Xenotime-(Y)
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Xenotime-(Y)
Formula:
Y(PO4)
May contain minor HREE, Ca, U, Th, Si, F and other elements.
Colour:
Yellowish brown, reddish, brown, light red, flesh-red, light green, gray, grayish-white, wine-yellow
Lustre:
Vitreous, Resinous
Hardness:
4 - 5
Specific Gravity:
4.4 - 5.1
Crystal System:
Tetragonal
Member of:
Name:
Xenotime-(Y) was found by the Norwegian mineralogist Nils Otto Tank (1800-1864) and first described by the Swedish chemist Jøns Jacob Berzelius in 1824 as Phosphorsyrad Ytterjord from a granite pegmatite at Hidra, Flekkefjord, Norway. Later, Glocker (1831) introduced the name Ytterspath. The name xenotime was finally coined by the French mineralogist François Sulpice Beudant (1832) in his 2. edition of Traité élémentaire de Minéralogie. The name is from the Greek κενός = "vain" and τιμή = "honor," in allusion to the fact that the yttrium in it was first mistaken by Berzelius for a new element (Yttrium was discovered already in 1794). It was later renamed as xenotime-(Y), with a suffix, -(Y), in according to the "Levinson modifiers" (Levinson 1966).
Type Locality:
Isostructural with:
Xenotime Group. Chernovite-(Y)-Xenotime-(Y) Series. The P (or phosphate) analogue of chernovite-(Y) and wakefieldite-(Y).
The Y analogue of xenotime-(Yb) and xenotime-(Gd).
A recent find of As-rich xenotime-(Y), accompanied by wakefieldite-(Ce) - wakefieldite-(Y) solid solution, in a silicified Agathoxylon wood is described by Matisová et al. (2016).
An interesting, strongly fluorine-enriched xenotime-(Y), was described from Madeira pluton, Pitinga, Brasil. It is though to contain some PO3F anions in the structure.
Possibly crystallochemically related to schiavinatoite / béhierite (Nb,Ta)BO4 (Ondrejka et al., 2022).
The Y analogue of xenotime-(Yb) and xenotime-(Gd).
A recent find of As-rich xenotime-(Y), accompanied by wakefieldite-(Ce) - wakefieldite-(Y) solid solution, in a silicified Agathoxylon wood is described by Matisová et al. (2016).
An interesting, strongly fluorine-enriched xenotime-(Y), was described from Madeira pluton, Pitinga, Brasil. It is though to contain some PO3F anions in the structure.
Possibly crystallochemically related to schiavinatoite / béhierite (Nb,Ta)BO4 (Ondrejka et al., 2022).
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
4333
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:4333:1
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
2149c98d-72c9-4d76-a5d6-c4b32f715f23
IMA Classification of Xenotime-(Y)
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA status notes:
Renamed by the IMA
Approval history:
Renamed by IMA in 1987 by special procedure.
Classification of Xenotime-(Y)
8.AD.35
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
A : Phosphates, etc. without additional anions, without H2O
D : With only large cations
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
A : Phosphates, etc. without additional anions, without H2O
D : With only large cations
Dana 7th ed.:
38.4.9.1
19.9.1
19 : Phosphates
9 : Phosphates of rare earths and Sc
19 : Phosphates
9 : Phosphates of rare earths and Sc
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Symbol | Source | Reference |
---|---|---|
Xtm-Y | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Xtm | Siivolam & Schmid (2007) | Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download |
Xtm | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
Xnt | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Pronunciation of Xenotime-(Y)
Pronunciation:
Play | Recorded by | Country |
---|---|---|
Jolyon Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Xenotime-(Y)
Vitreous, Resinous
Transparency:
Translucent, Opaque
Colour:
Yellowish brown, reddish, brown, light red, flesh-red, light green, gray, grayish-white, wine-yellow
Comment:
Colourless to very light yellowish green, yellow or yellowish brown in transmitted light
Streak:
Pale brown, yellowish or reddish, white
Hardness:
4 - 5 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Imperfect/Fair
On {100}, complete (good - according to the Handbook of Mineralogy)
On {100}, complete (good - according to the Handbook of Mineralogy)
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Splintery
Density:
4.4 - 5.1 g/cm3 (Measured) 4.277 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Xenotime-(Y)
Type:
Uniaxial (+)
RI values:
nω = 1.720 nε = 1.816 - 1.827
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.096
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Very High
Pleochroism:
Weak
Comments:
Dichroic:
O = Pink, yellow, or yellowish brown
E = Brownish yellow, grayish brown, or greenish
O = Pink, yellow, or yellowish brown
E = Brownish yellow, grayish brown, or greenish
Chemistry of Xenotime-(Y)
Mindat Formula:
Y(PO4)
May contain minor HREE, Ca, U, Th, Si, F and other elements.
May contain minor HREE, Ca, U, Th, Si, F and other elements.
Elements listed:
Chemical Analysis
Oxide wt%:
1 | |
---|---|
P2O5 | 34.37 % |
SiO2 | 0.31 % |
Nd2O3 | 0.17 % |
Sm2O3 | 0.49 % |
Eu2O3 | 0.07 % |
Gd2O3 | 2.69 % |
Tb2O3 | 0.58 % |
Dy2O3 | 4.93 % |
Ho2O3 | 1.27 % |
Er2O3 | 4.05 % |
Tm2O3 | 0.70 % |
Yb2O3 | 4.36 % |
Lu2O3 | 0.87 % |
Y2O3 | 46.49 % |
Total: | 101.35 % |
Sample references:
ID | Locality | Reference | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Gloserheia, Froland, Agder, Norway | By electron microprobe, average of 8 analyses |
Crystallography of Xenotime-(Y)
Crystal System:
Tetragonal
Class (H-M):
4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) - Ditetragonal Dipyramidal
Space Group:
I41/amd
Setting:
I41/amd
Cell Parameters:
a = 6.884-6.902(4) Å, c = 6.021-6.038(8) Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 0.875
Unit Cell V:
285.33 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Crystals short to long prismatic [001], wiht {010} and {110} faces; also equant, pyramidal {011}; as crude radial aggregates comprised of coarse crystals; in rosettes; crystals up to 5 cm are reported
Twinning:
On {111}, rare.
