O |
9.BG.20 | Julgoldite-(Mg) | Ca2MgFe3+2[Si2O6OH][SiO4](OH)2(OH) |
9.BG.25 | Ganomalite | Pb9Ca5Mn(Si2O7)4(SiO4)O |
9.BG.25 | Wayneburnhamite | Pb9Ca6(Si2O7)3(SiO4)3 |
9.BG.30 | Rustumite | Ca10(Si2O7)2(SiO4)(OH)2Cl2 |
9.BG.35 | Vesuvianite | Ca19Fe3+Al4(Al6Mg2)(◻4)◻[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10]O(OH)9 |
9.BG.35 | Wiluite | Ca19MgAl4(Al,Mg)8(B,◻)4◻[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10]O(O,OH)9 |
9.BG.35 | Manganvesuvianite | Ca19Mn3+Al4(Al6Mg2)(◻4)◻[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10]O(OH)9 |
9.BG.35 | Fluorvesuvianite | Ca19Fe3+Al4(Al6Mg2)(◻4)◻[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10]O(F,OH)9 |
9.BG.35 | Cyprine | Ca19Cu2+Al4(Al6Mg2)(◻4)◻[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10](OH)(OH)9 |
9.BG.35 | Hongheite | Ca19Fe2+Al4(Fe3+,Mg)8(◻4)B[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10]O(OH,O)9 |
9.BG.35 | Milanriederite | (Ca18[REE])Fe3+Al4(Mg4Al4)(◻4)◻[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10](OH)(OH)9 |
9.BG.35 | Manaevite-(Ce) | (Ca13Ce4[H2O]2)Mg(Al3Mg)(Mg3Ti3Fe3+2)(◻4)◻[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)8(H4O4)2]O(OH)9 |
9.BG.40 | Vyuntspakhkite-(Y) | (Y,Yb)4Al2.5-1.5(Si,Al)1.5-2.5(SiO4)4O(OH)7 |
9.BG.45 | Dellaite | Ca6Si3O11(OH)2 |
9.BG.50 | Gatelite-(Ce) | CaCe3(AlAl2Mg)[Si2O7][SiO4]3O(OH)2 |
9.BG.50 | Perbøeite-(Ce) | CaCe3(AlAl2Fe2+)[Si2O7][SiO4]3O(OH)2 |
9.BG.50 | Ferriperbøeite-(La) | CaLa3(Fe3+Al2Fe2+)[Si2O7][SiO4]3O(OH)2 |
9.BG.50 | Perbøeite-(La) | CaLa3(AlAl2Fe2+)[Si2O7][SiO4]3O(OH)2 |
9.BG.55 | Västmanlandite-(Ce) | CaCe3(MgAl2Mg)[Si2O7][SiO4]3F(OH)2 |
9.BG.60 | Radekškodaite-(La) | (CaLa5)(Al4Fe2+)[Si2O7][SiO4]5O(OH)3 |
9.BG.60 | Radekškodaite-(Ce) | (CaCe5)(Al4Fe2+)[Si2O7][SiO4]5O(OH)3 |
9.BG.60 | Radekškodaite Group | (CaM5)([Fe3+Al3]Fe2+)[Si2O7][SiO4]5O(OH)3 |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Clinozoisite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1087.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Clinozoisite
Localities for Clinozoisite
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality.
Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Afghanistan | |
| TVM Specimen |
Antarctica | |
| Thomson (1974) |
Thomson (1968) | |
| Smellie et al. (1984) |
Argentina | |
| Econ Geol (1976) |
| Minerals acquired from Nelson Valenzuela |
| Singer et al. (2009) |
| Biel et al. (2010) |
Atlantic Ocean | |
| Sharkov et al. (2007) |
Australia | |
| McQueen +2 other references |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) |
| Vickery et al. (2010) |
| Graham et al. (2021) |
| Crocoite.com |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) |
Gilligan et al. (1992) | |
Gilligan et al. (1992) | |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) |
Gilligan et al. (1992) | |
Gilligan et al. (1992) | |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) |
| Gulson et al. (1985) |
| Worner et al. (et al) |
Teale et al. (2006) | |
Plimer I.R. (1994) | |
| Mackie (1986) |
| Sielecki (1988) |
| Poblete |
| Rubenach et al. (1985) |
| Buckley et al. (2010) |
| Mount Woods Inlier et al. (Honors thesis) +1 other reference |
| |
| Noble R.J. |
| P.A. Wulser - in the South Australian ... |
| |
Waterhouse (1971) | |
| ISMAIL et al. (2014) |
| Griffin (1982) |
| Calver (2007) |
| Bottrill & Taheri |
| Bottrill et al. (2019) |
| Bottrill (2000) |
Bottrill et al. (2008) | |
| Bottrill et al. (2007) |
| R Bottrill |
| R Bottrill unpub report 2016 +1 other reference |
| |
| Museum Victoria Mineralogy Collection |
| |
Morvell (1976) | |
| John Haupt collection |
| Fetherston (2007) |
| Kalleske (2010) |
| Bath (2013) |
| Nepean Nickel Deposit +2 other references |
| Fetherston et al 2013 |
| Duuring et al. (2000) |
| Mueller et al. (2008) |
| Pegmatites of Western Australia +2 other references |
Pegmatites of Western Australia +2 other references | |
| Hassan (2017) |
| Grguric et al. (2018) |
| Dalstra et al. (2023) |
| Cox et al. (2018) |
| Grguric (2003) |
| Jaques et al. (1986) +1 other reference |
| Economic Geology (1997) |
| Econ Geol (1997) |
Meinert | |
Austria | |
| Analysis H. Pristacz 2009 |
| Götzinger et al. (2009) |
| G. Niedermayr: Carinthia II 187./107.:172 (1997) |
| F. Brandstätter: Carinthia II 184./104.:248-252 (1994) |
H. Meixner: Carinthia II 154./74.:7-8 (1964) | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| H. Meixner: Der Karinthin 9:184-189 (1950) |
| F. Angel et al. (1953) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Meixner (1952) +1 other reference |
| W. Postl: Carinthia II 186./106.:135-138 (1996) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
peter.neschen collection | |
Annalen 1999 | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2008) |
| Niedermayr (1997) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| J.Mörtl (1985) |
