Spinel
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
This page kindly sponsored by Cole Wendling
About Spinel
Formula:
MgAl2O4
Colour:
Black, blue, red, violet , green, brown, pink
Lustre:
Vitreous
Hardness:
7½ - 8
Specific Gravity:
3.6 - 4.1
Crystal System:
Isometric
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1779 by Jean Demeste from Latin "spinella", little thorn, alluding to its sharp octahedral crystals. Confused with carbuncle = ruby in former times.
Spinel-Hercynite Series, Gahnite-Spinel Series, and the Magnesiochromite-Spinel Series.
Intensely coloured varieties due to the incorporation of various impurity elements. A few spinels from Sri Lanka can show an alexandrite colour change effect.
Intensely coloured varieties due to the incorporation of various impurity elements. A few spinels from Sri Lanka can show an alexandrite colour change effect.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Spinel.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3729
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3729:3
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
45b8e899-368d-4230-98f2-408c51dd5cd4
IMA Classification of Spinel
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
Classification of Spinel
4.BB.05
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
B : Metal: Oxygen = 3:4 and similar
B : With only medium-sized cations
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
B : Metal: Oxygen = 3:4 and similar
B : With only medium-sized cations
7.2.1.1
7 : MULTIPLE OXIDES
2 : AB2X4
7 : MULTIPLE OXIDES
2 : AB2X4
7.4.9
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
4 : Oxides of Be, Mg and the alkaline earths
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
4 : Oxides of Be, Mg and the alkaline earths
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Symbol | Source | Reference |
---|---|---|
Spl | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Spl | Kretz (1983) | Kretz, R. (1983) Symbols of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68, 277–279. |
Spl | Siivolam & Schmid (2007) | Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download |
Spl | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
Spl | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Spl | Warr (2020) | Warr, L.N. (2020) Recommended abbreviations for the names of clay minerals and associated phases. Clay Minerals, 55, 261–264 doi:10.1180/clm.2020.30 |
Physical Properties of Spinel
Vitreous
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Comment:
Splendent to dull
Colour:
Black, blue, red, violet , green, brown, pink
Comment:
Natural spinel usually contains some minor and trace elements (e.g., Cr, Co, Fe, V) that may cause various hues. The ratios of these chromophores directly affect the color composition. The red color in spinel is attributed to the combination of significant Cr and V. Magenta and purple to blue and green colors in spinels are affected by the significant Fe concentration, whereas orange color in spinel shows the contribution of significant V content compared to Cr and Fe. After the heating experiment, advanced gemological investigation reveals some noteworthy characteristic features. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) indicates a greater change in oxidation state, as well as disordering of Fe and V. Broadening of the dominant peak at around 406 cm−1 with occurrences of additional small peaks at around 715–719 cm−1 in Raman spectra, as well as broadening of the 685 nm (R-line) and poorly defined structure of additional peaks (N-lines) in photoluminescence spectra should be significant indicators of spinel undergone heat treatment. Pluthametwisute et. al. (2022)
The trace element contents of the four areas are different. Burmese spinel is poor in Fe and Zn (Fe: 135.68–3925 ppm; Zn: 338.58–1312 ppm), while Burmese red spinel is rich in Cr (up to 7387 ppm). Vietnamese spinel is rich in Fe (3669.63–19,425 ppm) and poor in Ti content (<89 ppm), while Tanzanian spinel is rich in Zn (5129.96–7008 ppm). High content of Cr + V can lead to the red color in spinel, and the contents of Cr and V change obviously with color. Spinels appear red when Cr content is higher than V, while spinels appear orange when V content is higher than Cr. The red, pink, and orange spinels are colored by Cr3+ and V3+, showing a wide absorption band centered at 400 nm and 550 nm. Fe plays a dominant role in purple spinels. The purple spinel is colored by Fe3+ and Fe2+.[[1]]
Streak:
Greyish white
Hardness:
7½ - 8 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
None Observed
Parting:
Separation plane {111} indistinct and probably represents parting rather than cleavage.