Crystallographic forms of Xenotime-(Y)
Crystal Atlas:
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0001706 | Xenotime-(Y) | Ni Y, Hughes J M, Mariano A N (1995) Crystal chemistry of the monazite and xenotime structures American Mineralogist 80 21-26 | 1995 | 0 | 293 | ||
0012654 | Xenotime-(Y) | Strada M, Schwendimann G (1934) La struttura cristallina di alcuni fosfati ed arseniati di metalli trivalenti. II. Arseniato e fosfato di ittrio Gazzetta Chimica Italiana 64 662-674 | 1934 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
Epitaxial Relationships of Xenotime-(Y)
Epitaxial Minerals:
Zircon | Zr(SiO4) |
Epitaxy Comments:
Parallel growth with zircon common.
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Image Loading
Radiation - Copper Kα
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
3.443 Å | (100) |
2.558 Å | (60) |
1.762 Å | (45) |
4.54 Å | (25) |
2.145 Å | (25) |
1.820 Å | (18) |
1.721 Å | (18) |
Comments:
similar to that of atelisite-(Y)
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
---|---|
Near-surface Processes | |
26 : Hadean detrital minerals | |
Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
34 : Complex granite pegmatites | |
35 : Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks |
Geological Setting:
Minor accessory mineral in acidic and alkalic igneous rocks and pegmatites; in mica and quartz rich gneisses. Also as a detrital mineral.
Type Occurrence of Xenotime-(Y)
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Granite pegmatite
Reference:
Berzelius, J. (1824) Undersökning af några Mineralier. 1. Phosphorsyrad Ytterjord. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar, 2 : 334-338
Synonyms of Xenotime-(Y)
Other Language Names for Xenotime-(Y)
Varieties of Xenotime-(Y)
Relationship of Xenotime-(Y) to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
Chernovite-(Y) | Y(AsO4) | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I41/amd |
Pretulite | Sc(PO4) | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I41/amd |
Wakefieldite-(Ce) | Ce(VO4) | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I41/amd |
Wakefieldite-(La) | La(VO4) | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I41/amd |
Wakefieldite-(Nd) | Nd(VO4) | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I41/amd |
Wakefieldite-(Y) | Y(VO4) | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I41/amd |
Xenotime-(Gd) | Gd(PO4) | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I41/amd |
Xenotime-(Yb) | Yb(PO4) | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I41/amd |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
88 photos of Xenotime-(Y) associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
58 photos of Xenotime-(Y) associated with Rutile | TiO2 |
52 photos of Xenotime-(Y) associated with Zircon | Zr(SiO4) |
52 photos of Xenotime-(Y) associated with Monazite-(Ce) | Ce(PO4) |
19 photos of Xenotime-(Y) associated with Pyrite | FeS2 |
18 photos of Xenotime-(Y) associated with Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
17 photos of Xenotime-(Y) associated with Thorite | Th(SiO4) |
16 photos of Xenotime-(Y) associated with Aegirine | NaFe3+Si2O6 |
16 photos of Xenotime-(Y) associated with Pyrochlore Group | A2Nb2(O,OH)6Z |
16 photos of Xenotime-(Y) associated with Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
8.AD. | Keplerite | Ca9(Ca0.5◻0.5)Mg(PO4)7 |
8.AD. | Deynekoite | Ca9◻Fe3+(PO4)7 |
8.AD. | Mazorite | Ba3(PO4)2 |
8.AD. | Monazite-(Gd) | Gd(PO4) |
8.AD.05 | Nahpoite | Na2(PO3OH) |
8.AD.10 | Monetite | Ca(PO3OH) |
8.AD.10 | Weilite | Ca(HAsO4) |
8.AD.10 | Švenekite | Ca(H2AsO4)2 |
8.AD.15 | Archerite | (K,NH4)(H2PO4) |
8.AD.15 | Biphosphammite | NH4(H2PO4) |
8.AD.20 | Phosphammite | (NH4)2(PO3OH) |
8.AD.25 | Buchwaldite | NaCa(PO4) |
8.AD.30 | Schultenite | Pb(HAsO4) |
8.AD.35 | Chernovite-(Y) | Y(AsO4) |
8.AD.35 | Dreyerite | Bi(VO4) |
8.AD.35 | Wakefieldite-(Ce) | Ce(VO4) |
8.AD.35 | Wakefieldite-(Y) | Y(VO4) |
8.AD.35 | Chernovite-(Ce) | (Ce,Y)(AsO4) |
8.AD.35 | Pretulite | Sc(PO4) |
8.AD.35 | Xenotime-(Yb) | Yb(PO4) |
8.AD.35 | Wakefieldite-(La) | La(VO4) |
8.AD.35 | Wakefieldite-(Nd) | Nd(VO4) |
8.AD.35 | Xenotime-(Gd) | Gd(PO4) |
8.AD.40 | Pucherite | Bi(VO4) |
8.AD.45 | Ximengite | Bi(PO4) |
8.AD.50 | Gasparite-(Ce) | Ce(AsO4) |
8.AD.50 | Monazite-(Ce) | Ce(PO4) |
8.AD.50 | Monazite-(La) | La(PO4) |
8.AD.50 | Monazite-(Nd) | Nd(PO4) |
8.AD.50 | Rooseveltite | Bi(AsO4) |
8.AD.50 | Cheralite | CaTh(PO4)2 |
8.AD.50 | Monazite-(Sm) | Sm(PO4) |
8.AD.50 | UM2005-35-VO:CaFePSiTh | (Th,Ca)(VO4,SiO4,PO4) |
8.AD.50 | Gasparite-(La) | La(AsO4) |
8.AD.55 | Tetrarooseveltite | Bi(AsO4) |
8.AD.60 | Chursinite | [Hg2]2+Hg2+2[AsO4]2 |
8.AD.65 | Clinobisvanite | Bi(VO4) |
8.AD.70 | Gurimite | Ba3(VO4)2 |
8.AD.75 | Picaite | NaCa[AsO3OH][AsO2(OH)2] |
Other Information
Magnetism:
Paramagnetic
Notes:
Very slightly attacked or impervious to acids, depending on the composition.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Industrial Uses:
An ore of yttrium.