Niedermayr et al. (1995) | |
| Exel (1993) |
K. Seifert: Der Karinthin 47:260-268 (1962) | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
Niedermayr et al. (1995) | |
| Natural History Museum Vienna collection (found by H. Strunz) |
| Himmelbauer (1909) |
Himmelbauer (1909) | |
| Kolitsch (2019) |
| Brandstätter et al. (1987) +1 other reference |
| Kolitsch et al. (2020) |
| Himmelbauer (1909) |
| Kolitsch (2022) |
| Kolitsch (2017) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2010) +1 other reference |
| Database „Minerale NÖ“ (A. Thinschmidt and co-workers) |
| SEDLACEK (1949) |
| Erwin Löffler collection |
Beran et al. (1985) | |
| Löffler et al. (2011) +1 other reference |
| Kolitsch (2021) |
| Kiesewetter et al. (2003) |
Erwin Löffler collection (SXRD-analysed by Uwe Kolitsch) +1 other reference | |
| Kiesewetter et al. (2003) |
| Thinschmidt (2008) |
| Ertl et al. (2002) |
| Exel (1993) |
Huber et al. (1977) | |
| Hlawatsch (1911) +1 other reference |
| Löffler et al. (2011) |
| Knobloch et al. (2021) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2015) |
| Uwe Kolitsch |
| Kolitsch (2014) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
Strasser (1989) | |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Kolitsch (2017) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| www.mindat.org (n.d.) |
Neschen (n.d.) | |
| Knobloch et al. (2022) |
O Dziallas collection | |
| Schebesta (1986) |
Strasser (1989) | |
Neschen (n.d.) | |
Neschen (n.d.) | |
Strasser (1989) | |
| Strasser (1989) |
Strasser (1989) | |
Exel (1993) | |
Exel (1993) | |
Archiv f.Lagerstättenforschung | |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Postl (1985) |
| Postl et al. (2009) |
Aufschluss 1972 (SB) | |
| Weissensteiner (1979) |
| Alker (1956) |
Exel (1993) | |
Postl (2013) | |
| Herrmann et al. (1979) |
| Aufschluss 1972 (SB) |
| Moser (1987) |
| Postl (1978) |
| Taucher et al. (2015) |
| Kolitsch (2020) |
| Boroviczeny (1961) |
Steir.Mineralog 25/2011 | |
| Postl et al. (2002) |
| Hoernes S. et al. (1971) |
| Miller (1970) |
| Vavtar (1986) |
| Bernhard (2008) |
| Johann G. Raith et al. (2018) |
| Weinschenk (1896) +1 other reference |
| R Lavinsky specimen |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2008) |
| Mäser et al. (2019) |
| Kolitsch (2016) |
Bangladesh | |
| Rahman et al. (2022) |
Belgium | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
Hatert et al. (2002) | |
| Fransolet et al. (1977) |
| Antun (1955) +2 other references |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | |
| Putiš et al. (2022) +1 other reference |
Brazil | |
| Mesquita et al. (2017) |
| Jost et al. (2001) |
| Sirqueira et al. (2018) |
| Lobato et al. (2001) |
| Scipioni Vial et al. (2007) |
| Monteiro et al. (2008) |
| Teixeira (2014) |
| Souza Neto et al. (2008) |
| Souza Neto et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| e da Terra (2001) +1 other reference |
Bulgaria | |
| Marcus Voigt Collection |
Szopa +9 other references | |
Petrusenko et al. (1996) | |
| Marcus Voigt Collection |
| Svetoslav Petrussenko et al. (2007) |
Burkina Faso | |
| Kříbek et al. (2016) |
| Fontaine et al. (2017) |
Canada | |
| I.C.L. Webster (1992) |
| albite alunite andalusite andesine ... |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
Peatfield (n.d.) | |
Locock (1994) | |
Peatfield (n.d.) | |
Peatfield (n.d.) | |
| Peatfield (n.d.) +4 other references |
| Belik (1973) |
| Government of British Columbia |
| Dawson Creek +4 other references |
| www.em.gov.bc.ca (n.d.) |
| Ray |
Pacific Mineral Museum collection (now at University of British Columbia) | |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Canadian Mineralogist: 32: 825-837 +3 other references |
www.em.gov.bc.ca (n.d.) +2 other references | |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| correspondance with Giles Peatfied |
| B.C. Dept of Mines Reports 1970 |
| Phillips (1978) +1 other reference |
| Cerny et al. 2012 +2 other references |
| Richard Gunter specimen |
Richard Gunter | |
| Phillips (1979) |
| Kontak et al. (1993) |
Hutcheon et al. (1977) | |
| Sabina (2000) |
| Can Mineral February 1 +1 other reference |
| D. D. Hogarth et al. (1973) |
| Ontario MDI Number: MDI31F04SW00036 +1 other reference |
| Reiner Mielke 2014 |
| Franklin et al. (1991) |
Sage (1988) | |
| Bennett (1978) |
| mineral assemblages +2 other references |
Pan et al. (1990) | |
| Sabina (1991) |
| Econ Geol (1993) |
| Geological Survey of Canada +1 other reference |
| Sabina (2003) +1 other reference |
| Sabina (2003) |
| Pouliot et al. (1984) |
| |
| Taner |
| 179-181. +2 other references |
| Allcock (1982) |
| Sabina (2003) +1 other reference |
| Vollo (1959) |
| GSC Miscellaneous Report 48 |
| D. D. Hogarth (1957) |