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Splintery, Conchoidal
Density:
3.6 - 4.1 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.578 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Comment:
Increases with iron and zinc content.
Optical Data of Spinel
Type:
Isotropic
RI values:
n = 1.719
Birefringence:
Isotropic minerals have no birefringence
Surface Relief:
High
Pleochroism:
Non-pleochroic
Comments:
Anomalous in some blue Zn-bearing varieties.
Chemistry of Spinel
Mindat Formula:
MgAl2O4
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Ti,Fe,Zn,Mn,Ca
Chemical Analysis
Oxide wt%:
2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SiO2 | 0.08 % | % | 0.01 % | 0.03 % | 0.03 % |
TiO2 | 0.10 % | 0.01 % | 0.41 % | 0.01 % | % |
Al2O3 | 59.42 % | 69.75 % | 63.77 % | 69.41 % | 55.61 % |
Ga2O3 | 0.01 % | 0.01 % | 0.04 % | 0.02 % | 0.02 % |
V2O3 | 0.06 % | 0.01 % | 0.23 % | 0.08 % | 0.01 % |
Cr2O3 | 8.66 % | % | 0.85 % | 0.11 % | 10.68 % |
Fe2O3* | 0.60 % | % | % | 0.06 % | 0.70 % |
FeO* | 9.70 % | 6.19 % | 20.16 % | 7.74 % | 15.64 % |
MnO | 0.09 % | 0.23 % | 0.11 % | 0.13 % | 0.39 % |
CoO | 0.02 % | % | 0.05 % | % | 0.11 % |
NiO | 0.40 % | % | 0.02 % | 0.01 % | 0.16 % |
ZnO | 0.08 % | 0.01 % | 0.23 % | 0.38 % | 0.71 % |
MgO | 20.40 % | 23.89 % | 14.40 % | 22.98 % | 15.48 % |
Total: | 99.62 % | 100.1 % | 100.28 % | 100.96 % | 99.54 % |
Empirical formulas:
Sample ID | Empirical Formula |
---|---|
1 | (Mg0.69Fe0.34)Al1.92Si0.04O4 |
2 | (Mg0.78Fe2+0.21Ni0.01)(Al1.80Cr0.18Fe3+0.01)O4 |
3 | (Mg0.87Fe2+0.13)(Al2.00)O4 |
4 | (Mg0.56Fe2+0.44)(Al1.96Cr0.02Ti0.01)O4 |
5 | (Mg0.83Fe2+0.16Zn0.01)Al1.99O4 |
6 | (Mg0.62Fe2+0.35Mn2+0.01Zn0.01)(Al1.76Cr0.23Fe3+0.01)O4 |
Sample references:
ID | Locality | Reference | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Kjøde, Selje, Stad, Vestland, Norway | A coarse-grained spinel-plagioclase symplectite in a kyanite-eclogite. Sample has been taken from Eskola's (1921)original material. | |
2 | Kilbourne Hole, Doña Ana County, New Mexico, USA | deep green (in thin section) spinel accompanying forsterite, enstatite and diopside, in lherzolite xenolith in basalt | |
3 | Andranokaolo thorianite deposit, Tranomaro, Amboasary Sud District, Anosy, Madagascar | spinel with hibonite and abundant corundum and anorthite, in Ca-Al-rich granulite | |
4 | Pennycross sapphire occurrence, Loch Scridain, Isle of Mull, Argyll and Bute, Scotland, UK | scattered spinel with corundum, cordierite, mullite, sanidine, plagioclase, glass, and additional oxides in clots of sanidinite-facies metapelite ("buchite") | |
5 | Edenville, Town of Warwick, Orange County, New York, USA | spinel with warwickite, forsterite and clinohumite in high-grade magnesian marble | |
6 | Longido District, Arusha Region, Tanzania | Frank K. Mazdab collectionsample FKM-68; https://www.rockptx.com/fkm-51-to-fkm-75/#FKM-68 | sparse partially-relict(?) Cr-bearing spinel as tiny inclusions within zoisite, in a zoisite+pargasite+corundum high-grade meta-gabbroid |
Crystallography of Spinel
Crystal System:
Isometric
Class (H-M):
m3m (4/m 3 2/m) - Hexoctahedral
Space Group:
Fd3m
Cell Parameters:
a = 8.0898(9) Å
Unit Cell V:
529.44 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
8
Morphology:
Usually octahedral; less often modified by a{010} or d{011}; dodecahedral or cubic rare. Massive, coarse-granular to compact.