Internet Links for Xenotime-(Y)
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-4333.html
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External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Xenotime-(Y)
Reference List:
Berzelius, J. (1824) Undersökning af några Mineralier. 1. Phosphorsyrad Ytterjord. Kungliga Svenska vetenskapsakademiens handlingar, S. 3 Vol. 12. Kungl. Svenska vetenskapsakademien. 334-228
Lenz, Christoph, Nasdala, Lutz, Talla, Dominik, Hauzenberger, Christoph, Seitz, Roland, Kolitsch, Uwe (2015) Laser-induced REE3+ photoluminescence of selected accessory minerals — An “advantageous artefact” in Raman spectroscopy. Chemical Geology, 415. 1-16 doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2015.09.001
Matysová, Petra, Götze, Jens, Leichmann, Jaromír, Škoda, Radek, Strnad, Ladislav, Drahota, Petr, Grygar, Tomáš Matys (2016) Cathodoluminescence and LA-ICP-MS chemistry of silicified wood enclosing wakefieldite – REEs and V migration during complex diagenetic evolution. European Journal of Mineralogy, 28 (5) 869-887 doi:10.1127/ejm/2016/0028-2556
Anthony, John W., Bideaux, Richard A., Bladh, Kenneth W., Nichols, Monte C. - Eds. (2016) Handbook of Mineralogy. https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/
Ondrejka, Martin, Molnárová, Alexandra, Putiš, Marián, Bačík, Peter, Uher, Pavel, Voleková, Bronislava, Milovská, Stanislava, Mikuš, Tomáš, Pukančík, Libor (2022) Hellandite-(Y)–hingganite-(Y)–fluorapatite retrograde coronae: a novel type of fluid-induced dissolution–reprecipitation breakdown of xenotime-(Y) in the metagranites of Fabova Hoľa, Western Carpathians, Slovakia. Mineralogical Magazine, 86 (4) 586-605 doi:10.1180/mgm.2022.7
Localities for Xenotime-(Y)
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality.
Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Algeria | |
| G. Tchimichkian |
| |
Antarctica | |
| Precambrian Research: 114: 249-275. |
| Grew et al. (2007) |
Amer.Min. (1998) | |
Grew et al. (2006) +1 other reference | |
Argentina | |
| Rocks & Min. (2007) |
| COLOMBO +2 other references |
| Colombo et al. (2006) |
Colombo et al. (2006) | |
Colombo et al. (2006) | |
| Ian Graham et al. (2018) |
Armenia | |
| |
Australia | |
| Brown R.E. (1997) +1 other reference |
| Mount Woods Inlier et al. (Honors thesis) +1 other reference |
Keyser et al. (2019) | |
| Nickel et al. (1987) |
| Brugger et al. (2003) |
| The Geology of South Australia |
Wulser PA et al. U-Th-REE mobility in ... | |
| mentioned references in description |
| Brugger et al. (2006) |
| Noble et al. (1983) |
| leme.anu.edu.au (n.d.) |
| implications for ore genesis. Neues ... +3 other references |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Bottrill |
| Ryan Eagle - collection |
| Personally collected by Ryan Eagle in ... |
| Eagle (2009) |
| Eagle (2009) |
| |
| |
| |
| Downes et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| Bagas et al. (2009) |
| Rasmussen (2009) |
| Mueller et al. (2008) |
| M. Jacobson +2 other references |
| The Kimberlites and Lamproites of ... |
Austria | |
| Michael Waitzinger et al. (2021) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
Niedermayr et al. (1995) | |
| H. Weninger: Der Karinthin 79:45-55 (1978) |
Niedermayr et al. (1995) | |
H. Weninger: Der Karinthin 79:45-55 (1978) | |
| |
| Mikl et al. (2014) |
| Annalen 1999 |
| Auer (2021) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Meixner (1952) +1 other reference |
| Kolitsch (2019) |
| Kolitsch (2015) |
| Müller (2016) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2020) |
| Kolitsch (2017) |
| MEIXNER (1968) +2 other references |
Kolitsch (2021) | |
| MEIXNER (1965) +3 other references |
| Kolitsch (2017) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2015) |
| T.Schachinger |
Kolitsch et al. (2018) | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2014) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2023) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2016) |
| Kolitsch (2014) |
| G. Niedermayr et al.: Carinthia II 194./114.:240-241 (2003) |
Strasser (1989) | |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2019) |
| Auer (2020) |
Auer (2020) | |
| 'Ref.: W.H. Paar et al. (5) |
| Walter (2010) |
| C. Auer: Lapis 20 (11) |
| PUTZ (2010) |
Strasser (1989) | |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2021) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Steiner&Melcher (2020) |
| Bernhard et al. (2004) |
Kolitsch (2020) | |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Preite D. (1986) |
| - (n.d.) |
Strasser (1989) | |
Strasser (1989) | |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
Strasser (1989) | |
Strasser (1989) | |
Strasser (1989) | |
| Strasser (1989) |
| U. Kolitsch et al. (2012) |
| F. Bernhard et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
| |
| Auer (2020) |
| Weissensteiner (1970) |
Taucher+Hollerer (2001) | |
| G. Weissensteiner: Der Karinthin 63:183-186 (1970) |
Franz Bernhard collection | |
Weißensteiner (1979) | |
Ertl et al. (1998) | |
| Postl et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| Aufschluss 1972 (SB) |
| Postl et al. (1984) |
| Taucher (1993) |
| Grachev (Ed) +1 other reference |
| Picture first described in: +1 other reference |
| Auer (2022) |
| Mali (2004) |
| Taucher et al. (1998) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| C.Auer (2014) |
| Postl (1987) |
| Jakely (2008) |
| NEINAVAIE et al. (1999) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2023) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2020) |
| Auer (2023) |
| Auer (2022) |
| Niedermayr et al. (2009) |
| Lapis (6) |
| Folie et al. (1999) |
| Elisabeth Kirchner +3 other references |
| Exel (1993) |
| Elisabeth Kirchner +3 other references |
| Wallenta (1988) |
| Brandstetter (1998) +1 other reference |
| C.Auer (2013) |
| Horninger (1936) +1 other reference |
| Kolitsch (2014) |