Beaudin et al. (2024) | |
| McDonald et al. (2018) |
Chile | |
| Maskaev et al. (2007) |
| Bleiker (1991) |
| Maskaev et al. (2007) |
China | |
| Castelli et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
| Zongzhu Han et al. (1989) |
Proyer et al. (2014) | |
| Junwu Lu and Yuanfa Xia (2001) |
| Ripley et al. (2005) +1 other reference |
| Mao Jingwen et al. (2000) |
| Jingwen et al. (2000) |
| Qian-Jie Wang et al. (2007) |
| Jincheng Zhou et al. (2004) |
| Zhaochong Zhang et al. (1994) |
| Yonghong Zhu (2010) |
| wrgis.wr.usgs.gov (2004) |
| wrgis.wr.usgs.gov (2004) |
| wrgis.wr.usgs.gov (2004) |
| Jingwen Mao et al. (2006) |
| www.portergeo.com.au (n.d.) |
| Ratschbacher et al. (2006) |
| Qingchang Meng (1981) |
| Tongyun Song (1980) |
| Jinjie Yu et al. (2006) |
| Jinjie Yu et al. (2006) |
Jinjie Yu et al. (2006) | |
| Chuanming Li and Xiaohui Chen (2005) |
Zhou Guoqing (1997) | |
| wrgis.wr.usgs.gov (2004) |
| Shanglin Jin and Changgen Li (1984) |
| Lianxing Gu et al. (2004) |
| Wenwei Lin (1987) |
| Yong-Jiang Liu et al. (2006) |
| wrgis.wr.usgs.gov (2004) |
| Hongbing Hao and Wei Zhang (2001) |
| Xue et al. (2021) |
Xue et al. (2021) | |
| Slattery (2019) |
| He et al. (2022) |
| Daxin Li et al. (2013) |
| Chunji Xue et al. (2000) |
Chen Wen et al. (2006) | |
| Yanling Tang (2005) |
| Jun Gao and Klemd (2001) |
| Yanling Tang (2005) |
| Lifei Zhang et al. (2001) |
| Cunlin Liu et al. (1987) |
| Jinwen Li et al. (2013) +1 other reference |
| Hongzhao Shi et al. (2011) |
Colombia | |
| Green |
| Castellanos-Alarcón et al. (2016) |
Cuba | |
| Maresch et al. (2012) |
Cyprus | |
| Prüfer (2011) |
Czech Republic | |
| Zemek +5 other references |
| |
| Ray and Alvin Schortmann |
| Rieder |
| Litochleb +4 other references |
| Kruťa |
| Novak et al. (2010) +2 other references |
| Nepejchal |
| Kruťa et al. (Hrubý Jeseník, Hohes Gesenke, ČSSR) |
Kruťa et al. (Hrubý Jeseník, Hohes Gesenke, ČSSR) | |
| |
Kruťa T. et al. (1968) | |
| Drozen |
| Novák |
Prachař +6 other references | |
| Vejnar |
| Litochleb |
| Welser +5 other references |
| Prokop et al. (2013) |
| Štědrá V.: Ca-Ba-Mn trhlinová ... |
| Litochleb |
| Novák et al. (2002) |
| Houzar +1 other reference |
| |
| Roman Gramblička collection |
| Houzar et al. (2008) |
| Houzar |
| Houzar |
| Pauliš +5 other references |
| Houzar et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
Hrazdil | |
Houzar +5 other references | |
| Pauliš |
Cempírek | |
Sekanina (1965) | |
Peter Bačík et al. (2012) | |
Czech Republic/Poland | |
Lis et al. (1986) | |
Dominican Republic | |
| Krebs et al. (2008) |
Ecuador | |
| Aspden et al. (1995) |
| Aspden et al. (1995) |
| Alejandro Félix collection. |
Finland | |
| Kinnunen et al. (2013) |
| Ilkka Mikkola collection |
| Arhe |
| Haapala +2 other references |
Gustafsson et al. (2019) | |
| Le Vaillant et al. (2016) |
| Mutanen |
| Hytönen (1999) |
| Erich Berger Collection |
Aarne Laitakari | |
France | |
| Abdel-Karim et al. (1989) |
| Chauris (2014) |
| R. Pierrot |
| |
| R. Pierrot |
| |
| Hohh (1994) |
| A. Wittern et al. (Cologne) |
| Briggs (1975) |
| D. Coffrant |
| Lebocey et al. (2023) |
| Berbain +2 other references |
Lacroix (1893/1913) | |
| Boutry Collection |
| Descouens et al. (1986) +1 other reference |
| C. Derré |
Bull. Minéral. | |
| Pierrot et al. (1978) |
| Guitard (2010) |
| Guitard (2010) |
| |
| Guitard (2010) |
| Berbain et al. (2005) |
| Guitard (2010) |
| Fortuné (1966) |
| Guitard (2010) |
| Lacroix (1910) |
Berbain et al. (2005) | |
| Berbain et al. (2005) |
| François GARRIC collection - EDX ... |
| Godard et al. (2024) |
| Périnet F. (2018) |
| Abdel-Karim et al. (1989) |
| MAURY (S) |
Germany | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| [Wittern (1995) |
| Lapis 21 (12) |
| Habel (2009) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Rost (1949) |
| G. Franz and E.A. Smelik |
| F. Müller: "Bayerns steinreiche Ecke" et al. (Hof) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
Dill (2008) | |
| Dill (2008) |
| Schwarzmeier (2015) +2 other references |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Meier (2005) |
| Weber (2013) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Belendorff (2021) |
| Belendorff (2021) |
| PETITJEAN collection |
| Weiß (1990) |
| |
| Baumgärtl (2014) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Kleser (2006) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| El-Kaluoby |
| Thomas Lühr Collection |
| Thomas Lühr Collection |
| Thomas Lühr |
| Kolitsch (1997) |
| U. Ludwig |
| Schlegel (1991) |
Lapis 30 (7/8) | |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
Greece | |
| Rieck et al. (2018) |
Branko Rieck collection +1 other reference | |
| 50. +1 other reference |
| Stergiou et al. (2016) |
| Christos Spiromitros (XRD and SEM analyses) |