Twinning:
Common on {111} (spinel law), with twinned aggregates often flattened parallel to {111}, the composite plane. Sixlings due to repeated twinning noted.
Comment:
On synthetic material
Crystallographic forms of Spinel
Crystal Atlas:
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0001398 | Spinel | Peterson R C, Lager G A, Hitterman R L (1991) A time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction study of MgAl2O4 at temperatures up to 1273 K American Mineralogist 76 1455-1458 | 1991 | 0 | 293 | ||
0001399 | Spinel | Peterson R C, Lager G A, Hitterman R L (1991) A time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction study of MgAl2O4 at temperatures up to 1273 K American Mineralogist 76 1455-1458 | 1991 | 0 | 293 | ||
0001400 | Spinel | Peterson R C, Lager G A, Hitterman R L (1991) A time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction study of MgAl2O4 at temperatures up to 1273 K American Mineralogist 76 1455-1458 | 1991 | 0 | 873 | ||
0001401 | Spinel | Peterson R C, Lager G A, Hitterman R L (1991) A time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction study of MgAl2O4 at temperatures up to 1273 K American Mineralogist 76 1455-1458 | 1991 | 0 | 923 | ||
0001402 | Spinel | Peterson R C, Lager G A, Hitterman R L (1991) A time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction study of MgAl2O4 at temperatures up to 1273 K American Mineralogist 76 1455-1458 | 1991 | 0 | 973 | ||
0001403 | Spinel | Peterson R C, Lager G A, Hitterman R L (1991) A time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction study of MgAl2O4 at temperatures up to 1273 K American Mineralogist 76 1455-1458 | 1991 | 0 | 973 | ||
0001404 | Spinel | Peterson R C, Lager G A, Hitterman R L (1991) A time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction study of MgAl2O4 at temperatures up to 1273 K American Mineralogist 76 1455-1458 | 1991 | 0 | 1023 | ||
0001405 | Spinel | Peterson R C, Lager G A, Hitterman R L (1991) A time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction study of MgAl2O4 at temperatures up to 1273 K American Mineralogist 76 1455-1458 | 1991 | 0 | 1073 | ||
0001406 | Spinel | Peterson R C, Lager G A, Hitterman R L (1991) A time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction study of MgAl2O4 at temperatures up to 1273 K American Mineralogist 76 1455-1458 | 1991 | 0 | 1073 | ||
0001407 | Spinel | Peterson R C, Lager G A, Hitterman R L (1991) A time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction study of MgAl2O4 at temperatures up to 1273 K American Mineralogist 76 1455-1458 | 1991 | 0 | 1123 | ||
0001408 | Spinel | Peterson R C, Lager G A, Hitterman R L (1991) A time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction study of MgAl2O4 at temperatures up to 1273 K American Mineralogist 76 1455-1458 | 1991 | 0 | 1173 | ||
0001409 | Spinel | Peterson R C, Lager G A, Hitterman R L (1991) A time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction study of MgAl2O4 at temperatures up to 1273 K American Mineralogist 76 1455-1458 | 1991 | 0 | 1173 | ||
0001410 | Spinel | Peterson R C, Lager G A, Hitterman R L (1991) A time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction study of MgAl2O4 at temperatures up to 1273 K American Mineralogist 76 1455-1458 | 1991 | 0 | 1273 | ||
0001411 | Spinel | Peterson R C, Lager G A, Hitterman R L (1991) A time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction study of MgAl2O4 at temperatures up to 1273 K American Mineralogist 76 1455-1458 | 1991 | 0 | 1273 | ||
0001459 | Spinel | Ross C R, Armbruster T, Canil D (1992) Crystal structure refinement of a spinelloid in the system Fe3O4-Fe2SiO4 American Mineralogist 77 507-511 | 1992 | 0 | 293 | ||
0002106 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 299 | ||
0002107 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 683 | ||
0002108 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 707 | ||
0002109 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 766 | ||
0002110 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 837 | ||
0002111 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 903 | ||
0002112 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 969 | ||
0002113 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 1035 | ||
0002114 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 1100 | ||
0002115 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 1164 | ||