Kolitsch (2015) | |
Belgium | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
Corin (1931) +2 other references | |
| Neutkens (2005) |
Neutkens (2005) | |
Jedwab et al. (1982) +1 other reference | |
| BLONDIEAU M. et al. (2017) |
| Blondieau (2005) |
| Blondieau (2012) |
| Renard (1881) +3 other references |
Bolivia | |
| Wilson (2001) +1 other reference |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | |
| Koch (1899) +7 other references |
Botswana | |
| Melgarejo et al. (2011) |
Brazil | |
| C. Lemanski (re-entry of lost Mindat data) |
A. C. Bastos Neto et al. (2009) +1 other reference | |
| Overstreet |
Betts (n.d.) | |
| Menezes Filho et al. (2015) |
Orris et al. (2002) | |
| Santana et al. (2022) |
| Waber et al. (1992) +1 other reference |
Palache et al. (1951) | |
| Diamond News +1 other reference |
| Cassedanne et al. (1999) |
| |
| Cassedanne et al. (1981) |
Cornejo et al. (2009) | |
| Menezes da Silva et al. (2020) |
| Hussak and Prior (1900) |
Brugger et al. (1997) | |
| Grainger et al. (2008) |
| Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 40 |
| Revista Brasileira de Geociências 30 (2) |
Grainger et al. (2008) | |
| Orris et al. (2002) |
Bulgaria | |
| Mihail Tarassov et al. (2004) |
Canada | |
| Pell (1994) |
| Pell (1994) |
Jennifer Pell (1994) | |
| DIXON et al. (2014) |
| M. Masau et al. (2000) +1 other reference |
| Cerny et al. 2012 +1 other reference |
| Parrish (1977) |
| Beal et al. (2010) |
| Ducharme (2020) |
| ... +2 other references |
SHEARD et al. (2012) | |
| SHEARD et al. (2012) |
Feng et al. (2015) | |
Canadian Mineralogist 41:117-137 | |
| Yvonne Maurice and Brian Charbnoneau (1986) |
| Robertson (1976) |
| Schandl et al. (1991) |
| GIDDINGS et al. (1987) |
| Pedersen et al. (2002) |
Tindle et al. (2002) | |
| Andrew Haighton +1 other reference |
| Canadian Mineralogist 49 |
| Grew et al. (2010) |
| Sabina (1971) |
| www.ursamajorminerals.com (2022) |
| Can Mineral February 1997 v. 35 no. 1 ... |
| Econ Geol. (1995) |
| Potter et al. (2005) |
| Canadian Mineralogist 49 |
| Robinson et al. (1996) |
| HORVÁTH et al. (2006) |
| Louise Corriveau (Date Modified: 2008-12-08) |
| 166-175. +2 other references |
| SASSANO et al. (1987) |
Nadeau et al. (2014) | |
| Mitchell et al. (2017) +1 other reference |
| Hogarth et al. (1974) |
Hilderley et al. (2006) | |
| in International Workshop on the ... +1 other reference |
China | |
| Huaidong Zhang et al. (2012) |
| Martin et al. (2004) +3 other references |
| Yueqing Yang et al. (1987) |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) |
| Yu et al. (2023) |
| Yindou Zhang (2003) |
| Zhi Ma et al. (2006) |
| Dahlkamp et al. (2009) |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) |
| Zhiliang Wu (1983) +1 other reference |
| Liu et al. (2023) +1 other reference |
| Dahlkamp et al. (2009) |
| Ding Ruan (1987) |
Orris et al. (2002) | |
| Hanquan Ye (1985) |
| Orris et al. (2002) |
| Orris et al. (2002) |
| Orris et al. (2002) |
| Jinchu Zhu et al. (2001) |
Yuhui Pang (1998) | |
| Zhiwei Bao and Zhenhua Zhao (2008) |
| Linbo Yao et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| Orris et al. (2002) |
| Zhijun Shen et al. (2003) |
| Zhijun Shen et al. (2003) |
| Zhijun Shen et al. (2003) |
| Zhijun Shen et al. (2003) |
| Orris et al. (2002) |
| Econ Geol (1994) |
| Yanning Meng and Honghai Fan (2013) |
| Yingchen Ren et al. (1986) |
| Jili Shen (1988) |
| Min et al. (1999) |
| Dongsheng Qu (1988) |
| Hongli Li et al. (2007) |
| Yunhuai Lin and Shiyang Chen (1985) +1 other reference |
Deqian Chen et al. (1994) | |
| Zongzhen Zhang (1974) +2 other references |
| Chengyou Feng et al. (2007) |
| Yunhuai Lin (1986) |
| Hansheng Cao (1982) |
| Rengui Wu and Dagan Yu (2000) |
| Xiaolong Huang et al. (2002) |
| Nila Lan et al. (2013) |
| Chenghua Zhang and Guodong Ji (1983) |
| Chenghua Zhang and Guodong Ji (1983) |
| Yuanfu Xiao et al. (2010) |
| Congde Chen and Guangping Pu (1991) +1 other reference |
| Chunhong Wang et al. (2006) |
| Jingwu Yin et al. (2013) |
| Zhifen Wang (1983) |
| Xue et al. (2022) |
| Daxian Zhao (1989) |
Croatia | |
| Tomašić et al. (2021) |
Czech Republic | |
| Cempírek et al. (2006) |
| Morávek P. |
Morávek P. | |
| Sejkora et al. (2021) |
Lapis 2002 (7/8) | |
| René (2018) |
| Kotrlý +5 other references |
| Seifert +3 other references |
Scharm +7 other references | |
| Simona Vachová (2010) |
| Jirásek J et al. (2020) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Uher et al. (1998) |
| Petr Černý et al. (2007) |
Palache et al. (1951) | |
Historic mineral collection National ... +1 other reference | |
| Breiter |
| Sejkora (1998) |
| Elsevier. +1 other reference |
| Škoda +2 other references |
| Jirásek J et al. (2022) |
| Škoda +1 other reference |
| Přikryl et al. (2012) |
| Černý |
| Strübel +1 other reference |
Canadian Mineralogist Vol.22 (1984) +1 other reference | |
DR Congo | |
| Van Wambeke (1971) |
Egypt | |
| JKAU: Earth Sci. et al. (2008 A.D. / 1429 A.H.) |
Abd El-Naby (2009) | |
Finland | |
| Ilkka Mikkola collection |
Lahti Seppo I. 2011 Kotkan ... | |
| Al-Ani et al. (2018) |
| Al-Ani Thair 2012. Detailed SEM study ... |
Chernet et al. (2018) | |
| Al-Ani et al. (2018) |
| Vorma |
| Pere Tuomas (2009) |
Al-Ani | |
| P. Kartashov analytical data |
| Hytönen |
| Jouni Laurinperä collection. Raman by ... |
| Niskanen (2014) |
| Ilkka Mikkola collection |
France | |
| Périnet (n.d.) |
Périnet (n.d.) | |
| Valverde J. (1999) |
| Boisson et al. (2012) |
| De Ascençao Guedes et al. (2000) |
| De Ascenção Guedes et al. (2008) |
| De Ascençao Guedes et al. (2013) |
| Mourey Y. (1985) |
| Chauris L. (1982) |
| Chauris L. (1982) |
| R. Pierrot |
| Périnet (n.d.) |
| Bull. Soc. Franç. Minéralo. ... |
| Spandler +1 other reference |
| Périnet (n.d.) |
| |
perso.wanadoo.fr (2005) | |
| perso.wanadoo.fr (2005) |
| Gatel (1990) +1 other reference |
| Lheur (2023) |
| Bull. Minéral. |