| various added photos |
| Wang et al. (2017) |
| Voudouris et al. (2019) |
| Hatzipanagiotou et al. (2003) |
Hatzipanagiotou et al. (2003) | |
| Eur. J. Mineral. |
| Eur. J. Mineral. |
Greenland | |
| Harry et al. (1964) |
| D. A. Holwell et al. (2013) |
| Sharpe (1980) |
Petersen et al. (1993) | |
Guatemala | |
Li et al. (2023) | |
Harlow et al. (2011) | |
Hungary | |
| Bulletin of the Hungarian Geological ... |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Szár Hill |
| Szakáll & Gatter: Hun. Min. Spec. |
Szakáll-Jánosi: Minerals of Hungary | |
| Csanad Loranth (XRD analysis) |
India | |
| Anantharamu et al. (1995) |
| Narayanan Kutty et al. (1977) +1 other reference |
| Taguchi (2012) |
| Deb (1980) |
| GSA Bulletin +4 other references |
Indonesia | |
| Setiawan |
Iran | |
| Majid Ghaderi (2001) |
| Iranmanesh et al. (2018) |
Ireland | |
| Johnston (1949) |
Italy | |
| Gramaccioli (1975) +3 other references |
| Panseri et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
Castello et al. (2016) | |
Novo M. et al. (1989) | |
Novo M. et al. (1989) | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
Lapis 2004 number 7/8 pp. 37-51 | |
Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
| Dal Piaz et al. (1968) |
| Dal Piaz et al. (1967) +2 other references |
| Dal Piaz et al. (1968) |
| Pagani G. (1973) |
| Della Ventura et al. (1996) |
Martin et al. (1989) | |
Martin et al. (1989) | |
| Bonardi et al. (1984) |
| Bonardi et al. (1984) |
| Russo (1996) +1 other reference |
Panikorovskii et al. (2017) | |
| Scacchetti et al. (2023) |
| luigi mattei |
| Antofilli |
| Antofilli |
Antofilli | |
Giovanni Scapin Collection | |
Antofilli | |
| T. Kampf |
| Passarino (2020) |
| |
| Natale Calanchi (1980) |
| Maida (2002) |
Maida (2002) | |
| Cerea et al. (2019) |
| F. Carasi et al. (1990) |
| Garzanti et al. (1998) |
| Bedognè et al. (1993) |
| Caucia et al. (2021) |
... | |
| Ghizzoni et al. (2005) |
Ghizzoni et al. (2005) | |
Ghizzoni et al. (2005) | |
Ghizzoni et al. (2005) | |
| Romani et al. (1997) +1 other reference |
| Bedognè et al. (2006) |
| Martini et al. (2012) |
Martini et al. (2012) | |
| Boscardin M. et al. (1978) |
| Piccoli (2002) +1 other reference |
Piccoli (2002) | |
| Piccoli et al. (2020) |
| Piccoli (2002) +1 other reference |
| Nisio et al. (1987) |
| Compagnoni et al. (1976) |
Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
| |
| Vola (2020) |
Sandrone et al. (1988) | |
Sandrone et al. (1988) | |
| Sandrone et al. (1988) |
| Sandrone et al. (1988) |
| Prete (1995) |
| Balzac (1916) +2 other references |
| Barresi et al. (2003) |
Gramaccioli (1975) | |
| Balestro et al. (2013) +1 other reference |
| Andreoli et al. (1978) +1 other reference |
| Bortolami et al. (1968) |
| Maletto G. et al. (1976) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
Barresi (1996) +1 other reference | |
Eur. J. Mineral. | |
Zuccali et al. (2010) | |
| Eur. J. Mineral. |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
| Viterbo (1959) |
| Eur. J. Mineral (1989) |
Eur. J. Mineral. | |
Monte Soglio-Rocca Canavese +3 other references | |
| Sandrone et al. (1988) |
| Sandrone et al. (2004) |
| Ciriotti et al. (2011) |
G. Castaldo (editors) | |
| Eur. J. Mineral. |
Eur. J. Mineral (1989) | |
Eur. J. Mineral. | |
| Ciriotti et al. (2021) |
| Bianco et al. (2006) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Sandrone et al. (1988) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Roggiani (1970a) |
Franco Vanini & Paolo Bosio finds | |
| Roggiani (1970) |
| Mattioli V. - La Vigezzite |
| Mattioli V. (1979) +1 other reference |
| Mattioli (1979) +1 other reference |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
| Boscardin et al. (2013) |
| Mattioli (1979 a) +4 other references |
Appiani et al. (1995) +2 other references | |
Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
| Savia et al. (2023) |
| Bertolani et al. (1964) |
| Rivista Mineralogica Italiana |
| Mattioli (1979) |
| Rossi (1968) |
| Franciosi et al. (2019) |
| Stara et al. (1999) |
| Conti-Vecchi et al. (1991) |
| Billows (1941) |
| Marini et al. (1981) +1 other reference |
| Cocco et al. (2022) |
| Boscardin et al. (1984) +1 other reference |
| SEM-EDS analysis (AMI UK Service) |
| Ferretti et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
| Gerdes M.L. et al. (1995) |
| Bortolozzi G.M. et al. (2022) |
| Orlandi et al. (1997) |
Orlandi et al. (1997) | |
Orlandi et al. (1997) | |
| Nannoni R. et al. (Isola d'Elba) |
| Marinai V. et al. (Livorno) |
Giuliano bettini collection +1 other reference | |
| Garofalo et al. (2023) |
| Bonifazi (2020) |
Sammartino (2014) | |
| |
| Tucci (1988) |
| Tucci (1988) |
| Orlandi P. (2005) |
| Brizzi G. et al. (1996) |
Japan | |
| Hori +1 other reference |
| Alfredo Petrov collection |