0002116 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 1228 | ||
0002117 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 1291 | ||
0002118 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 1355 | ||
0002119 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 1418 | ||
0002120 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 1481 | ||
0002121 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 1544 | ||
0002122 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 1606 | ||
0002123 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 1644 | ||
0002124 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 1662 | ||
0002125 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 1650 | ||
0002126 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 1595 | ||
0002127 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 1532 | ||
0002128 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 1468 | ||
0002129 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 1405 | ||
0002130 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 1278 | ||
0002131 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 1214 | ||
0002132 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 1152 | ||
0002133 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 1088 | ||
0002134 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 1024 | ||
0002135 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 961 | ||
0002136 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 898 | ||
0002137 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 834 | ||
0002138 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 770 | ||
0002139 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 710 | ||
0002140 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 610 | ||
0002141 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 516 | ||
0002142 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 464 | ||
0002143 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 405 | ||
0002144 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at ISIS, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, U.K. American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 298 | ||
0002145 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at ISIS, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, U.K. American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 473 | ||
0002146 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at ISIS, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, U.K. American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 673 | ||
0002147 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at ISIS, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, U.K. American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 773 | ||
0002148 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at ISIS, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, U.K. American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 873 | ||
0002149 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at ISIS, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, U.K. American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 973 | ||
0002150 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at ISIS, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, U.K. American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 1073 | ||
0002151 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at ISIS, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, U.K. American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 1173 | ||
0002152 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at ISIS, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, U.K. American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 1273 | ||
0002153 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at ISIS, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, U.K. American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 1373 | ||
0002154 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at ISIS, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, U.K. American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 1473 | ||
0002155 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at ISIS, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, U.K. American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 1573 | ||