| E. Gloaguen : "Original Mineralogical Features of a Hydrothermalized Oolitic Ironstone : The Deposit of Saint-Aubin-des-Châteaux (Armorican Massif, France) |
| Moëlo et al. (2006) |
| Jean-Marc Fourcault Collection |
| Self collected by S. MAURY +1 other reference |
Germany | |
| Joy Desor (unpublished results based on PXRD, SEM-EDS and Raman data) +1 other reference |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| |
| |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Obermüller et al. (1993) |
| Harald G. Dill et al. (2009) |
| Lorenz (1991) |
| 70. +1 other reference |
| www.berthold-weber.de (2001) +1 other reference |
| Blass +1 other reference |
Blass +1 other reference | |
| Blass +1 other reference |
| Blass +1 other reference |
| [Blass et al. (Y) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
Witzke et al. (2013) | |
| Witzke et al. (2013) |
| J. Gröbner (2011) |
Greece | |
| Rieck et al. (2018) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2015) +2 other references |
Greenland | |
| Petersen et al. (1985) |
| Rodgers et al. (1996) |
Hungary | |
| Zajzon et al. (2015) |
| Szakáll & Gatter |
| Szakáll-Gatter-Szendrei: Mineral ... |
India | |
| Journ. Atomic Min. Sci. 2:1-17 (1994) |
| Economic Geology 103 (2008) |
Iran | |
| Nezafatis (2006) |
| Nezafatis (2006) |
| Mehrabi et al. (1999) +1 other reference |
| Economic Geology 102 (2007) |
Iraq | |
| Mohammad et al. (2016) +1 other reference |
Italy | |
| Putzolu et al. (2018) |
Putzolu et al. (2018) | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
Lapis 2004 number 7/8 pp. 37-51 | |
Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Mondillo N. et al. (2011) |
| Palenzona A. et al. (1990) |
| Bracco et al. (2006) |
| Martinelli (2013) |
| Vignola P. et al. (2011) |
| Bedognè et al. (2006) |
| Bedognè et al. (1993) |
| Guastoni et al. (2016) |
| Bedognè et al. (1993) |
| Bedognè et al. (1993) |
| AA. VV. +1 other reference |
Ghizzoni et al. (2005) | |
Ghizzoni et al. (2005) | |
| Bedognè et al. (1993) |
Bedognè et al. (1993) | |
Bedognè et al. (1993) | |
| Bedogné et al. (1995) |
| Pezzotta et al. (1999) |
| Nazareno La Manna collection +1 other reference |
Collection Domenico Preite (Photo ID: 379173) +1 other reference | |
- (n.d.) | |
| Gentile et al. (2023) |
| Piccoli et al. (2004) |
| Bruno Marello collection |
| Piccoli (2002) +2 other references |
| P. Orlandi (1) |
Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
Piccoli (2002) | |
Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
Piccoli (2002) | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
Finello et al. (2007) | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Ciriotti et al. (2019) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Lapis (7/8) +1 other reference |
Albertini C. (1991) +1 other reference | |
Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
| Grill (1935) |
Pezzotta et al. (1999) | |
| De Battisti et al. (1987) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
Mattioli V. (1976) +1 other reference | |
Mattioli V. (1979) +1 other reference | |
| Nazareno La Manna collection |
Mattioli (1985) | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Cuchet et al. (2023) |
| Rivista Mineralogica Italiana (1) |
| Angelo Brambilla Collection |
| Rivista Mineralogica Italiana (1) |
Guastoni et al. (2019) | |
Guastoni et al. (2019) | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Callegari et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
Vittorio Mattioli (1976) | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
Cuchet et al. (2016) | |
Cuchet et al. (2016) | |
Cuchet et al. (2016) +1 other reference | |
Cuchet et al. (2016) | |
Cuchet et al. (2022) | |
Cuchet et al. (2022) | |
| Rivista Mineralogica Italiana |
| Orlandi et al. (2013) +1 other reference |
| Billows (1941) |
| Bosi et al. (2018) |
| Preite et al. (1995) |
Mondillo (2016) | |
Mondillo et al. (2016) +1 other reference | |
| Exel (1987) |
| Gartner et al. (2002) |
| Folie et al. (2010) |
Folie et al. (2010) | |
Buscaroli et al. (1994) | |
| Ferretti et al. (2015) |
| Vecchi et al. (2013) |
| Marinai |
| Orlandi et al. (1997) |
personal communication from Dr. ... +1 other reference | |
Orlandi et al. (1997) | |
F. Pezzotta (1994) | |
| Dini A. et al. (1997) |
Japan | |
| Uehara et al. (2014) |
| Uehara et al. (2014) |
| SUENO et al. (2002) |
Introduction to Japanese Minerals (Geological Survey of Japan, 1970) | |
| Akira Kato (2011) |
| Koji Koseki & Hanzo Gohara (1956) |
Koji Koseki & Hanzo Gohara (1956) | |
| Kota Harihara Collection |
| Dr. Kameki Kinoshita collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| |
| Nakajima & Kurosawa (2006) |
| John Rakovan (2015) |
| Petrov (n.d.) |
| Dr. Kameki Kinoshita collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) +1 other reference |
| Michiba et al. (2013) |
| Akira Harada et al. (2010) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Stepanov et al. (2012) |
| geo.web.ru (2007) |
| Pekov (1998) |
Kyrgyzstan | |
| |
Madagascar | |
| Nizamoff (2000) |
| Behier (1963) |
| Behier (1963) |
| Behier (1960) +1 other reference |
| Michel Arliguie collection & photo (photo id 901820 ) +1 other reference |
| A granite LCT pegmatite |
Behier (1960) | |
Behier (1960) | |
Giraud +1 other reference | |
Behier (1960) | |
Behier (1963) | |
Giraud +1 other reference | |
| Behier (1963) |
Behier (1963) | |
| Behier (1963) |
| Behier (1963) |
| Behier (1963) |
| Knut Edvard Larsen collection # MM-1319 |
Ranorosoa (1986) | |
| Behier (1963) |
| Ranorosoa (1986) |
Ranorosoa (1986) | |
Ranorosoa (1986) | |
| Ranorosoa (1986) |
Ranorosoa (1986) | |
| Ranorosoa (1986) |
| Dirlam et al. (2002) |
Michel Arliguie Photo | |
| Behier (1963) |
| Agakhanov et al. (2021) |
| Demartin et al. (2001) |
| Ranorosoa (1986) |
| Behier (1963) |
Malawi | |
| Wall et al. (1996) |
| Broom-Fendley et al. (2017) |
| American Mineralogist +1 other reference |