| Dr. Kameki Kinoshita collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| Dr. Kameki Kinoshita collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| kato (2009) |
| Dr. Matsuo Nambu ore collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
Sadanaga et al. (1974) | |
| Dr. Kameki Kinoshita collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| PXRD by John Attard |
| Dr. Kameki Kinoshita collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| Yamada (2004) |
| Go Ito |
| Nishiyama et al. (2017) |
| Nishiyama et al. (2017) |
| Miyajima et al. (2003) |
| Katou (1925) |
Katou (1925) | |
| Matsueda (1980) |
| Dr. Kameki Kinoshita collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| Suzuki (2009) |
| Imai (1978) |
| Norimasa SHIMOBAYASHI (2004) |
| A. Kato et al. |
Kazakhstan | |
| Mikhno et al. (2014) +1 other reference |
| Karpenko et al. (2011) |
Madagascar | |
| Lacroix (1940) +1 other reference |
| www.fonjatany-mth.com (2016) |
Malawi | |
| H.G. Dill |
Mali | |
| Masurel et al. (2017) |
| Masurel et al. (2017) |
Mexico | |
| Panzcer (1987) |
Panzcer (1987) | |
Panczner (1987) | |
Panzcer (1987) | |
Panczner (1987) | |
Pancnzer (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Garcia y Barragan (1975) |
Morocco | |
| El Ghorfi et al. (2006) |
Myanmar | |
| Shi et al. (2012) |
Namibia | |
| von Bezing (2007) |
Cairncross et al. (2006) | |
| Nörtemann et al. (2000) +1 other reference |
| von Bezing (2007) |
Economic Geology 89 +1 other reference | |
| Drüppel et al. (2005) |
| von Bezing (2007) |
| Dunn (1991) |
Nazca Plate | |
Zawadzki et al. (2022) | |
Nepal | |
| Aaron J. Martin et al. (2009) |
New Zealand | |
| R. Martin collection |
| Skinner et al. (1999) |
| Mac Beggs (1978) |
| Youngson et al. (2002) |
| Railton et al. (1990) |
| Lowery (1979) |
| Service (1937) |
Watson (1973) | |
| Auton |
Auton | |
| Turner (1938) |
Youngson et al. (2002) | |
| An Active Epithermal Gold-Depositing ... +1 other reference |
| Leach et al. (1978) |
| Bradley |
| Pirajno et al. (1985) |
| Happy et al. (1970) |
| Mason (1959) |
North Korea | |
| Takeo Kato: "Two Types of Nickeliferous Pyrrhotite Deposits Found in Korea." (9 pp) |
North Macedonia | |
| Palinkaš et al. (2012) |
Norway | |
| www.handbookofmineralogy.org (n.d.) |
| Evje og Hornnes geomuseum Fennefoss |
| Evje og Hornnes geomuseum Fennefoss |
| Collection of the Iveland Municipality ... |
| Frigstad (1999) |
Collection of Iveland Municipality # ... | |
Hansen (2001) | |
Hansen (2001) | |
| Garmo (2003) |
| Evje og Hornnes geomuseum Fennefoss |
| Bancroft et al. (2001) |
| Larsen et al. (2013) |
| Ljøstad (2022) |
| Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ... |
Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ... | |
| Wilke (1976) +1 other reference |
| Wilke (1976) |
Wilke (1976) | |
| Garmo (1983) |
OT. Ljostad photo & specimen | |
Ljøstad (2022) | |
| Nilsen et al. (1972) |
Nilsen et al. (1972) | |
| Svensen et al. (2001) |
| Mysen et al. (1971) |
| Holstad (2006) |
| Nordrum (2004) |
| Engvik et al. (2023) |
| Rosenberg et al. (2000) |
| Gust et al. (1979) |
Garmo (1996) | |
| Garmo et al. (2017) |
| - (2006) |
Nordrum (2000) | |
| 65.6675970 |
| Goldschmidt (1911) |
| Hansen (1985) |
| Kjeholt (199?) +1 other reference |
| Størseth (2003) |
| Størseth (2003) |
| Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ... |
| Nordrum (2007) |
| Manby (1983) |
| Pršek et al. (2010) |
| Knut Edvard Larsen collection # 439 |
| Kristiansen (1998) |
| Neumann et al. (1955) |
| Engvoldsen et al. (1991) |
| Nordrum et al. (2006) |
| Bøe (2001) |
Sturt et al. (1965) | |
| Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ... |
| Bøe (1976) |
| Kullerud et al. (2012) |
| Larsen (2016) |
Garmo et al. (2017) | |
| Garmo et al. (2017) |
| Witsø (1994) |
Witsø (1995) | |
| Witsø (2005) |
| Nordrum (2008) |
| Størseth (2019) |
| Nielsen (2017) |
Nordrum (2002) | |
| Ihlen (1983) |
| Knut Edvard Larsen collection # 297 |
| Carswell et al. (2003) |
| Berget (2006) |
| Cotkin (1997) |
Carswell et al. (2003) | |
| Peter Andresen collection. |
| Nordrum et al. (2006) |
| Kvamsdal et al. (2021) |
| Karstensen (2009) |
Pakistan | |
| imported from Neelum Valley |
Dudley Blauwet (2004) | |
| Rob Lavinsky specimens |
| Journal of Himalayan Earth Sciences 43 (2010) |
Wilson (2006) | |
Blauwet (2006) | |
| Blauwet (2004) +1 other reference |
Dudley Blauwet | |
imported from Shigar District +1 other reference | |
| Ahmed (1991) |
| Zahid et al. (2013) |
Herb Obodda collection | |
Peru | |
| Teodocio Ramos specimens |
| Min.Rec. 28 (1997) |
| Steinmüller et al. (2000) |
| Thomas P. Moore |
Poland | |
| Błocisz et al. (2015) |
| Gil et al. (2022) |
| Szełęg E. |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
Lis et al. (1986) | |
| Matyszczak et al. (2016) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