0002156 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at ISIS, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, U.K. American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 1673 | ||
0002157 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at ISIS, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, U.K. American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 1773 | ||
0002158 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at ISIS, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, U.K. American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 1873 | ||
0002159 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 364 | ||
0002160 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 374 | ||
0002161 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 420 | ||
0002162 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 502 | ||
0002163 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 563 | ||
0002164 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 636 | ||
0002165 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 707 | ||
0002166 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 778 | ||
0002167 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 848 | ||
0002168 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 916 | ||
0002169 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 984 | ||
0002170 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 1080 | ||
0002171 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 1116 | ||
0002172 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 1182 | ||
0002173 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 1232 | ||
0002174 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 1311 | ||
0002175 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 1376 | ||
0002176 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 1441 | ||
0002177 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 1506 | ||
0002178 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 1573 | ||
0002179 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 1639 | ||
0002180 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 1676 | ||
0002181 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 1671 | ||
0002182 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 1622 | ||
0002183 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 1557 | ||
0002184 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 1492 | ||
0002185 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 1427 | ||
0002186 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 1362 | ||
0002187 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 1299 | ||
0002188 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 1235 | ||
0002189 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 1171 | ||
0002190 | Spinel | Redfern S A T, Harrison R J, O'Neill H St C, Wood D R R (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4 spinel up to 1600 C from in situ neutron diffraction Data collected at IPNS, Argonne National Laboratory, American Mineralogist 84 299-310 | 1999 | 0 | 1107 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
Epitaxial Relationships of Spinel
Epitaxial Minerals:
Magnesiotaaffeite-2N’2S | Mg3Al8BeO16 |
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Image Loading
Radiation - Copper Kα
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
4.66 Å | (35) |
2.858 Å | (40) |
2.437 Å | (100) |
2.020 Å | (65) |
1.5554 Å | (45) |
1.4289 Å | (55) |
1.0524 Å | (12) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
---|---|
Pre-terrestrial "Ur-minerals" | >4.57 |
1 : Stellar atmosphere condensates | |
Stage 1: Primary nebular phases | 4.567-4.561 |
3 : Solar nebular condensates (CAIs, AOAs, URIs) | >4.565 |
4 : Primary chondrule phases | 4.566–4.561 |
Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation and alteration | 4.566-4.550 |
6 : Secondary asteroid phases | 4.566-4.560 |
Stage 3a: Earth’s earliest Hadean crust | >4.50 |
9 : Lava/xenolith minerals (hornfels, sanidinite facies) | |
Near-surface Processes | |
23 : Subaerial aqueous alteration by non-redox-sensitive fluids (see also #47) | |
26 : Hadean detrital minerals | |
High-𝑇 alteration and/or metamorphism | |
31 : Thermally altered carbonate, phosphate, and iron formations | |
Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
36 : Carbonatites, kimberlites, and related igneous rocks | |
Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics | <3.5-2.5 |
38 : Ophiolites | |
40 : Regional metamorphism (greenschist, amphibolite, granulite facies) |