Dowman et al. (2017) | |
Mauritania | |
| Sakellaris et al. (2008) |
| Livrable 87 +1 other reference |
Mexico | |
| Prol-Ledesma et al. (2012) |
Mongolia | |
| Kynický et al. (2005) |
| web.archive.org (n.d.) +2 other references |
| Kartashov P.M. et al. (Mongolian Altai) |
Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| web.archive.org (n.d.) |
Mozambique | |
| Wilson et al. (2000) |
| Wilson et al. (2000) |
| Wilson et al. (2000) |
| Wilson et al. (2000) |
Wilson et al. (2000) | |
| Sahama et al. (1973) |
Myanmar | |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data |
Namibia | |
| www.mineral.tu-freiberg.de (2003) |
| Orris et al. (2002) |
Schnaitmann et al. (2007) | |
| JAHN +2 other references |
| Orris et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| Orris et al. (2002) |
Niger | |
| Niamey: Ministère des Mines et de ... +1 other reference |
Nigeria | |
| www.smenet.org (2001) |
| |
| Jefford (1962) |
Northwest Africa Meteorites | |
Liu et al. (2016) +1 other reference | |
Norway | |
| Brögger (1883) |
Brögger (1883) | |
| Brögger (1883) |
| Knut Edvard Larsen collection (# 559) |
| Neumann (1961) |
Knut Edvard Larsen (2023) | |
Evje og Hornnes geomuseum Fennefoss | |
| Åmli (1969) |
Neumann | |
| Neumann (1960) |
| Berzelius (1824) +6 other references |
Flink (1886) | |
| Schetelig (1922) |
Adamson (1942) | |
Neumann (1961) | |
Adamson (1942) | |
Adamson (1942) | |
Adamson (1942) | |
Adamson (1942) | |
Adamson (1942) | |
| Andersen (1931, p. 81) +1 other reference |
| Müller et al. (2012) |
Müller et al. (2012) | |
| Neumann (1961) |
Sverdrup et al. (1959) | |
| Bjørlykke (1934) |
Stensrud (2009) | |
| Bjørlykke (1934) |
Bjørlykke (1934) | |
Knut Edvard Larsen collection # 1907 (Ex-Astrid Haugen collection) | |
Frigstad (1968) | |
Frigstad (1968) | |
| Bjørlykke (1934) |
Bjørlykke (1934) | |
| Bjørlykke (1934) |
Schetelig (1922) | |
Müller et al. (2012) | |
| Neumann et al. (1960) |
Bjørlykke (1934) | |
| Knut Edvard Larsen collection # MM-7115 ( Ex Astrid Haugen collection) |
| Bjørlykke (1934) |
Bjørlykke (1934) | |
Bjørlykke (1934) | |
Collection of the Iveland Municipality ... | |
| Nilssen (1971) |
| Bjørlykke (1934) |
Frigstad (1968) | |
| Bjørlykke (1934) |
| Schetelig (1922) |
Bjørlykke (1934) +1 other reference | |
Bjørlykke (1934) | |
| Bjørlykke (1934) |
| Bjørlykke (1934) |
Bjørlykke (1934) | |
Bjørlykke (1934) | |
Stensrud (2009) | |
Bjørlykke (1934) | |
| Bjørlykke (1934) |
Frigstad (1968) | |
Nordrum (2007) | |
| Bjørlykke (1934) |
Nordrum (2007) | |
Bjørlykke (1934) | |
Bjørlykke (1934) | |
| Sverdrup et al. (1967) +1 other reference |
| |
Palache et al. (1951) | |
Brøgger (1906) | |
| Raade et al. (1975) |
Brøgger (1890, January) | |
| Husdal (2008) |
Husdal (2008) | |
Husdal (2020) | |
| Roy Kristiansen (analysed in 1972) |
| Vogt (1922) |
| Ellingsen et al. (1995) |
| Kvamsdal (2018) |
| Brögger (1883) |
| Sørlie (2003) |
Kristiansen (2008) | |
Blomstrand (1887) | |
| Brögger (1883) |
Bjørlykke (1939) | |
| Kristiansen (2022) |
| Bjørlykke (1939) |
| Bjørlykke (1939) |
| Pršek et al. (2010) |
| Personally collected by Peter Andresen ... |
Røsholt (1967) +1 other reference | |
| Kristiansen (2009) |
Raade (1972) +1 other reference | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2013) |
Nordrum (2009) | |
| Larsen (2016) |
| Steffenssen (2018) |
Steffenssen (2018) | |
| Larsen et al. (2020) |
| Nordrum (2007) |
| Grønli et al. (1984) |
| Nordrum (2007) |
Nordrum (2004) | |
| Ivy Wilson collection 1989 |
| Brøgger (1890, January) +1 other reference |
| Andresen et al. (2018) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2013) |
| Selbekk et al. (2006) |
| Samuelsen (1993) |
| Brögger (1883) |
Bjørlykke (1939) | |
Bjørlykke (1939) | |
| Kvamsdal (2018) |
Pakistan | |
| David Eicher photo |
| The Mineralogical Record |
Poland | |
| DOI: 10.1515/mipo-2016-0002 +1 other reference |
| Pieczka A. |
| SZEŁĘG et al. 2010: Geology of the Julianna pegmatite vein system from the Piława Górna quarry (Dolnośląskie Surowce Skalne S.A.) |
Szuszkiewicz et al. (2013) +4 other references | |
| Cegiełka et al. (2018) |
| Matyszczak (2018) |
Matyszczak (2018) | |
Matyszczak (2018) | |
| Matyszczak (2018) |
| Matyszczak (2018) |
Matyszczak (2018) | |
| Matyszczak (2018) |
| Matyszczak (2018) |
| Długoszewska A. 2006: Minerals of the ... +1 other reference |
| Matyszczak (2018) |
Szopa et al. (2017) | |
Pieczka A. +1 other reference | |
| Michalik M. & Szuszkiewicz A. 2003: SECONDARY XENOTIME-LIKE MINERAL IN A PEGMATITIC FELDSPAR FROM GOŁASZYCE (STRZEGOM - SOBÓTKA GRANITOID MASSIF) |
| Chabros E. |
| Włodek et al. (2015) |
| Drechsel et al. (2010) |
| Pieczka et al. (2023) |
Pieczka et al. (2023) | |
| Ł. Kruszewski EPMA data |
| Pieczka A. 2006: An unusual manganoan apatite from the Szklary pegmatite (Lower Silesia, Poland) +2 other references |
Portugal | |
| Figueiras +4 other references |
| International Geological Congress (2008) |
| Cabral Pinto (2008) |
| Novák (2009) |
Romania | |
| Szakáll |
| Pál Molnár (2000) |
Szakáll et al. (2010) | |
| Hirtopanu et al. (2013) +1 other reference |
| Paulina HIRTOPANU & Gheorghe UDUBASA (2015) |
Russia | |
| Egorov et al (1993) |
| Kovalev et al. (2024) |
| Bulnaev (2006) |
| Iovchev E.S. |
| Kainov (1973) |
| Filina et al. (2019) |
| Kasatkin et al. (2020) |
Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) | |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Ayupova et al. (2019) |
| Pekov (1998) |
Pekov (1998) | |
| Rusinov et al. (2008) |
www.igem.ru (2001) +1 other reference | |
Savel'eva V.B. Karmanov N.S. (2008) +1 other reference | |
| Barkov et al. (2016) +1 other reference |
| Korostelev et al. (2016) |
| Burlakov (1995) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) | |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
geo.web.ru (2018) | |
| Mordberg et al. (2001) |
Repina (2008) | |
| Filimonova et al. (2008) |