Lis et al. (1986) | |
| Gil et al. (2019) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
Lis et al. (1986) | |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Harańczyk C. (1970) |
Körber et al. (2005) | |
Lis et al. (1986) | |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Pieczka et al. (2023) |
Pieczka et al. (2023) | |
| Ł. Kruszewski PXRD & pXRF data (paper in preparation) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| DUBIŃSKA E. et al. (Nasławice, Lower Silesia, Poland) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Ilnicki et al. (2019) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Heflik et al. (1987) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Koszowska E. 2002: ... |
Portugal | |
| L. Miguel Gaspar and Carlos M. C. Inverno (2000) |
| Gaspar et al. (2000) |
| Leal et al. (2022) |
Romania | |
| www.minerals-of-the carpathians.eu (2009) |
| Hîrtopanu et al. (2003) |
minerals-of-the-carpathians.eu (2008) | |
Russia | |
| Leech et al. (2000) |
| Zhmodik et al. (2022) |
| Spiridonov (2020, September) |
| Filina et al. (2019) |
Filina et al. (2019) | |
| Local geolofist S.V.Kolesnichenko data |
Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) | |
| Alexei Kuznetsov data |
| Uwe Kolitsch (SXRD analysis of Dmitry Tonkacheev sample ) |
| Amplieva (2008) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
Rasskazov et al. (2007) | |
| Bortnikova et al. (2009, February) |
| Burlakov (1995) |
Burlakov (1999) | |
| Silyanov et al. (2021) |
| Filimonova et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
Pekin et al. (2010) +1 other reference | |
| Groshev +6 other references |
| Mokrushin et al. (2021) |
| Bazai et al. (2009) |
| Ivanyuk et al. (2008) |
| |
| Grant et al. (2001) |
| Semenov et al. (2008) |
| V.A. Gorelov (1997) |
[World of Stones 12:49] | |
| Antonov A.A. [Антонов А.А.] (2003) |
| Lebedev et al. (2019) |
| Svetlitskaya et al. (2022) |
Senegal | |
| Schwartz et al. (2004) |
Serbia | |
| Pačevski et al. (2018) |
Slovakia | |
| Vlasáč J. et al. (2018) |
| Jeleň et al. (2006) |
| Ondrejka et al. (2020) |
Koděra (1986) | |
| Ondrejka et al. (2022) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
Koděra (1986) | |
| Koděra (1986) |
Koděra (1986) | |
| Števko M. et al. (in Slovak) |
unpublished | |
Rybárik M. et al. (2020) | |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Uher P. |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
Koděra (1986) | |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Bacsó |
| Bacik et al. (2019) |
| Duda et. all. |
| Bačík P. et al. (2018) |
| Ozdín D. & Rojkovič I. |
South Africa | |
| Anhaeusser et al. (1976) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Cairncross (1991) +1 other reference |
Cairncross (1991) | |
Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
| Van der Merwe (2011) |
| Giester et al. (1994) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
Spain | |
| Miguel Angel Fernandez Periz (2006) |
| Canadian Mineralogist 40:67-83 |
| Eur. J. Mineral. |
| Romero Silva JC (2003) |
| Carlos Utrera (2008) |
| Romero Silva (2003) |
| Romero Silva (2003) |
| Romero Silva (2003) |
| Calvo Rebollar et al. (2022) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2018) |
| Dill et al. (2023) |
Ahijado et al (2005) +1 other reference | |
| Rodríguez-Losada et al. (1998) |
| Dill et al. (2023) |
Dill et al. (2023) | |
Dill et al. (2023) | |
| Dill et al. (2023) |
| - (1998) +1 other reference |
| Calvo (2018) |
| Analyzed by XRD by Dr. Joan Vinals (Barcelona) |
| Jordi Fabre |
| Aufschluss 1975 (6) |
| Josep Sanchez Lafuente i Mariol ... |
Alfredo Petrov field observations | |
Specimens field collected by Josep ... | |
| Mata i Perelló (1990) |
| Mellado et al. (2022) |
| Bareche (2005) |
| |
| Jordi Fabre |
Fernando Gascón collection | |
Tanago et al. (2012) | |
| ANGEL ORTIZ MAELLAS AOM |
| Collection of the Geominero Museum of ... |
| Calvo Rebollar (2018) |
| Tornos et al. (2006) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2018) |
| Manuel Echevarria Rodriguez |
| Calvo (2018) |
| from Los Serranos quarry et al. (4) +1 other reference |
| Casanova Honrubia |
Sweden | |
| Lars Bergström (1959) |
| |
| Wilke (1976) |
| Jansson et al. (2013) |
| Tröeng (1982) |
| |
| Wilke (1997) |
Wilke (1997) | |
Wilke (1997) | |
Wilke (1997) | |
| Zenzén (1927) |
| |
| www.gvc.gu.se (2003) |
| Andersson et al. (2022) |
| Natural History Museum Stockholm ... +1 other reference |
| Gustafsson et al. (1991) +2 other references |
Gustafsson (1992) | |
| Nysten (1996) |
| Grensman (1991) |
| Gatedal (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| |
| |
Sandström et al. (2009) | |
Östra Värmlands Mineral Society | |
| |
| |
Rincon (2022) | |
| |
| |
| Turner (2020) +1 other reference |