Geological Setting:
As an accessory mineral in igneous rocks, principally basalts, peridotites, kimberlites. In marbles, pegmatites.
Synonyms of Spinel
Other Language Names for Spinel
Varieties of Spinel
Alkali-spinel | Variety of spinel containing Na2O 1.38%, K2O 1.31%. Originally reported from Mansjöberg, Los, Ljusdal, Hälsingland, Sweden. |
Almandine Spinel | A misleading name for a natural purple spinel. |
Aluminium Spinel | Octahedral crystals from a slag said to give analyses corresponding to Al3O4. |
Balas Ruby | An old name for rose-red spinel. |
Ceylonite | A ferroan spinel with Mg:Fe from 3:1 and 1:1 and little or no ferric iron. |
Chlorospinel | A green, Fe-bearing variety of spinel containing Fe3+ next in abundance after Al. |
Ferropicotite | An Fe2+-bearing (ferroan) variety of spinel. |
Gahnospinel | A variety of spinel rich in zinc. May grade into gahnite. Originally reported from Gem gravels, Ratnapura, Sabaragamuwa Province, Sri Lanka. |
Iron-magnesia Spinel | A ferroan variety of spinel. |
Jedi spinel | The spinel samples from Man Sin in Myanmar, with their bright neon pinkish red to reddish pink color being recognized as “Jedi” spinel by Myanmar and Thai jewelers. |
Magnesium and Chromium-bearing Spinel | From DeBeers mine (kimberlites), associated, i.a., with hawthorneite. |
Magnochromite | A Cr-bearing variety of spinel. |
Pleonaste | An Fe2+-bearing (ferroan) variety of spinel, often exhibiting crystal forms more complex than the basic octahedron with crystallography exhibiting combinations of the octahedron with either the dodecahedron d{011} or more rarely the cube a{001} forms. |
Rozircon | |
Rubicelle | Yellow to orange-red variety. |
Ruby Spinel | Name applied to gemmy red-colored spinel. |
Titano-spinel | A doubtful Ti-bearing spinel. Originally reported from Mikro-Lakka Emery deposit, Kerketeas Mt (Kerkis Mt), Sámos Island, Sámos Prefecture, Aegean Islands (Aiyaíon) Department, Greece. |
Relationship of Spinel to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
Chromite | Fe2+Cr3+2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Cochromite | CoCr2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Coulsonite | Fe2+V3+2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Cuprospinel | Cu2+Fe3+2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) |
Dellagiustaite | V2+Al2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Deltalumite | (Al0.67◻0.33)Al2O4 | Tet. 4 2m : P4m2 |
Franklinite | Zn2+Fe3+2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Gahnite | ZnAl2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Galaxite | Mn2+Al2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Guite | Co2+Co3+2O4 | Iso. |
Hausmannite | Mn2+Mn3+2O4 | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I41/amd |
Hercynite | Fe2+Al2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Hetaerolite | ZnMn2O4 | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I41/amd |
Jacobsite | Mn2+Fe3+2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Jacobsite-Q | Mn2+(Fe3+,Mn3+)2O4 | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I41/amd |
Maghemite | (Fe3+0.67◻0.33)Fe3+2O4 | Iso. 4 3 2 : P41 3 2 |
Magnesiochromite | MgCr2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Magnesiocoulsonite | MgV2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) |
Magnesioferrite | MgFe3+2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Magnetite | Fe2+Fe3+2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Manganochromite | Mn2+Cr2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Nichromite | (Ni,Co,Fe)(Cr,Fe,Al)2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Thermaerogenite | CuAl2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Titanomaghemite | (Ti4+0.5◻0.5)Fe3+2O4 | Iso. 4 3 2 : P43 3 2 |
Trevorite | Ni2+Fe3+2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
UM1994-06-O:AlCo | CoAl2O4 | |
Vuorelainenite | Mn2+V3+2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Zincochromite | ZnCr2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
521 photos of Spinel associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
295 photos of Spinel associated with Corundum | Al2O3 |
282 photos of Spinel associated with Magnesiohögbomite subgroup | |
146 photos of Spinel associated with Forsterite | Mg2SiO4 |
141 photos of Spinel associated with Chondrodite | Mg5(SiO4)2F2 |
127 photos of Spinel associated with Phlogopite | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