Pekin et al. (2010) +1 other reference | |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
... | |
... | |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
Voloshin A.V. et al. (1986) | |
| Bazai et al. (2009) |
| Kompanchenko et al. (2019) |
| Gorelikova et al. (2021) |
| Liferovich et al. (1998) |
| chemistry and genesis et al. (in Russian) +1 other reference |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Pekov (1998) |
Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) | |
| I.V.Pekov. E.A.Vlasov. E.A.Gerasimova Pitkyarantskaya mineralogical practice et al. (in Russisan) |
[World of Stones 12:49] | |
| S.M. Kravchenko and B.G. Pokrovsky |
| webcenter.ru (2002) |
| Kapustin Yu.L. (1989) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| E. V. Sklyarov et al. (2016) |
| Fialova et al. (2013) |
Grant (2001) | |
Kasatkin et al. (2020) | |
Badanina et al. (2008) | |
Saudi Arabia | |
| Küster (2009) |
Küster (2009) +1 other reference | |
Slovakia | |
| Uher |
| Pauliš |
Koděra (1986) | |
Ďuďa R. et al. (Schemnitz) | |
| Ondrejka et al. (2020) |
Pršek et al. (2010) | |
Koděra (1986) | |
Ozdín D. (Dissertation thesis) | |
Koděra (1986) | |
| Ondrejka et al. (2022) |
| Farsang et al. (2014) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Bálintová T. et al. (Slovakia) |
| Filina et al. (2019) |
Koděra (1986) | |
| Ondrejka M. et al. (Western Carpathians, Slovakia) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Števko M. et al. (2012) |
| Donát A. (1998) |
| Martin Števko-unpublished |
| Rojkovič (1997) |
| Martin Števko-unpublished |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
Koděra (1986) | |
Martin Števko-unpublished | |
Pauliš P. | |
Pršek J. & Lauko Ľ. (Spišsko-gemerské rudohorie) | |
Bačík et al. (2022) | |
| Kubiš M. et al. (Gemeric unit, Western Carpathians,Slovakia) |
Klimko et al. (2009) | |
Donát A. (1998) | |
| Peterec D. et al. (Košice) |
Koděra (1986) | |
| Uher P. et al. (2018) |
Koděra (1986) | |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Bacsó |
| Koděra (1986) |
Koděra (1986) | |
Hurný J. (1978) | |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra |
| Ozdín D. et al. (Slovak Republic) |
| Bacik et al. (2019) |
| Gawęda A. 2006: Apatite-rich rock from ... |
| Duda et. all. |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Uher et al. (Považský Inovec) |
| Koděra (1986) |
South Africa | |
| Rocks & Minerals 83:5 pp 410-421 +2 other references |
| Fuchs et al. (2017) |
| Atanasova et al. (2016) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| R. Liferovich - L. Horváth p.c. (2004) |
| Verwoerd et al. (1995) |
Econ Geol. (1995) | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
South Korea | |
| Gi Young Jeong (2006) |
Spain | |
| Dill et al. (2023) |
| Dill et al. (2023) |
Dill et al. (2023) | |
Dill et al. (2023) | |
Dill et al. (2023) | |
Dill et al. (2023) | |
Dill et al. (2023) | |
| Encarnación Roda-Robles (2007) |
| Bosch +6 other references |
| Desor (2017) +1 other reference |
| C. Canet et al. |
| Tanago et al. (2012) |
| J.I. Gil Ibarguchi |
Sri Lanka | |
| Ceylon Aluvial Mine (Book, Co. 2002) |
Sweden | |
| Collection of Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet i Stockholm (The Natural History Museum) |
Kjellman et al. (1999) | |
| Majka et al. (2013) |
Jonsson (2011) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Kjellman et al. 1999 |
| Swedish Nat.Musuem |
| J.Langhof: REE-mineralogy in Mo-granite ... |
J.Langhof: REE-mineralogy in Mo-granite ... | |
J.Langhof: REE-mineralogy in Mo-granite ... | |
J.Langhof: REE-mineralogy in Mo-granite ... +1 other reference | |
| Jonsson (2014) |
| |
| Bačík et al. (2012) |
| Zakrzewski et al (1982) |
| Wilke (1997) |
| Gustafsson et al. (1991) +1 other reference |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| |
| |
| Petersson et al. (1997) |
Switzerland | |
| Romani (2000) +1 other reference |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Guastoni et al. (2016) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Die Mineralien der Schweiz |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
Stalder et al. (1998) | |
| Stephan Wolfsried collection |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Taddei (1937) |
| Kipfer et al. (1979) +1 other reference |
| Wagner A. (1994) +1 other reference |
| Cuchet et al. (2022) |
| Cuchet et al. (2022) |
| Cuchet et al. (2003) +1 other reference |
| Ref.: Stalder et al. (1973) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
Van der Burgt et al. (2015) | |
| |
van der Burgt et al. (2005) | |
Cuchet et al. (2014) | |
J. Schwanz et al. (1994) | |
Personal finding Günter Frenz 2008 | |
Cuchet et al. (2014) | |
Cuchet et al. (2014) | |
| Christian Bracke Collection |
| Kipfer (1981) |
| C. Lemanski (re-entry of lost Mindat data) |
| Ansermet et al. (2012) |
| |
Graeser S. (2005) | |
| Gramaccioli (1978) |
| Cuchet et al. (2005) |
Cuchet et al. (2014) | |
Cuchet et al. (2014) | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Berger et al. (2013) |
| Christian Bracke Collection |
Die Mineralien der Schweiz | |
| Meisser (2012) |
Tajikistan | |
| Leonid Pautov and Mirak Mirakov ... |
| Litvinenko +8 other references |
| Grew et al. (1998) |
Thailand | |
| Econ Geol (1995) |
Econ Geol (1995) | |
Econ Geol (1995) | |
UK | |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Dawson et al. (1966) +1 other reference |
| |
| Min.Rec.:20 (5) |
Ukraine | |
| Lazarenko E.K. e.a. Mineralogy of ... |
| Lyckberg et al. (2009) |
USA | |
| Rocks & Min 70:5 pp 320-333 |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
| - (2008) |
- (2008) | |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
- (2008) | |
| - (2008) |
- (2008) | |
Am Min 69:106-199 | |
| - (2008) |
- (2008) | |
- (2008) | |
- (2008) | |
- (2008) | |
- (2008) | |
- (2008) | |
- (2008) | |
- (2008) | |
| - (2008) |
- (2008) | |
| - (2008) |
- (2008) | |
| - (2008) |