Jansson (2022) | |
Stenberg (2006) | |
Switzerland | |
| Romani E. (2000) |
| Romani (2000) |
Romani (2000) | |
| Romani (2000) |
| Wenk et al. (2019) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
Stalder et al. (1998) | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Dill (2008) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
www.mineralienatlas.de (n.d.) | |
| Friedländer (1930) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
Stalder et al. (1998) | |
| Mittelholzer (1936) |
| Mineralreaktionen mit Wollastonit und Vesuvian in einem Kalksilikatfels der alpinen Disthenzone (Claro, Tessin) +4 other references |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Weiß et al. (2018) |
| Weiß et al. (2005) +1 other reference |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Lapis (6) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Cannon (2005) +1 other reference |
| Mestrom (2023) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Graeser S. (2005) |
Die Mineralien der Schweiz | |
Taiwan | |
| Wan et al. (1984) +1 other reference |
| |
| Huang (2013) |
Tanzania | |
| Maaskant et al. (1980) |
Thailand | |
| Charusiri et al. (1990) |
Trinidad and Tobago | |
| Coll. G. Brandstetter |
Scott et al. (1999) | |
Turkey | |
| Kaya et al. (2023) |
| Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences |
UK | |
| [Robson |
| Day (1999) |
| Taylor (1934) |
| Day (1999) |
| |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) |
Render (n.d.) | |
Render (n.d.) | |
| Render (n.d.) |
Render (n.d.) | |
| [BMS] |
| Gilbey |
USA | |
| Rocks & Min 70:5 pp 320-333 |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
| USGS OFR 2004-1200 (Hawley,2004) |
| - (2008) |
- (2008) | |
| USGS OFR 98-287 (Freeman,1998) |
| Simpson (1983) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
Miller et al. (1983) | |
Luetcke (n.d.) | |
Bob Jenkins | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
Anthony et al. (1995) | |
Luetcke (n.d.) | |
Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
Butler et al. (1938b) +2 other references | |
| Butler et al. (1938b) +1 other reference |
Schwartz (1958) +1 other reference | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
Peterson (1962) +1 other reference | |
| Peterson et al. (1946) +5 other references |
| Peterson (1954) +2 other references |
| Heinrich (1960) |
| Gilluly (1946) +1 other reference |
| Bideaux et al. (1960) +1 other reference |
| Ronald Render |
| Schwartz (1953) +1 other reference |
Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Creasey (1952) +1 other reference |
| Rose (1959) |
Tsujimori | |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 480 +3 other references |
| Martin et al. (2020) |
| Barton (2000) |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 434 +2 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 481-482. +3 other references |
Rowland (1984) | |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 482. +2 other references |
Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 481. +2 other references | |
Pelletier | |
| Chesterman (1966b) +1 other reference |
| Murdoch (1966) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 483. +2 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 483. +2 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 483. +2 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 483. +2 other references |
| Charles I. Trantham collection |
| Anne Davila and Alfredo Petrov specimens |
| Woodford et al. (1941) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 483 +3 other references |
| Alfredo Petrov specimen. |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 483. +2 other references |
| Murdoch (1966) |
| Murdoch (1966) |
| Parrish (1960’s) |
| San Diego Mining Company (2011) |
| Foord et al. (1989) |
Foord et al. (1989) | |
San Diego Mining Company | |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 484. +1 other reference |
| Hutton |
| Taylor et al. (2021) |
| 2004 Denver Annual Meeting (November 7–10, 2004) +1 other reference |
| Murdoch (1966) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| U.S. Geological Survey Professional ... +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Am Min 50:1179-1212 +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Page et al. (1956) +3 other references |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
Bush | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Januzzi (1994) |
Agar (1933) | |
Walter D. Munson (of Southbury) | |
| Murphy et al. (1966) |
| Jeremy Zolan |
Shannon (1921b) +1 other reference | |
Moritz (n.d.) | |
Jeremy Zolan | |
| Eric Briggs collection |
| Januzzi et al. (1976) |
Schooner (1961) +1 other reference | |
| Moritz (n.d.) |
| Schooner (circa 1990) |
| Januzzi et al. (1976) |
| Moritz (n.d.) |