80 photos of Spinel associated with Clinohumite | Mg9(SiO4)4F2 |
55 photos of Spinel associated with Diopside | CaMgSi2O6 |
49 photos of Spinel associated with Pargasite | NaCa2(Mg4Al)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2 |
37 photos of Spinel associated with Graphite | C |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
4.BB. | Elgoresyite | (Mg5Si2)O9 |
4.BB. | Chenmingite | FeCr2O4 |
4.BB. | Dellagiustaite | V2+Al2O4 |
4.BB. | Thermaerogenite | CuAl2O4 |
4.BB. | Chukochenite | LiAl5O8 |
4.BB. | Garpenbergite | Mn6◻AsSbO10(OH)2 |
4.BB. | Magnéliite | Ti3+2Ti4+2O7 |
4.BB. | Jianmuite | ZrTi4+Ti3+5Al3O16 |
4.BB.05 | Chromite | Fe2+Cr3+2O4 |
4.BB.05 | Cochromite | CoCr2O4 |
4.BB.05 | Coulsonite | Fe2+V3+2O4 |
4.BB.05 | Cuprospinel | Cu2+Fe3+2O4 |
4.BB.05 | Filipstadite | (Fe3+0.5Sb5+0.5)Mn2O4 |
4.BB.05 | Franklinite | Zn2+Fe3+2O4 |
4.BB.05 | Gahnite | ZnAl2O4 |
4.BB.05 | Galaxite | Mn2+Al2O4 |
4.BB.05 | Hercynite | Fe2+Al2O4 |
4.BB.05 | Jacobsite | Mn2+Fe3+2O4 |
4.BB.05 | Manganochromite | Mn2+Cr2O4 |
4.BB.05 | Magnesiocoulsonite | MgV2O4 |
4.BB.05 | Magnesiochromite | MgCr2O4 |
4.BB.05 | Magnesioferrite | MgFe3+2O4 |
4.BB.05 | Magnetite | Fe2+Fe3+2O4 |
4.BB.05 | Nichromite | (Ni,Co,Fe)(Cr,Fe,Al)2O4 |
4.BB.05 | Qandilite | (Mg,Fe3+)2(Ti,Fe3+,Al)O4 |
4.BB.05 | Trevorite | Ni2+Fe3+2O4 |
4.BB.05 | Ulvöspinel | TiFe2+2O4 |
4.BB.05 | Vuorelainenite | Mn2+V3+2O4 |
4.BB.05 | Zincochromite | ZnCr2O4 |
4.BB.05 | Harmunite | CaFe2O4 |
4.BB.05 | Wernerkrauseite | Ca(Fe3+,Mn3+)2Mn4+O6 |
4.BB.05 | Deltalumite | (Al0.67◻0.33)Al2O4 |
4.BB.05 | Guite | Co2+Co3+2O4 |
4.BB.10 | Hausmannite | Mn2+Mn3+2O4 |
4.BB.10 | Hetaerolite | ZnMn2O4 |
4.BB.10 | Manganostibite | (Mn,Fe)7SbAsO12 |
4.BB.15 | Maghemite | (Fe3+0.67◻0.33)Fe3+2O4 |
4.BB.15 | Titanomaghemite | (Ti4+0.5◻0.5)Fe3+2O4 |
4.BB.20 | Tegengrenite | (Mn3+0.5Sb5+0.5)Mg2O4 |
4.BB.25 | Xieite | Fe2+Cr2O4 |
4.BB.30 | Carmeltazite | ZrAl2Ti4O11 |
4.BB.35 | Feiite | Fe2+2(Fe2+Ti4+)O5 |
4.BB.40 | Maohokite | MgFe2O4 |
4.BB.45 | Tschaunerite | (Fe2+)(Fe2+Ti4+)O4 |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Spinel in petrology
An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.
Internet Links for Spinel
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3729.html
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References for Spinel
Reference List:
Carbonin, Susanna, Russo, Umberto, Della Giusta, Antonio (1996) Cation distribution in some natural spinels from X-ray diffraction and Mössbauer spectroscopy. Mineralogical Magazine, 60 (399) 355-368 doi:10.1180/minmag.1996.060.399.10
Menegazzo, Giorgio, Carbonin, Susanna, Giusta, Antonio Della (1997) Cation and vacancy distribution in an artificially oxidized natural spinel. Mineralogical Magazine, 61 (406) 411-421 doi:10.1180/minmag.1997.061.406.07
Redfern, Simon A. T., Harrison, Richard J., O'Neill, Hugh St. C., Wood, David R. R. (1999) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl2O4spinel up to 1600 degrees C from in situ neutron diffraction. American Mineralogist, 84 (3) 299-310 doi:10.2138/am-1999-0313
Méducin, Fabienne, Redfern, Simon A.T., Le Godec, Yann, Stone, Howard J., Tucker, Matt G., Dove, Martin T., Marshall, William G. (2004) Study of cation order-disorder in MgAl2O4spinel by in situ neutron diffraction up to 1600 K and 3.2 GPa. American Mineralogist, 89 (7) 981-986 doi:10.2138/am-2004-0708
Papike, J.J., Karner, J.M., Shearer, C.K. (2004) Comparative planetary mineralogy: V/(Cr + Al) systematics in chromite as an indicator of relative oxygen fugacity. American Mineralogist, 89 (10) 1557-1560 doi:10.2138/am-2004-1027
Martignago, F. (2006) Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in natural and synthetic Mg(Al,Fe3+)2O4 spinels from in situ high-temperature X-ray diffraction. American Mineralogist, 91 (2) 306-312 doi:10.2138/am.2006.1880
Princivalle, F. (2006) Kinetics of cation ordering in natural Mg(Al,Cr3+)2O4 spinels. American Mineralogist, 91 (2) 313-318 doi:10.2138/am.2006.1894
Jollands, Michael, Ludlam, Abadie, Palke, Aaron C., Vertriest, Wim, Jin, Shiyun, Cevallos, Pamela, Arden, Sarah, Myagkaya, Elina, D’Haenens-Johannson, Ulrika, Weeramongkhonlert, Vararut, Sun, Ziyin (2023) Color Modification of Spinel by Nickel Diffusion: A New Treatment. Gems & Gemology, 59 (2) 164-181 doi:10.5741/gems.59.2.164
Localities for Spinel
Locality List
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Lục Yên District, Yên Bái Province, Vietnam