| Gastil (1954) +1 other reference |
| MRDS file #10009104. |
| Heinrich (1960) +1 other reference |
Rocks & Min. (2007) +1 other reference | |
Overstreet (1967) +1 other reference | |
Overstreet (1967) +1 other reference | |
Young (1961) +1 other reference | |
| Bideaux et al. (1960) +1 other reference |
| Howard (1987) |
| MacKevett et al. (1960) +1 other reference |
| |
| 07/25. +1 other reference |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 319 +3 other references |
| Melhase (1936a) +2 other references |
| California Division of Mines and Geology Open-File Report 94-11 (1994) |
| Bradley (1936) +2 other references |
USGS Open File report 2010-5220 | |
Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 319. +3 other references | |
Cal Div of Mines & Geo Bulletin 189 " ... | |
Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 319. +3 other references | |
CDMG OFR 94-11 " Mineral Land ... +4 other references | |
Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 319. +2 other references | |
Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 319. +3 other references | |
| Walker et al. (1956) +1 other reference |
| Fisher (2002) |
Goodwin (1958) +1 other reference | |
| Pearl |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| USGS Open-File Report 80-661 +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
Meeves et al. (1966) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Meeves et al. (1966) |
| - (2005) |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
- (2005) | |
Muntyan et al. (1985) | |
Hanson et al. (2013) | |
| - (2005) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| - (2005) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
| Page et al. (1956) +3 other references |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Meeves et al. (1966) |
Meeves et al. (1966) | |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Simmons et al. (1980) |
Simmons et al. (1980) | |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
Simmons et al. (1980) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Min News 20:9 pp1 |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
Simmons et al. (1980) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
- (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
- (2005) | |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| American Mineralogist (1982) |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
Adams +3 other references | |
| Ralph Lieser of Pappy’s Beryl Shop +2 other references |
| Betts (1999) |
Betts (1999) | |
Betts (1999) | |
Betts (1999) | |
| Schooner (1961) |
| Jacob Zonderman collection |
| Schairer (1931) |
| Ralph Lieser of Pappy’s Beryl Shop +2 other references |
Ralph Lieser of Pappy’s Beryl Shop +4 other references | |
Ralph Lieser of Pappy’s Beryl Shop +2 other references | |
| Cook (1978) |
| Cook (1978) |
| Cook (1978) |
| USGS Open File report 2010-5220 |
| Ream (2004) |
| USGS Bull 1042K +1 other reference |
| Slack (2007) |
Slack (2007) | |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
USGS PP1049-A (Staatz,1979) | |
- (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| Illinois Geological Survey Circular 516 |
| Byron F. King (1932) |
| Roda-Robles et al. (2024) |
| Myles M. Felch et al. (2016) |
| King et al. (1994) |
King (2000) | |
King et al. (1994) +1 other reference | |
| Thompson et al. (2010) +1 other reference |
| Larry White |
Pratt (1905) | |
| Buchholz et al. (2014) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
"Mines and Minerals of Michigan's Iron ... | |
Buchholz et al. (2013) | |
| USGS Open File report 2010-5220 +1 other reference |
| Gibson et al. (1997) |
| Lasmanis (1977) +2 other references |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Jensen et al. (1995) |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Jensen (1993) |
| Rocks&Min. 76:256 |
| Caruso +1 other reference |
Smith | |
NMS | |
| Rocks & Minerals Vol.65 No.4 +1 other reference |
| Smith (2005) |
Whitmore et al. (2004) | |
| US Dept. of Int. Bur. of Mines ROI #6885 (1967) |
Klemic +4 other references | |
| USGS Open File report 2010-5220 |
| NMBMGMR Open-file Report - 532 +1 other reference |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
Michael N. Spilde et al. (2011) +1 other reference | |
| Michael N. Spilde et al. (2011) |
| Michael N. Spilde et al. (2011) |
| Michael N. Spilde et al. (2011) |
| NMBMMR Mineral Museum no. 12715 |
| Marian Lupulescu (2010) |
| Manchester (1931) |
Hidden (1888) | |
Manchester (1931) | |
| Steven C. Chamberlain and David G. Bailey (2012) |
| |
Mineralogical Record 32 (2) | |
| Mineralogical Record 32 (2) |
| Zeitner (1968) |
| Virginia Polytechnic Institute and ... +1 other reference |
Wood (1996) | |
| Dana 6:749 +1 other reference |
| Jason B. Smith visual identification |
Genth +1 other reference | |
U.S Bureau of Mines/Spatial Data from the Minerals System/Mineral Location System (Mas/Mils) | |
| Wilson et al. (1978) |
| Wilson et al. (1978) |
... | |
www.johnbetts-fineminerals.com | |
| Tappen et al. (2006) |
... | |
Hidden (1888) | |
| Kenny Gay |
| U.S. Geological Survey/ U.s. Department ... |
| Byron F. King (1932) |
| Byron F. King (1932) |
| Miller |
| - (2005) |
Mertie (1979) | |
Mertie (1979) | |
Mertie (1979) | |
| Smith et al. (2000) |
- (2005) | |
| Am. Min. 74:865-869 (1989) |
Am Min 72:1122-1130 | |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Micro Probe Volume VI Number 8 |
| Derkey et al. (1990, November) +1 other reference |
| Derkey et al. (1990, November) +1 other reference |
| Byron F. King (1932) |
| Falster (1981) +1 other reference |
Falster (1987) | |
Hanson et al. (1999) | |
Thomas Buchholz | |
Buchholz et al. (2002) | |
www.uwrf.edu/~wc01 | |
Hanson et al. (1999) | |
| Rocks & Minerals 82:409-410 |
Buchholz et al. (2006) | |
| ... |
Zimbabwe | |
| Buchholz et al. (1998) |
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