| Moritz (n.d.) |
| Former Ronald Januzzi collection |
| Long et al. (1959) |
| Cook (1978) |
gamineral.org (2000) | |
| Cook (1978) |
| Rocks & Min. 70:246 +3 other references |
| - (2005) |
Ream (2004) | |
| Fisher (1936) |
| Thompson et al. (1998) |
| Pavlides |
Pavlides | |
Pavlides | |
Pavlides | |
| Thompson et al. (1998) |
P Cristofono collection | |
| |
| Doug Watts |
| King et al. (1994) |
| gsa.confex.com (n.d.) |
| |
| King et al. (1994) |
| |
| |
| |
| Leavitt et al. (5) |
King et al. (1994) | |
| Bernstein (1976) +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Min.: 18:206. |
| Bernstein (1980) |
| Ref.: Minerals of the Washington D.C. ... |
| |
| P Cristofono collection |
| Min Rec (1978) |
Min Rec (1978) | |
Alan R. Plante | |
Brownlow (MIT thesis) | |
| Cook (1974) |
| Gleba (2008) |
Cook | |
| P. Cristofono collection |
| Cook |
| P Cristofono collection |
| USGS Open File Report 02-433 (2002) |
| P. Cristofono collection +1 other reference |
| ... |
Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
... | |
Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Econ Geol (1986) +1 other reference |
| NBMG Bull 83 Geology and Mineral ... |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Longwell et al. (1965) |
| Peter G. Vikre (1998) |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
| Jensen (1993) |
Rocks & Minerals | |
10XMinerals | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| R&M 79:1 p44-54 |
R&M 79:1 p44-54 | |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
| - (2005) +1 other reference |
| - (1976) |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
| |
Rocks & Minerals 80:4 pp242-261 | |
| P. Cristofono collection 2010 |
| Meyers et al. (1956) |
| Rumble et al. (1988) |
| P. Cristofono collection |
| P. Cristofono collection +2 other references |
P. Cristofono collection 2011 | |
| Walsh & Clark (USGS Open-File Report 99-8) |
| Palache (1935) |
| Rutgers Univ. Bull. #5 |
| Dunn (1995) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| NMBMMR OFR 370 |
| XRD data from the New Mexico Bureau of ... |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Min Rec 20:1 p60 +1 other reference |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
USGS Bull 945C | |
| USGS Bull 945C |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Jensen (1978) |
| NY State Museum spec. no. 19554 |
| Januzzi |
Januzzi et al. (1976) | |
| - (2005) |
| Arthur R.Kinkel. |
| P.G Fess et al. (1983) |
| |
| Robert D.Hatcher Jr. and Brendan R.Bean (2002) |
Lawrence et al. (1993) | |
| Barmarin (2009-2010) |
| Horton et al. (1981) +1 other reference |
| McSween et al. (1984) |
| Southeastern Geology +1 other reference |
| Zeitner |
| Absher and McSween H.Y Jr |
- (2005) | |
| McSween Jr et al. (1984) |
Pink Zoisite and Clinozoisite from ... | |
| various added photos |
| |
Richard C. Erd | |
| Richard C. Erd |
| Richard C. Erd |
Dockal et al. (2007) | |
Richard C. Erd | |
Wood et al. (1996) | |
| E-An Zen |
| GSA Southeastern Section - 60th Annual Meeting (23–25 March 2011) |
J.Wright Horton et al. (2006) | |
Lawrence et al. (1993) | |
Stephen Brewer Harper | |
| Harper et al. (1977) |
Harper et al. (1977) | |
| Conrad |
| "Mineralogy of the Ray Mica Mine |
| Richard C. Erd |
| Richard C. Erd |
| Oregon Metal Mines Handbook |
| Lapham & Geyer |
| George (1969) |
| |
| S.K. Mittwede and E.S. Schandl |
| Long et al. (1959) |
| Travis A. Paris (2011) |
| Rankin (2002) |
Whetten (1965) | |
Am Min 50:752 | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) |
USGS OFR 45-14 +1 other reference | |
| Woodford et al. (2001) |
| Nolan et al. (1935) +1 other reference |
| various added photos |
| Bullock (1981) |
Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Chidester et al. (1978) |
| Rocks & Min. Vol. 71 (1996) |
Yale Peabody Museum | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Rocks & Min.:60:165. |
| Ross (1941) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
Dietrich (1990) | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
Dietrich (1990) | |
Dietrich (1990) | |
Dietrich (1990) | |
Dietrich (1990) | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Rocks&Min. 47:596 (1972) |
| Cannon (1975) |
| R. Derkey +1 other reference |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Cannon Microprobe ID |
Rocks & Minerals (1991) | |
| Cannon (1975) |
| R. Derkey +1 other reference |
| Cordura |
Leighton (1954) | |
| Lambe et al. (1987) |
| Greenberg (1983) |
| R&M 73:11-12 pp 378-399 Wisconsin ... |
| William S. Cordua collection |
| Wyoming State Geological Survey +1 other reference |
| USGS Bull 1009A |
Zimbabwe | |
| Klemm et al. (2000) |
| Kisters et al. (1998) |
| Eales (1964) |
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Lemie, Metropolitan City of Turin, Piedmont, Italy